Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Hydroxyethylene isosters »

2009/2010
The aspartic protease (HIV-Pr) of the human immunodeficiency virus, responsible agent for AIDS, is surely one of the most studied enzymes in terms of structure and activity. HIV-Pr is responsible for cleaving the viral polyprotein precursor into structural proteins and enzymes and plays an essential role in the viral replication and maturation. HIV-Pr has thus become the target of numerous efforts to design antiviral therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of AIDS. In the field of organic chemistry, the search for effective HIV-Pr inhibitors has boosted the development of new methodologies for the stereoselective synthesis of compounds containing multiple chiral centers, on which reversible inhibitors are generally based. HIV-Pr shows peculiar characteristics as it is able, unlike any other eukaryotic aspartic protease, to hydrolyze amide bonds with proline as the N-terminal residue. Moreover, it is active in a dimeric form, possessing C2 symmetry, in which each monomer contributes a catalytic aspartate. The first part of the present doctoral work described in Chapter 2, has been dedicated to the synthesis of hydroxyethylene Phe-Pro isosters in which the pyrrolidine ring is expanded by a condensed aromatic ring in order to provide a better fit to the enzyme’s catalytic site. During the synthesis of the isoster a novel reaction was discovered in which enaminones are directly formed by treatment of α,β-unsaturated ketones with trimethylsilylazide and fluoride. Phe-Pro isosters based on the enaminone structure showed moderate activity as HIV-Pr inhibitors. The direct amination of α,β-unsaturated ketones is the subject of Chapter 3. This reaction is demonstrated to be general for enones containing a β-hydrogen. A mechanism based on azide activation via formation of a pentacoordinated silicon species followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is proposed and supported by experimental results and calculations. In Chapter 4 is reported the synthesis of a library of triazole inhibitors by a combinatorial approach based on click chemistry. The library was screened for HIV-Pr inhibition and deconvoluted. A set of promising members from the library was synthesized as single, enantiomerically pure compounds that confirmed to be active HIV-Pr inhibitors. Finally, in Chapter 5 the development of an alternative approach to dipeptide isosters, based on the ring closing metathesis of aminoacid-derived allylamines, is described. Building of the four carbon atom backbone of the isosteres is obtained after mounting the olefins on designed linkers that allow selectivity in the cross metathesis, and easy final cleavage. Carbamate linkers will also allow also protection of the amino groups during the next steps of the synthesis leading to the desired di- and monohydroxyethylene isosters.
La proteasi aspartica (HIV-PR) del virus della immunodeficienza umana, l'agente responsabile dell'AIDS, è sicuramente uno degli enzimi più studiati in termini di struttura e di attività. HIV-Pr è responsabile della scissione della poliproteina virale in proteine strutturali ed enzimi e svolge un ruolo essenziale nella replicazione e maturazione del virus. HIV-Pr è così diventato il bersaglio di numerosi studi mirati alla progettazione di agenti terapeutici antivirali adatti per il trattamento dell'AIDS. 
Nel campo della chimica organica, la ricerca di efficaci inibitori dell'HIV-Pr ha stimolato lo sviluppo di nuove metodologie per la sintesi stereoselettiva di composti contenenti più centri chirali, che costituiscono la base strutturale della maggior parte degli inibitori reversibili. 
HIV-Pr presenta caratteristiche peculiari in quanto è in grado, unica tra le proteasi aspartiche da eucarioti, di idrolizzare legami ammidici con la prolina come residuo N-terminale. Inoltre, l’enzima è attivo in una forma dimerica, con simmetria C2, in cui ogni monomero contribuisce con un residuo catalitico di acido aspartico. 
La prima parte del presente lavoro di dottorato, descritta nel capitolo 2, è stata dedicata alla sintesi di isosteri idrossietilenici del dipeptide Phe-Pro, contenenti un anello pirrolidinico espanso al fine di migliorare le interazioni con il sito catalitico dell'enzima. Durante la sintesi dell’ isostere è stata scoperta una nuova reazione di formazione di enaminoni per trattamento di chetoni α,β-insaturi con trimethylsilylazide e fluoruro. Alcuni isosteri Phe-Pro basati sulla struttura enaminonica hanno mostrato una moderata attività come inibitori della HIV-PR. 
L'amminazione diretta di chetoni -insaturi è il soggetto del capitolo 3. Questa reazione si è dimostrata essere generale per enoni contenente un idrogeno in posizione β. Un meccanismo basato sulla attivazione della azide attraverso la formazione di una specie pentacoordinata di silicio seguita da una cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare viene proposto sulla base dei risultati sperimentali e di calcoli teorici. 
Nel capitolo 4 è riportata la sintesi di una libreria di inibitori triazolici ottenuti con un approccio combinatoriale. La libreria è stato analizzata per l'inibizione di HIV-Pr e deconvoluta. Alcuni membri promettenti della biblioteca sono stati sintetizzati come composti singoli, in forma enantiomericamente pura, confermandosi attivi inibitori della HIV-PR. 
Infine, nel capitolo 5, é descritto lo sviluppo di un approccio alternativo a isosteri di dipeptidi, basato sulla “ring closing methatesis” di allilamine derivate da aminoacidi. La costruzione dello scheletro degli isosteres si ottiene dopo l’assemblaggio delle olefine su un nuovo linker che consente una cross-metatesi selettività nonché un facile distacco del prodotto. Il linker può anche essere utilizzato come gruppo proteggente nella successiva elaborazione sintetica dei prodotti.
XXIII Ciclo
1981

This thesis describes the design and synthesis of compounds that are

intended to inhibit serine and aspartic proteases. The first part of the text deals with preparation of inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 serine protease. Hepatitis C is predominantly a chronic disease that afflicts about 170 million people worldwide. The NS3 protease, encoded by HCV, is essential for replication of the virus and has become one of the main targets when developing drugs to fight HCV. The inhibitors discussed here constitute surrogates for the widely used N-acyl-hydroxyproline isostere designated 4-hydroxy-cyclopentene. The stereochemistry of the 4-hydroxy-cyclopentene scaffold was determined by nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and the regiochemistry by heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC). The scaffold was decorated with different substituents to obtain both linear and macrocyclic HCV NS3 protease inhibitors that display low nanomolar activity. The second part of the thesis describes the design and synthesis of potential aspartic protease inhibitors. The hydroxyethylene motif was used as a noncleavable transition state isostere. The synthetic route yielded a pivotal intermediate with excellent stereochemical control, which was corroborated by NOESY experiments. This intermediate can be diversified with different substituents to furnish novel aspartic protease inhibitors.

Report code: LIU-TEK-LIC-2006:45

Dans ce mémoire, je présente mes études sur une stratégie efficace développée pour la synthèse de cétones homoallyliques substituées à partir de l’addition en cascade de réactifs de Grignard vinyliques substitués sur des α-amino esters catalysée par des sels de cuivre. L’utilisation de ces cétones homoallyliques a permis d’obtenir des mimes peptidiques comprenant un isostère de type hydroxyéthylène du lien amide. L’étape clé de cette stratégie repose sur la synthèse de cétones homoallyliques substituées intermédiaires à partir de la réaction d’additions en cascade catalysée au cuivre, de bromure de β,β-diméthylevinyle magnésium sur des analogues d’esters de la phénylalanine et de la sérine. Les cétones homoallyliques résultantes sont réduites sélectivement en alcool, la liaison double est clivée oxydativement et l’acide carboxylique résultant est couplé à un acide aminé. Afin d’évaluer l’effet qu’ont le remplacement du lien amide central dans un coude β par un hydroxyéthylène et de la présence d’un gem diméthyle sur la chaîne carbonée sur la conformation tridimensionnelle adoptée par les tripeptides générés, des analyses à l’état solide par diffraction aux rayons X, des analyses en solution par la spectroscopie RMN et des expériences de type NOESY ont été réalisées. Ces études ont permis de définir un nouveau type de coude β. La présence de pont hydrogène intramoléculaire et l’effet de restriction de conformation induit par le gem diméthyle, généralement appelé effet Thorpe-Ingold, favorisent la formation d’un coude β.
In this thesis, I discuss my studies toward the synthesis of substituted homoallylic ketones from the copper-catalyzed cascade addition of substitued vinyl Grignard reagents to carboxylic esters. The homoallylic ketones were used to provide different peptidomimetics containing a hydroxyethylene isostere instead of an amide bond. The methyl ester of phenylalanine and serine derivatives were reacted in copper-catalyzed cascade additions of substitued vinylmagnesium bromide to provide substitued homoallylic ketone intermediates. Selective reduction of the ketone to an alcohol, oxidative cleavage of the double bond, followed by peptide coupling with amino acid lead to the desired peptidomimic. The influence of changing the central amide bond for a hydroxyethylene isostere in a β-turn and the effect of a gem dimethyl group on the backbone conformation adopted by the newly synthesized tripeptides, were studied by X-ray diffraction and solution NMR spectroscopy using NOESY experiments. From these studies, it was revealed that the iso-butyric acid hydroxyethylene isomer induced a β-turn-like conformation, and may serve as a novel scaffold for peptide mimicry.