Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Illusioni corporee »

In 2005, Arnold Zwicky posited two misapprehensions about language: the Recency Illusion, or the false idea that certain language variation is new, and the Frequency Illusion, the erroneous belief that a particular word or phrase occurs often. Since their conception, these concepts have received widespread attention in popular scientific linguistics, but quantitative research investigating their application is scarce. The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical investigation of Zwicky’s proposed illusions. It does so by collecting statements about recency (‘this word is new’) and frequency (‘this construction occurs often’) from a database of Dutch prescriptive publications (1900–2018). I assessed their accuracy by comparing them to linguistic sources, including dictionaries, and usage corpora and other data. Our research showed that recency statements were rare, but that frequency statements, especially using high frequency terms such as vaak (‘often’), were commonplace. Compared to usage, most prescriptive recency and frequency statements for both lexis and grammar indeed constituted Zwickian illusions. This seems partly due to genuine erroneous or unsupported beliefs by authors, but also partly to prescriptive genre conventions and rhetorical choices. Our explorative research highlights the complex usage–prescriptivism interface, and argues for more research into this aspect of language perceptions.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to uncover the extent of utilisation of photographs depicting corporte social responsibility (CSR) information in corporate annual reports and the possible motives for their use. Design/methodology/approach The study used visual content analysis, based on Banks’ (2001) strategy of “looking through”, “looking at” and “looking behind” photographic images, to examine and analyse 4,933 photographs contained in the 2005, 2010 and 2015 annual reports of 70 companies listed on New Zealand Stock Exchange. The findings were interpreted using the impression management theoretical construct. Findings The findings show a marked increase in the utilisation of photographs for CSR-associated disclosures by the sample companies. Surprisingly, the quantity of photographs depicting environmental performance has declined, whereas those featuring product responsibility have increased significantly. The “messages” encoded in the photographs create idealistic images of the companies being caring and responsible corporate citizens. This suggests that companies are systematically using symbolic presentations such as photographs of children and families for rhetorical impression management. Practical implications The study contributes to a greater understanding of the power of photographs in representing and constructing “reality” of CSR performance. The findings have the potential to inform and assist the promulgation of guidelines for CSR reporting, as well as make users aware that photographs could be exploited as a rhetoric and impression management tool in pursuit of symbolic legitimacy. Originality/value The study develops a structured approach for categorising and analysing CSR-related photographs and adds to the scant literature on the utilisation of photographs as a medium for CSR information dissemination.

This article makes a novel argument that governance of corporate environmental activities should recognize that the business corporation is an aesthetic phenomenon, including the environmental practices and communications undertaken in the name of “corporate social responsibility” [CSR]. Corporate identities and CSR practices are aesthetically projected through logos, trademarks, websites, the presentation of products and services, stylish offices, company uniforms, and other aesthetic artefacts. This corporate “branding” dovetails with the broader aestheticization of our pervasive media and consumer culture. Aesthetics has particular salience in CSR for influencing, and sometimes misleading, public opinion about corporate environmental performance. Consequently, in disciplining unscrupulous corporate behaviour, governance methods must be more responsive to such aesthetic characteristics. The green illusions of business communications create difficulties for regulation, which is better suited to disciplining discrete misleading statements about retailed products or trademarks rather than tackling the broader aesthetic character of business and the marketplace. The article suggests that non-state actors who are more sensitive to aesthetics can help to fill some of this governance void. The “counter-aesthetic” strategies of social and environmental activist groups can inject a subversive narrative that can help to unmask these green illusions. Although the history of such tactics suggests they probably have only a modest effect in challenging corporate deception, the law can assist by protecting public spaces from corporate marketing and sponsorship.

L'articolo consiste nella trascrizione di una seduta dal vivo condotta, durante un convegno, da Margherita Spagnuolo Lobb, e nel commento da parte del neuroscienziato Vittorio Gallese, che ha assistito alla seduta. Il risultato č un originalissimo confronto su temi che riguardano l'interfaccia tra psicoterapia e neuroscienze. La partecipazione del terapeuta, il suo sentire in maniera "incarnata", diventa possibilitŕ per il paziente di consapevolezza di sé e strumento terapeutico per coglierne e sostenerne l'intenzionalitŕ di contatto. In una prospettiva estetica e processuale, la seduta č stata incentrata sull'esperienza percettiva e propriocettiva in cui la dimensione corporea e le risonanze sensori-motorie e affettive del quied- ora hanno giocato un ruolo fondamentale. Il neuroscienziato ha inoltre collegato l'enterocezione usata dalla terapeuta (la consapevolezza del battito cardiaco) ai recenti studi sul sistema nervoso autonomo e sistema nervoso centrale, e ha ricordato gli studi sul fenomeno della "mano di gomma", che rilevano come una maggiore capacitŕ di sentirsi dentro correli con un confine del sé corporeo piů stabile, meno facilmente violabile da illusioni.

The rubber hand illusion is a perceptual illusion of perceiving an object like a model hand as part of the own body. The question whether the illusion can be induced with noncorporal objects that do not look like a human body part is not perfectly resolved yet. In this study, we directly assessed the subjective experience of two different components within the illusion (i.e., ownership and referral of touch) when a model hand and a balloon are stimulated. We observed significantly stronger illusion ratings for the hand as compared with the balloon, and only the hand ratings showed a clear affirmation of the illusion. We further conclude that (a) a significant difference between synchronous and asynchronous conditions may not be sufficient to argue for the successful induction of the illusion and (b) the subcomponents show a different pattern in the different conditions, which may lead to alternative interpretations. These observations call for a more fine-grained interpretation of questionnaire data in rubber hand illusion studies.

Business enterprises and their policies of conducting business have always been considered as debatable, and another aspect is following social and environmental regulations of jurisdictions in which companies conduct their business-either domestic enterprises or international ones. In different scenarios, companies self-regulate themselves and, in this prospect, environmental conduct cannot be adhered to properly. On the other hand, it has been observed that MNC's increasingly self-regulate their environmental conduct. Experience shows that when the MNC's or the polluting companies faced with strong environmental regulations, they move their base of operations to another country with lower (thus cheaper) standards and it affects that country massively. The same situation when it appears with a domestic company, it tries to disguise its fallacy through lack of regulations and policy within its own jurisdiction. What can be done to stop this? Indeed, there are various examples historically such as Lubbe v Cape PLC etc., and similarly, more stringent waste regulations in Europe and other industrialized nations can also help. What about stakeholders and internal management, and how do the repercussions of not adapting to the principles of corporate social responsibility?

Abstract This paper explores the role of co-presence in the emergence of collectives with reference to corporeal communication in online conferences and seminars. It emphasizes the importance of feelings of togetherness and demarcates them from feelings of mere affiliation. The emergence of shared feelings depends on corporeal communication, and specifically on the solidary form of corporeal communication as opposed to its antagonistic counterpart. Under online conditions, both forms tend to generate illusions, since a genuine exchange of glances, which opens up corporeal communication in the first place, is not possible. The missing exchange of glances must therefore be compensated online by imagination and the concentration on linguistic meanings.

AbstractDespite prosecutors’ difficulties in proving corporate bribery, nearly all enforcement actions end with a settlement at the pretrial stage. Compared to court proceedings, settlement-based enforcement provide prosecutors with flexibility to reward offenders’ self-reporting and cooperation, and reach quicker conclusions to complex cases. In this article, we explain, such enforcement needs regulation to minimize potentially harmful side-effects. When the difference between a court and settlement sanction exceeds a certain size, the alleged offender accepts a settlement regardless of actual responsibility of misconduct. For the prosecutor, the option of offering a lenient settlement means weaker incentives to ascertain the material facts of the case. Society receives less information about the blameworthy act, little opportunity to evaluate the sanction, and less reason to expect sanctions to deter bribery. We show why such consequences result in under-deterrence of bribery and weaker rule of law. The use of settlement may have a self-escalating effect because the enforcement mode can reduce the predictability of the law, while a defendant’s inclination to accept a settlement offer depends on the predictability of the law. Our results suggest that United Kingdom’s current escalation of enforcement of corporate bribery laws will lead to a mixture of settlements and court decisions, while in the United States firms will continue to negotiate settlements as if there were no opportunity to have their cases tested in court.

Una grande varietà di input sensoriali dal mondo e dal corpo, sono continuamente integrati nel cervello al fine di creare rappresentazioni mentali sovramodali e coerenti del nostro stesso corpo. La plasticità è una caratteristica fondamentale di tali rappresentazioni, che consente costanti cambiamenti adattativi nelle funzioni mentali e nel comportamento. Anche le rappresentazioni corporee possono cambiare in base all'esperienza e, soprattutto, possono essere temporaneamente modificate mediante protocolli sperimentali. Nel presente lavoro, eravamo interessati a valutare la plasticità della percezione metrica del corpo e l'effetto di cambiamenti temporanei in essa sull'elaborazione delle informazioni corporee e spaziali. A tale scopo, sono stati utilizzati due illusioni corporee: la Mirror Box Illusion (MB) e la Full-Body Illusion (FBI). Il meccanismo principale che spiega l'efficacia di queste procedure sperimentali è il processo di incorporazione di una parte del corpo aliena. Nell'esperimento 1 abbiamo usato un paradigma visuo-tattile di FBI per valutarne la fattibilità e la replicabilità con corpi di dimensioni diverse. Abbiamo confermato che è possibile indurre e replicare nello stesso partecipante l'incorporazione verso manichini di dimensioni standard o più grandi. Nell'esperimento 2 e 3 abbiamo studiato la rappresentazione metrica della gamba e la sua malleabilità. Abbiamo quindi misurato l'effetto dell'FBI indotto da diverse dimensioni corporee, su un compito di valutazione della distanza percepita tra due tocchi applicati alla gamba del partecipante. Abbiamo scoperto che l'esperienza soggettiva di incorporazione è accompagnata da un cambiamento nella percezione della metrica del corpo che va di pari passo con la dimensione delle gambe incarnate. Poiché abbiamo confermato che, in soggetti sani, la rappresentazione metrica del corpo può essere modulata, abbiamo affrontato una domanda simile in pazienti con emiplegia. Nell'esperimento 4, usando un compito di bisezione del corpo abbiamo osservato che pazienti emiparetici mostrano una distorsione prossimale nella rappresentazione metrica dell'arto interessato. Abbiamo, inoltre, scoperto che la bisezione si sposta verso il punto medio reale dopo una sessione di trattamento con MB, rispetto a un trattamento di controllo senza specchio. Nell'esperimento 5 abbiamo trovato una modulazione simile della metrica corporea che, in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da aprassia ideomotoria trattati con una versione modificata della MB, era accompagnata da un miglioramento della programmazione dei piani motori. Negli esperimenti 6 e 7 ci siamo concentrati maggiormente sulla relazione tra metrica del corpo e rappresentazione dello spazio. In primo luogo, abbiamo testato l'ipotesi che una rappresentazione del corpo alterata influenzasse la percezione delle proprie attività motorie immaginate. I risultati hanno mostrato che i partecipanti immaginavano di camminare più velocemente dopo essere stati esposti a una FBI con gambe più lunghe. Inoltre, abbiamo scoperto che l'incorporazione illusoria di gambe più lunghe può influenzare la stima delle distanze allocentriche nello spazio extra-personale. L'incorporazione di gambe più lunghe, da un lato, ha, infatti, ridotto la distanza percepita in metri, dall'altro, ha prodotto un aumento del numero di passi che i partecipanti immaginavano di dover percorrere tra gli stessi punti di riferimento. In conclusione, abbiamo confermato che è possibile manipolare la rappresentazione metrica del corpo, mediante illusioni corporee e che ciò influenza la nostra capacità di stimare le distanze nel mondo esterno sia in termini di raggiungibilità che di stima allocentrica della distanza. Tale plasticità della rappresentazione corporea e dell'interazione spazio-corpo fornisce importanti indizi per la comprensione della rappresentazione corporea e della sua riabilitazione nei pazienti neurologici.
A large variety of sensory input from the world and the body, are continuously integrated in the brain in order to create supra-modal and coherent mental representations of our own body. Plasticity is a fundamental characteristic of the nervous systems, allowing constant adaptive changes in mental functions and behaviour. Thanks to this, even body representations can change according to experience and, crucially, they can be temporarily altered by means of experimental protocols. In the present work, we were interested in assessing the plasticity of the subjective metric of the body, and the effect of temporary changes in it on the processing of corporeal and spatial information. To this aim, two types of bodily illusion were used, i.e. the Mirror Box Illusion (MB) and the Full-Body Illusion (FBI), due to their known effects inducing strong modulations of body representation. The core mechanism accounting for the efficacy of these experimental procedures is likely to be the process of embodiment of an alien body part. In experiment 1 we used a visuotactile FBI-like paradigm to assess the feasibility and the replicability of the FBI for bodies of different sizes. Using this paradigm, we confirmed that it is possible to induce and replicate in the same participant, the embodiment towards mannequins of standard or bigger sizes. In experiment 2 and 3 we investigated body metric representation of the leg, and whether it can be plastically modulated by embodying mannequins of different sizes. To address this issue, we measured the effect of FBI induced by different body sizes, over a Body Distance Task (BDT), i.e. the assessment of the perceived distance between two touches applied to the participant’s leg. We found that the subjective experience of embodiment is also accompanied by a change in the perception of body metric that goes hand-in-hand with the current size of the embodied legs. Since we confirmed that, in healthy subjects, the metric representation of the body can be modulated, we addressed a similar question in patients with hemiplegia. In experiment 4, using a body bisection task we first observed that hemiparetic post-stroke patients show a proximal bias in the metric representation of their affected upper limb. Critically, we found that this bias shifts distally, towards the objective midpoint after a MB training session, compared to a control training without the mirror. In Experiment 5 we found a similar modulation of subjective body metric in a group of patients suffering from Ideomotor Apraxia, treated with a modified version of the MB setup, which was accompanied by an improvement in the programming of motor plans. In experiments 6 and 7 we focused more on the relationship between body metric and space representations. First, we tested the hypothesis that an altered body representation could modify the way in which individuals estimate their body affordances during a Motor Imagery Task. Our results showed that participants imagined walking faster after having been exposed to an illusion of longer legs. Furthermore, we found that the illusory embodiment of longer legs can affect the estimation of allocentric distances in extra-personal space. The embodiment of longer legs, on the one hand, reduced the perceived distance in meters, on the other hand, produced an enhancement of the number of steps that participants imagined they would have needed to walk between the same landmarks. In conclusion, we confirmed that it is possible to induce provisional modifications of the metric representation of the body, by means of body illusions. We showed that body representation is malleable to the point to shape our ability to estimate distances in the external world both in terms of reachability and allocentric distance estimation. Such plasticity of body representation and body-space interaction gives important clues for the understanding of body representation and its rehabilitation in neurological patients.

博士
國立雲林科技大學
財務金融系
105
In this study used quarterly tracking reports from the Taiwan stock exchange (TWSE) and Taipei Exchange companies from 2009 to 2015. we used the proportion of non-operating income as a proxy variable for managers’ illusion of control. The empirical results showed that temporary and uncertain income has a significant positive effect on future capital expenditure due to managers’ confidence in their ability and optimism about future investment plans. we believe that if managers increase the ratio of capital expenditure, then these managers are overconfident in their own abilities and the company's future performance. The findings are as follows. First, when operational risk increases, managers are more likely to invest, indicating that in such a situation, managers tend to be more confident in themselves and their control over the future development of the company, resulting in the illusion of control. Second, implementing a management system with independent directors, or a general manager acting as the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, tends to reduce the impact of managers’ illusion of control and the sensitivity of investment to cash flow. Third, when managers hold a higher proportion of shares, investment-cash flow sensitivity tends to be reduced, which supports the convergence-of-interest hypothesis. The results related to corporate governance structures showed that co-governance and expert management governance mechanisms tend to mitigate managers’ illusion of control, weakening the investment cash flow sensitivity. Government control models did not show a significant impact and there was no significant adjustment effect on the investment cash flow sensitivity. Firms with single-family governance may have agency problems that of large shareholder exploiting the interest of small shareholders , and strengthen the investment cash flow sensitivity.