Thèses sur le sujet « Immigrants – Italy »

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science, Concentration TransAtlantic Studies." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.

This study focuses on the conditions of immigrants in Italy, the problems of integration they are facing and the coping strategies they adopt in this process. During the 1980s, an increasing number of immigrant workers arrived in Italy. The Government and the Italian society in general were not prepared to absorb immigrant workers for many reasons. Traditionally Italy has been a country of emigration rather than immigration. Moreover, the number of immigrant workers grew considerably in a short period of time, and Italy did not have the necessary legal and social infrastructure to cope with this in-flow. Since the Government is not providing them with some essential services needed to live in the country, many immigrants have to rely on the assistance of voluntary associations and non-governmental organisations (NGGs). Although, there are many associations of immigrant workers, they are not in a position to provide these services. The integration of immigrants is made more difficult by their sociological characteristics. The immigrant population is not homogeneous. Immigrants workers belong to different nationalities and have different migration plans in mind. Filipinos, for example, are mainly women who are planning to work for a few years and then go back to their country. North Africans and Senegalese are generally men who are planning to stay for a longer period. This complexity has involved additional difficulties in addressing the problem of immigration effectively. In addition, the situation of immigrants is not well known. Social scientists have analysed some aspects of the phenomenon and have given some indications of its extent and although the research conducted suffered from many limitations it has helped decision makers to face emergencies but not to plan ahead. Government inaction and the deteriorating living conditions of immigrants have favoured the emergence of racism and intolerance in public opinion. The service provision has now become secondary to the problem of race relations. The problem to be solved is the right of immigrant workers to citizenship and not only the provision of basic services. The situation analysis at national level and the study of two cases (Florence and Rome) suggest that: 1) there is a gap between the image and the reality of immigrants in Italy; 2) the working and living conditions experienced by immigrants do not correspond with their expectations and this create a sort of 'status discrepancy'; 3) immigrants have to cope with a situation of uncertainty that does not permit them to plan their life in the long-term; 4) NGOs and voluntary associations cannot replace the Government in the provision of services but can play an important role in the process of integration of immigrants; 5) after many years piecemeal, fragmented and contradictory interventions the Government, pressed by racism and dissatisfaction growing among public opinion, is now in favour of a policy of closed doors and self-protection.

There has been increasing interest on studying and identifying the immigrant’s food beliefs, dietary changes, medicinal perception of food, and acculturation. It will be useful to study the knowledge about traditional culinary practice of a particular ethnic group that can be implemented to solve problems related to health of diverse migrant group, how food belief can lead to the future occupation in the host country and finally how this knowledge can diversify the food species in the new environment. Moreover, in the phase of global change various calamities like food scarcity, loss of diversity and high frequency of extreme events are arising, studying migrant’s food believe can play a crucial role to offer potential solutions for the rising problems. Income, level of education, religion, and food beliefs are significant factors accounting for changes in dietary habits, whilst immigrant generation is also a major factor. 30 individual semi-structured interviews of the Bangladeshi immigrants were undertaken in Mestre, Italy between October and January 2020. In order to gain perspectives about vegetable consumption and selling vegetables as a job, the research was restricted to 10 sellers and equal number of male and female consumers. Data presented in this study shows taste perceptions and culinary uses of traditional vegetables may be understood as bio-cultural phenomena rooted in human physiology. These phenomenon changes many times during the stay in the host country depending on the individual’s experiences. Although the taste of Bangladeshi grown vegetables differs from the Italian grown, the main satisfaction lies in the availability of Bangladeshi vegetables that eventually plays a crucial role to keep their own culture. From acculturation by fluently speaking the Italian language to growing traditional vegetables, the Bangladeshi immigrants in Italy can be taken as an important example of adaptation in the phase of global environmental change. The study discusses how taste play a crucial role on making immigrants choice of eating vegetables. Taste also the main driver which is the primary reason for the failure of the dietary acculturation among the Bengali diaspora living in Italy. However, full assimilation never happens among most of the migrants’ group and Bangladeshi migrants are not any exception.

In this dissertation, the denaturalization of migrants in the US and Italy as represented in newspaper crime reports was identified and compared to the opposing naturalization of Italian crime organizations in Italy and Wall Street/ corporate criminals in the US. This was accomplished through careful, multidisciplinary, scientific analysis of over 100 articles taken from Italian and US newspapers of assorted political tendencies from the years 2004-2010. Quantitative and qualitative methods were combined beginning with a corpus analysis of texts from each group studied followed by a topic analysis designed to identify topics discussed in the media for each group analyzed. In addition, lexical choices were categorized as denaturalization, naturalization or derogation, and examples from texts were examined in depth to reveal linguistic (such as metaphor) strategies involved in negative or positive representation of these groups. A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach combined with Social Semiotics and grounded in Social Identity and Nationalism theories was employed to reveal an underlying racist and xenophobic ideology in both Italian and US media. Results show that in both the United States and Italy, the highlighting of migrants' lack of proficiency in the host country language as well as cultural practices functions as evidence of how migrants are different thus justifying discriminatory practices against them. The resulting categorization of migrants as "Them" serves the dominant group's purpose of staying in power. In conclusion, the author points to a need for teacher educators in the field of second language education and literacy to make it a top priority to educate teachers and students as to how discourse contains underlying ideologies and how to think critically to de-construct and de-mystify them.

Since the end of 1990s, a growing number of countries in Europe have introduced a new kind of integration measures, the so-called civic integration policies.

Formulated for the first time in the Netherlands in order to deal with the persistence of integration difficulties and the social cohesion concerns, these policies demand migrants to fulfill mandatory integration requirements in order to obtain the residence permit, its renewal, or the citizenship.

Among the other countries, Italy introduced a similar policy in 2009, the Integration Agreement (IA). The Italian example appears particular interesting, since this country looked like the less probable one that could choose a similar solution.

Examining the dynamics behind the adoption of the IA represents, therefore, a valuable opportunity not only to understand the Italian case, but also to highlight the mechanisms that have facilitated the diffusion of these policies in Europe.

The research highlights two main aspects. On the one hand, several politicians in different countries have proposed these solutions because they represent quite useful political resources in dealing with the “democratic impatience” of our political systems (Vermeulen and Penninx 1994). On the other hand, the building up of the EU and the growing interconnections of the national policy communities in this policy sector have played an indirect but not residual role in facilitating the convergence of the European countries towards similar solutions.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The Italian context, in line with what is happening in many other European countries, is increasingly becoming a multicultural reality. Due to the growing number of immigrants worldwide, migrant youth are at present an integral part of our society. To ensure the successful integration and full realization of the immigrants’ potential, as well as to prevent behavioral risk and educational inequalities, it is fundamental that receiving societies invest in the well-being of immigrant youth. Early adolescence represents a critical developmental period involving changes and challenges not only at the physical level, but also in the emotional, social and psychological domains. Such developmental processes are even more complicated for immigrant youth, who additionally need to face the challenges linked to having their “feet in two worlds”. Hence, one might think that immigrant preadolescents might generally be at higher risk of socio-emotional difficulties. However, this is not always the case, and mounting evidence suggests that immigrant youngsters manage to move adaptively across their worlds, coping without undue stress with these important developmental issues. Thus, the latest evidence invites researchers to overcome the deficit perspective which dominated past research on immigration in favor of a more positive oriented one, able to shed light on the resources that immigrant minors need as to adjust well to their societies. Indeed, immigrant youths’ adaptation seems to vary according to the unique interaction of different cultural, social and personal aspects. Which variables could represent risk or protective factors for early adolescent immigrants’ socio-emotional adjustment? This question is the cradle of my doctoral thesis. Providing answers to this question would lay the ground for the development of valid interventions in cross-cultural contexts, needed now more than ever to promote the integration and well-being of immigrant populations. Such an objective necessarily requires an integrative and multidisciplinary framework, taking into consideration the complexity that arises from different levels and developmental contexts in which immigrants’ adaptation is embedded: the cultural (e.g., ethnicity, receiving society), social (e.g., family, community), and individual levels (e.g., memory, impulsivity). In our studies, we focus on Moroccan, Romanian and Chinese immigrant families as they form the largest ethnic communities in Italy, a country where immigration is a still recent, but nonetheless growing phenomenon. In Study 1, we assessed whether executive functions (EFs) moderated the association between self-construal and social adjustment among Moroccan, Romanian, and Italian early adolescents. Our results showed that the positive effect of having an interdependent orientation on social competence emerged to be stronger for Moroccan and Romanian immigrants with high levels of cognitive flexibility, as well as for Moroccan immigrants counting on high levels of inhibitory control. Last, working memory was associated with higher social competence, regardless of cultural influences. In Study 2, we sought to examine whether the discrimination-problem behavior link was moderated by youths’ acculturation orientations and impulse control among Moroccan and Romanian early adolescent immigrants. The findings indicated that the negative effect of discrimination on behavioral adjustment was stronger for immigrants who endorsed separation as acculturation strategy, but only at low levels of impulse control. In contrast, in face of discriminatory experiences, a good impulse control represented a risk for behavioral problems among assimilated immigrants. In addition, discrimination had a detrimental effect on behavioral adjustment especially for Romanian immigrants when they could not count on good levels of impulse control. In Study 3, we aimed to investigate whether EFs moderated the association between parental practices and emotional-behavioral problems among Chinese immigrant and Italian non-immigrant early adolescents. Our results indicated that a scarce level of inhibitory control represented a risk factor in situations of inadequate parental supervision for both groups. In contrast, a better cognitive flexibility put Chinese immigrant early adolescents at more risk of emotional-behavioral problems when left unsupervised. Last, working memory was associated with better emotional-behavioral adjustment, regardless of cultural and family influences. Our work highlights the complex processes involved in immigrant youth’s adaptation, which results from an intricate reality made of cultural influences, developmental contexts and personal characteristics. Overall, the findings highlight both commonalities and specificities in patterns of associations among personal, family/social, and cultural variables across groups. The acknowledgment of the complexity of such results paves the way to some potential guidelines for clinical implications and future research. Cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory may represent important assets for preadolescent immigrants’ positive adaptation. However, each of these individual abilities can assume different meanings and functions according to ethnic and personal differences which are unique to each single adolescent. Our hope is for future researchers and professionals to explore subjective meanings attributed to personal experiences, taking into account the individual and cultural specificities of each young immigrant. This is how we can build bridges between different developmental and cultural contexts, as to facilitate adjustment processes in immigration and multicultural contexts.
Il contesto italiano, in linea con la situazione di molti altri stati europei, si delinea sempre più come una realtà multiculturale. L’aumento del numero di persone immigrate a livello internazionale ha fatto sì che una parte sempre più cospicua della nostra società sia rappresentata da minori stranieri. Per garantire l’integrazione e la piena realizzazione del potenziale degli immigrati, e per prevenire il rischio di disuguaglianze educative e psicologiche, è fondamentale che le società riceventi investano nella promozione del benessere dei ragazzi immigrati. La preadolescenza è un periodo critico per lo sviluppo, ricco di cambiamenti e di sfide evolutive non solo a livello fisico, ma anche sul piano emotivo, sociale, nonché psicologico. Questi processi evolutivi sono ancora più complicati per i minori immigrati, che si ritrovano in più a dover affrontare anche le sfide legate all’“essere a cavallo tra due mondi”. Verrebbe quindi da pensare che i ragazzi immigrati siano tendenzialmente a maggior rischio di problemi socio-emotivi. Tuttavia non è sempre così e un numero crescente di studi dimostra come questi ragazzi riescano a viaggiare tra un mondo e l’altro in modo adattivo, affrontando senza particolari conseguenze negative questi importanti compiti evolutivi. Così, ricerche recenti invitano a superare la prospettiva deficitaria che ha regnato a lungo nello scenario della ricerca sull’immigrazione, per fare posto a una visione più positiva, che illumini le risorse che questi minori sviluppano per riuscire a vivere bene nella loro società. Infatti, l’adattamento degli immigrati sembra variare a seconda di come diversi aspetti culturali, sociali e personali interagiscono tra loro. Quali sono le variabili che possono rappresentare dei fattori di rischio o di protezione per l’adattamento socio-emotivo dei preadolescenti immigrati? Questa è la domanda al centro di questa tesi di dottorato. Una risposta anche parziale a questa domanda potrebbe gettare le basi per lo sviluppo di interventi validi in contesti multiculturali, necessari ora più che mai per promuovere l’integrazione e il benessere delle popolazioni immigrate. Un obiettivo del genere richiede necessariamente una cornice teorica multidisciplinare e integrativa, che riesca a tenere conto della complessità dei diversi livelli e contesti di sviluppo in cui si colloca l’adattamento dei giovani immigrati: il livello culturale (ad es., etnia, società ospite), sociale (ad es., famiglia, comunità) ed individuale (ad es., memoria, impulsività). Nei nostri studi, ci concentriamo sulle famiglie immigrate marocchine, romene e cinesi, che rappresentano le più numerose comunità immigrate in Italia, un paese in cui l’immigrazione è un fenomeno recente, ma in forte crescita. Nel primo studio abbiamo indagato come le funzioni esecutive (FE) moderassero la relazione tra concetto di sé e adattamento sociale in un campione di preadolescenti marocchini, romeni e italiani. I nostri risultati hanno evidenziato che l’effetto positivo dell’aver un orientamento interdipendente sul livello di competenza sociale è più forte per i ragazzi marocchini e romeni con un alto livello di flessibilità cognitiva, così come per i ragazzi marocchini che possono contare su alti livelli di controllo inibitorio. Infine, la memoria di lavoro è risultata associata ad una migliore competenza sociale indipendentemente dalle influenze ethniche e culturali. Nel secondo studio abbiamo cercato di capire se l’associazione tra discriminazione e comportamenti problematici fosse moderata dalle strategie di acculturazione e dal livello di controllo degli impulsi in ragazzi marocchini e romeni immigrati. Abbiamo trovato che l’effetto negativo della discriminazione percepita sull’adattamento psicologico sembra essere particolarmente forte per i ragazzi immigrati che scelgono la separazione come strategia di acculturazione, ma solo quando non possono contare su un buon livello di controllo degli impulsi. Al contrario, di fronte ad episodi discriminatori, un buon controllo degli impulsi può rappresentare un rischio di maggiori problematiche comportamentali per i ragazzi assimilati. Inoltre, la discriminazione è risultata avere un effetto dannoso per l’adattamento specialmente per quei ragazzi romeni che non possono contare su buoni livelli di controllo degli impulsi. Nel terzo studio eravamo invece interessati ad investigare se le FE moderassero l’associazione tra le pratiche genitoriali e i problemi emotivo-comportamentali in preadolescenti cinesi e italiani. I nostri risultati hanno indicato che un livello scarso di controllo inibitorio rappresenta un fattore di rischio in situazioni di inadeguata supervisione genitoriale in entrambi i gruppi. Invece, livelli più alti di flessibilità cognitiva rendono i ragazzi cinesi immigrati più vulnerabili a problematiche emotivo-comportamentali quando lasciati senza supervisione. Infine, la memoria di lavoro è risultata associata ad un migliore adattamento indipendentemente dalle influenze culturali e familiari. Il nostro lavoro mette in luce la complessità dei processi coinvolti nell’adattamento dei ragazzi immigrati, frutto di un’intricata realtà fatta di influenze culturali, contesti di sviluppo e caratteristiche personali. In generale, i nostri risultati evidenziano sia somiglianze sia specificità nei pattern di associazioni tra variabili personali, familiari/sociali e culturali nei nostri gruppi. Il riconoscimento della complessità di questi risultati ci permette di suggerire alcune implicazioni cliniche e di ricerca per il futuro. Sembra che la flessibilità cognitiva, il controllo inibitorio e la memoria di lavoro possano essere delle importanti risorse per i preadolescenti immigrati, ma sembra anche che ognuna di queste capacità possa assumere significati e ruoli diversi a seconda del background etnico e personale di ciascun ragazzo. L’invito è quindi ad esplorare i significati soggettivi attribuiti all’esperienza, tenendo conto delle specificità individuali e culturali di ciascun ragazzo immigrato. Solo così sarà possibile promuovere iniziative che sostengano la costruzione di ponti tra i vari contesti culturali e di sviluppo per agevolare i processi di adattamento nei contesti di immigrazione.

Cette thèse se propose d’explorer un argument peu connu dans la littérature sociologique italienne, c’est-à-dire le travail des femmes Marocaines en Italie, en particulier en Sardaigne et en Toscane.Ces femmes sont aux marges de l’intérêt scientifique qui est concentré sur les étrangères « primomigrantes » arrivées pour travailler, parce que l'emploi est vu comme un indicateur d’intégration et d’émancipation féminin. Au contraire, la condition de femmes regroupées des Marocaines porte à accentuer l’image de femmes au foyer pour culture et tradition, donc soumises à l'homme et peu intégrées dans la société locale. Mais, si d’un côté est vrai que ces femmes sont arrivées en Italie surtout pour regroupement familial et qu’elles sont peu présentes dans le marché de l’emploi italien, d’un autre côté leur plus grande participation au travail dans d’autres nations met en doute que la situation en Italie soit due à des facteurs exclusivement culturels. Il est donc possible donner une image plus large de celle de « femme au foyer » comme une femme passive. Dans ce travail on explore, ainsi, le rapport entre les Marocaines et le travail, quels sont les effets et l’interprétation de l’emploi féminin dans la relation avec l’homme et dans la construction même de l’identité de la femme. On verra donc si le travail pour les Marocaines en Italie est un moyen pour modifier le modèle traditionnel familial et le rôle à l’intérieur du couple
This work aims to get deeper into a topic not so well known in the Italian Sociology, in other words it aims to get an insight into the Moroccan Women's Job market strictly related to both Sardinia and Tuscany regions. Since a long time scientific studies neglected women focusing only on foreigner breadwinners who move looking for work. This because work has always been considered such as both an indicator for integration and women emancipation. On the contrary , the condition of Moroccan women tends to enhance the image of housewives tipically showed by culture and traditions, thus it shows women subdued to men and poorly integrated into local society. But if one side is true that these women arrived in Italy especially for family reunification and just few of them are active part of the Italian Job market, on the other hand their greater participation in the international job market doubts that the situation in Italy is due to purely cultural factors. Thus, it is possible to give a wider image than a poor label such as "Housewife" given to these women. Furthermore, this work explores the link between women and the Job Market and effects it can produce, but also the interpretation of women's work related both men and the construction of woman's identity itself. It will show finally if the work for Moroccan women in Italy is the best model in order to change the familiar traditional one and the role inside a couple

The thesis reviews and provides comparison of immigration policies of Germany, Italy and the Netherlands from post-WW2 years to the late 1990s. With regards to the different historical, cultural and social background of each country the dissertation thesis defines the unique approach to immigration and perception of immigrants in each country. The ultimate aim of the thesis is to explain the circumstances that lead to the specific events in the history of immigration policies of the countries in question and bring comprehension in this often overlooked matter.

This qualitative study of a migrant self-organisation in Bologna, Italy analyses the power relations between immigrants and supporters within the field of voluntary work in the migration sector. Based on eight semi-structured interviews it explores the perception of power relations of the members of the intercultural association Spazio per tutti. The material was analysed with the help of thematic analysis and a postcolonial and intersectional perspective. In the first part of the discussion, it is demonstrated, along the theory of “strange encounters” of Sara Ahmed (2000), how dominant norms, such as the invisible norm of whiteness, are still present in the association and immigrants are confronted with the paradigm of integration. The second part of the analysis shows instead, with the help of Homi Bhabha’s theory of the third space (1994), how the association creates a space where fixed identities and roles can be challenged and negotiated. By taking the intersectional approach into account, it gets further clear that the internal power relations are more complex for being grasped along binary categories (e.g. immigrants and non-immigrants), as they for example do not reflect the special subject position of Black women. In a nutshell, the present case study demonstrates the need to draw the attention to the political dimension of social work with immigrants and to create more awareness for intersectional justice, also within organisations that already follow an empowerment approach.

Italian immigration policy is a sensitive topic on the Italian as well as on the European political scene. Due to its geographical location Italy is exposed to an enormous influx of immigrants coming to the country mainly from North Africa. Being a country that faces the immigration issue in the last decades and and has a relatively young legislation in this area Italy is often criticized for its awkward anti-immigration measures. Italian society has generally a negative attitude concerning the immigration issue that is often supported by the opinions of Italian politicians and the strict legislation. My thesis analyzes the development and the current situation of the Italian immigration and asylum policy and the weightiest problems that Italy faces. The thesis describes the situation of immigrants in Italy, development of legislation in the area and the most controversial point of the last law on immigration. Next the treating of immigrants by the state authorities and the integration policy is discussed. The last chapter focuses on the Italian policy connected with the European immigration policy, analyses their relation and possibilities for a better cooperation in the future.

Introduction: Rare Diseases (RDs) constitute a rather heterogeneous group of disorders that can affect any system. Most RDs are genetic disorders which are often severely disabling, substantially affect life expectancy and impair physical and mental abilities. The number of RD patients in Italy is estimated between 1 and 2 millions. In Italy RDs have been one of the priorities in the policy agenda since 1998. There is a significant body of legislation on the issue of RDs not only on a national level but on a regional level, as well. There is little research on the field of RDs and immigrant population. In general, immigrants face discrimination in various degrees when accessing the healthcare system of the host country due to their ethnicity, religion, age, sex or low socio-economic status. This social exclusion affects their health status directly and indirectly. It is rare for European countries to collect data on ethnic groups. The main challenge in measuring migrant health is defining the term migrant. At least five groups of immigrants have been identified in international literature. Students, economic migrants, asylum seekers, irregular/undocumented migrants and displaced persons. According to the Statistical Report 2011 of the Veneto region, 11.3% of immigrants in Italy have settled in the region, making it the third most attractive destination for immigrants in the country. The foreign residents in Veneto are currently 480,616 making up 9.8% of the population in the region. There is a paucity of information regarding the utilization of the Italian healthcare services by the immigrant population with a RD. To date, various studies have shown the trends of the healthcare utilization by immigrants in the Italian territory for numerous pathologies. However, they focus on diverse geographical areas of the Italian country and different time periods, or use different inclusion criteria for defining the immigrant population under study, or focus primarily on infectious diseases. Objective: Our aim is to conduct a study on immigrants with a RD seeking healthcare in the Veneto region. Our objective is two-fold. Firstly we identify the immigrant population. On a second level a thorough description of the immigrant population is conducted. An effort to determine their demographic profile has been made. The exact number of RD migrant subjects, their age, gender, legal status, nationality, RD diagnosis are displayed. Simultaneously a description of the Italian RD patients will be made resulting to a comparison between the two populations. The variables used to describe the immigrants are also used for the description of the Italian population. The second objective is to describe the utilisation of the healthcare services by immigrants with a RD. One aspect is whether immigrants use the healthcare system for RDs, to what extent and for which diseases. Another aspect is to show the impact of the immigrant population on the Veneto healthcare services. Materials & Methods: We accessed the Istat website (http://demo.istat.it) and we used data on foreign citizens (Cittadini Stranieri) who are residents in Italy. This data categorization and analysis led to the depiction of the presence of foreign citizens in the Veneto region, as well as the possible changes of their number during the course of time. In addition we showed the alterations in the percentage of the foreigners for each continent residing in the Veneto region every year. Data starting from 2001 until October 2011 were taken from the registry of the Rare Diseases, pertaining to patients who are certified with a RD in the Veneto region. Information on the demographc profile of the immigrant population was extracted. From the Health Discharge Records, information used were the dates of admission and discharge from the hospital, duration of hospitalisation, hospital ward, principal diagnosis as well as further diagnosis made during hospitalisation. Results: The temporeal trend of the presence of immigrants in the Veneto region was firstly designed. The augmentation of the immigrant population, and especially of the female one, was highlighted. The Heath Discharge Records demonstrated that the utilization of healthcare services does not change much between the Italian and the immigrant population. The results of the Registry underline the use of the healthcare services by different populations in the Veneto region (immigrants vs. Italians and residents of the Veneto region vs. non residents), as well as the pathologies which are more prevalent in the migrant population. Discussion: Comparison of data between the Health Discharge Records and the Registry of the Veneto region was conducted. The recorded RDs in the Registry differ substantially from the ones recorded in the Health Discharge Records. This may be because the most prevalent diseases in the Registry do not require a strict medical supervision over time. On the contrary the most prevalent diseases in the Health Discharge Records require a systematic medical attention. Furthermore it is highlighted that the percentage of the affected individuals residing outside the Veneto region is greater than the percentage of the subjects residing in Veneto for specific conditions, such as blood disorders. Last but not least, the underlying reasons behind the elevated prevalence of some RDs (palatoschisis, anemias, precocious puberty) were searched and analysed.
Introduzione: le Malattie Rare (RDS) costituiscono un gruppo piuttosto eterogeneo di disturbi che possono interessare qualsiasi sistema. La maggior parte RDS sono malattie genetiche che sono spesso gravemente invalidanti, pregiudicare sostanzialmente l'aspettativa di vita e compromettere le capacità fisiche e mentali. Il numero di pazienti RD in Italia è stimato tra 1 e 2 milioni di persone. RDS Italia sono state una delle priorità nell'agenda politica dal 1998. C'è un corpus significativo di legislazione sul tema della RD non solo a livello nazionale ma a livello regionale, pure. C'è poca ricerca sul campo di RDS e popolazione immigrata. In generale, gli immigrati vittime di discriminazioni in vari gradi quando si accede al sistema sanitario del paese ospitante a causa della loro etnia, religione, età, sesso o basso status socio-economico. Questa esclusione sociale colpisce il loro stato di salute, direttamente e indirettamente. E 'raro per i paesi europei per raccogliere i dati sui gruppi etnici. La sfida principale nella misurazione della salute dei migranti è la definizione del migrante termine. Almeno cinque gruppi di immigrati sono stati identificati nella letteratura internazionale. Studenti, migranti economici, richiedenti asilo, migranti irregolari / clandestini e profughi. Secondo il Rapporto statistico 2011 della regione Veneto, 11,3% degli immigrati in Italia si sono stabiliti nella regione, il che rende la terza destinazione più attraente per gli immigrati nel paese. I residenti stranieri in Veneto sono attualmente 480.616 che costituiscono il 9,8% della popolazione nella regione. Vi è una scarsità di informazioni riguardanti l'utilizzo dei servizi sanitari italiani da parte della popolazione immigrata con un RD. Fino ad oggi, diversi studi hanno dimostrato le tendenze dell'utilizzo sanitari da parte degli immigrati nel territorio italiano per numerose patologie. Tuttavia, si concentrano su diverse aree geografiche del paese italiano e diversi periodi di tempo, oppure utilizzare diversi criteri di inclusione per la definizione della popolazione immigrata in fase di studio, o si concentrano principalmente sulle malattie infettive. Obiettivo: Il nostro obiettivo è quello di condurre uno studio sugli immigrati con una RD ricorre all'assistenza sanitaria nella regione Veneto. Il nostro obiettivo è duplice. In primo luogo ci identifichiamo la popolazione immigrata. Su un secondo livello una descrizione accurata della popolazione immigrata è condotta. Uno sforzo per determinare il loro profilo demografico è stato fatto. Il numero esatto di RD soggetti migranti, la loro età, sesso, stato giuridico, la nazionalità, la diagnosi RD vengono visualizzati. Contemporaneamente una descrizione dei pazienti italiani RD sarà reso risultante a un confronto tra le due popolazioni. Le variabili utilizzate per descrivere gli immigrati vengono utilizzati anche per la descrizione della popolazione italiana. Il secondo obiettivo è quello di descrivere l'utilizzo dei servizi sanitari da parte degli immigrati con una RD. Un aspetto è se gli immigrati utilizzano il sistema sanitario per RDS, in che misura e per quali malattie. Un altro aspetto è quello di mostrare l'impatto della popolazione immigrata sui servizi sanitari Veneto. Materiali e Metodi: Abbiamo effettuato l'accesso al sito Istat (http://demo.istat.it) e abbiamo utilizzato i dati sui cittadini stranieri (Cittadini Stranieri) che sono residenti in Italia. Questa classificazione e analisi dei dati ha portato alla rappresentazione della presenza di cittadini stranieri in Veneto, così come le eventuali modifiche del loro numero nel corso del tempo. Inoltre abbiamo mostrato le alterazioni della percentuale degli stranieri per ogni continente che risiedono in Veneto ogni anno. Dati a partire dal 2001 fino a ottobre 2011 sono stati presi dal registro delle malattie rare, relative ai pazienti che sono certificati con una RD del Veneto. Informazioni sul profilo demographc della popolazione immigrata è stato estratto. Da schede di dimissione della Salute, le informazioni utilizzate sono state le date di ricovero e la dimissione dall'ospedale, la durata del ricovero, reparto ospedaliero, diagnosi principale così come la diagnosi fatta ulteriormente durante l'ospedalizzazione. Risultati: La tendenza temporeal della presenza di immigrati in Veneto è stato progettato in primo luogo. L'aumento della popolazione immigrata, e soprattutto di quello femminile, è stato evidenziato. Le schede di dimissione Heath ha dimostrato che l'utilizzo dei servizi sanitari non cambia molto tra l'italiano e la popolazione immigrata. I risultati del Registro sottolineare l'utilizzo dei servizi sanitari da diverse popolazioni del Veneto (italiani contro immigrati e residenti del Veneto contro i non residenti), così come le patologie che sono più frequenti nella popolazione migrante. Discussione: Confronto dei dati tra schede di dimissione la Salute e la cancelleria della regione Veneto è stata condotta. RDS registrato nel Registro di sistema differiscono sostanzialmente da quelli registrati in schede di dimissione della Sanità. Ciò può essere dovuto alle malattie più diffuse nel Registro di sistema non richiedono un rigoroso controllo medico nel corso del tempo. Al contrario le malattie più diffuse nei record Scaricare la salute necessitano di un'attenzione sistematica medica. Inoltre si è evidenziato che la percentuale di individui colpiti risiedono al di fuori della regione Veneto è superiore alla percentuale dei soggetti residenti in Veneto per condizioni specifiche, come ad esempio malattie del sangue. Last but not least, le ragioni dietro la prevalenza elevati di alcuni RDS (palatoschisi, anemie, pubertà precoce) sono stati perquisiti e analizzati.

The first chapter illustrates the short Italian immigration policy's history until 2001. Second chapter is dedicated to political trends in the 1990's and helps to understand the generation of new political subjects and a new form of political communication. Main targets and instruments of tightened immigration policy by centre-right governments are presented in the third chapter. The fourth chapter clarifies immigration policy's application in practice and the impact of the most important subjects and society's elements involved upon immigrants' position in Italian society and their insertion into the labour-market. The fifth chapter pays a special attention to immigration in Campania and to its regional policies and is focused on specific aspects of this region and a function of the third sector.

The object of this thesis are local conflicts in Verona and Modena, two northern Italian cities. In particular it analyses two specific cases relating to the management of phone centres, that is to say shops that offer phone and Internet services. These shops are mainly managed by residents of immigrant origins and their customers are mainly of immigrant origins too. The thesis points to a paradox: while, on the one side, the conflicts have contributed to an excessive politicisation of the issue of phone centres, on the other they have opened up spaces for phone centre-owners to speak up their voice. The conflicts under analysis are very specific in nature. Yet, they provide with a relevant example of politics’ dynamics in the context of the wider debate on urban safety and relating conflicts. The Italian sociological literature on local conflicts has been mostly focusing on residents’ narratives and on the causes that lead to the emergence of conflicts themselves. In this context, immigrants have been often identified as the ultimate cause for the emergence and development of conflicts. They have been treated as objects of policies rather than subjects of politics, particularly in the context of urban safety policies. It has been all too often been taken for granted that the politicisation of the securitarian frame goes hand in hand with the abolition of any democratic space for political engagement. Yet, these type of narratives, which have spread both in public opinion and within the academia, are very dangerous. Most importantly, they carry with them the risk of promoting the same power asymmetries they promise to overcome, by adopting a strictly structural reading. In this sense, the scope of this thesis was both academic and political in nature. It has been precisely that of questioning similar narratives. The scope was not that of ‘nobilising’ marginal actors, such as immigrants, but rather that of analysing contentious dynamics. Two were my initial research questions: on the one side I wanted to understand whether political forms of engagement, and in particular unconventional ones that falls outside institutional channels, could be investigated through the analysis of urban conflicts and the answer to it is clearly yes. On the other, I wanted to find out the conditions for the emergence of these forms of non conventional engagement. In other words, I wanted to find out under what circumstances they can emerge and what methodological approach could best help me seize them. Urban theory has been very attentive to interactions and dynamics between groups. Since the work of the Chicago school and of political scientists Piven and Cloward, well beyond a normative interpretation of what can be held as a ‘just’ city, urban theory has taught us that weak and marginal individuals tend to undertake contentious forms of action. My work is set within this tradition. As it generally happens in the field of political engagement, Italian scholars have first focused on immigrants’ conventional actions, which have been recently explored. Now the time is ripe to look at unconventional actions and this work wishes to give a contribution in this direction. In order to do this I set off to carry out a comparative study of two northern Italian cities, Verona and Modena, with the main idea of confronting their respective contentious dynamics in light of diverging political subcultures and opposing approaches to immigrants and urban safety. By doing so I could revisit the prevailing interpretation on immigrants’ engagement, that is to say the theoretical stance known as ‘political opportunity structure’ elaborated by structural scholars Tilly and Tarrow. In general it is evident that this model can explain only in part the scenario observed in the two cities. The introduction of forms of repression by police forces and the absence of allies in the conflict in both contexts, for example, suggest that the structural hypothesis holds true. Nonetheless, in spite of diverging political subcultures and a different level of openness towards phone centre-owners by institutional actors, it is clear that the latter have engaged in actions that are very much similar. To conduct my research I have used various techniques, including participant observation in phone centres, at phone centre-owners’ meeting and protests; semi-structured interviews to various actors, such as phone centre-owners and customers, policy makers and police officers, residents, shopkeepers and representatives of neighbourhood committees and other relevant actors somehow involved in the respective cases of conflicts. In addition, I have carried out a systematic press review of local newspapers, an analysis of policy documents and the proceedings of regional and local council meetings, with attention on politics dynamics. What should be stressed is that I privileged an ethnographic approach, by adopting a pragmatically sensitive stance, which is characterised by an overarching attention for a world in transformation, whereby public action is observed as ‘politics in action’, with a prevailing attention on processes rather than outcomes. Pragmatic sociology has allowed me to question the narratives described above. This has required different tools of analysis than those used to investigate power relationships alone. It pushes towards a sociology of action in which discourses can be analysed to reconstruct the critical competence of actors to produce arguments that are acceptable for others. Along this line, my attention shifted from the external limited that undoubtedly influence actors’ action to their capacity to move from one ‘regime of engagement’ (Thévenot and Boltanski 2006) to another which points to the fact there exists a plurality of forms of engagement. The authors also underline that all these forms of engagement are equally relevant with respect to public action as they all potentially contribute to opening up to a public arena. They also underline that the passage from one to the other is not automatic and does not necessarily represent an automatic response to power asymmetries. To conclude, this thesis tells us something about the res publica in Verona and Modena: it emerges that, regardless of their diverging political subcultures, what is truly different between them is the modality of raising consensus. Moreover, in both cities, the need for broader political inclusion is evident, as much as that of actively including marginal actors in mainstream governance. Protests on the side of owners certainly represent important actions in the measure in which they questioned an established order. Highlighting them has been crucial in order to prevent the risk of promoting exclusionary narratives that produce power asymmetries instead of investigating them, thus giving for granted that immigrants are marginal and hence passive political actors. Unfortunately, these actions did not prove sufficient to support a lasting change. The latter is rather a matter of establishing a new political settlement with durable relationships becoming an integral part of a system of governance. It is interesting to notice, for example, that the legislative experiment on the regulation of phone centres, as (semi)public spaces, carried with it the potential of promoting forms of institutional innovation and of creating spaces for marginal actors to speak up. However, the conflict was rather exasperated, with the main aim of building up consensus among voters, particularly in coincidence with the electoral period. Additionally, the debate was reabsorbed in a technical confrontation and the conflict very much politicised as a consequence. The case of phone centres has been apparently used as a picklock to legitimise similar interventions of spatial control, not only with respect to the immigrant population but also with Italian residents and in particular youngsters.

La Province de Caserta, en Campanie, est un lieu de concentration des flux migratoires au Sud de L'Italie. Les migrant qu’y arrivent « illégalement » ou « irrégulièrement », du Nord de l’Afrique comme de l’Europe orientale, trouvent dans ce territoire des opportunités de travail et d’habitation, grâce à la présence d’un marché du travail au noir et d’un marché immobilier déréglementé, résultat de l’urbanisation sauvage et des spéculations. Les travailleurs immigrés se trouvent à vivre une condition existentiale marquée par la marginalisation, la pauvreté, l’exploitation et la violence :cette condition à des effets sur leur santé, physique et mentale.

Cette étude veut analyser la relation entre migration, santé et inégalité sociale, à travers une ethnographies des services sanitaires pour les immigrés. Cependant, en Campanie ces services sont réalisé et gérés à travers des accords entre les institutions sanitaires locales et les association de bénévolat et les organisation humanitaires internationales, comme Médecines Sans Frontières. Cette ethnographie, donc, est aussi une analyse du rapport entre gestion humanitaire de la migration et politiques de citoyenneté en Italie, un rapport qui semble caractériser de plus en plus le gouvernement des migrations.

Enfin, étant le territoire de la Province de Caserta caractérisé par la présence des organisations criminelles mafieuse, j’analyserais les effets de cette présence, soi en ce qui concerne la migration, soi en ce qui concerne la vie des citoyens italiens.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Italian artists working in eighteenth-century Britain played a significant role in the country's developing interest in the fine arts. The contributions of artists arriving before mid-century, including Pellegrini, Ricci, and Canaletto, have been noted, but the presence of a larger number of Italians from mid-century is seldom acknowledged. Increasing British wealth and attention to the arts meant more customers for immigrant Italian artists. Bringing with them the skills for which they were renowned throughout Europe, their talents were valued in Britain. Many stayed for prolonged periods, raising families and becoming active members in the artistic community. In a thriving economy, they found opportunities to produce innovative works for a new clientele, devising histories, landscapes, portraits, and prints to entice buyers. The most successful were accomplished networkers, maintaining cordial relationships with British artists and cultivating a variety of patrons. They influenced others through teaching, through formal and informal exchanges with colleagues, and through exhibition of their works that could be studied and emulated.

This dissertation presents a comparative study of Albanian migrant construction workers in Italy and Greece. Using qualitative research methods, it explores the coping practices of first-generation Albanian migrants employed in the residential construction in Milan and Athens during the recent financial crisis. More specifically, this study focuses on the responses adopted by Albanian builders and their households to cope with high rates of unemployment in construction in both contexts. The research started on March 2015 and involved 16 months of fieldwork in Milan, Athens and Albania, where I mainly interviewed three categories of informants: workers, trade unionists and labour inspectors. The two case studies have mainly concentrated on three different aspects. First, the dissertation analysed the factors that ensure continuity in building trades, that is how Albanian migrants continue to get a job in residential construction. Second, it put emphasis on migrants’ engagement in informal employment to understand whether and when such engagement may constitute an active response to cope with high unemployment rates. Third, beyond males' occupation in construction, it explored practices that migrants and their households developed in order to cope with crisis during the crisis.

Illegal immigration incurs tremendous economic, social, and humanitarian costs for Europe and the Maghreb countries. Previous literature on illegal immigration focuses on “coping” (border security, repatriation, and rescue) and “resolving” (social integration of immigrants). This thesis attempts to direct the European policymakers’ attention to “preventing” policy model. In essence, the prevention model seeks to reduce the incentives of the Maghreb people to migrate. The thesis focuses on analyzing the migration pattern in Morocco, and its implications for Spain and Italy. Based on Morocco’s two-track migration pattern, the thesis argues that rural development could reduce the incentives of internal migration, and urban development could reduce the incentives of migration abroad. Finally, the thesis analyzes official development assistance (ODA) to Morocco from Spain, Italy, and the European Commission. The analysis shows that their development efforts do little to discourage Moroccans’ incentives to migrate. The thesis recommends that the Spanish and Italian governments adjust their development assistance in a way that targets either one of the two migration tracks.

The thesis discusses the transformation of southern European countries, Italy and Spain, from traditionally countries of emigration into countries of immigration. It starts from historical migration flows which result in so-called Mediterranean model of immigration characteristic for the region in the last two decades. The paper analyses the composition of immigrants in both countries, focusing on the ethnic composition, the motives of residence and employment status compared with overall employment in the EU context. Since the south European countries concerned are significantly affected by inflows of migrants by sea in recent years, the thesis also focuses on problematic areas of the Mediterranean, detention centers and cooperation with source countries. The main aim of this work is to analyze how these two countries handle the phenomenon of immigration and what recourse did they choose in creating their own immigration policies towards both legal and illegal immigration. The second objective is then to bring some comparison of the two countries in the approaches to integration of immigrants.

Orientadores: Maria Lygia Quartim de Moraes, João Carlos Soares Zuin
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T17:04:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_FernandaDiFlora_M.pdf: 1527594 bytes, checksum: 0fb8462a4b390edbcf3dbf76730c13f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Desde o início da década de 1990, os países-membros da União Européia tem se movido em direção a políticas e leis de imigração cada vez mais repressivas, punitivas e de amplo caráter discriminatório. A intensificação desta política bem como a militarização progressiva de suas fronteiras tem construído o fenômeno político denominado fortaleza Europa, constituído por muros reais e virtuais, pela vigilância constante tanto dos limites territoriais como do próprio espaço público e pelas práticas sancionadas pelos Estados de estigmatização dos imigrantes, refugiados e solicitantes de asilo com base em sua origem cultural, fenótipo e etnia. Neste contexto, o Estado italiano aparece como um caso exemplar desta nova política, pautada pela ótica da emergência, da exclusão de todos os seres considerados indesejáveis e pelo racismo de ordem cultural, que concebe o estrangeiro como incapaz de se adaptar aos valores ocidentais, sobretudo aos valores italianos. Esta dissertação tem como objeto a política italiana para imigração, cujo pilar principal é constituído pela instauração dos Centros de Permanência Temporária, espaço de exceção nos quais são confinados os imigrantes ilegais, refugiados e solicitantes de asilo, e nos quais se efetua a espoliação do estatuto jurídico destes seres, convertendo-os em não-pessoas. Nesse sentido, a análise destes espaços e da política que os criou pode ser capaz de revelar o sentido da reaplicação de esquemas racistas na configuração das relações sociais,bem como o lugar ocupado pelo paradigma da segurança e da exceção, nos quais se pautam diversos Estados europeus e que redefinem a política na atualidade
Abstract: Since the early 1990s, member states of the European Union (EU) have moved toward policies and immigration laws increasingly repressive, punitive and discriminatory. The intensification of these policies and the gradual militarization of EU's borders have built a political phenomenon called Fortress Europe, which consists of real and virtual walls, constant surveillance by both the territorial limits and the very public space and practices sanctioned by the States of stigmatization of immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers based on their cultural background, ethnicity and phenotype. In this context, the Italian State appears as a striking example of this new policy, guided by the optics of emergency, the exclusion of all beings that are considered undesirable, and by cultural racism that sees the foreigner as unable to adapt to Western values, especially Italian values. This thesis aims at Italian immigration policy, which main point is the establishment of Temporary Stay and Assistance Centers. These centers are states of exception in which illegal immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers are confined to, their legal status is spoiled, and thus, they are turned into non-persons. In this sense, the analysis of these states and the politics that created them may reveal the meaning of racist reapplication regimens in the social relations set, and the place occupied by the security and exception paradigm, in which several European States are governed redefining the political scene today
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia

With  the development of Chinese  economy  and market,  the Chinese brand  is going out  of China, more  and more  overseas Chinese  enterprises  have  attracted  attention outside of China. Among all these overseas Chinese, a group of people called Wenzhounese, famous for Wenzhou Model they created in China, bought back the dynamic industry cluster in regions in Italy. Blooming Chinese  brands  are  increasing  in  the corner  of  streets  and  their  industrial  clusters  range  from  leather  shoes  and  bags  to electric parts, apparel and so on. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the Chinese Wenzhounese immigrant companies in Italy perceive that they have particular common problems and/or benefits in branding themselves in Italy. Through analysis of the role of the brand management in these companies under the context of European/developed market, we aim to find which internal and external factors influence these obstacles and opportunities.

Ce travail vise à approfondir certains aspects de l’expérience des francs-maçons et laïques italiens qui ont été exilés en Belgique, suite à la persécution opérée contre eux par la dictature de Mussolini.

En effet, les premières associations qui ont été poursuivies légalement par le dictateur italien ont été les associations maçonniques et celles de la Libre Pensée. Jusqu’au il y a quelques années, l’historiographie ne pouvait pas analyser davantage les conséquences de cet exil, faute d’accès aux archives de ces associations.

À présent, il nous a été possible d’étudier cette documentation qui nous a permis de démontrer que certains francs-maçons et libres-penseurs italiens, qui ont pris la décision de quitter leur pays afin suite aux persécutions de la dictature, avaient été des exilés politiques et avaient trouvé asile dans certains pays européens grâce aux réseaux maçonniques et laïques qui y existaient déjà depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. La Belgique a été l’un de ces pays d’accueil, mais en outre elle avait été le pays où ces réseaux étaient nés et s’étaient le plus efficacement développés.

C’est cette généalogie des réseaux maçonniques et laïques qui nous a permis d’expliquer pour quelles raisons, même si la Belgique n’a pas été le principal pays d’accueil des exilés maçons et laïques italiens, un certain nombre d’entre eux y sont passés ou s’y sont installés avec l’aide de la Franc-maçonnerie et de la Libre pensée belges, pendant leur exil./

The aim of my research project is to investigate further into the experience of the Italian free-masons and free-thinkers who had to go on exile as a consequence of their persecution by the Mussolini dictatorship. As a matter of fact, the first associations to be persecuted by the Italian dictator were the free-mason and free-thinkers associations, but till few years ago, the contemporary historiography hadn’t really focused on the consequences of these actions because of the limited access to the Archives of these associations.

It was only at the beginning of this century that these documents were found and have been left at the disposal of the researchers.

The study of part of these documents allows me to demonstrate that these free-masons and free-thinkers who had taken the decision to leave their country, in order not to accept the dictatorship, were political emigrants and

that they found asylum in some European countries thanks to the free-mason and free-thinker networks that they had established since the end of 19th century. Belgium was one of these countries, but more importantly the one

where the relation networks concerned were born and developed.

This fact allows us to explain the reason why a lot of Italian free-masons and free-thinkers passed in Belgium or some of them lived. Even if Belgium wasn't the country to which the most of these people exiled.

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This research on healthcare strategies of home-based, low-wage, immigrant careworkers contributes to the ways medical anthropology, migration studies and social science understand human-economy-family care relationships and health and carework as commodities in today's global economy. It reveals the consequences for workers as they defray the costs of care for the Italian government and contribute to their home economies. This research was conducted in Genoa, Italy, which has the largest percentage of people over the age of 70 in any city of its size in the world and a tradition of sending and receiving immigrant workers. The main question was: Under the circumstances of providing labor-intensive, in-home supportive services, how do immigrant workers respond to their own health needs? The researcher collected data from interviews with 50 careworkers, 25 professionals who provide services to the careworkers, and 23 administrators in the health system, government agencies, labor unions, and the Catholic Church. The careworkers interviewed were women from South America, as they do most of the carework jobs in this city. Long-term participant observation and interview data were analyzed to: 1) produce empirical data on health concerns of and healthcare resource use by migrant careworkers; and 2) investigate the relationships between health concerns, living/working conditions, and healthcare resource use of transnational immigrants in the informal economy. The data showed that the Catholic Church promoted immigrants as able workers, aided their elderly parishioners, and provided necessary mental health support to careworkers who experienced stress. The data also revealed that the health care system of Italy functioned well to address the physical health concerns of immigrant careworkers. The relationship between the client and the worker was important for the general well-being of the worker and her ability to maintain her general health, have time for medical appointments, socialize outside of the workplace, and attend community events. This study examined: strategies for using health resources; responses of the Italian medical system personnel to anti-immigrant legislation; use of non-State resources to meet health needs; the health consequences of caring for an elderly person in the private home; and ways to address these health consequences.

This thesis focuses on Albanian-Italian and Albanian-Romanian couples in Italy. Through application of the boundary-making framework to integration and intermarriage, this study looks at the processes by which partners in mixed unions deal with socially constructed boundaries inside and outside the couple and family sphere. The thesis is based on multiple qualitative methods, but primarily on in-depth interviews with 61 Albanian-Italian/Romanian couples in Italy. These research-participant couples differ in terms of marital and family status, place of origin and settlement, education and occupation. The core sample is composed of an Albanian in-between generation, now in their 30s, who emigrated during adolescence for various reasons (asylum, family reunification, healthcare, study, work). Thence, I moved towards an Italian or a Romanian partner of these primary participants. The original contribution of my study is both empirical and theoretical. From an empirical point of view, it explores the topic of intermarriage, which has not been previously examined in the existing literatures on the Albanian and Romanian migrations and is still understudied in Italy. In addition to this, the study specifically takes into account the combination of minority-majority (Albanian-Italian) and minority-minority (Albanian-Romanian) partnerships and marriages, whose conjoint analysis has been largely absent in intermarriage research. From a theoretical point of view, my research shows instead the importance of adopting a relational approach in migration studies through the inclusion of a plurality of social actors within the research design. In fact, while intermarriage in immigrant societies is usually interpreted as an indicator/agent of integration and through the essentialisation of the category of culture, my thesis proposes a novel understanding of intermarriage. I view intermarriage as a site of integration, and I see integration as a multi-way process of boundary change, which involves the national majority as well as multiple immigrant minorities interacting with and identifying each other in the construction of a common social space.

The aim of this research paper is to analyse the literary works and the writers of Italian origin who have actively contributed to the creation of Italian-Canadian immigration literature, and above all, that referent to the Montreal milieu. For this and other reasons, it distinguishes itself from other Italian-Canadian productions and precisely due to this reality, the objective of this research is to: (1) examine its role, its characteristics, the difficulties its writers experience, its literary artistic value and the recognition it receives in our literary environment; (2) compare the creative approach adopted by some writers to the perfect example, Primo Levi; (3) expose its contents and reoccurring themes; (4) examine the question of the literary language of expression of these works; (5) demonstrate the social usefulness of this literary production.

Dans cette recherche nous avons analysé les dynamiques de contact linguistique avec la langue italienne, les dialectes et les variétés régionales décrites par des citoyens immigrés adultes ainsi que leurs représentations sociolinguistiques de ces variétés. Notre étude s’est basée sur un corpus de cinquante interviews audio-enregistrées, recueillies dans la région italienne de l’Emilie-Romagne (à Bologne et à Forlì), et réalisées sur les lieux de travail des migrants. L’acquisition des dialectes et des variétés régionales a été considérée dans un nombre réduit de recherches dans le Nord et dans le Sud de l’Italie. Toutefois, les pratiques de socialisation linguistique qui impliquent le plurilinguisme endogène ont été moins étudiées et elles constituent le focus de notre recherche dans laquelle nous avons examiné le rôle des dialectes dans le parcours de mobilité des migrants en Italie. Nous avons analysé les déclarations des informateurs sur leur emploi des dialectes ainsi que l’usage de ces variétés par les natifs faisant partie de leurs réseaux sociaux. Il émerge que les dialectes sont employés dans les pratiques de socialisation linguistique ; celles-ci ont lieu dans plusieurs contextes, notamment dans les espaces professionnels, et ces échanges ont un rôle important dans le parcours d’intégration linguistique et sociale en Italie
In this research we analyze the dynamics of linguistic contact with the Italian language, dialects and regional varieties described by adult immigrants and their sociolinguistic representations of these varieties. Our study is based on a corpus of fifty audio-taped conversations gathered in the Emilia-Romagna region (in Bologna and Forlì) and realized at immigrants’ work places. The acquisition of dialects and regional Italian varieties has also been considered in some linguistic studies on immigration but they have mainly highlighted the use and attitudes of migrants, underlining their role in the experience of linguistic learning in some regions of the North and of the South of Italy. Neverthless, linguistic socialization practices, which involve the endogen plurilingualism, seem to be less studied and they are the focus of our research which examines the role of dialects for immigrants in their journey since their arrival in Italy and in relation to their personal social network. We considered the role of linguistic socialization practices at work places for repercussions on social and linguistic integration in the host country

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Australia became a destination for hundreds and thousands of Italians as a result of Italy's first modem diaspora. Those who immigrated between the 1850s and 1914 came from diverse backgrounds - socially, culturally, politically, economically, regionally and linguistically. For a minority group, their regional diversity was still quite vast. While in Australia this earlier group was numerically minute in terms of those received by other countries and in comparison with the second half of the twentieth century, these Italians represented a strongly visual and vocal presence in colonial and post-Federation society. Indeed, increasing demographically at a higher rate than any other migrant group after the British (Anglo-Celtic immigrants) at the tum of the twentieth century, Italian migrants offered a new social and economic component in Australia, becoming entwined into the fabric of a developing nation (Castles et al. 1992; Jupp 1988c; Templeton 1998). More than a century since, Australian society has undergone numerous transformations from its development as a nation and in response to world events. The lives of Italian migrants and their descendants bear witness to many of these changes. But, both historical and theoretical approaches fail to explain the significance of the inheritances from a migrant past. This research project takes up the task of examining the legacies of the Italo-Australian presence during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as the impact these migrants made on, and their response to, the trajectories of Australian migration history since the 1870s until today. In the process, it reflects the evolution of Italian ethnicity.

The aim of the study was to develop an in-depth understanding of the migration experiences of the Italian community of Australia, with a case study of the regional Friulan community of Sydney. For the ways in which people identify themselves at different times and in different environments may not always be consistent. The purpose of the study was to add to the exploration of the diversity, cultural variety and richness cultural communities have brought to Australia. The study set out to fulfill an important function in adding to the accounts of the diversity of ethnic groups in Australia, their structure and cultural backgrounds and the values of family members. Since culture is concerned with meaning, there is of course a very close relationship between culture and language, through which kin relationships, obligations and duties are expressed and appropriate behaviour defined. It is that meaning and relationship that led me to investigate the Italian and Friulan communities. The study took on the form of an ethnography enabling me, the researcher, to participate in order to develop an in depth understanding of the experiences of the Italian migrants, in particular the Friulan community. The data was collected by using key informant interviewing. The participants were encouraged to freely reflect on their past and present experiences to enable them to make a comparative analysis of their experiences in Australia and in their country of origin. This enabled the migrants to take on the role of culturally knowledgeable informants supplying information which was significant to them and which reflected their perceptions of their life experiences. The data has been faithfully recorded to represent the immigrant's point of view. The study revealed that many of the first and second-generation are highly involved with their Italian heritage and operate comfortably with a bicultural ethnic identity. The second generation have reconstructed the Italian-Australian family, thus changing the Italian community and providing links between the Italian, the Anglo-Australian and the other ethnic communities. Ethnicity is continually negotiated and is a constant source of transformation for people of immigrant background. If Italian-Australians continue to associate, both through family and cultural practices then the Italian-Australian identity will continue. The big question is what will happen in the third and fourth Italian-Australian generation. It is here that the question of ethnic and national identity becomes highly relevant. Cultural diversity presents challenging issues for Australia: what it means to be an Australian; the relationship between national and personal identities; identifying and working in both the cohesive and divisive forces in a multicultural society; and the form and flavour of a future republic. None of these issues are new, yet all are of immediate concern, and the symbolic importance of the approach of the twenty-first century invests them with particular meaning.

Due to a steady increase in the number of asylum-seekers in Sweden over the past few years, the topic of immigration has generated increased attention. As a consequence, the political parties have recently presented a range of policy changes. Several of the policy proposals addressed the current housing situation for asylum-seekers and refugees. The aim of this master’s thesis is to highlight the areas of asylum immigration policy and housing policy, in an attempt to reveal overlaps and interrelationships which influence the establishment of asylum-seekers and refugees in their host society. By using a comparative discourse analysis, the thesis investigates the concepts of migration and domestic immigrant policies in a European context, focusing on Italy, the United Kingdom and Denmark. This is followed by an in-depth study of Sweden. The Swedish perspective is enriched by qualitative expert interviews and statistical data on migration and housing. The results from the gathered research emphasises the great influence of domestic housing policies have on asylum-seekers and refugees’ establishment. Each analysed country has structural barriers that restrict asylum-seekers and refugees from becoming established on the housing market. These policy barriers operate on different governance levels, which mutually affect each other. In turn, this situation complicates a holistic approach to create an effective immigrant housing policy.

This thesis investigates immigrant integration policies paying special attention to the Spanish and Italian citizenship regimes. It hinges upon a multi-method design and its results take the shape of a three-article structure. The first article addresses similarities and differences among European countries’ integration policies and, by means of cluster analysis on MIPEX data, it identifies policy-models characterizing the current European scenario. Two shared-configurations are captured, cutting across the East/West cleavage. The Eastern configuration is more restrictive than the Western one, especially in traditional areas of integration. The second and third articles concentrate on the domain of citizenship and try to account for the puzzling continuity of nationality laws in Spain and in Italy by relying on the explanatory power of ideas. The Spanish case is treated in the second article whereas the third article compares such case to the Italian one. In both countries ideas prove to be crucial in driving the evolution of nationality laws; however according to distinct causal logic.
La presente tesis investiga las políticas de integración de los inmigrantes prestando especial atención a los regímenes de nacionalidad españolo e italiano; sigue un diseño de investigación “multhi-method” y sus resultados se estructuran en tres artículos. El primer artículo aborda similitudes y diferencias entre las políticas de integración de los países europeos y, mediante un cluster análisis con datos MIPEX, identifica los modelos de policy que marcan el escenario europeo actual. Dos macro-configuraciones son identificadas, a través de la división este/oeste. La configuración del este es más restrictiva de la del oeste, especialmente en las tradicionales áreas de integración. Los artículos segundo y tercero se centran en el área de la ciudadanía y tratan de dar cuenta de la enigmática continuidad de las leyes de nacionalidad en España y en Italia, confiando en el poder explicativo de las ideas. El segundo artículo trata el caso español, el tercero compara éste con el caso italiano. En ambos países los factores “ideacionales” se demuestran cruciales en influenciar la evolución de las leyes de nacionalidad; sin embargo, según distintas lógicas causales.

Dans ce travail on essaye de donner une définition et une historicisation de ce qu’on appelle « littérature italienne de la migration ». Il y a tout de suite une distinction à faire entre les écrivains étrangers qui écrivaient en italien avant le grand flux migratoire des années ’80 et ceux qui sont issus de cette vague, dont la thèse s’occupe dans une manière plus spécifique (années 1989-2007). Les changements sociaux et culturels que les nouveaux immigrés ont apporté, ont transformé l’Italie de pays d’émigration en pays d’immigration. Au niveau littéraire ces écrivains ont d’abord utilisé un langage standard, pour se faire comprendre du public et pour témoigner les difficultés du voyage migratoire et de l’intégration ;les dernières œuvres, pourtant, analysées dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, ont été écrites par des écrivains qui manipulent plus facilement la langue italienne, utilisant un plurilinguisme témoin d’un lien très stricte entre oralité et écriture, et entre langue d’origine et langue d’accueil. Enfin, les oeuvres des écrivains italophones postcoloniaux et de ceux issus de la deuxième génération peuvent rapporter la littérature italienne contemporaine avec des autres situation (France, Allemagne, Angleterre, Etats Unis) qui semblent très similaires.

ENGLISH: On this work we want to give a definition about “Italian Migrant Literature”. There is a difference between writers came in Italy before or after the migration’s fluxes on the 80’s. With this social and cultural changes, Italy became immigration country. First, migrant writers used a standard language, to have a big public and to talk about migration. Last works are more interesting because they use a plurilingualism that can show the relationship between oral and write. Finally, Postcolonial Italian writers and Second Generation writers make a connection with the literary situation in the other countries (France, Germany, Britain, United States).

Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans les sociétés occidentales, le processus de désindustrialisation et l'essor des secteurs du tertiaire ont représenté un important banc d'essai pour les organisations syndicales. Cela a conduit nombre de chercheurs à voir dans cette période historique les éléments d'une crise irréparable du syndicalisme, supposé incapable de survivre à l'époque du capitalisme industriel. Toutefois, le syndicalisme continue d'exister et cela aussi dans des contextes de précarité. Le choix a été fait d'étudier le syndicalisme dans un secteur emblématique du point de vue de la complexité des rapports sociaux et des différentes formes de précarité, à savoir le secteur de la propreté. Du fait de la composition de sa main-d'œuvre (majoritairement féminine, immigrée et/ou ethnicisée) et de son mode d'organisation (externalisation et temps partiel imposé), cette branche d'activité représente un terrain fécond pour l'étude du syndicalisme dans un milieu caractérisé par un " cumul de précarités ". Par ce travail de recherche, nous avons voulu positionner la focale d'analyse du côté des " pratiques syndicales en train de se faire ". Par une telle démarche, nous avons tout particulièrement montré l'importance de la prise en compte, au-delà du rapport de domination mobilisé traditionnellement pour l'étude du syndicalisme - la relation capital/travail - d'autres formes de domination. En effet, on ne peut plus se dispenser de la prise en compte des dominations liées au statut d'immigré, à l'ethnie - et plus largement à l'ethnicisation des identités sociales - et aux rapports sociaux de sexe. La combinaison entre approche ethnographique et la comparaison internationale a permis de soumettre un objet de recherche construit sur les pratiques à l'épreuve de deux contextes sociétaux différents, démarche qui s'est révélée féconde pour le processus de monté en généralité.

The thesis was awarded the best Ph.D. dissertation prize in Political Science by the Portuguese Political Science Association (March 2012).
Defence date: 14 May 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Donatella della Porta, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Marco Martiniello, University of Liège, (External co-supervisor); Prof. Rainer Bauböck, European University Institute; Prof. Lucinda Fonseca, University of Lisbon
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Political mobilisation of immigrants has been a subject of research throughout Europe with different sorts of approach. In this thesis, we make a revision of the extensive literature on the issue. Several perspectives have been developed that we use to frame our research design. We use an institutional approach to analyse immigrant and pro-immigrant political mobilisation in two countries: Portugal and Italy. We use two empirical sets of data to give a general overview of immigrant political mobilisation, on the one hand, and in-depth analysis of political mobilisation with different sorts of actors, on the other hand. We use a political opportunities structures approach for each country, analysing the immigration and immigrant laws in the nineties and beginning of the current decade. We continue with the anaysis of two immigrant groups for each country, comparing political mobilisation forms, frames, identities and repertoires of action promoted by those immigrant groups. This sort of case study approach allows discerning differences and comon aspects among both groups. We finally analyse the civil society structure for each country with the intend to establish the kind of civil society structure and how each state configuration conditions the political mobilisation of proimmigrant actors. Our main findings outline the importance of both factors: the political opportunity structures and immigrant group characteristics. We find different paths to political mobilisation for each immigrant group in each country.

Defence date: 11 July 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Joaquín Arango, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Prof. Philippe Fargues, EUI / INED Prof. Christian Joppke (Directeur de thèse), American University of Paris) Prof. Verena Stolcke (Co-directeur), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona
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No abstract available

Defence date: 8 July 2010
Examining Board: Maurizio Ambrosini (Univ. Milan); Margarita Gomez-Reino Cachafeiro, UNED, Madrid); Virginie Guiraudon (CERAPS-CNRS, Lille Centre for Politics) (External Co-Sipervisor); Peter Mair (EUI) (Supervisor)
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In the early 1990s, Italy and Spain, traditional labor exporters, started to acknowledge their new position as ‘immigration countries’. This dissertation examines how both states have coped with the consequences of this rapid and unexpected shift. Combining discourse and policy analysis, we look mainly at political elites’ (parties and their members) discourses and practices, during the first decade of the immigration turn (from early 1990s until the early 2000s). The literature has often treated Italy and Spain as examples of the same ‘Mediterranean’ group, also usually assuming that they have followed a very similar route towards immigrants’ criminalization and a populist mobilization of the immigration theme. Adopting an innovative analytical perspective, this thesis arrives at an original understanding of both immigrants’ representation and immigration politics in Italy and Spain. The predominant categories mobilized by Spanish and Italian political elites in the construction of the immigration ‘problem', as well as the strategies used to seize the (political) opportunities offered by the immigration theme are more diverse than they seem. While in Italy a ‘grammar’ of insecurity has been reiterated and institutionalized by nearly all political groups throughout the 1990s, in Spain, parties have mostly treated immigration as a matter (problem) of social integration, politicizing (‘criminalizing’) the issue quite late in the decade. This dissertation concludes moreover that the rising influx of immigrants during the 1990s has triggered a revival of particular ways of framing the Italian and Spanish ‘nations’ and nationhood, which have strongly marked political actors’ approach to immigrants and immigration politics. In this way, while in Italy the post-Fascist idea of a bounded Italianità, grounded on family ties and blood connections, have underlie immigration policy-making; the post-Franquist conception of a ‘new’, open and plural Spain has overruled in Spain. We show how these different national ‘mythologies’ were instrumental for legitimating quite similar (restrictive) policies.

Defence date: 9 December 2014
Examining Board: Professor Hanspeter Kriesi, EUI; Professor Rainer Bauböck, EUI; Professor Ruud Koopmans, Humboldt University; Professor Laura Morales, University of Leicester.
This research focuses on the politicization of immigration as an issue in local electoral campaigns, comparing the cases of three Italian cities. Based on the idea that immigration must not be understood as a one-dimensional category that parties endorse or dismiss, support or oppose, I investigate its multidimensional nature, and the importance of local factors and opportunities in determining public debates. Focusing on the dimensional choices and framing strategies of competing electoral actors, I propose an account of the different constitutive dimensions of immigration debates, and suggest that parties - next to competing over different issues - also compete with one another by selectively and strategically emphasizing different aspects of the same social reality. In particular, I identify three main dimensions of the immigration issue - the socioeconomic, cultural and religious, and law and order dimension - and seven specific frames corresponding to the arguments and justifications mobilized by political actors to articulate support and opposition to immigration. The construction of public agendas in electoral campaign periods is measured through an empirical content analysis of the coverage of local elections by newspapers and of local parties' electoral manifestos across two campaigns in the cities of Milan, Rome and Prato (2004-2011). The results show not only that debates in different local settings deal with immigration in substantively different ways, but also that parties' electoral strategies rely upon the thematic structure of the issue, exploiting immigration dimensions in order to increase the accessibility and resonance of their messages among local electorates. The results of this dissertation offer one of the first comprehensive analyses of an issue that has too often been considered "emerging" in party competition, showing that when the issue cannot be dismissed, actors compete on its constitutive dimensions by mobilizing aspects on which they enjoy a strategic advantage. These findings pave the way to connect this field of research with other promising areas within the social and political sciences, such as public opinion research and the study of mediatization and communication in party politics, providing new insights into electoral politics and campaigning.

The thematic area of the research is the populist narrative in Italy and the analysis of the phenomenon through the perception of equality of opportunities, the trust on institutions and the attitudes towards immigrants. In Italy with the growing of national populism there have been witnessed some intolerant attitudes towards immigrants. The differences between majority group and minority group and a discriminating narrative have been observed among the population. We therefore wanted to research the influences and the connections among these constructs. Based on literature review, we found that the relation between equality of opportunities and attitudes towards immigrants has not been deeply studied. The data used in the study are part of the database of European Social Survey (ESS) Round 9. The study includes the analysis of the responses given by two thousand, seven hundred forty-five Italian people to the constructs that constituted the objects of the research. The results showed positive and significant correlations among equality of opportunities beliefs, attitudes towards immigrants and trust in institutions. A simple mediation model was tested and revealed an indirect effect of equality of opportunities beliefs and attitudes towards immigrants through trust in institutions. The implications of the results for the improvements of intergroup contact are discussed.
A área temática da pesquisa é a narrativa populista na Itália e a análise do fenômeno através da percepção da igualdade de oportunidades, da confiança nas instituições e das atitudes em relação aos imigrantes. Na Itália, com o crescimento do populismo nacional, testemunharam-se algumas atitudes intolerantes em relação aos imigrantes. As diferenças entre o grupo majoritário e o grupo minoritário e uma narrativa discriminatória foram observadas entre a população. Portanto, queríamos pesquisar as influências e as conexões entre esses enunciados. Com base na revisão da literatura, descobrimos que a relação entre igualdade de oportunidades e atitudes em relação aos imigrantes não foi profundamente estudada. Os dados utilizados no estudo fazem parte da base de dados do European Social Survey (ESS) Round 9. O estudo inclui a análise das respostas dadas por dois mil setecentos e quarenta e cinco italianos as perguntas que constituíram os objetos do pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram correlações positivas e significativas entre crenças de igualdade de oportunidades, atitudes em relação aos imigrantes e confiança nas instituições. Um modelo de mediação simples foi testado e revelou um efeito indireto de crenças de igualdade de oportunidades e atitudes em relação aos imigrantes através da confiança nas instituições. As implicações dos resultados são discutidas.

This diploma thesis aims to examine the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant associations in Italy and focuses on their efforts to change the 1992 Citizenship Law between 2005 and 2014. The goal of the thesis is to determine whether the style of their argumentation is nationalistic or multicultural. The nationalistic style would point to their identification with Italy as a classical nation state, reflecting an acceptance of Italy's autostereotypes. The multicultural argumentation style would show that their primary frame of reference is the culture of their parents' country of origin and reflect a desire to see Italian society transformed according to multicultural principles, where all cultures are equally respected and esteemed. Christian Joppke's theory of three-dimensional citizenship (status, rights, identity) serves as an instrument for research. Anne-Marie Thiesse's national identity checklist serves as a guideline for distinguishing between nationalistic and post-nationalistic argumentation style. The analysis shows that the dimension these associations refer to the most is identity, which they use to prove their "Italianicity." They conduct their argumentation in a very classical nationalistic style, using themes such as Italian language, national territory, and national cuisine....

This study focuses on immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs and their involvement in international business (IB) activities. This is a growing area of research in the IB field which has commonly focused on the internationalisation process with little attention being given to how immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs may implement such a process. Thus the broad research problem of this study is ‘how do immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs internationalise?’ An extensive and critical literature review revealed that, relying heavily on the network perspective (Blankenburg 1995) and social network theory (Burt 1992; Granovetter 1985), the existing immigrant ethnic entrepreneur research has examined their membership of the ethnic labour pool (Chrysostome 2010) and the prevalence of their self-employment in the ethnic market (Piperopoulos 2010) and non-ethnic market of the country of residence (Ilhan-Nas, Sahin & Cilingir 2011). Limited research explores immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs’ involvement in IB activities; that which does focuses on their use of ethnic and kinship ties and their link to the country of origin to explain their internationalisation (Jean, Tan & Sinkovics 2011). Relying primarily on the network perspective (Blankenburg 1995), upper echelons theory (Hambrick & Mason 1984) and institutional theory (North 1990; Scott 2008), research has emphasised how various factors drive an entrepreneur to internationalise (Abebe & Angariawan 2011) and the process by which firms become more involved in IB activities (Johanson & Vahlne 2009). Two aspects of the process have received particular attention – the identification of international market opportunities (Kontinen & Ojala 2011) and the international market selection (Nasra & Dacin 2010). As yet little research has included consideration of immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs’ approaches to these aspects of the processes. Consequently, with a focus on the influence of networks, manager characteristics and institutions, this study explores the immigrant ethnic entrepreneur internationalisation process by addressing three questions. First, factors that drive the immigrant ethnic entrepreneur internationalisation process (How do managerial, firm and institutional level factors drive the process?) Second, how do immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs identify international market opportunities? Finally, how do immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs select international markets? Australia was chosen as the context because it has a rich history of immigration, yet the economic contribution of immigrants in Australia has received little attention (Collins & Low 2010). Italian immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs were selected as the focus of the study as the Italian community in Australia is large, well-established and has had a positive economic impact (Cresciani 2003). While research has focused on examining Italians in Australia as a labour source and self-employers (Collins, Gibson, Alcorso, Castles & Tait 1995; Lampugnani & Holton 1989), their involvement in IB is yet to receive the same attention (Baldassar & Pesman 2005). The qualitative analysis indicates that a combination of networks (the network perspective), manager characteristics (upper echelons theory) and institutional factors (institutional theory) drive the immigrant to consider internationalisation and influences the identification of international market opportunities and international market selection. This study shows that an integrated multi-theoretical explanation can result in a rich understanding of the internationalisation process. Based on these findings a conceptual framework is presented and contributes to the IB field as, to date, no such framework has been developed.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Business School, 2012

Triestine migration to Australia is the direct consequence of numerous disputations over the city's political boundaries in the immediate post-World War II period. As such the triestini themselves are not simply part of an overall migratory movement of Italians who took advantage of Australia's post-war immigration program, but their migration is also the reflection of an important period in the history of what today is known as the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region. By examining the migrant experience of both first and subsequent generations of Triestines in the Australian city of Melbourne in a historical context, this study highlights the importance of both the past and the present experience in the process of migrant settlement and identity construction.

Dans cette recherche nous avons analysé les dynamiques de contact linguistique avec la langue italienne, les dialectes et les variétés régionales décrites par des citoyens immigrés adultes ainsi que leurs représentations sociolinguistiques de ces variétés. Notre étude s’est basée sur un corpus de cinquante interviews audio-enregistrées, recueillies dans la région italienne de l’Emilie-Romagne (à Bologne et à Forlì), et réalisées sur les lieux de travail des migrants. L’acquisition des dialectes et des variétés régionales a été considérée dans un nombre réduit de recherches dans le Nord et dans le Sud de l’Italie. Toutefois, les pratiques de socialisation linguistique qui impliquent le plurilinguisme endogène ont été moins étudiées et elles constituent le focus de notre recherche dans laquelle nous avons examiné le rôle des dialectes dans le parcours de mobilité des migrants en Italie. Nous avons analysé les déclarations des informateurs sur leur emploi des dialectes ainsi que l’usage de ces variétés par les natifs faisant partie de leurs réseaux sociaux. Il émerge que les dialectes sont employés dans les pratiques de socialisation linguistique ; celles-ci ont lieu dans plusieurs contextes, notamment dans les espaces professionnels, et ces échanges ont un rôle important dans le parcours d’intégration linguistique et sociale en Italie
In this research we analyze the dynamics of linguistic contact with the Italian language, dialects and regional varieties described by adult immigrants and their sociolinguistic representations of these varieties. Our study is based on a corpus of fifty audio-taped conversations gathered in the Emilia-Romagna region (in Bologna and Forlì) and realized at immigrants’ work places. The acquisition of dialects and regional Italian varieties has also been considered in some linguistic studies on immigration but they have mainly highlighted the use and attitudes of migrants, underlining their role in the experience of linguistic learning in some regions of the North and of the South of Italy. Neverthless, linguistic socialization practices, which involve the endogen plurilingualism, seem to be less studied and they are the focus of our research which examines the role of dialects for immigrants in their journey since their arrival in Italy and in relation to their personal social network. We considered the role of linguistic socialization practices at work places for repercussions on social and linguistic integration in the host country

碩士
國立臺灣大學
國際企業學研究所
107
The transformation and innovation of immigrant businesses is always a very important research topic. Wenzhou businesspeople in France and Italy are representative groups for the study. So, the subjects selected in this paper are immigrants from Wenzhou locate in France and Italy now and the companies they founded. Through the framework of macro, meso and micro levels, the mixed embeddedness theory can study the whole process of immigrant businesses based on the social, economic and political systems of the residential country. The dual innovation theory is an important tool to study the transformation and innovation of business. And the origin country should also be regarded as an important factor. Thus, this paper focuses on the impact of mixed embeddedness theory and origin country factor on the business innovation of Wenzhou immigrant in France and Italy, through the perspective of duel innovation theory. After the open data collection, this paper screened out 64 companies, analyzed the process of their transformation and innovation for a total of 150, and selected two representative Wenzhou entrepreneurs to conduct interviews. A conclusion has been reached after induction, sorting, Verification and other methods The conclusion of this paper is that at the micro level, the deeper the resource embedding and relationship embedding, the more immigrant enterprises will prefer exploratory innovation such as changing the enterprise industry and changing the business model. Cultural embedding is just the opposite. The deeper the cultural embedding, the more immigrant enterprises will complete developmental innovation by applying explicit knowledge such as learning local culture, changing product design, and improving management experience. On the meso level, the deeper the market is embedded, the more immigrant companies prefer to choose new markets, or choose more profitable industries to complete exploratory innovation. At the macro level, the deeper the degree of economic embedding, political embedding, and embedding of laws, the more difficult it is for immigrant entrepreneurs to cope with the impact of macro-environmental change through developmental innovation, and they can only be forced to adopt exploratory innovation. In terms of the origin country factor, immigrant entrepreneurs can take advantage of the development results and opportunities from their origin countries, and use their own advantages in both the original and residential countries to provide their immigrant enterprises better development through exploratory innovation.

Aim of this work has been to understand if integration policies help immigrants to enhance their long-term success and parity with natives. Immigrant integration has been conceived as the process aimed at reducing gaps with natives, therefore at providing to immigrants the same opportunities of native-born citizens, in the main domains of life. The first paper of the thesis has offered a comparative overview of civic integration programmes adopted by European countries in recent years. I have argued that civic integration produces a ‘stratification’ of the immigrant population in receiving countries, because it exacerbates the gap between high-skilled and low-skilled immigrants, therefore between wanted and unwanted migration. Moreover, civic integration is strongly embedded into citizenship, since it establishes under what conditions eligible immigrants can obtain the citizenship status of the new residence country. Therefore, the second paper has examined the effect of both individual-level characteristics and measures of national citizenship policies on the likelihood of having citizenship status among immigrants living in selected European countries. As individual level data I have used the Immigrant Citizens Survey (ICS), conducted by the King Baudouin Foundation and the Migration Policy Group, from October 2011 to January 2012. For the country-level data, a systematic review of national citizenship policies, academic literature and the Eurostat database have been used. Results have highlighted the strong effect of individual characteristics on citizenship status among young and adult immigrants and, therefore, the positive effect of higher family stability, educational attainment, current economic situation, perceived financial well-being, duration of residence and cultural similarity between the country of residence and the country of origin. Nevertheless, policy factors intervene to produce this effect. In particular, a low number of years of residence needed for naturalization, the dual citizenship toleration and relatively high naturalization rates and proportions of foreign citizens positively influence citizenship status among immigrants. Finally, self-reported life satisfaction has been used in the third paper to assess immigrants’ subjective integration. Self-reported life satisfaction has allowed taking into account not only objective forms of integration, but also immigrants’ perceptions about their life into the residence country. This is also in line with the idea that integration is a multidimensional and two-way process, which implies the contribution and the point of view of both newcomers and hosting societies. The positive linkage existing between citizenship status and life satisfaction in the residence country provides evidence for the objective character of naturalization in shaping integration, which, although made more demanding by civic requirements, represents, to this day, the best way for immigrants to acquire parity with natives.