Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Implementation and maintenance »

Mining equipment are becoming very sophisticated and complex. At the same time, mining companies modernise its operation by increased mechanisation and automation (Dhillon, 2008). That requires well-developed and planned maintenance strategy. A proper maintenance strategy and appropriate maintenance actions, are essential to keep equipment safe & reliable, decrease the overall costs, and it helps to eliminate workplace hazards. Maintenance strategies and maintenance actions, in turn, are changed and developed more than any technology (Moubray, 1997). Changing and developing of the maintenance can be due to many factors, perhaps due to the complexity of the systems or due to the development of the technology. One of the best research (developed technology) that has been done in this area is the research by Nowlan and Heap about Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) in 1978. RCM is defined as, “a zero-based, structured process used to identify the failure management strategies required to ensure an asset meets its mission requirements in its operational environment in the safest and cost – effective manner” (Regan, 2012). The RCM is one of the best powerful asset management strategies. RCM can be applied to any asset, nuclear power plant, aeroplane, or truck ship. According to (Nowlan & Heap, 1978), the main goal of implementation an RCM process is to provide the stated function of the facility with required reliability and availability at the lowest cost. In this master thesis, an RCM analysis process has been described in details. Moreover, two types of implementation approaches of an RCM analysis process have also been described. The intention of describing these two approaches is to see what the differences between them are and which one can be recommended for using in mining. The first approach is according to (Hinchcliffe & Smith, 2004) and the second approach is according to (Regan, 2012). Moreover, in this master thesis, there are also two case studies that have been analysed. The intention of analysing these two case-studies is to see how the RCM has been implemented. As a result of the research carried out in this master thesis, some basic streamline RCM analysis process has been recommended for using in mining. This recommended RCM analysis process could be applicable to be used in every industry section. The result of this work can be summarised that RCM is an applicable tool which can be used in mining for selecting the right maintenance approach for different equipment, systems or subsystem. RCM analysis process is discussed from different perspective. In the discussion, the misconceptions about the implementation of an RCM analysis process have been discussed. Altogether, Reliability Centered Maintenance is one of the most powerful asset management strategies that can be used in every industry section. If the RCM is applied by right people and by the right way, the result can be profitable for the mining companies.

Implementing institutional change over large institutions has been found to be extremely complex and difficult, with the literature showing very few empirically based examples of successful change over whole institutions. The research tested some of the variables mentioned in the literature as important for implementing and maintaining institutional change with four studies conducted over three different institutional organisations. In the first three studies, a criterion referenced teaching system, known as the 'Aims System', was implemented and maintained in two large institutions for people with an intellectual disability, and 5 residential hostels and one day centre for people with multiple disabilities. The fourth study involved improving the quality of the living environment in the same five residential hostels plus two day centres. Using a management by objectives approach with extensive involvement of staff, significant changes in the quality of life were achieved and these changes were sustained over two years of follow up. Areas targeted in this study were client opportunities, family involvement, staff conditions and changes to the bureaucracy. The four studies provided evidence of issues that need to be addressed when implementing and maintaining institutional change. However maintenance without continuing support was found to be a problem in the first three studies, even after years of operation of the new system. The fourth study suggested that if intervention began with a consideration of underlying principles and the system was built onto these, staff were more likely to internalise the system, making it resistant to degradation without the need for external support. It was proposed that successful long term change is a two level process, with an initial focus on principles providing a strong basis for other change strategies.

Asset management is getting increasingly important in nearly all fields, especially inthe electric power engineering. It is mainly due to the following two reasons. First isthe high investment cost include the design cost, construction cost, equipment costand the high maintenance cost. Another reason is that there is always a high penaltyfee for the system operator if an interruption happened in the system. Besides, due tothe deregulation of electricity market in these years, the electricity utilities are payingmore attentions to the investment and maintenance cost. And one of their main goalsis to maximize the maintenance performance. So the challenge for the systems is toprovide high-reliability power to the customs and meanwhile be cost-effective for thesuppliers. Reliability Centered Asset Management (RCAM) is one of the bestmethods to solve this problem.The basic RCAM method is introduced first in this thesis. The model includes themaintenance strategy definition, the maintenance cost calculation and an optimizationmodel. Based on the basic model some improvements are added and a new model isproposed. The improvements include the new improvement maintenance strategy,increasing failure rate and a new objective function. The new model is also able toprovide a time-based maintenance plan.The simulation is done to a Swedish distribution system-Birka system by GAMS. Theresults and a sensitivity analysis is presented. A maintenance strategy for 58components and in 120 months is finally found. The impact on the changing failurerate is also shown for the whole peroid.<br>Kapitalförvaltning har inom alla områdem blivit allt viktigare, speciellt inomelkraftsteknik. Det beror i huvudsak av två orsaker. Den första är storinvesteringskostnad, vilket inkluderar design, konstruktion, utrustning och underhåll.Den andra är den höga straffavgiften för system operatören vid elavbrott. Dessutom,på grund av den nyligen avreglerade elmarknaden, så fäster elföretagen meruppmärksamhet på investerings och underhållskostnader. En av deras huvudmål är attmaximera underhållsprestandan. Så utmaningen för operatörerna är att levereratillförlitlig elkraft till kunder, samtidigt vara kostnadseffektiva mot leveratörer.Reliability Centered Asset Management (RCAM) är bland de bästa metoderna för attlösa detta problem. En enklare RCAM metod är introducerad först i denna rapport.Modellen inkluderar en underhållsstrategi-definition, underhållskostnad-kalkyl och enIIoptimiserings modell. Grundad på denna enklare modell, andra förbättringar ärtillagda och en ny modell är föreslagen. Förbättringarna inrymmer en nyunderhållsstrategi, ökad felfrekvens och en ny målfunktion. Den nya modellentillhandahåller också en tidsbaserad underhållsplan.

<p>In order to stay competitive, it is necessary for companies to continuously increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their production processes. High availability has, thus, increased in importance. Therefore, maintenance has gained in importance as a support function for ensuring, e.g., quality products and on-time deliveries. Maintenance, though, is a costly support function. It has been reported that as much as 70% of the total production cost can be spent on maintenance. Further, as much as one-third of the cost of maintenance is incurred unnecessarily due to bad planning, overtime cost, limited or misused preventive maintenance, and so on. In so, condition based maintenance is introduced as one solution for a more effective maintenance.</p><p>In condition based maintenance, critical item characteristics are monitored in order to gain early indications of an incipient failure. Research, though, has shown that condition based maintenance has not been implemented on a wide basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate how a condition based maintenance approach can be implemented in an industrial setting, and to develop a method that can assist companies in their implementation efforts. Further, the research has been divided in three research questions. They focus on: constituents of a condition based maintenance approach, decision-making prior implementation of condition based maintenance, and finally, the implementation of condition based maintenance in a company.</p><p>By using a systems approach and a case study process, how condition based maintenance can be implemented as a routine has been investigated. The result is an implementation method in which four suggested phases are presented. The method starts with a feasibility test. It then continues with an analysis phase, an implementation phase, and an assessment phase. The conclusions can be summarized as follows: implementing condition based maintenance consists of many general enabling factors, including management support, education and training, good communication, and motivation etc.</p>

Les fonctions fondamentales des protocoles de routage sont d'établir et de gérer une session entre deux hôtes et de la maintenir vivante autant que possible, même s'il n'y a pas d'échange des messages entre eux. En conséquence, deux hôtes devraient pouvoir communiquer à condition qu'il y ait un chemin entre eux dans le réseau. Afin d'assurer la connectivité, les protocoles de routage doivent offrir certaines fonctionnalités telles que la multi-session et le multi-homing. Néanmoins, ces protocoles ne satisfont pas leur fonction principale : maintenir une session réseau bidirectionnel sans erreur sur laquelle des messages sont échangés. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un nouveau protocole de gestion de session, lequel nous appelons Managed Session Protocol (MSP). MSP est exécuté au-dessus de la couche d'un protocole de transport et il offre des services tels que la diffusion, le multi-streaming, les commandes multi-cibles et le multi-session. Ce protocole peut être utilisé par différentes applications, par exemple le protocole BGP peut bénéficier des fonctionnalités offertes par MSP. De plus, cette thèse présente les techniques de vérification et de test formel et d'analyse de performance mises en place pour, d'une part, valider les propriétés de correction de MSP, et d'autre part, valider sa mise en oeuvre. Pour la vérification, nous avons utilisé la technique de model checking. En outre, nous avons employé la méthode de la logique temporelle pour la conception des invariants et des propriétés de MSP. Pour le test, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de test passive basée sur des invariants<br>The fundamentals functions or routing protocols are to establish and manage a session between two endpoints and keep it alive as much as possible even though endpoints do not exchange messages. Consequently, two nodes should be able to communicate as long as there is a path in the underlying network. To ensure connectivity, routing protocols need to provide some functionality such as multi-session and multi-homing. However, routing protocols nowadays do not adequately satisfy their main goal : maintain a bidirectional error-free session between nodes. This is due to the complexity of routing systems. Separating session maintenance from the individual router is one way to cope with this increasing complexity. In order to get around these problems, in this thesis, we propose a new session maintenance protocol called Managed Session Protocol (MSP). It provides services such as automatic restart of transport session when down, multi-session and multi-homing. As a result, MSP offers many advantages for upper layer applications (ULP). For instance, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) can use MSP in order to set up automatic multiple sessions between a pair of peers. In addition, MSP can be used without re-compiling or re-linking existing binaries and without making any kernel modifications. We have verified relevant properties focused on maintenance features of MSP by using model checking techniques. Moreover, we have used Linear Temporal Logic in order to design correctness claims. We have proposed as a well a new passive testing approach applied to communication protocols