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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Immunité hybride »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 1 février 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Immunité hybride"

Crotty, Shane. « Hybrid immunity ». Science 372, n^o 6549 (24 juin 2021) : 1392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2258.

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Shi, Meiqing, Liping Su, Sigou Hao, Xulin Guo et Jim Xiang. « Fusion Hybrid of Dendritic Cells and Engineered Tumor Cells Expressing Interleukin-12 Induces Type 1 Immune Responses against Tumor ». Tumori Journal 91, n^o 6 (novembre 2005) : 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160509100614.

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Aims and Background Dendritic cell (DC)-tumor fusion hybrid vaccinees that facilitate antigen presentation represent a novel powerful strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that IL-12 promotes specific antitumor immunity mediated by T cells in several types of tumors. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor immunity derived from vaccination of fusion hybrids between DCs and engineered J558/IL-12 myeloma cells secreting Th1 cytokine IL-12. Methods The expression vector pcDNA-IL-12 was generated and transfected into J558 myeloma cells and then bone marrow-derived DCs were fused with engineered J558/IL-12 cells. The antitumor immunity derived from vaccination of the fusion hybrid DC/J558/IL-12 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results DC/J558/IL-12 cells secreted recombinant IL-12 (1.6 ng/mL), and inoculation of BALB/c mice with DC/J558/IL-12 hybrid induced a Th1 dominant immune response and resulted in tumor regression. Immunization of mice with engineered DC/J558/IL-12 hybrid elicited stronger J558 tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro as well as more potent protective immunity against J558 tumor challenge in vivo than immunization with the mixture of DCs and J558/IL-12, J558/IL-12 and J558, respectively. Furthermore, the antitumor immunity mediated by DC/J558/1L-12 tumor cell vaccination in vivo appeared to be dependent on CD8+ CTL. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the engineered fusion hybrid vaccines that combine Th1 cytokine gene-modified tumor cells with DCs may be an attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

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Dang Caihong, 党彩虹, et 聂敏 Nie Min. « 基于免疫和模拟退火混合算法的量子卫星资源调度策略 ». Laser & ; Optoelectronics Progress 61, n^o 21 (2024) : 2127004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop240585.

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Xiao, Wei, Binglin Chen, Jun Wang, Zhiying Zou, Chenghui Wang, Dayu Li, Jinglin Zhu, Jie Yu et Hong Yang. « Integration of mRNA and miRNA Profiling Reveals Heterosis in Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus Hybrid Tilapia ». Animals 12, n^o 5 (3 mars 2022) : 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050640.

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Heterosis is a widespread biological phenomenon in fishes, in which hybrids have superior traits to parents. However, the underlying molecular basis for heterosis remains uncertain. Heterosis in growth and survival rates is apparent in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × O. aureus ♂). Comparisons of growth and hematological biochemical characteristics and mRNA and miRNA transcriptional analyses were performed in hybrid and parents tilapia stocks to investigate the underlying molecular basis for heterosis. Growth characteristics and hematological glucose and cholesterol parameters were significantly improved in hybrids. Of 3097 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 120 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) identified among three stocks (O. niloticus, O. aureus, and hybrids), 1598 DEGs and 62 DEMs were non-additively expressed in hybrids. Both expression level dominance and overdominance patterns occurred for DEGs and DEMs, indicating that dominance and overdominance models are widespread in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in growth, metabolism, immunity, and antioxidant capacity in hybrid tilapia. Moreover, potential negative regulation networks between DEMs and predicted target DEGs revealed that most DEGs from miRNA-mRNA pairs are up-regulated. Dominance and overdominance models in levels of transcriptome and miRNAome facilitate the integration of advantageous parental alleles into hybrids, contributing to heterosis of growth and improved survival. The present study provides new insights into molecular heterosis in hybrid tilapia, advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in this phenomenon in aquatic animals.

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Cortes, S., A. Albuquerque-Wendt, C. Maia, M. Carvalho, I. A. Lima, L. A. R. de Freitas, W. L. C. dos-Santos et L. Campino. « Elucidating in vitro and in vivo phenotypic behaviour of L. infantum/L. major natural hybrids ». Parasitology 146, n^o 5 (29 novembre 2018) : 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001993.

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AbstractThe clinical manifestation and course of Leishmania infections depend on factors such as species, virulence and host-immunity. Although trypanosomatids are considered to have clonal propagation, genetic hybridization has produced successful natural hybrid lineages. Hybrids displaying strong selective advantages may have an impact on pathogenesis and the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Thus, characterization of phenotypic properties of Leishmania hybrids could bring significant insight into the biology, infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission dynamics of these atypical strains. The present study focuses on phenotypic features and survival capacity of Leishmania infantum/Leishmania major hybrid isolates as compared with representative putative parental species, L. infantum and L. major. In vitro assays (growth kinetics, susceptibility to different conditions) and in vivo infection (parasite detection and histopathological alterations) showed that hybrids present higher growth capacity and decreased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, evaluation of infected spleen tissue suggests that hybrids induce a stronger immune reaction than their putative parents, leading to the development of white pulp hyperplasia in B-lymphocyte compartments. Overall, these hybrids have shown high plasticity in terms of their general behaviour within the different phenotypic parameters, suggesting that they might have acquired genetic features conferring different mechanisms to evade host cells.

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Liu, Zihui, Binglin Chen, Zhiying Zou, Dayu Li, Jinglin Zhu, Jie Yu, Wei Xiao et Hong Yang. « Non-Additive and Asymmetric Allelic Expression of p38 mapk in Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × O. aureus ♂) ». Animals 14, n^o 2 (15 janvier 2024) : 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14020266.

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Hybridization is a widely used breeding technique in fish species that enhances desirable traits in cultured species through heterosis. However, the mechanism by which hybrids alter gene expression to form heterosis remains unclear. In this study, a group of hybrid tilapia was used to elucidate heterosis through interspecies crossing. Specifically, p38 was analyzed to describe the regulation of gene expression variation in hybrid tilapia. Transcripts from the Nile tilapia allele were found to be significantly higher than those from the blue tilapia allele in hybrid individuals, indicating that the expression of p38 was dominated by Nile tilapia sub-genomic alleles. The study also found a compensatory interaction of cis- and trans-acting elements of the Nile tilapia and blue tilapia sub-genomes, inducing a non-additive expression of p38 in hybrids. Eight specific SNPs were identified in the p38 promoter regions of Nile tilapia and blue tilapia, and were found to be promoter differences leading to differences in gene expression efficiencies between parental alleles using a dual-luciferase reporter system. This study provides insights into the non-additive expression patterns of key functional genes in fish hybrids related to growth and immunity response.

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Groszmann, Michael, Rebeca Gonzalez-Bayon, Rebecca L. Lyons, Ian K. Greaves, Kemal Kazan, W. James Peacock et Elizabeth S. Dennis. « Hormone-regulated defense and stress response networks contribute to heterosis in Arabidopsis F1 hybrids ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n^o 46 (2 novembre 2015) : E6397—E6406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519926112.

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Plant hybrids are extensively used in agriculture to deliver increases in yields, yet the molecular basis of their superior performance (heterosis) is not well understood. Our transcriptome analysis of a number of Arabidopsis F1 hybrids identified changes to defense and stress response gene expression consistent with a reduction in basal defense levels. Given the reported antagonism between plant immunity and growth, we suggest that these altered patterns of expression contribute to the greater growth of the hybrids. The altered patterns of expression in the hybrids indicate decreases to the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis pathway and increases in the auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] biosynthesis pathway. SA and IAA are hormones known to control stress and defense responses as well as plant growth. We found that IAA-targeted gene activity is frequently increased in hybrids, correlating with a common heterotic phenotype of greater leaf cell numbers. Reduced SA concentration and target gene responses occur in the larger hybrids and promote increased leaf cell size. We demonstrated the importance of SA action to the hybrid phenotype by manipulating endogenous SA concentrations. Increasing SA diminished heterosis in SA-reduced hybrids, whereas decreasing SA promoted growth in some hybrids and phenocopied aspects of hybrid vigor in parental lines. Pseudomonas syringae infection of hybrids demonstrated that the reductions in basal defense gene activity in these hybrids does not necessarily compromise their ability to mount a defense response comparable to the parents.

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Accotto, Gian Paolo, Giuseppe Nervo, Nazzareno Acciarri, Luciana Tavella, Manuela Vecchiati, Massimo Schiavi, Giovanna Mason et Anna Maria Vaira. « Field Evaluation of Tomato Hybrids Engineered with Tomato spotted wilt virus Sequences for Virus Resistance, Agronomic Performance, and Pollen-Mediated Transgene Flow ». Phytopathology® 95, n^o 7 (juillet 2005) : 800–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0800.

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Tomato hybrids obtained from homozygous progeny of line 30-4, engineered for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance, were tested under field conditions in two locations with their corresponding nontransgenic hybrids. No transgenic hybrid became infected, but 33 to 50% of plants of each nontransgenic hybrid became infected with a severe reduction of marketable fruit production. The transgenic hybrids conformed to the standard agronomic characteristics of the corresponding nontransgenic ones. Fruit were collected from the nontransgenic plots included in the experimental field and from border rows, and seed were used to estimate the flow of the transgene via pollen. No transgene flow was detected in the protected crops; however, in the open field experiment, 0.32% of tomato seedlings were found to contain the genetic modification. Immunity to TSWV infection in 30-4 hybrids was confirmed in laboratory conditions using mechanical inoculation and grafting. Thrips inoculation in leaf discs of line 30-4 demonstrated that TSWV replication was inhibited at the primary infection site but not in leaf discs of a commercial hybrid containing the naturally occurring resistance gene Sw-5. Due to the high economic value of tomato crops worldwide and the importance of TSWV, the engineered resistance described here is of practical value for breeding into cultivars of commercial interest, because it could be combined with naturally occurring resistance, thus greatly reducing the ability of the virus to develop resistance-breaking strains.

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Tang, Jinyi, Arka Chaudhuri, Panke Qu, Yue Wu, Kristin Wavell, Marthajoy Spano, Justin Taylor, Shan-lu Liu, William Teague et Jie Sun. « Respiratory mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination and infection ». Journal of Immunology 212, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2024) : 1559_5071. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.212.supp.1559.5071.

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Abstract The current COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is effective in systemic immune memory but lacks in generating mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. While prior SARS-CoV-2 infection establishes respiratory immunity, its strain-specific nature and limited duration pose challenges for sustained protection. Recent research has shown that hybrid immunity, a combination of vaccination and infection, results in a more robust, durable, and broadly reactive immune response in circulation compared to vaccination or infection alone. However, the characteristics and protective mechanisms of hybrid immunity in the respiratory mucosa are not fully understood. Moreover, it remains to be determined whether mucosal booster vaccines could potentially induce responses that are even stronger and more broadly reactive than hybrid immunity. Here, we collect nasal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood from controls, vaccinee, convalescents, or hybrid individuals. We found that hybrid individuals displayed higher levels of specific Ab, nAb, and B cells than other groups in the respiratory mucosa. In our mouse models, although hybrid immunity showed significant mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses, an adenovirus-based mucosal vaccine booster induced more robust protective respiratory immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our findings reveal the mechanisms of protection of hybrid immunity and underscore the importance of developing mucosal vaccine boosters that can emulate heightened mucosal immunity.

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Lukomets, V. M., M. V. Trunovа et Ya N. Demurin. « Modern trends in breeding and genetic improvement of sunflower varieties and hybrids at VNIIMK ». Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, n^o 4 (10 juillet 2021) : 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.042.

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Modern sunflower breeding is significantly diversified due to the different needs of agricultural production. The breeding of sunflower varieties and hybrids is carried out at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) in all areas in demand on the market and is based on fundamental biological research. In the field of breeding for faster maturing, the following commercial cultivars were obtained: very early maturing, cv. Skormas and the three-way hybrid Achilles, early maturing cvs. Varyag and Uspekh, medium maturing cvs. Amelie, Aris and Aurus. Within the framework of breeding for immunity, eight hybrids and one variety have been produced. So at the Don experimental station (Rostov region), productive hybrids were bred, resistant to the virulent broomrape of the G race due to the presence of the Or7 gene: ‘Gorstar’, ‘Gorfild’, ‘Grant’, ‘Status’, ‘Fogor’ and the three-way hybrid Nika. On the central experimental base, the following were obtained: the mid-early hybrid Typhoon and the earlymaturing variety Platonych with resistance to common races of downy mildew and a high oil content of achenes (up to 53 %) as well as the mid-early hybrid Tayzar, which is simultaneously resistant to virulent races of broomrape and to the causative agent of downy mildew. The early maturing large-fruited sunflower variety Belochka was included in the“Russian State Register of Selection Achievements…”, and the large-fruited varieties Karavan, Konditer and Kalibr are currently undergoing state tests. The breeding use of germplasm with genes for herbicide resistance wasaccompanied by their extensive genetic study. A practical recommendation for all three alleles of the ALS gene (Imr, CLHA-Plus, Sur) was the need to create homozygous hybrids for their reliable use in appropriate production systems. For Clearfield technology, the hybrids Imidzh, Arimi and Immi have been developed; for Clearfield Plus, the hybrid Klip; and for Express Sun (or SUMO), the hybrid Surus. Klip and Surus are mid-oleic. All newly developed fertile ornamental sunflower varieties – Aurelia, Fizalia, Zhemchuzhny, Rumyanets, Agat and Mazhor – were transferred for practical use to a sterile CMS RIG basis. Thus, new achievements have been attained across the entire spectrum of modern trends in sunflower breeding.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Immunité hybride"

Saade, Carla. « Immune response against SARS-CoV-2 : impact of viral variants, vaccination, and protection against reinfection ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10271.

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La pandémie COVID-19 a posé des défis majeurs aux systèmes de santé mondiaux, notamment en raison de la capacité du SARS-CoV-2 à acquérir des mutations. Cela a entraîné l'émergence séquentielle de variants préoccupants (VOCs de l’anglais Variants of concern) tels que Alpha, Beta, Delta, et désormais Omicron qui circule sous forme de sous-variants successifs (BA.1, JN.1, KP.3). Ces VOCs soulèvent des questions sur leur capacité à échapper à la réponse immunitaire induite par une infection et/ou une vaccination. Alors que les campagnes de vaccination se poursuivent, il est crucial d'évaluer comment différents schémas d'immunisation conférés par la vaccination homologue ou hétérologue ainsi que par la combinaison d’une infection et de vaccination (immunité hybride), impactent la réponse immunitaire contre les variants émergents. Grâce à une cohorte prospective de soignants, ce projet de thèse visait à étudier la capacité des VOCs à échapper à la réponse immunitaire, l'efficacité des différents schémas d'immunisation, et la durabilité des réponses immunitaires générées. Nos résultats montrent que les variants Alpha et Beta échappent aux anticorps neutralisants induits par l'immunisation contre la souche ancestrale, indépendamment du schéma d'immunisation. Cette capacité d’échappement immunitaire s'étend au-delà des premiers variants, car Delta et Omicron ont aussi présenté une baisse significative de leur capacité à être neutralisés par les anticorps produits lors d’une immunisation préalable. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité cruciale de prendre en compte l'évasion immunitaire spécifique aux variants pour définir les seuils de protection et adapter les stratégies de vaccination. En plus de l’échappement immunitaire des VOCs, l'affaiblissement de la réponse immunitaire contribue également à une diminution de la protection contre le SARS-CoV-2 au fil du temps. Nos résultats montrent que le type d'immunisation, infection ou vaccination, impact significativement le pic et la demi-vie des anticorps dirigés contre le domaine de liaison au récepteur (RBD de l’anglais Receptor binding domain). Cela nous a mené à étudier la réponse immunitaire induite par différents schémas de vaccination 6 mois après l'immunisation. Nous avons montré que l'immunité hybride conduit à une réponse immunitaire plus robuste en comparaison à l'immunité induite par l'infection ou la vaccination seule. Cette réponse améliorée est observée à travers divers paramètres tels que la capacité de neutralisation et le pool de cellules B mémoires, et se traduit par une protection significativement améliorée contre le variant Delta. Ainsi, les individus avec une immunité hybride ont un risque d'infection par Delta réduit de 4,5 fois par rapport à ceux ayant reçu une vaccination homologue. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de prendre en compte ces différences dans les recommandations vaccinales. Néanmoins, des infections dites «breakthrough», c'est-à-dire survenant malgré une vaccination antérieure, sont souvent observées pendant l’ère Omicron chez des individus vaccinés ou même présentant une immunité hybride. Notre étude sur la réponse humorale après une infection «breakthourgh» par BA.1 a révélé que, bien que l'immunité hybride empêche l’augmentation des taux d'IgG4 anti-S et maintient une activité ADCC élevée, elle limite la diversification du pool de cellules B mémoires spécifiques du RBD par rapport à l'immunité induite par la vaccination. Ces résultats indiquent que l’infection «breakthrough» induit des réponses immunitaires distinctes selon les schémas d'immunisation antérieurs, soulignant l’intérêt de considérer l’historique d’immunisation pour personnaliser les recommandations vaccinales. En somme, les résultats obtenus lors de ce travail de thèse soulignent la nécessité d’établir des recommandations vaccinales en fonction des immunisations antérieures pour répondre efficacement aux capacités d’échappement immunitaire des VOCs en circulation
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant challenges to global healthcare, largely due SARS-CoV-2’s ability to acquire new mutations. This has led to the sequential emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) such as Alpha, Beta, Delta, and now Omicron that exhibited different successive subvariants (notably BA.1, JN.1, and KP.3). These VOCs have raised concerns about their capacity to escape the immune response induced by infection and/or vaccination. As vaccination campaigns continue worldwide, it is crucial to evaluate how different immunization schemes, including homologous and heterologous vaccinations as well as infection combined with vaccination (hybrid immunity), impact the immune response against emerging variants. With a prospective cohort of healthcare workers, this PhD project aimed to investigate i) the capacity of viral variants to escape the immune response, ii) the effectiveness of different immunization schemes, and iii) the durability of the resulting immune responses. Our findings indicated that the Alpha and Beta variants are able to escape neutralizing antibodies induced by immunization against the ancestral strain, regardless of the immunization scheme. This capacity for immune evasion extends beyond these earlier variants, as both the Delta and Omicron variants also demonstrated significant resistance to neutralization by antibodies elicited through prior immunization. Such findings underscore the critical need to consider variant-specific immune escape when establishing protection thresholds and updating vaccination strategies. In addition to viral immune escape the waning of the immune response also contributes to a decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2. Our results show that the type of immunization, i.e. infection or vaccination, significantly influences the peak levels and half-life of antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD). This led us to investigate the immune response induced by different immunization schemes 6 months post-immunization. In particular, we showed that hybrid immunity leads to a more robust immune response 6 months post-immunization compared to immunity induced by either infection or vaccination alone. This enhanced response is observed across various immunological parameters, such as neutralization capacity and the pool of memory B cells, and translates into significantly improved protection against the Delta variant. Individuals with hybrid immunity experienced a 4.5-fold reduction in the risk of Delta infection compared to those with immunity induced solely by homologous vaccination. These findings highlight the importance of considering these differences when formulating vaccination recommendations. Nevertheless, breakthrough infections, i.e. infections occurring despite previous vaccination, are frequently reported during the Omicron era among individuals fully-vaccinated and those with hybrid immunity. Our investigation into the humoral immune response following BA.1 breakthrough infection revealed that while hybrid immunity prevents an increase in anti-S IgG4 levels and maintains a high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, it limits the diversification of the RBD-specific memory B cell pool compared to vaccination-induced immunity. Hence, our results indicate that BA.1 breakthrough infection elicits distinct immune responses that vary based on prior immunization schemes, which emphasizes the interest to consider immunization history with the aim to personalize vaccination recommendations. Overall, the results obtained throughout this PhD project emphasize the need to incorporate prior immunization history into ongoing adjustments of vaccination strategies and policies to effectively address the evolving immune escape capabilities of VOCs

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Rigby, Rachel Elizabeth. « Ribonuclease H2, RNA:DNA hybrids and innate immunity ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6509.

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The activation of the innate immune system is the first line of host defence against infection. Nucleic acids can potently stimulate this response and trigger a series of signalling cascades leading to cytokine production and the establishment of an inflammatory state. Mutations in genes encoding nucleases have been identified in patients with autoimmune diseases, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). This rare childhood inflammatory disorder is characterised by the presence of high levels of the antiviral cytokine interferon-α in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood, which is thought to be produced as a consequence of the activation of the innate immunity by unprocessed self-nucleic acids. This thesis therefore aimed to define the role of one of the AGS nucleases, the Ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) complex, in innate immunity, and to establish if nucleic acid substrates of this enzyme were able to induce type I interferon production in vitro. The AGS nucleases may function as components of the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Consistent with this hypothesis, RNase H2 was constitutively expressed in immune cells, however, its expression was not upregulated in response to type I interferons. RNase H2-deficient cells responded normally to a range of nucleic acid PAMPs, which implied that a role for RNase H2 as a negative regulator of the immune response was unlikely, in contrast to the reported cellular functions of two other AGS proteins, TREX1 and SAMHD1. Therefore, no clear evidence was found for the direct involvement of RNase H2 in the innate immune response to nucleic acids. An alternative model for the pathogenesis of disease hypothesises that decreased RNase H2 activity within the cell results in an accumulation of RNA:DNA hybrids. To investigate the immunostimulatory potential of such substrates, RNA:DNA hybrids with different physiochemical properties were designed and synthesised. Methods to purify the hybrids from other contaminating nucleic acid species were established and their capacity as activators of the innate immune response tested using a range of in vitro cellular systems. A GU-rich 60 bp RNA:DNA hybrid was shown to be an effective activator of a pro-inflammatory cytokine response exclusively in Flt3-L bone marrow cultures. This response was completely dependent on signalling involving MyD88 and/or Trif, however the specific receptor involved remains to be determined. Reduced cellular RNase H2 activity did not affect the ability of Flt3-L cultures to mount a cytokine response against the RNA:DNA hybrid. These in vitro studies suggested that RNA:DNA hybrids may be a novel nucleic acid PAMP. Taken together, the data in this thesis suggest that the cellular function of RNase H2 is in the suppression of substrate formation rather than as a component of the immune response pathways. Future studies to identify endogenous immunostimulatory RNA:DNA hybrids and the signalling pathways activated by them should provide a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AGS and related autoimmune diseases.

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Carnell, George William. « Development of hybrid haemagglutinin pseudotyped lentiviruses to assess heterosubtypic immunity to influenza ». Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66363/.

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The influenza virus still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally, on top of morbidity and associated economic burden. We are currently at the height of efforts surrounding the development and employment of 'universal' vaccines against this virus, with clinical trials commencing on the most promising candidates. Despite this, the influenza virus poses more of a threat to human life than it ever has previously, with multiple subtypes of pandemic potential circulating around the globe. The key to current efforts lies in the priming of the immune system towards generating long lasting defences against conserved epitopes and conferring heterosubtypic immunity against the surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin. While vaccine strategies have expanded rapidly over recent years with the advent of 'headless' constructs as well as those derived from consensus, mosaic or chimeric sequences, the serological techniques to test how effective these vaccines are, have advanced less rapidly. Classical serological assays have been shown to be ineffective at detecting the antibodies which modern 'universal' vaccines strife to elicit, replaced by ELISA based approaches combined with mouse models measuring in vivo protection. In this thesis, an alternative method for the detection of heterosubtypic antibodies is used in depth across multiple platforms. Influenza pseudotypes have been employed using chimeric haemagglutinin constructs in a comprehensive project aimed at dissecting head and stalk directed antibodies present in human serum. Characterised broadly neutralising monoclonal antibodies have been tested on panels of influenza pseudotypes including divergent bat influenza viruses which hitherto have not been encountered in humans. A further aspect of influenza immunity has been covered in the detection of anti neuraminidase antibodies which have an important role to play in influenza heterosubtypic immunity. Finally, influenza pseudotypes bearing the glycoproteins from the less studied influenza B virus have been assayed in a large scale project aimed at correlating pseudotype assays with classical approaches.

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Cotter, Paul. « Dietary Selenium in Cultured Hybrid Striped Bass ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32079.

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As aquaculture continues to contribute high quality protein to a greater proportion of the worldâ s growing population, fish producers have been pressured to increase overall production. However, associated with elevated production is greater stress due to crowding, reduced water quality, and other factors. These stressors impact the health and welfare of the farmed animal which has become of increasing concern to a more environmentally aware and health conscious consumer. New strategies must therefore be developed and adopted by the aquaculture industry to counteract negative consumer perceptions of industrial fish production while also stabilizing the industry.

Better nutrition may enhance disease resistance of farmed fish, while fillet accumulations of specific health-related nutrients may simultaneously add value to the final product. This thesis summarizes research undertaken in an effort to enhance the nutritional value of fish by increasing fillet levels of selenium (Se). In addition, various biomarkers of fish health (lysozyme, ceruloplasmin and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities), were examined to determine whether dietary Se supplementation had a positive impact upon fish immunocompetence. Moreover, the effect of vaccination was also examined using lysozyme and growth as indicators of fish performance. Hybrid striped bass (HSB), the fourth most valuable farmed fish and fifth in tonnage produced in the United States, were employed as a model animal. Se, an essential component of the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase with many established health benefits was supplemented to HSB diets at various concentrations but was found to be without effect upon serum immune proteins or GSH-Px activity. This finding likely reflected the use of fishmeal within the dietary formulation, which possessed relatively high Se levels, together with sufficient storage of tissue Se within the experimental animals. Nevertheless, these studies determined that organic sources of Se were more efficiently accumulated in HSB muscle than traditional inorganic sources. A linear response occurred up to the highest dose used (3.2 mg kg-1) over a 6 week study. Fillet Se accumulation (r2=0.95) proved to be a better indicator than the liver (r2=0.87).Se enhanced fish therefor appear to offer a route of entry for fish producers into the lucrative designer food market - especially since many hundreds of millions of people worldwide are believed to be Se-deficient. Studies undertaken with Se-deficient HSB confirmed findings from the aforementioned research and also indicate that Se-enhanced fillets might be produced using a finishing feed containing 1.5 mg Se kg-1 6-8 weeks prior to harvest. Accumulation of Se using this strategy resulted in a 100g portion of HSB fillets containing between 33-109 Âµg Se, amounting to a dietary intake of between 25-80 Âµg Se;a level that would satisfy present daily intake recommendations.

Vaccination of HSB with a Streptococcus iniae oil-in-water vaccine was examined for its potential negative impacts upon HSB production performance. Vaccinated fish did not exhibit any significant reductions in growth but microarray studies revealed that together with many hundreds of genes, four immune-related genes were impacted by this procedure. This thesis discusses the results obtained with regard to their practical implications to the industry and welfare of cultured fish.
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Payelle-Brogard, Béatrice. « Utilisation de cellules hybrides pour l'induction d'une immunité antitumorale chez la souris et l'étude de la suppression de cette réponse ». Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077072.

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L'induction d'une immunité antitumorale contre un fibrosarcome chimioinduit chez la souris peut se faire par injection de cellules hybrides semi-allogeniques provenant de la fusion entre une cellule du fibrosarcome et un fibroblaste allogenique. L'immunité antitumorale ainsi induite se developpe rapidement, elle est médiée par des lymphocytes t spécifiques de la tumeur parentale, actifs in vivo et in vitro et dont l'activité peut etre amplifiée par de l'interleukine-2. Des phénomènes suppresseurs, de nature t, empêchent transitoirement l'expression de cette immunité. Ce modele d'immunisation à ete utilise pour mettre en evidence une depression de l'immunite antitumorale (immunodepression induite par de fortes doses de bcg, immunodepression liee au vieillissement) et a permis de demontrer la presence de cellules t suppressives responsables de cette immunodépression.

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Liu, Changxin. « Involvement of Polyamines in PAMP-triggered Immunity and Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Extragenic Suppressors of Immune Hybrid Incompatibility ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671759.

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The main topic of this Thesis is to investigate the contribution of polyamines to defense in Arabidopsis thaliana and the requirement of callose deposition for full expression of effector-triggered immunity in autoimmune hybrids. Due to its accumulation during pathogen infection, I mainly focused on the polyamine putrescine. The interaction between polyamines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and salicylic acid pathway activation is also studied in the context of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) (Chapter 1) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (Chapter 2). The data support a role for putrescine as a priming agent contributing to resistance against pathogens, which can lead to practical applications in the development of PPP (plant protection products). In Chapter 3, I report the involvement of glucan synthase-like 2 and 10 (GSL2 and GSL10), two of the twelve callose biosynthesis genes, in the temperature-dependent immune hybrid incompatibility between natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana from North Europe (Ler) and Central Asia (Kas-2), which constitutes a model for the study of effector-triggered immunity (ETI). This work supports that PTI and ETI are not two separate branches of defense, but support each other through mutual potentiation. Overall, we provide evidence for the involvement of polyamines in defense signaling and callose biosynthesis in the establishment of ETI.

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Flatt, Justin Wayne. « STRUCTURAL INSIGHTS INTO RECOGNITION OF ADENOVIRUS BY IMMUNOLOGIC AND SERUM FACTORS ». Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1387451692.

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Rodriguez, Marisela Raquel. « Genetic analysis of natural killer cell mediated virus immunity in related strains of New Zealand inbred mice and their hybrid offspring / ». 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3327011.

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Li, Pei-Fen, et 李佩芬. « The influence of Darsan yam-containing diets on the growth performance, antioxidant and immunity indexes of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus ». Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18243477671124976170.

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Kan, Stanislav. « Development of airway epithelial targeted nanoparticles loaded with TLR7 agonist for asthma therapy ». Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1422799.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Acute asthma flares represent the major cause of healthcare resource consumption and prevention of acute asthma exacerbation remains a major currently unmet therapeutic need in asthma control. Respiratory viruses, most often rhinoviruses (RVs), are the most frequent trigger of acute asthma exacerbations. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) are the site RV infection and initiate the host response to infection which is a key determinant of disease outcome. Endosomal toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a potential therapeutic target for asthma exacerbations as stimulation of TLR7 improves antiviral response via induction of type I/ type III interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The challenge is to achieve efficient delivery of TLR7 agonists to activate antiviral immunity in infected AECs. Targeted TLR7 activation in AECs is critical as stimulation of TLR7 in resident immune cells may lead to unwanted induction of pro-inflammatory response. We hypothesized that AEC-targeting nanoparticles (AEC-NPs) offer a solution to this challenge by enabling AEC-targeted delivery of TLR7 agonists to boost antiviral immunity and subsequently inhibit viral replication. In this thesis, we developed and optimised the AEC-NP delivery system and confirmed its targeting specificity in human bronchial epithelial cells. The optimised AEC-NPs were able to efficiently deliver TLR7 agonist CL264 and boost antiviral immune response in both submerged monolayer culture and primary bronchial epithelial cells (from heathy donors and patients with asthma) grown in air-liquid interface (ALI) culture. Finally, the pharmacological response and inflammatory profile of CL264-loaded AEC-NPs were evaluated in vivo.

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Livres sur le sujet "Immunité hybride"

Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. Part II Substantive Law, 7 The Third Alternative of Surrender to a Competent International Criminal Tribunal or a Hybrid Tribunal and its Impediments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823292.003.0007.

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The chapter elaborates the practical difficulties and principled opposition to the third alternative of surrender to a competent international criminal tribunal or hybrid tribunals, especially among several States in Africa on the grounds of discriminatory justice and/or the allegedly prevailing rule of customary international law of immunity of the head of State and some other senior State officials. In particular, while Article 27 of the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court deems the official position of any person to be irrelevant, Article 98 of the same Statute sets conditions for cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity or consent for surrender of the person, which may not be forthcoming in practice. The author explains how the conflicting rules can be reconciled, if at all.

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Hendricks, Richard Julius. The isolation and characterization of a new phi80-lambda hybrid bacteriophage carrying both the phi80 and lambda immunity genes. 1985.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Immunité hybride"

Wong, Eugene Y. C., Henry S. C. Yeungz et Henry Y. K. Lau. « Immunity-based hybrid evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective optimization ». Dans Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXV, 337–42. London : Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-171-2_24.

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Xia, Sisi, Xiaoping Huo, Chunfu Zheng et Jun Chen. « Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay for Investigating Antiviral Innate Immunity ». Dans Methods in Molecular Biology, 213–20. New York, NY : Springer US, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_21.

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Israel, Ora, Enrique Estrada-Lobato et Thomas Neil Pascual. « Infection and Inflammation Imaging ». Dans A Practical Guide for Pediatric Nuclear Medicine, 183–98. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67631-8_11.

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AbstractMost commonly infectious processes in children involve the peripheral skeleton, lungs, kidneys, brain, and heart. Pediatric infections are usually of viral and bacterial origins. Fungal etiology can be found, mainly in children with immunodeficiency. Neonates also have immature immunity and are prone to infections with a less favorable prognosis. Conventional techniques used to evaluate infectious and inflammatory processes in children provide high-resolution images but are limited since only insignificant findings are seen in early disease stages and the differential diagnosis with coexisting pathologies and/or post-treatment changes is challenging. Nuclear Medicine procedures play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring pediatric infections, and inflammatory and granulomatous diseases. Several SPECT radiotracers used in the past for functional imaging of infection and inflammatory processes, such as 67Gallium citrate and 111In-labelled WBCs are not being used anymore routinely in pediatric patients and only rarely in adults, mainly in centers with limited or no access to 99mTc-labelled leukocytes (WBCs) and PET imaging. The value of Nuclear Medicine tests has increased with the implementation of hybrid SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI imaging.

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Li, Meiyi, Zixing Cai, Yuexiang Shi et Pingan Gao. « A Hybrid Immune Evolutionary Computation Based on Immunity and Clonal Selection for Concurrent Mapping and Localization ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1308–11. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11539902_167.

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Hassan, Sher. « Tolerance, Resistance to Multiplication and Immunity to Tomato Yellow Top Virus and Potato Leafroll Virus in Lycopersicon Peruvianum and of Its Tomato Hybrid Progenies ». Dans Durability of Disease Resistance, 347. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_73.

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Carlson, Kerstin Bree. « A New African Pluralism in International Criminal Law ». Dans Hybrid Justice, 221–38. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893758.003.0011.

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Abstract There is an ongoing disagreement in international criminal law (ICL) regarding sovereign immunity. International humanitarian law takes the possibility of challenging impunity as a central element of its mandate, in part because a fundamental norm of rule of law practice is that no one is above the law, and in part because leaders are those who arguably bear the greatest responsibility for the types of collective harms international humanitarian law would criminalize. This norm does not distinguish between sitting and former heads of state. Across Africa, however, there has been significant pushback regarding prosecuting sitting leaders for atrocity crimes. This has led to what is perhaps the central conflict defining ICL discourse today: a plurality of opinions regarding how sovereignty comports with state-sponsored atrocity crimes. The chapter examines the recent trial of deposed Chadian head of state Hissène Habré to consider questions of pluralism under ICL regarding sovereign immunity. Through a detailed analysis of the work and doctrinal content of the Habré trial, the chapter shows that while the Habré trial is celebrated as an example of bringing a former head of state to justice, the experience of the Habré trial does not change the balance as regards an African pluralism on the question of sovereign immunity.

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Liu, Cuilan. « Hybrid Courts, Hybrid Laws ». Dans Buddhism in Court, 99–130. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197663332.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter shows how Buddhists in China engaged with ideas of clerical legal privileges in Indian Buddhism. Instead of fighting for absolute clerical immunity from punishment, Buddhists in China worked with state rulers to create a hybrid court beyond the dichotomy of the Buddhist monastic court and the state court, thus creating a tripartite legal infrastructure to seek more jurisdictional autonomy for the Buddhist establishment to govern its ordained members. This hybrid court was guided by a newly created set of hybrid laws that were established by taking into consideration rules from both the Buddhist monastic law and the state law. Chinese Buddhists began this project of forming the hybrid law and hybrid court in the fourth century ce. This chapter shows how the established tripartite legal infrastructure’s influence has continued to operate subtly within contemporary China, even through dynastic changes, including the end of the empire.

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Pillai, Mamatha M., Garima Malik et Prakriti Tayalia. « Immunological Aspects of Nanocellulose ». Dans Nanocellulose-based Hybrid Systems for Tissue Engineering, 50–77. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837673094-00050.

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This chapter delves into the intricacies of the association between nanocellulose and immunology. It outlines the foundational principles of immunology, differentiating between innate and adaptive immunity. The effects of the source and chemical modifications of nanocellulose on the immune response are highlighted, exploring the comprehensive interactions between nanocellulose and both branches of immunity. Furthermore, the chapter underscores the immunomodulatory properties of nanocellulose, presenting its potential in therapeutic applications and its emerging role in immunotherapy, particularly as a drug delivery system. As we navigate breakthroughs and address challenges in immunotherapeutic applications, the chapter concludes by envisioning the future landscape of nanocellulose in immunology, pinpointing emerging trends and research gaps, and charting the course forward.

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Žukauskaite, Audrone. « Hybrid Organism ». Dans Organism-Oriented Ontology, 134–51. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399510547.003.0008.

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Chapter 7 discusses symbiosis as a specific kind of biological assemblage. Donna J. Haraway points out the obvious but ignored fact that every living being is dependent on other living beings, such as viruses, bacteria, archaea, etc. Haraway suggests the term ‘sympoiesis’ to refer to collectively producing systems that do not have self-defined spatial or temporal boundaries. These systems are evolutionary and have the potential for change. Thus, the theory of sympoiesis questions the notion of the bounded individual and examines living beings as mutually interconnected and interdependent. Similarly, Scott F. Gilbert argues that there is no such thing as biological individuality; both human and non-human animals are holobionts – organisms coexisting with persistent communities of symbionts. Taking this into account, Haraway suggests sympoiesis as a continuous process of ‘becoming-with’ which creates new networks of collaboration and gives an increased potency to its collaborators. The chapter also discusses the notion of immunity and asks how to define the limit at which coexistence is collaborative and productive, and beyond which it becomes damaging and lethal.

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Basha, S. K. Akbar, et D. Kerana Hanirex. « Enhanced Immunity Disorder Classification Through Hybrid Model Integration ». Dans Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 351–70. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8659-0.ch018.

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This chapter proposes a comprehensive approach for classifying immunity disorders using various deep learning techniques, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). The study focuses on preprocessing the dataset from Kaggle, titled “Food: Allergens and Allergies,” to enhance the classification accuracy. T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is applied for preprocessing, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to reduce dimensionality. Subsequently, the study explores the combination of CNN with t-SNE and PCA to leverage deep learning and dimensionality reduction techniques. This approach addresses the allergy dataset's complexities by strategically combining CNN with t-SNE and PCA and provides a promising framework for more accurate and reliable immunity disorder classification. The suggested system's accuracy, precision, and recall are among the common evaluation measures used to assess its performance. With an accuracy of 90.50%, precision of 0.89, and recall of 0.88, respectively, the experimental findings show that combining CNN with t-SNE and PCA produces greater classification performance than separate models. The suggested technique offers a viable method for correctly and quickly classifying immune illnesses and advancing medical diagnostics and healthcare.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Immunité hybride"

Zhao, Fengqiang, Guangqiang Li, Jialu Du, Chen Guo, Hongying Hu et Ajith Abraham. « A novel genetic algorithm based on immunity and its application ». Dans 2012 12th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/his.2012.6421396.

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Xiao Liu et Aaron M. Cramer. « Hybrid position observer for brushless DC motor drives with improved noise immunity ». Dans 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741745.

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gaddour, asma, Amani Kacem, Sana Hatmani, Rahma Ben Jazia, Imen Kharrat, Lilia Bouajina, Anis Maatallah et al. « Factors associated with hybrid immunity in healthcare workers infected with COVID 19 ». Dans ERS Congress 2024 abstracts, PA1324. European Respiratory Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2024.pa1324.

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HarimaM, Katsushige, Kaoru Gotoh, Takayuki Kubo et Takeshi Ishida. « Design of Hybrid Tapered TEM Horn for Radiated Immunity Test in Close Proximity ». Dans 2020 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/isap47053.2021.9391160.

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Kuo, Hung-chun, Sin-ting Chen et Tzong-lin Wu. « Improving the Radiated Immunity of the Strip-Lines Using a Novel Hybrid EBG Structure ». Dans 2006 IEEE Electrical Performane of Electronic Packaging. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epep.2006.321237.

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Quansheng, Jiang, et Jia Minping. « Novel Hybrid Clustering Algorithm Incorporating Artificial Immunity into Fuzzy Kernel Clustering for Pattern Recognition ». Dans 2007 Chinese Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2006.4347453.

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Zhang, Zihan, et Chunhong Chen. « Improving the immunity of SET/MOS hybrid A/D converters using Boltzmann machine networks ». Dans 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2017.8117259.

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Fan, YuanYuan, KangFeng Zheng et YiXian Yang. « Epidemic Model of Mobile Phone Virus for Hybrid Spread Mode with Preventive Immunity and Mutation ». Dans 2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2010.5601326.

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Nechaev, Y. B., G. A. Kashenko et O. A. Plaksenko. « Comparative analysis of interference immunity of adaptive information transmission system with hybrid spectrum spreading and nonadaptive systems ». Dans 2014 East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ewdts.2014.7027060.

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Jin, Xuwei, Wei Jin, Hao Zhang, Jianfei Jiang et Weifeng He. « A 0.2V 2.3pJ/Cycle 28dB output SNR hybrid Markov random field probabilistic-based circuit for noise immunity and energy efficiency ». Dans 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2017.8050894.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Immunité hybride"

Avni, Adi, et Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.

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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.

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Dawson, William O., et Moshe Bar-Joseph. Creating an Ally from an Adversary : Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586540.bard.

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Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus budwood. We crossed the substantial technological hurdles necessary to accomplish this task which included developing an infectious cDNA clone which allows in vitro manipulation of the virus and methods to then infect citrus plants. We created a series of hybrids between decline-inducing and mild CTV strains, tested them in protoplasts, and are amplifying them to inoculate citrus trees for evaluation and mapping of disease determinants. We also extended this developed technology to begin engineering transient expression vectors based on CTV as tools for genetic improvement of tree crops, in this case citrus. Because of the long periods between genetic transformation and the ultimate assay of mature tree characteristics, there is a great need for an effective system that allows the expression or suppression of target genes in fruiting plants. Virus-based vectors will greatly expedite progress in citrus genetic improvement. We characterized several components of the virus that provides necessary information for designing virus-based vectors. We characterized the requirements of the 3 ’-nontranslated replication promoter and two 3 ’-ORF subgenomic (sg) mRNA controller elements. We discovered a novel type of 5’-terminal sgRNAs and characterized the cis-acting control element that also functions as a strong promoter of a 3 ’-sgRNA. We showed that the p23 gene controls negative-stranded RNA synthesis and expression of 3 ’ genes. We identified which genes are required for infection of plants, which are host range determinants, and which are not needed for plant infection. We continued the characterization of native dRNA populations and showed the presence of five different classes including class III dRNAs that consists of infectious and self-replicating molecules and class V dRNAs that contain all of the 3 ’ ORFs, along with class IV dRNAs that retain non-contiguous internal sequences. We have constructed and tested in protoplasts a series of expression vectors that will be described in this proposal.

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