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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Import penetration »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 22 juin 2025

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1

Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.

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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.

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Clements, Kenneth W., Long Hai Vo, and Marc Jim Mariano. "Modelling import penetration." Economic Modelling 102 (September 2021): 105590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105590.

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3

Whitney, James D. "Imperfect competition and import penetration." Atlantic Economic Journal 16, no. 1 (1988): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304057.

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4

Langhammer, Rolf J. "Import market penetration in services." Intereconomics 26, no. 6 (1991): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02929011.

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5

Paz, Lourenço S. "The China Shock Impact on Labor Informality: The Effects on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 10, no. 5 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10050109.

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The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its increasingly successful role in international trade may have profoundly impacted developing countries. This study examines the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy during 2000–2012 to assess the impacts of import competition on its manufacturing formal and informal labor markets. In this period, import penetration grew by more than 20 percent in Brazil, and the share of the import penetration originating in China increased from 3 to 20 percent. At the same time, the share of informal workers in manufacturing declined from 27 to approximately 15 percent. Employing a switching regression model and Brazilian household survey data, this study finds that a greater industry-level Chinese and ‘rest of the world’ import penetration increases the likelihood of jobs becoming informal at different intensities, and these effects are smaller in unskilled-labor intensive industries and manufacturing states. Additionally, both types of import penetration positively impact the average informal wage. In contrast, the estimates suggest that a larger Chinese import penetration reduces average formal wages, while imports from elsewhere have the opposite effect. The results also indicate that the magnitude of the effects on wages are moderated by the unskilled labor intensity of the industry and whether the worker is located in a manufacturing state.

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Matsubara, Kiyoshi. "Import Penetration and Domestic Process Innovation." International Economy 2001, no. 52 (2001): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.2001.143.

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Matsubara, Kiyoshi. "Import Penetration and Domestic Process Innovation." Review of International Economics 13, no. 4 (2005): 646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00528.x.

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8

Chappell, William F., and Bruce Yandle. "The Competitive Role of Import Penetration." Antitrust Bulletin 37, no. 4 (1992): 957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9203700404.

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9

loannidis, Chris, and David Whitmarsh. "Import penetration and UK fisheries policy." Marine Policy 14, no. 5 (1990): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(90)90007-e.

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10

Chappell, William F., and Bruce Yandle. "An entry model of import penetration." Atlantic Economic Journal 19, no. 1 (1991): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02303289.

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KAHN, S. B. "Import Penetration and Import Demands in the South African Economy." South African Journal of Economics 55, no. 3 (1987): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1987.tb00163.x.

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Olayiwola, Wumi K., and Johansein Ladislaus Rutaihwa. "Trade Liberalization and Employment Performance of Textile and Clothing Industry in Tanzania." International Business Research 3, no. 3 (2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n3p47.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of trade liberalization on employment performance of textile industry in Tanzania. The basic issue of concern is that the implementation of trade liberalization has differential impact on employment and wage in many African countries. In addressing this issue as well as achieving the objective, econometric models of employment and wage are estimated using co-integration method of analysis. The analysis shows that effective rate of protection and export intensity have an insignificant positive impact on demand for labour, but import penetration has a significant negative impact on employment. Also, only import penetration has a significant negative impact on wage. The impact of import penetration is larger than that of export orientation, as the increase in import competition leads to a decline in labour demand. These findings point to the fact that to make trade liberalization to be effectual in Tanzania, the process of trade reform needs to be gradual and also need to be strengthened with appropriate institutional support.

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Salman, Zara, and Mariam Javed. "The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Wage Inequality: Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (2011): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.575-595.

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This paper examines whether trade liberalisation played a role in shaping the wage structure of Pakistan in the late 1990s and early 2000. It uses manufacturing workers data from LFS supplemented by external information to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation. In general, the results show that trade liberalisation, measured through import penetration ratio, export penetration ratio and relative prices of each industry, not only impacted wages but also increased wage inequality across skill levels from 1996-97 to 2005-06. The econometrics analysis confirms that increase in import penetration raises skilled premium while simultaneously reducing unskilled premium; a result in contention with the findings of the Stolper-Sameulson Theorem.

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Paz, Lourenco S. "Chinese imports’ impacts on Brazil’s inter-industry wage premium." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 5 (2019): 1052–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-12-2017-0382.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of Chinese and non-Chinese import penetration on the inter-industry wage premium, and how such effects vary according to the unskilled-labor intensity of the industry and to the implementation of the Nova Matriz Economica policy in 2008. Design/methodology/approach The paper empirically examines the effects of the Chinese and non-Chinese import penetration on the wage premium using a linear instrumental variables model and data from Brazilian household surveys and censuses. Findings The estimates show the Chinese import penetration positively affecting the wage premium in unskilled-labor intensive. And the implementation of the new macroeconomic policy strengthened this effect. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper to study the effects of Chinese and non-Chinese import penetration on the inter-industry wage premium.

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15

Dixit, Avinash. "Hysteresis, Import Penetration, and Exchange Rate Pass-Through." Quarterly Journal of Economics 104, no. 2 (1989): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937845.

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Maggi, Giovanni, and Andrés Rodrı́guez-Clare. "Import penetration and the politics of trade protection." Journal of International Economics 51, no. 2 (2000): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(99)00029-x.

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17

Riker, David. "Estimating U.S. import penetration in sub-national regions." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 29, no. 7 (2020): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2020.1758199.

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18

Hill, Hal, and Prue Phillips. "Pattern of Import Penetration in East Asian Industrialization." Asian Economic Journal 7, no. 1 (1993): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.1993.tb00098.x.

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19

Xu, Jin. "Profitability and capital structure: Evidence from import penetration." Journal of Financial Economics 106, no. 2 (2012): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.05.015.

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20

Lovie, Pat, and A. D. Morgan. "British Imports of Consumer Goods: A Study of Import Penetration 1974-1985." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 152, no. 1 (1989): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2982842.

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21

Aykaç, Selim, and Mustafa Emre Civelek. "The Effect of Mobile Phone Subscription Rate on Export-Import Coverage Ratio." Eurasian Business & Economics Journal 19 (September 18, 2019): 123–33. https://doi.org/10.17740/eas.econ.2019.V19-09.

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In this research, the relationship between the mobile phone subscription and the import coverage ratio by export is examined. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of the mobile phone subscription on the import coverage rate by exports. The research question inquires the effect of mobile phone penetration in a country on foreign trade. In this paper, the development of internet technology is mentioned. The concept of foreign trade has been examined. The import coverage rate by exports has been examined. The concept of  globalization has been addressed as a factor affecting the concept of mobile phone penetration and foreign trade. A significant relation was found between the mobile phone usage and foreign trade as a result of analyses in this study. The hypothesis of the research is supported. This means that the effect of mobile phone subscriptions on export-import coverage ratio is statistically significant. 

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22

Crespi, Francesco, and Dario Guarascio. "The demand-pull effect of public procurement on innovation and industrial renewal." Industrial and Corporate Change 28, no. 4 (2018): 793–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty055.

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Abstract This article empirically analyzes the link between public procurement (PP) and innovation activities, by taking into account the moderating effect played by import penetration on PP. Using industry-level information on patent applications for 24 countries over the period 1995–2012, we test the impact of PP on innovation activities and whether and in which direction import penetration on PP impacts on patenting. The econometric analysis relies on Poisson regression techniques aiming to investigate the correlation between patent counts, supply- as well as demand-side determinants, and controlling for country and sector heterogeneity. The obtained results confirm our main hypotheses. The dynamics of patenting is positively affected by the PP, while a high degree of import penetration reduces the innovation enhancing effect exerted by public demand. Our results suggest that public demand may represent an effective tool for industrial policy to stimulate innovative activities, shape the transformation of production systems, and foster industrial renewal. Moreover, the empirical evidence shows that the strategy regarding the degree of openness in PP toward nondomestic firms is a crucial policy choice capable of affecting the innovative potential of public demand.

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Gurun, Ayfer, and G. Geoffrey Booth. "Trade Liberalization, Import Penetration and Unionization: The U.S. Experience." Theoretical Economics Letters 06, no. 01 (2016): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2016.61010.

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24

Ben Yahmed, Sarra, and Sean Dougherty. "Domestic regulation, import penetration and firm-level productivity growth." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 26, no. 4 (2016): 385–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2016.1260632.

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HUGHES, JAMES J., and A. P. THIRLWALL. "TRENDS AND CYCLES IN IMPORT PENETRATION IN THE UK*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 39, no. 4 (2009): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1977.mp39004004.x.

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Byrne, Dennis M., and Randall H. King. "Import penetration and strike activity in manufacturing, 1961–77." Atlantic Economic Journal 15, no. 2 (1987): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02316850.

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27

Aray, Henry. "Hysteresis and import penetration with decreasing sunk entry costs." International Economics and Economic Policy 12, no. 2 (2014): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-014-0269-8.

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Edwards, Lawrence, and Rhys Jenkins. "The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector." Journal of Development Studies 51, no. 4 (2015): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.983912.

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29

Anderton, R., and M. Desai. "Modelling Manufacturing Imports." National Institute Economic Review 123 (February 1988): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018812300107.

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It is universally acknowledged that imports in the UK economy have risen very rapidly; import penetration in manufacturing has risen from 26 per cent in 1980 to 34 per cent in 1986. It is felt that any reflationary programme will have little impact on domestic employment since much of the extra spending power will be spent on imports, especially imports of manufactured goods. This has led to the firm belief that a reflationary programme has to be directed towards activities which have a lower import content and hence a higher domestic output and employment multiplier. This was the belief that made infrastructural expenditure such a popular option in the political discussions before the 1987 election.

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Hu, Changjie, and Ming Liu. "Protect or Compete? Evidence of Firms’ Innovation from Import Penetration." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 4 (2023): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16040227.

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This paper reassesses the long-debated relationship between market competition and firms’ innovation. While competition is traditionally measured at the industry level using historical data, our study utilizes two recently developed text-based measures of competitive threats which are forward-looking and constructed at the level of individual firms. We address the potential endogeneity concerns and provide causal inference using instrumental variables including import tariffs and trade-weighted exchange rates, along with the propensity score matching (PSM) of firms that experienced exogenous shock from import competition. Our results show that an increase in competition unambiguously promotes firms’ innovation in terms of both quality and quantity.

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Jongwanich, Juthathip, Archanun Kohpaiboon, and Ayako Obashi. "Technological advancement, import penetration and labour markets: Evidence from Thailand." World Development 151 (March 2022): 105746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105746.

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Goldar, Bishwanath, and Atsushi Kato. "Import Penetration and Price-Cost Margins in Indian Manufacturing Industries." Indian Economic Journal 56, no. 2 (2008): 166–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220080211.

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WHITLEY, J. D., and R. A. WILSON. "TRENDS AND CYCLES IN IMPORT PENETRATION IN THE UK: COMMENT*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 41, no. 1 (2009): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1979.mp41001006.x.

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HUGHES, JAMES J., and A. P. THIRLWALL. "TRENDS AND CYCLES IN IMPORT PENETRATION IN THE UK: REPLY." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 41, no. 1 (2009): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1979.mp41001007.x.

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Maggioni, Daniela. "Productivity Dispersion and its Determinants: The Role of Import Penetration." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 13, no. 4 (2012): 537–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-012-0148-3.

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FLATH, DAVID. "Distribution Keiretsu, Foreign Direct Investment, and Import Penetration in Japan." Japanese Economy 33, no. 2 (2005): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2329194x.2005.11045214.

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Salvatore, Dominick. "Import penetration, exchange rates, and protectionism in the United States." Journal of Policy Modeling 9, no. 1 (1987): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(87)90006-8.

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IVANOV, Y.I. "Import content of Ukraine's exports in goods and services." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №2(225)2020 131 (March 24, 2020): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726244.

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The subject of the study is an assessment of imported raw materials and components content in the export of goods and services. Topicality. The current system of statistical observations does not answer the question of the contribution of individual national economies to the value of final output, the production of which is dispersed in different countries. Estimation of the content of import component in national exports allows to overcome the limitations of traditional statistics and to determine the role of a particular economy in international production and distribution networks under globalization more adequately. The purpose of the article is to assess the level of Ukraine’s economy integration into international value chains through the calculation of the import content of its exports in goods and services. Methodology. The article uses a methodological approach to assessing the import content of exports based on «input–output» tables. This enables the quantification of import penetration by each type of intermediates used by industries of the national economy to produce and export their goods and services, as well as the estimation of the net external orientation of industries. Results. The dynamics of import content of domestic exports in goods and services is analyzed. International comparisons of imported intermediates penetration into countries’ exports are carried out. The import content of exports by industries of Ukraine is estimated. The level of net external orientation of domestic industries is calculated. Area of application. The results of evaluation of import content of Ukrainian exports in goods and services can be used to study further the peculiarities of Ukraine’s integration into international value chains.

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ENIEKEZIMENE, Ariayefa Francis, and McDonald2 Emomotimi. "Trade Liberalization and Manufacturing Sector Performance in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 04, no. 05 (2021): 921–31. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i5-09.

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This study examined the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria from 1970 to 2018. A multiple regression model was developed to achieve the study’s objectives with real manufacturing growth rate (RMGR) as proxy for manufacturing sector performance. Import penetration, export penetration, dummy variable for structural adjustment programme alongside other control variables were used. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing for cointegration approach, it was found that all the variables for the model had long run relationship. Furthermore, the ARDL results revealed a mixed impact of trade liberalization on the performance of the manufacturing sector. Specifically, while trade liberalization exerted insignificant positive impact on RMGR in the short run, the impact was positive and statistically significant in the long run. Consequently, the study recommended policies that would encourage the importation of capital goods to enhance manufacturing productivity in Nigeria.

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Atawnah, Nader, Ghasan A. Baghdadi, Huu Nhan Duong, and Edward J. Podolski. "The Bright Side of Foreign Competition: Import Penetration and Default Risk." Critical Finance Review 14, no. 2 (2025): 233–75. https://doi.org/10.1561/104.00000158.

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GUZHVA, I.Yu., and R.V. ILLICHOV. "Establishment of localization in public procurement as a tool of industry development in Ukraine." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №12(235)2020 181 (February 26, 2021): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564157.

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The subject of research is the mechanism mechanisms by which the localization in public procurement affects the development of the national economy. Topicality. Ukraine’s industrial sector remains in a state of deep stagnation. The structure of Ukraine’s economy continues to shape in the direction of less productive and technologically simpler industries in agriculture, while high–tech industries are reducing economic activity. In such a difficult situation, Ukraine does not use the potential of public procurement as a tool to attract investment and develop innovation in order to stimulate employment and ensure the technological capacity of domestic industry. On the contrary, there is an excessive penetration of imports into public procurement, including high–tech machine–building products, the state demand for which can be met by domestic producers. The purpose of the article is to justify the need of introduction of local component requirement in public procurement of Ukraine. Research methods. The methodological principles the research relies on include a set of general methods of scientific cognition, including the method of analysis, synthesis, synthesis, induction and deduction, and others. Results. The shortcomings of the domestic public procurement system and their impact on industrial development are identified. The world experience of using localization in public procurement as a tool of economic policy is analyzed. A legislative initiative to improve the Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement» by introducing the requirement of production localization in the evaluation of tender proposals is offered. The compliance of these proposals with Ukraine’s international obligations in the field of public procurement and trade is proved. Using the methods of economic and mathematical forecasting, the potential sectoral and macroeconomic effects of the introduction of localization in Ukrainian public procurement are assessed. Conclusions. The current practice of public procurement in Ukraine led to a high level of import penetration into procurement of goods and services for meeting the state demand. While highly developed countries actively use public procurement to support their industry, the state in Ukraine often supports foreign producers at the expense of taxpayers, and domestic companies are left without regular orders. To remedy this situation, it is advisable to introduce requirements for localization in domestic public procurement, especially some engineering products. This will not only launch a number of industries, create additional jobs and increase tax revenues, but also in the case of an effective industrial dialogue with foreign partners will attract additional investment in the location of production in Ukraine.

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Ningsih, Rahayu, and Choirin Nisaa'. "Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Arab Saudi Menaikan Tarif Bea Masuk dan Implikasinya Terhadap Ekspor Indonesia." Cendekia Niaga 5, no. 1 (2021): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v5i1.561.

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Saudi Arabia is Indonesian trading partner with a total trade value in 2019 reached USD 5.07 billion. Indonesia's trade with Saudi Arabia contributed to a deficit in Indonesia's trade balance, from USD 1.36 billion in 2015 to USD 3.68 billion in 2018. Amid efforts to increase exports to Saudi Arabia, on May 27, 2020, Custom Saudi, has issued a policy of changing the rate of import duty on 37 tarif lines (HS 2 digit) with an increase to be in the range of 7% to 20% from the initial rate, which is in the range of 5% to 12%. This matter, of course, has potential effect on Indonesia's export penetration. This analysis aims to identify Indonesian export products that are affected by the increase in import duty rates in Saudi Arabia and analyze the impact of the increase in the import duty of Saudi Arabia and its implications for Indonesia's export performance. With the descriptive analysis method using secondary data of trade data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics and UN Comtrade, this study concluded that the increase in Saudi Arabia's import duties on Indonesia's main export products had an impact on several of Indonesia's main export products, namely paper products, iron and steel products, iron and steel, Man-made staple fibres, and Machinery. Meanwhile, other export products such as automotive, plastic product, Electrical machinery, palm oil, processed meat and fish products, and some textile products have no substantial impact. Therefore, to anticipate the impact on the penetration of Indonesian export products, the government needs to disseminate information to business actors, especially exporters whose products are subject to an increase in import duty in Saudi Arabia so that anticipatory steps can be taken as well as efforts to find alternative export destination markets in other countries.

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Chen, Wei, Yinzhong Chen, Yifei Hao, and Sili Chen. "Producer Services Openness and the Development of Servitization: The Perspective of Two-Way Openness." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (September 7, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8717130.

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This paper brings producer services “bringing in” and “going out” into the same analytical framework and explains the influence mechanism of producer services opening on the development of servitization from three aspects of import trade, FDI, and OFDI. On this basis, using the latest input-output data of WIOD, this paper constructs some indicators to measure the openness of producer services such as import trade penetration, FDI penetration, and OFDI penetration and then empirically tests the impact of producer services openness on the development of servitization in China. The results show that the openness of producer services has a significant positive impact on the development of China’s servitization. In addition, the robustness analysis based on variable substitution and different estimation methods shows that the conclusions are robust. The heterogeneity test shows that the impact of producer services openness on servitization has heterogeneity. The specific performance is as follows: there is different impact of producer service sector openness on the development of servitization; the impact of producer service openness on the development of servitization with different factor intensities is also different; and there is also different impact of producer service sector openness on the development of servitization with different factor intensities. The policy implications of these research conclusions are as follows: firstly, taking co-construction of the “Belt and Road” as a chance to promote the new open pattern; secondly, focusing on expanding the openness of high-end producer services; and thirdly, taking innovation driven development as the guide to increase R&D investment of producer services.

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Hutzschenreuter, Thomas, Ingo Kleindienst, Florian Groene, and Alain Verbeke. "Corporate strategic responses to foreign entry: insights from prospect theory." Multinational Business Review 22, no. 3 (2014): 294–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-06-2014-0026.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address how firms adapt their product and geographic diversification as a response to foreign rivals penetrating their domestic market by adopting a behavioral perspective to understand firm-level strategic responses to foreign entry. Design/methodology/approach – The study proposes that strategic responses to foreign entry selected by domestic incumbents have both a framing component and a related, strategic choice component, with the latter including changes in product and geographic market diversification (though other more business strategy-related responses are also possible, e.g. in product pricing and marketing). This study tests a set of hypotheses building on panel data of large US firms. Findings – The study finds, in accordance with our predictions, that domestic incumbents reduce their product and geographic diversification when facing an increase in import penetration. However, when increased market penetration by foreign firms takes the form of FDI rather than imports, the corporate response appears to be an increase in product and geographic diversification, again in line with our predictions. Originality/value – The study develops a new conceptual framework that is grounded in prospect theory, but builds on recent insights from mainstream international strategic management studies (Bowen and Wiersema, 2005; Wiersema and Bowen, 2008).

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Cha, Doo Sam. "Empirical Analysis on Import Penetration Ratio and Profitability in Japanese Manufacturing Industry." Journal of international area studies 9, no. 3 (2005): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.2005.10.9.3.381.

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Agesa, Jacqueline, and Darrick Hamilton. "Competition and Wage Discrimination: The Effects of Interindustry Concentration and Import Penetration*." Social Science Quarterly 85, no. 1 (2004): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08501009.x.

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Atawnah, Nader, Rashid Zaman, Jia Liu, Thaer Atawna, and Aktham Maghyereh. "Does foreign competition affect corporate debt maturity structure? Evidence from import penetration." International Review of Financial Analysis 86 (March 2023): 102539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102539.

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Vasyltsiv, Taras, Ruslan Lupak, and Yuliia Osadchuk. "Assessment of the level of penetration of import dependence in the context of the import substitution policy in Ukraine." Economic Annals-ХХI 167, no. 9-10 (2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v167-03.

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Lee, Yungkook, Jinyong Zhan, and Jongseo Eun. "Import Penetration Effect of a Major Trade Partner, Korea, on Chinese Technological Development." Journal of Korea Research Association of International Commerce 21, no. 1 (2021): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29331/jkraic.2021.2.21.1.65.

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