Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « IC. Index languages, processes and schemes »

This research studies the knowledge organization systems (KOS) related to theories to build thesaurus, taxonomies, ontologies and classification systems in the literature field of Information Science. It uses the methodology of literature review and a research on the same field databases in order to investigate the bibliographic production about the theme, from 1998 up to July 2009. A bibliographic research about knowledge organization and representation is carried out, specifically related to the development of thesaurus, taxonomies, ontologies and classification systems. It identifies the same theoretical way to build KOS through the classification theory, concept theory, the relationship between the concepts and the foundation of Linguistics and Terminology. Extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics were analysed from the representative sample of the bibliographic production about KOS. The extrinsic analysis is relative to form aspects, including the publication year, authors, title, publication and keywords. The intrinsic analysis relates to content aspects through the subject analysis of the documents following the theoretical foundations. The last chapter verifies that the thesaurus and classification systems are the most quoted in the literature about KOS, being a theoretical reference to the development of these systems based on the international standards and rules. It highlights the importance of consolidating common standards to build different types of KOS in the field of Information Science and shows the need of gathering the multidisciplinary interests linked by the same goals and also getting better practices in the knowledge organization and representation.

Investigates theoretical and practical interfaces between terminology, philosophical ontology, computational ontology and documentary linguistics and the subsidies that they offer for the construction of documentary information. It was established as specific objectives, the analysis of the production, development, implementation and use of ontologies based on the information science theories, the research on the contribution of ontologies for the development of thesauri and vice versa and the discussion of the philosophical foundation of the application of ontologies based on the study of ontological categories present in classical philosophy and in the contemporary proposals. It argues that the understanding of ontologies through the communicative theory of terminology contributes to the organization of a less quantitative access (syntactic) and more qualitative (semantic) of information. Notes that, in spite of sharing some common goals, there is little dialogue between the information science (and, inside it, the documentary linguistics) and computer science. It argues that the computational and philosophical ontologies are not completely independent events, which have among themselves only the similarity of name, and notes that the discussion of categories and categorization in computer science, does not always have the emphasis it receives in information science in studies on knowledge representation. The approach of Deleuze and Guattari's rhizome, was treated as instigator of reflections on the validity of the hierarchical tree model structure and the possibilities of its expansion. It concludes that the construction of ontologies can not ignore the terminological and conceptual analysis, as it's understood by the terminology and by the information science accumulated in the theoretical and methodological basis for the construction of indexing languages and, on the other hand, the construction of flexible indexing languages can not ignore the representational model of ontologies which are more capable for formalization and interoperability.

Subject retrieval in web-based library catalogs : Master’s thesis. This thesis has been motivated by past research, problems and realizations that online library catalog users frequently perform subject searches - using keywords, subject headings and descriptors - and these searches have yielded unsatisfactory results. Web-based catalogs or WebPACs (Web-based Online Public Access Catalogs), belonging to the so-called third generation of online catalogs and providing a wide variety of search options, remain largely underutilized despite the continuous advancement of information retrieval systems. Users still encounter a number of problems, such as those related to translating their concepts to the language of the catalog's system and cross-references prepared to this purpose. Subject access in online library catalogs can be provided through different access points. To that purpose natural and controlled indexing and retrieval languages are used, and each among them has its advantages and downsides. Natural language indexing is performed by the computer, in which process words from defined fields are automatically extracted. Controlled indexing languages are those in which selection of terms to be assigned to documents is manually performed. These are, for example, classification systems, subject heading languages and thesauri. During the 1970s, a consensus was reached that the best retrieval results are gained when using both types of indexing languages simultaneously. Apart from indexing languages, it is necessary to take into account user search behavior; and while designing user interface one has to allow for the users' skills and knowledge - ensuring instruction, help and feedback information at every step of the retrieval process. The aim of the research was to determine the variety and quality of subject access to information in WebPACs of British university libraries, including searching by words or classification marks, natural and controlled languages, browsing options, and forming simple and complex queries in order to conclude about existing advancements, offered models and employed methods and compare them to WebPACs of Croatian university libraries.

After a methodological foreword to the sources'acquisition, the author describes the history of the National Library of Medecine (NLM), whose aim was (and is) to gather, to classify and to publish biomedical bibliographical references through the information technologies which have been developing since 1818 till nowadays from hardcopy into MEDLINE via Internet. The author explains the concept of MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) and describes the structure of the Thesaurus MeSH: a vocabulary containing all the subjects which are used for the articles'indexing. The MeSH Browser has got all the MeSH describers which are in the hardcopy of the Medical Subject Heading, with the relative notes and the abbreviations of the corresponding subheadings: that is a classification of subheadings representing a particular aspect of the describer to which they refer. Finally, the author describes how the MEDLINE and PubMed work: the former is available through the electronic subscription to CSA (Cambridge Scientific Abstract), the latter is free and available on the NLM website. Through the several search options (free search, advanced search with boolean operators, field search or subject search etc...) one can find the selected bibliographical references in the above mentioned databases, which provide abstracts of articles and sometimes the possibility of reading the articles in full text, thanks to the link to the journals' websites.

The present work provides a general view on the state-of-the-art of the studies referring to the new boundaries of subject indexing, paying special attention to the international projects about interoperability among knowledge organization systems and to the evolution of guidelines for monolingual and multilingual thesauri construction. Starting from the setting up of the prototype of an interdisciplinary thesaurus in progress at the Biblioteca nazionale centrale, Florence, within the project of the renovation of the Italian subject headings repertoire (Soggettario per i cataloghi delle biblioteche italiane), a sample of terms referring to music to be structured was analyzed. Moreover, the subject we were dealing with made it possible to start a comparison with the work performed by the Music Thesaurus Project Working Group of the Music Library Association, USA, based on the LCSH music subject headings. Finally, we tried to set up a mapping between the music subject headings included in the thesaurus prototype, the corresponding verbal headings of the DDC21, in the Italian as well in the English edition, and the LCSH entries.

Multiculturalism in libraries, semantic indexing and information retrieval: how to manage? The study presents international standards (ISO 2788, ISO 5964, BS 8723, IFLA guidelines for multilingual thesauri, ISO 25964) and international indexing projects such as MACS, HILT and Renardus. The project aims to plan a multicultural thesaurus in social sciences for Bibliorete, a private library system, starting from European multilingual thesaurus Eurovoc.

Thesauri are tools that growing importance in Web context. For this, is necessary adapting the thesauri for Web technologies and functionalities. The present work is an exploratory study that aim identifies how the documentary thesauri are being utilized and/or incorporated for the management of information in the Web.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a concise survey of current developments within German-speaking terminology work in the domain of knowledge organisation and an analysis of and comparison between two recently re-edited printed publications and the Wikipedia portal devoted to this subject. In the first part, key concepts are defined and located within the subject matter and a theoretical framework is provided. In the second part, the field 'thesaurus' is singled out in order to exemplify terminology work. A catalogue of criteria in both form and content is developed in order to analyse and compare entries related to this field, permitting conclusions in terms of the different treatment of the field in the abovementioned publications. In doing so, various aspects of terminology work are taken into account: Firstly, the methodical level dealing with models and processes applied, secondly, the organisational level scrutinising the ways terminology is produced and thirdly, the functional level dealing with the outcomes. In the second part, special emphasis is put on this latter aspect, by analysing and comparing entries pertinent to the field in terms of macrostructure, microstructure, and mediostructure. Furthermore, consistency of definitions is looked into. The comparative part of the thesis demonstrates differences between the publications by applying the catalogue of criteria to the treatment of ‘thesaurus’. These differences are ascribed to constitutive factors of each publication, such as methods of production (non-collaborative vs. collaborative) or the anticipated user (expert vs. non-expert).

This work presents the suggestion of a Music Microthesaurus, MiMu, with terms based in articles found in the Teclado & Áudio magazine and in references from the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, aiming the specialization of music-related subject representations, therefore seeking better indexing and retrieval of desired information. It also features a literature review concerning aspects of music-related documentation, emphasizing the librarian’s role in that process and issues related to the retrieval of information taking into account the various supports of music documents. The review includes a referential approach to the main themes of documentary languages, analyzing natural and controlled languages, schemes of documentary classifications, exemplifying of some that are used in music, and concept theory and terminology. It presents definitions and functions of thesauruses, given the origins of terms and their applications, exemplifying the collection of terms, the categorization and the process of relationships, as well as the thesaurus’ presentation and considerations about the applicability of specific software. In the methodology, the main orientations, steps and examples adopted in the making and structuring of the MiMu, as well as a research done as a pre-test, consisting of the creation of an article index by librarians, using samples of the Teclado & Áudio magazine and the final report from the thesaurus as an assistance to the task. It presents appendixes containing a report concerning the collection of terms, forms, a table and a frame comprising a research overview and the MiMu’s report in alphabetic order. Its considerations include drawbacks to this work’s planning, such as the absence of the indexing subject in the literature review and the need for deep researches in music-related Library Science works. MiMu is considered an important contribution to the subject in focus, though it needs to be reviewed by a diversified group of researchers, by projects of divulgation and expansion, so that it potentially becomes a specialized music thesaurus, as a whole.

The Especialized Thesaurus in Electronic Reference Services in the Field of Information Sciences and Technologies (TESREFEL) is the outcome of the development of a research project carried out at the Graduate School of Information Sciences and Technologies, at the University of Puerto Rico, Campus Rio Piedras. With this tool of Controlled Vocabulary it is intended to support standardised indexing and retrieval documents related with the electronic reference services for the Spanish speaking people.