Thèses sur le sujet « Hydrothermal and continental sources »
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Aquila, Quentin. « Explorer la géochimie des océans archéens avec les Formations de fer rubanées (BIF) : apport des compositions isotopiques Hf-Nd-Pb ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0054.
Texte intégralThe Banded Iron Formations (BIF) are unique sedimentary archives for studying the primitive oceans of the Archean. However, the environment of formation and the mechanisms involved in the formation of these iron- and silicon-rich chemical sediments are poorly constrained. The BIFs have been little studied for their Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, although they could provide new constraints on the hydrothermal and continental sources feeding the ancient oceans. To better constrain the BIFs environment of formation, I combined field observations with a petro-geochemical study on a sedimentary succession from the Barberton belt (3.25 Ga, South Africa). The deposition model of the Barberton BIFs involves a deep depositional environment, at the base of a slope and distal from the continent. This environment is occasionally disturbed by gravity-driven terrigenous deposits (mafic) characteristics of a deep-sea fan system. I evaluated whether the seawater geochemical signature (REE+Y, low HFSE) indicated the preservation of the primary Hf-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions in a BIF from the Isua belt (3.7 Ga, Greenland). The Isua BIF shows post-depositional disturbances in the Hf-Nd isotopic compositions attributed to the presence of secondary apatites. However, it preserved a 207Pb-206Pb age of 3810 ± 7 Ma inherited from detrital zircons. Therefore, the REE+Y spectrum typical of seawater does not guarantee the preservation of the primary Hf-Nd isotopic compositions of seawater, nor the absence of any terrigenous contamination. Finally, I explored the origin and source of Nd and Hf in the BIFs at the scale of the bands on samples from the Témagami belt (2.7 Ga, Canada). The initial Nd-Hf isotopic compositions of the Si-rich bands of the Témagami BIFs show a decoupling of the two isotopic systems. Conversely, those of the Fe-rich bands remain coupled in Nd-Hf. The Si-rich bands record a radiogenic Hf isotopic composition originating from the weathering waters of felsic continents. Conversely, the Hf and Nd in the Fe-rich bands could mainly originate from submarine hydrothermalism
Lopez, Benjamin. « Architecture et distribution des systemes carbonatés se développant autour des sources hydrothermales : cas d’étude du basin de Denizli (Turquie), de la region de Rapolano (Italie) et de Mammoth Hot Springs (Wyoming, USA) ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4326.
Texte intégralGeothermal spring carbonate (GSC) corresponds to a complex carbonate system formed around carbonate-rich springs fed by rising groundwaters along permeable fault zones. Their development is mainly controlled by the nature of springwaters emerging above water table. Therefore carbonate deposition is, in this setting, intimately related to complex interactions between hydrological, tectonic and structural processes occurring prior to water emergence. Moreover, carbonate sedimentation from springwater results from sedimentary processes controlled by complex interactions between hydrological, chemical characteristics and biological activity. Such processes are sensitive to slight environmental variations and thus lead to a large spectrum of lithofacies and ecosystems.The aim of this study is to improve knowledge and fundamental concepts regarding development of geothermal spring carbonates. For that purpose, lithofacies investigation, from microfabrics at micro-scale to 3-dimensional configuration at field-scale, is considered as an essential tool. Such investigations had been carried out in sites where Quaternary and actively forming GSCs were abundant (e.g. Rapolano region, Italy, Denizli Basin, Turkey and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA)
Mercer, Celestine Nicole. « Mineralogical indicators of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in continental arc crust / ». Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10250.
Texte intégralMercer, Celestine Nicole 1979. « Mineralogical indicators of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in continental arc crust ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10250.
Texte intégralThis dissertation explores several important consequences of H 2 O-rich fluids in magmatic and ore-forming systems within continental arc crust. North Sister, a stratovolcano in the Oregon High Cascades, provides a window into magma generation processes in the deep crust. Eruption of a remarkably limited basaltic andesite composition over the lifespan of this volcano may reflect last equilibration of mantle derived magma within a deep crustal hot zone. High pressure, water-undersaturated phase equilibrium experiments show that an anhydrous, augite-rich gabbro at ∼12 kbar (40 km depth) and ∼ 1175°C is the most probable lithology with which North Sister basaltic andesite with ∼3.5 wt% H 2 O last equilibrated within the deep crust before erupting. While magma often erupts at the planets surface as at North Sister, a greater volume never reaches the surface and solidifies within the upper crust. Exsolution of magmatic fluids is an inevitable consequence of crystallization of hydrous crustal magmas. The fate of these fluids is the focus of the remainder of this dissertation. Modeling of CO 2 and H 2 O variations during crystallization of granitic magma reveals that exsolution of a large mass of fluid occurs only after CO 2 is largely degassed, creating ideal conditions for hydrofracturing and formation of porphyry copper deposits. CO 2 and H 2 O solubility relations suggest that H 2 O-rich magma was required to produce the porphyry-Cu-Mo deposit at Butte, Montana, which may explain its distinctively deep generation. Electron microprobe analyses of Ti in quartz and Zr in rutile in samples from Butte yield porphyry magma temperatures (630-770°C) that overlap substantially with hydrothermal vein temperatures (<430-750°C). Veins display large temperature ranges (50-250°C) that signify variable degrees of cooling of hot magmatic fluids upon contact with cooler wall rock during vein growth. Modeling of Ti diffusion in quartz suggests that individual dikes and veins likely cooled over short timescales (10s-1000s years), indicating that porphyry systems may evolve by episodic magmatic fluid injections with discrete thermal spikes. Modeling of Ti diffusion in quartz combined with electron backscatter diffraction maps show that small hydrothermal quartz veins likely formed by epitaxial growth. This dissertation includes co-authored material both previously published and in preparation for submission.
Committee in charge: A. Dana Johnston, Chairperson, Geological Sciences; Mark Reed, Member, Geological Sciences; Paul Wallace, Member, Geological Sciences; Richard P. Taylor, Outside Member, Physics
Le, Gal Virginie. « Traçage thermique et géochimique des systèmes hydrothermaux : exemple d'un domaine océanique jeune et d'une marge continentale ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01886790.
Texte intégralHydrothermal processes affect all oceanic domains therby controlling their thermal regime. At global scale, heat flow studies may lead to different interpretations than local studies. Comparing hydrothermal effects in different local contexts is essential to overcome this scale- issues. To do so, we studied the hydrothermal impact on the thermal regimes of a young oceanic domain (Atlantic Ocean) and a young margin (South Balearic). We quantified heat and matter transfers and heat losses with heat flow measurements and pore water chemical analyses. The young oceanic domain is situated on the first segment south of Oceanographer transform fault in the Atlantic Ocean. The low heat flow values indicate that hydrothermal circulations, conveyed by numerous outcrops, extract a lot of crustal heat. The composition of water in pores is similar to that of seawater. This points to a short residence time of water in the basement. We identified that the ruggedness of the seabed is one of the key parameters that control the fluid circulation efficiency. This small scale relief was compared to others regions where hydrothermal processes have already been debated. We deduced an empirical relation which links the fraction of the conductive heat flow to this relief. On the Southern Balearic margin, hydrothermal processes appear to be more limited because of their more local thermal impact. On the continental slope, great heat flow contrasts are highlighted. They suggest that hydrothermal circulation is controlled by numerous volcanic mounts. On one hand, pore fluid chemistry remains close to seawater composition and does not allow confirming these observations. On the other hand, hydrothermal processes in the basin are limited by thick sediment deposits and pore fluid chemistry indicates residual brines and their diffusion towards the surface. Heat flow values along the Southern Balearic margins are perturbed by thermal conductivity contrasts induced by salt diapirs or basement topography. In both study areas, fluid circulations are linked to fractured basaltic structures with a much larger permeability than the surrounding sediments. The seabed’s initial ruggedness and the sedimentation rate control the age range during which the crust is connected to ocean. Nevertheless, fluid circulations cease quickly due to important sediment flows from the nearby continent. This conclusion is partially offset by other events that may occur on the margins such as volcanism or active tectonic
Cook, James Matthew. « Mid-fifteenth-century English mass cycles in continental sources ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30778/.
Texte intégralLe, Gal Virginie. « Traçage thermique et géochimique des systèmes hydrothermaux : exemple d'un domaine océanique jeune et d'une marge continentale ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066530/document.
Texte intégralHydrothermal processes affect all oceanic domains therby controlling their thermal regime. At global scale, heat flow studies may lead to different interpretations than local studies. Comparing hydrothermal effects in different local contexts is essential to overcome this scale- issues. To do so, we studied the hydrothermal impact on the thermal regimes of a young oceanic domain (Atlantic Ocean) and a young margin (South Balearic). We quantified heat and matter transfers and heat losses with heat flow measurements and pore water chemical analyses. The young oceanic domain is situated on the first segment south of Oceanographer transform fault in the Atlantic Ocean. The low heat flow values indicate that hydrothermal circulations, conveyed by numerous outcrops, extract a lot of crustal heat. The composition of water in pores is similar to that of seawater. This points to a short residence time of water in the basement. We identified that the ruggedness of the seabed is one of the key parameters that control the fluid circulation efficiency. This small scale relief was compared to others regions where hydrothermal processes have already been debated. We deduced an empirical relation which links the fraction of the conductive heat flow to this relief. On the Southern Balearic margin, hydrothermal processes appear to be more limited because of their more local thermal impact. On the continental slope, great heat flow contrasts are highlighted. They suggest that hydrothermal circulation is controlled by numerous volcanic mounts. On one hand, pore fluid chemistry remains close to seawater composition and does not allow confirming these observations. On the other hand, hydrothermal processes in the basin are limited by thick sediment deposits and pore fluid chemistry indicates residual brines and their diffusion towards the surface. Heat flow values along the Southern Balearic margins are perturbed by thermal conductivity contrasts induced by salt diapirs or basement topography. In both study areas, fluid circulations are linked to fractured basaltic structures with a much larger permeability than the surrounding sediments. The seabed’s initial ruggedness and the sedimentation rate control the age range during which the crust is connected to ocean. Nevertheless, fluid circulations cease quickly due to important sediment flows from the nearby continent. This conclusion is partially offset by other events that may occur on the margins such as volcanism or active tectonic
Tizzard, Louise Helen. « The Contribution to atmospheric methane from sub-seabed sources in the UK continental shelf ». Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445613.
Texte intégralQu, Zihan. « Chemical properties of continental aerosol transported over the Southern Ocean : Patagonian and Namibian sources ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066002/document.
Texte intégralMineral dust is considered to be an important supplier of micronutrient for the Southern Ocean where the primary production is limited by insufficient supply of micronutrients. Patagonia (South America) and Namibia (Southern Africa) are two main dust sources for the South Atlantic section of the Southern Ocean. Emission inventories of bioavailable micronutrients from these two regions regulate the final biological impact on marine ecosystem in the South Atlantic Ocean. This thesis is mainly focused on the investigation of 1) the atmospheric dust concentration and its temporal pattern in Patagonia, 2) the spatial heterogeneity of dust elemental composition in Patagonia and Namibia, and 3) the pH dependence of elemental solubility in Patagonian and Namibian dust. These three aspects are the key issues to model the emission inventories of bioavailable micronutrients from dust sources. Dust concentration measurements were conducted in Patagonia-Atlantic Coast and revealed a seasonal pattern of dust concentration with lower dust level in winter than the other three seasons. Meteorological records suggest that this seasonal pattern is associated with the variation of soil moisture in source areas rather than the recurrently high wind speed. Dust samples were generated from Patagonian and Namibian soils to investigate the elemental composition and the elemental solubility of source dust. Dust elemental composition differs to different degrees from their parents soils, particularly in Namibia due to the dilution effect of quartz in soil. Spatial variability of dust elemental composition was observed at both continental scale and regional scale in Patagonia and Namibia. Variations in Ca and Mg content are the main reasons for the spatial heterogeneity of dust elemental composition. Elemental solubility of Patagonian and Namibian dust increased with acidity of leaching solution. More soluble elements namely Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Sr and Ba showed much higher solubility in calcium-rich dust due to the presence of carbonate. The dust concentration record obtained in Patagonia may help to better quantify the dust emission in subantarctic region and to constrain dust models. Database of dust elemental composition and elemental solubility in Patagonia and Namibia also contributes to the evaluation of emission inventories of soluble elements from dust sources to the Southern Ocean
Qu, Zihan. « Chemical properties of continental aerosol transported over the Southern Ocean : Patagonian and Namibian sources ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066002.pdf.
Texte intégralMineral dust is considered to be an important supplier of micronutrient for the Southern Ocean where the primary production is limited by insufficient supply of micronutrients. Patagonia (South America) and Namibia (Southern Africa) are two main dust sources for the South Atlantic section of the Southern Ocean. Emission inventories of bioavailable micronutrients from these two regions regulate the final biological impact on marine ecosystem in the South Atlantic Ocean. This thesis is mainly focused on the investigation of 1) the atmospheric dust concentration and its temporal pattern in Patagonia, 2) the spatial heterogeneity of dust elemental composition in Patagonia and Namibia, and 3) the pH dependence of elemental solubility in Patagonian and Namibian dust. These three aspects are the key issues to model the emission inventories of bioavailable micronutrients from dust sources. Dust concentration measurements were conducted in Patagonia-Atlantic Coast and revealed a seasonal pattern of dust concentration with lower dust level in winter than the other three seasons. Meteorological records suggest that this seasonal pattern is associated with the variation of soil moisture in source areas rather than the recurrently high wind speed. Dust samples were generated from Patagonian and Namibian soils to investigate the elemental composition and the elemental solubility of source dust. Dust elemental composition differs to different degrees from their parents soils, particularly in Namibia due to the dilution effect of quartz in soil. Spatial variability of dust elemental composition was observed at both continental scale and regional scale in Patagonia and Namibia. Variations in Ca and Mg content are the main reasons for the spatial heterogeneity of dust elemental composition. Elemental solubility of Patagonian and Namibian dust increased with acidity of leaching solution. More soluble elements namely Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Sr and Ba showed much higher solubility in calcium-rich dust due to the presence of carbonate. The dust concentration record obtained in Patagonia may help to better quantify the dust emission in subantarctic region and to constrain dust models. Database of dust elemental composition and elemental solubility in Patagonia and Namibia also contributes to the evaluation of emission inventories of soluble elements from dust sources to the Southern Ocean
White, Sheri N. 1971. « An investigation into the characteristics and sources of light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59093.
Texte intégralVita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-187).
A spectral camera (ALISS - Ambient Light Imaging and Spectral System) was used to image ambient light from high-temperature vents at 9°N East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge during 1997 and 1998 Alvin dive cruises. ALISS is a low-light digital camera with custom-designed optics. A set of nine lenses, each covered by an individual bandpass filter (50 and 100 nm nominal bandwidths), allows vents to be imaged in nine wavelength bands simultaneously spanning the range of 400-1000 nm. Thus, both spatial and spectral information are obtained. ALISS was used to image three types of vents: black smokers, flange pools, and beehives. The primary source of light is thermal radiation due to the high temperature of the hydrothermal fluid (~350°C). This light is dominant at wavelengths greater than 700 nm. At flange pools, where the fluid is relatively stable, only thermal radiation is present. Black smokers and beehives, however, are subject to mixing with ambient seawater (2°C) leading to mineral precipitation. Data from these types of vents show the existence of non-thermal, temporally varying light in the 400-700 nm region. This light is probably caused by mechanisms related to mixing and precipitation, such as chemiluminescence, crystalloluminescence and triboluminescence.
by Sheri N. White.
Ph.D.
Garcia, Joana Cristina. « Evolution of respiratory adaptations in hydrothermal vent scale-worms (Polynoidae) ». Paris 6, 2009. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01112539.
Texte intégralGorlas, Aurore. « Caractérisation de nouveaux systèmes hôtes-virus associés aux sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes ». Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2053.
Texte intégralRecent studies have revealed that viruses represent a large part of the biodiversity in natural environments suggesting that they participate to the diversity within organisms. Viruses infecting prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) constitute the largest & ail viral groups. However, our knowledge of viruses of Archaea is rather limited with less than 60 archaeal viruses well described to date. Viruses of Archaea are classified in 8 new viral familles. To date, only one virus like-particle was isolated from a hyperthermophilic marine euryarchaeote: PAV1 isolated from Pyrococcus abyssi. During my PhD work, I have screened and characterized new viruses from the Thermococcales order. We found a new virus in a strain of Thermococcus sp, isolated from a hydrothermal chimney sample collected from the East pacific Rise at 2700 m depth. The first study led to the characterization of Thermococcus prieurii sp. Nov which is hyperthermophile, strictly anaerobe, and chemoorganotroph. The virus isolated from Thermococcus prieurii, named TPV1, is lemon-shaped (140 nm x 80 nm) and resembles to members of the Fuselloviridae family. The infectious character of TPV1 was proved by using an original method derived from the spot tests, and its host range was established. TPVI particles contain a double-stranded circular DNA of 21. 5 kb which is present in a free form in the host cytoplasm, at approximately 20 copies per chromosome. This genome was totally sequenced and 26 ORFs were identified. 12 ORFs were annotated. This virus s not yet classified and should be attached to a novel viral family
Engle, Mark Alan. « The influence of tropospheric ozone, hydrothermal systems, and fires on atmospheric mercury emissions from natural sources / ». abstract and full text PDF (free order & ; download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3209132.
Texte intégral"December 2005." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
Fuenzalida, Del Rio Gonzalo. « Transcriptomic approach of the response to metals in the hydrothermal mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066487/document.
Texte intégralBathymodiolus azoricus is an endemic bivalve from hydrothermal vents in the Mid-Atlantic ridge, which is known to accumulate different types of metals in various tissues at high concentrations, and has therefore been granted model species for exotoxicology. The objective of this work is to describe the mechanisms of metal tolerance and detoxification as they occur in natural populations and during experimental exposures, using both chemical (metal quantification) and transcriptomic (qPCR and microarrays) approaches to understand how environmental factors influence gene expression response in B. azoricus and to identify potential biomarkers useful for ecotoxicological studies in extreme environments. Bioaccumulation of different metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb,…) was measured on individuals from contrasted vent sites, revealing specific population patterns and tissue differences for this species that could be related to processes of organotropism. Our results also suggest that the symbiotic bacteria in gills may be involved in metal tolerance and detoxification. Similar variation trends are observed in the relative expression of candidate genes involved in response to metal stress, e.g. metallothioneins, superoxide dismutase, ferritin, and phytochelatin, revealing contrasted responses at population and tissue level, and reflecting differences in physiological status not directly correlated with the accumulation of metals. In addition, global scale microarray analysis allowed us to identify the principal biological pathways representative of each population and tissues
Duriez, Alban. « Origine et processus de minéralisation d'eaux thermales en milieu continental méditerranéen : Cas du système géothermal des thermopyles (Grèce) ». Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112356.
Texte intégralTran, lu y. Adrien. « La phylogéographie comparée d'espèces hydrothermales du Pacifique Ouest à l'heure de la génomique des populations ». Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG017.
Texte intégralThe main objective of this thesis is to explore the phylogeographic differentiation patterns of several species that inhabit deep hydrothermal vents in the back-arc basins of the western Pacific. These vents constitute a discontinuous habitat as they are interspersed with volcanic arcs, subduction trenches and abyssal plains. The ecosystems associated with these sources are composed of an abundant fauna of species entirely dependent on bacterial chemosynthesis. In this highly fragmented context, the question arises as to the degree of connectivity of the populations of the different hydrothermal species as well as their phylogeographic history. Little studied until now, we approach these questions here with the methodologies of population genomics which allow us to get rid of the main limitations linked to the use of a small number of markers and bring a better resolution of the demo-genetic processes.The first chapter focuses on a gastropod emblematic of these ecosystems, Ifremeria nautilei (Provannidae) sampled throughout its range. By obtaining 10,500 independent genomic markers (ddRad), we identified a structure in two metapopulations separated by the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and genetically almost homogenous on both sides. Demo-genetic reconstructions indicate that these metapopulations are currently connected by a weak, bi-directional and slightly asymmetric gene flow and that they would have diverged about 70,000 generations ago. However, a detailed analysis of loci that do not conform to the expected neutral distribution ("outliers") shows a limit of demographic connectivity at the basin scale within each metapopulation. This may have implications for site recolonization in the event of mass destruction.Chapter 2 compares the phylogeographic patterns of four species (I. nautilei, Alviniconcha kojimai, Shinkailepas tollmanni, and Eochionelasmus ohtai) using the same methodology as Chapter 1. As with I. nautilei, the other three species show a two-metapopulation structure with weak bi-directional gene flow slightly asymmetrically to the west. This bi-directionality might suggest that larval dispersal strategies are not unimodal and thus more complex than those proposed so far. Demo-genetic reconstructions show that most species would have diverged under a secondary contact pattern with a separation between metapopulations estimated at 70 000 - 100 000 generations with the exception of the gastropod A. kojimai whose divergence is very recent. However, the timing of secondary contact and gene flow levels vary from species to species, differences that are probably attributable to the interaction between the geological history of the region and their life history traits, which themselves condition their biogeographic distribution
Pillot, Guillaume. « Biodiversités électroactives issues de sources hydrothermales profondes ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0503/document.
Texte intégralDeep hydrothermal vents are geologic structures formed by the infiltration of seawater into the oceanic crust, forming a hot metal-rich fluid (> 400 ° C) that precipitates to form chimneys in which an electric current flows. The purpose of the research presented here was to reveal the presence of microorganisms capable of participating in the production of this electric current or of using this electricity to live within these electrically conductive chimneys. We focused on microorganisms able to survive at high temperatures (between 60 and 95 ° C). Different interacting and electroactive microbial communities have been cultivated, allowing the building of credible hypotheses about the primary colonization of these extreme environments. These hypotheses could also be applied to theories of origin of life in a hydrothermal context
Nedoncelle, Karine. « Processus de croissance des coquilles de bivalves en milieu extrême : le cas des espèces symbiotiques Bathymodiolus azoricus, et Bahymodiolus thermophilus en environnement hydrothermal contrasté ». Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066537.
Texte intégralThe chemosynthetic bivalves Bathymodiolus thermophilus and B. Azoricus are engineer species living in contrasted hydrothermal vents located on the East-Pacific and Mid-Atlantic Ridges. The response of these model species to the variability of their environment was investigated by using various aspects of marine ecogeochemistry. For this, the combined use of in situ chemical shell labeling with high-resolution sclerochronological analysis allowed to establish a temporal framework in the rhythmicity of B. Thermophilus and B. Azoricus growth rate. The presence of tidal cycles in their shell increment width formation compared to the in situ measurements of abiotic parameters reveal that both species are sensitive to changes in physico-chemical conditions, with higher growth rate when environment is unstable. This relationship is particularly relevant at the micro-habitat scale. Isotopic data highlight also an important variability at the spatial micro-scale in the use of energetic resources for B. Azoricus with a major δ13Cshell fractionation when sulfoxydation is dominant compared to methanotrophy. This interdisciplinary approach is particularly relevant in a context where the exploration of hydrothermal areas in the aim of exploitation is constantly expanding
Mercier, Coraline. « De nouveaux systèmes hôtes-virus associés aux sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes ». Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0125/document.
Texte intégralOur knowledge of the viral diversity associated to microorganisms inhabiting the deep-sea hydrothermal vents is still limited. Only a few studies have focused on viral abundance and impact on microbial mortality within these ecosystems. A limited number of viruses (6 bacterioviruses and 2 archaeoviruses) were isolated from these environments and characterized. Two viruses associated to hyperthermophilic anaerobic Archaea, from the Thermococcales order, have been described in our laboratory. In order to deepen our knowledge on the viral diversity of these extreme environments, we have extended our investigation to the bacterial order of Thermotogales. This order is composed of anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria that are, for the most part, hyper/thermophilic. Numerous lateral gene transfers have contributed to the evolutionary history of the Thermotogales, implying the potential involvement of viruses. Here, we will report the characterization of two new siphoviruses MCV1 and MCV2 that infect two strains of Marinitoga camini. Those bacterial strains were isolated from two deep-sea hydrothermal vents sites (Menez Gwen and Lucky strike) in the Mid Atlantic Ridge. These viruses are temperate with a high basal production of virions (>107 virions/mL). Comparative genomics with MPV1, a virus isolated from M. piezophila, was performed and show that those bacterioviruses share numerous similarities. A set of “core genes” shared by all these three viruses was identified and includes proteins involved in DNA metabolism, head and tail assembly and lysogenic cycle. Shared hypothetical proteins were also identified, suggesting that these unknown proteins probably provide important functions for these viruses. Interestingly, for genes with blastp matches in Genbank, over 60% have their top matches, outside the Thermotoga, to genes from Firmicutes and bacterioviruses associated to Firmicutes. We also analyzed the genome of Thermosipho sp. 1244 and studied his CRISPR-cas system. Our results indicated that thisThermosipho strain, with a complete and functional CRISPR-cas system, had already been infected by MCV1, MCV2 or a similar virus. The analyses presented here extend our knowledges about these newly discovered viruses in the deeply branching bacterial phylum Thermotogae. This bacterial order and associated mobile genetic elements are significant for addressing long-term evolutionary adaptation to fluctuant and extreme physicochemical conditions
Alfaro, Lucas Joan Manel. « Influence of hydrothermal activity and substrata nature on faunal colonization processes in the deep sea ». Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0089.
Texte intégralFour decades after their discovery, we know now that deep-sea hydrothermal vents are widespread, diverse and dynamic, and interact with other chemosynthetic-based and background ecosystems. In the face of potential imminent anthropogenic impacts, more than ever the understanding of the processes that shape vent biodiversity, in its multiple facets, and the interactions with other systems is of paramount importance. The early processes driving community assembly and interactions between hydrothermally active habitats, vent periphery and cognate communities, namely wood falls, were investigated with an extensive colonizing experiment at 1700 m depth onthe Lucky Strike vent field (northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge). A modern multifaceted framework of community assembly based on species richness, functional traits and stable isotopes was applied. Results showed that vent ecosystems support higher functional richness that background peripheral habitats.The latter were highly heterogeneous and unique in species and functions suggesting that they may be especially vulnerable to impacts, such as deep-sea mining. The observed faunal overlap and energy links suggest that rather than being separate entities, active and peripheral habitats may be considered as interconnected. Environmental conditions and the presence of different resources at vent, periphery and wood habitats, were identified as main drivers of biodiversity patterns and community structure. The roleof woods in the deep-sea as potential stepping stones for meio- and macrofauna, not only for “vent” but for periphery inhabitants, is validated. The results of this thesis significantly improve our understanding of vent and chemosynthetic communities and may haveimplications for their protection from industrial activities
Pillot, Guillaume. « Biodiversités électroactives issues de sources hydrothermales profondes ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0503.
Texte intégralDeep hydrothermal vents are geologic structures formed by the infiltration of seawater into the oceanic crust, forming a hot metal-rich fluid (> 400 ° C) that precipitates to form chimneys in which an electric current flows. The purpose of the research presented here was to reveal the presence of microorganisms capable of participating in the production of this electric current or of using this electricity to live within these electrically conductive chimneys. We focused on microorganisms able to survive at high temperatures (between 60 and 95 ° C). Different interacting and electroactive microbial communities have been cultivated, allowing the building of credible hypotheses about the primary colonization of these extreme environments. These hypotheses could also be applied to theories of origin of life in a hydrothermal context
Jamieson, John William. « Tracing sulfur sources in an Archean hydrothermal system using sulfur multiple isotopes a case study from the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit / ». College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2697.
Texte intégralThesis research directed by: Geology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Détrée, Camille. « Mise en évidence des acteurs moléculaires de la symbiose chimiosynthetique chez Bathymodiolus azoricus : une approche OMIC ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066575/document.
Texte intégralHydrothermal vents are located on the mid-ocean ridges, and are characterized by challenging physico-chemical conditions. Despite these conditions dense hydrothermal communities develop down around hydrothermal fluid emissions. The presence of marine invertebrates relies on their capacity to cope with these challenging factors, and, for those forming most of the biomass, on their ability to live in symbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria. Bathymodiolus azoricus is one of these symbiotic species that harbors two types of γ-proteobacteria, a sulfide-oxidizing bacterium (SOX) (using the oxidation of H2S as the source of energy and CO2 as source of carbon) and a methane-oxidizing bacterium (MOX) (that uses the oxidation of CH4 as both a source of energy and carbon). These bacteria are located in specific epithelial cells in the gill tissue of the mussel. The proportion and number of these symbiont types (SOX vs. MOX) in B.azoricus can change in response to environmental conditions, and especially on the relative concentration of reduced compounds. The aim of our study is to understand the molecular mechanisms of acquisition, regulation and maintenance of the symbiotic charge in B .azoricus gills. We therefore, performed a global OMICs analysis (proteomics –nano LC-MS/MS and transcriptomics- micro-array) on mussels from natural population (Lucky Strike, -1700m) and on mussels that experimentally loose or maintain their symbiotic rate. This exploratory approach was followed by a more specific approach on family of proteins involved in immunity process and/or in host/symbiont interactions. This PhD provides hypotheses on the mechanisms governing the relationship and communication between host and symbionts
Bénard, Bhavani. « Caractérisation du système hydrothermal du Piton des Neiges par des méthodes géochimiques et isotopiques ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0010.
Texte intégralPiton des Neiges volcano (Reunion Island) shows evidence of a hydrothermal activity that could potentially be used for geothermal energy generation. However, so far, the characteristics of this hydrothermal system (fluid temperature, heat source, recharge, etc.) remain too uncertain to consider exploiting it. To evaluate its geothermal potential, we carried out a vast prospecting campaign for markers of hydrothermal activity, performed geochemical analysis (major, trace elements, δ18O, δD, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr, δ7Li, δ37Cl) on 38 thermal springs (including 21 new ones) and monitored the resource over time. Our results show that the hydrothermal activity is concentrated in the cirques of Cilaos and Salazie, along the N30 rift zone and inside a supposed caldera. Recharge is meteoric, local, plurennial and mainly comes from cyclones. There is no hydraulic connection between the two cirques, and barely with the ocean. Thermal waters interact with mantellic CO2, other more superficial magmatic gases (inside the edifice or at its base) and differentiated rocks. Geochemical geothermometers indicate a water-rock interaction temperature of above 210°C. The hydrothermal system of Piton des Neiges thus reaches computed temperatures compatible with high temperature geothermal use. Our work steers the next exploratory steps toward the geologic structures associated with the supposed caldera and the rift zone. Their geometry, their hydrodynamic property and their relation with the heat source will be decisive in the choice of a drilling site
Taillefer, Audrey. « Interactions entre tectonique et hydrothermalisme : rôle de la faille normale de la Têt sur la circulation hydrothermale et la distribution des sources thermales des Pyrénées Orientales ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT118/document.
Texte intégralNon-magmatic hydrothermal systems in mountain ranges are poorly studied compared to extensive ones. They likely involve similar processes than those highlighted for other hydro-geothermal continental systems, however questions remain about : 1) the water origin and the structures responsible for efficient infiltrations, 2) the type of pathways from depth to the hot springs, and the conservation of the draining capacity, 3) the geometry and amplitude of the thermal anomalies and subsequent fluid-rock interactions in the deep transfer zone.In Eastern Pyrénées (France), the alignment of 29 hot springs (29-73°C) along the brittle Têt fault and its related high topography allows studying these processes.The integrative analysis of remote sensing, multi-scale geological field observations and hydrothermal fluid geochemistry, provides strong constraints to establish a realistic 3D numerical model coupling heat transfers with fluid flows. From the infiltration areas to the springs at the surface, we show that :1. The hydrothermal fluids have a meteoric origin and infiltrate at high altitude (>2200 m). Three intersecting fracture sets, resulting from three consecutive tectonic stages, pervasively distribute on the infiltration areas. They probably are efficient structures to transfer fluids through the crust to the hot springs.2. Hot springs are mostly located close to the Têt fault, in its footwall, at the base of the most elevated topography. They always localize in crystalline rocks, at the interface with metasediments, related to unfaulted or faulted contacts by brittle or old ductile faults. Hot spring locations also match with intersections of brittle-fault damage zones.3. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids indicates similar rock-water interactions for all the springs, suggesting a transfer zone of similar lithology. There is no mixing with superficial water, suggesting that differences of temperatures between hot springs are related to multiple pathways deriving from a thermal anomaly. In numerical models, flows mainly come from high reliefs in the fault footwall, or circulate along the fault plane. Hot spring temperatures depend on the temperature reached at depth, which depends on the flow depth. Flow distribution in the crust depends on the topography, both of the fault scarp and along the fault. The tops of the topography are infiltration areas, while low elevations are resurgence areas.The understanding of fault and topography-related hydrothermal systems has strong implications for thermalism and for geothermal exploration
Lossouarn, Julien. « Découverte et caractérisation des premiers virus de Thermotogales (bactéries thermophiles et anaérobies) issus de sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes ». Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0058/document.
Texte intégralOur knowledge of the viral diversity associated to procaryotic microorganisms inhabiting the deep sea hydrothermal vents is still limited. Only few studies have focused on viral abundance and impact on microbial mortality within these ecosystems. A limited number of viruses from these environments were isolated and characterized. Two viruses, PAV1 and TPV1, associated to hyperthermophilic anaerobic Archaea, Thermococcales order, have ever been described in our laboratory. The topic of this phD thesis was to extend our investigation to other deep sea vent microorganisms in order to deepen our knowledge on the marine hydrothermal virosphere. We decided to focus more precisely on the bacterial order of Thermotogales. This order is composed of anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria that are, for almost, hyper/thermophilic. They share the same ecological niche as the Thermococcales and are metabolically close. Numerous lateral gene transfers have contributed to the evolutionary history of the Thermotogales, implying the potential involvement of viruses. The presence of CRISPRs has also been reported in many genomes, suggesting that Thermotogales certainly are or have been exposed to viral infections. However, up till now, only 3 miniplasmids have been described within Thermotogales and no viruses. Fifty strains of Thermotogales, mostly from the LM2E culture collection (Ifremer and “UBOCC”), were screened for the presence of potential bacteriovirus. Extrachromosomal DNA elements, including 2 plasmids and 7 bacterioviruses (siphovirus-like), were discovered amongst strains belonging to both Thermosipho and Marinitoga genera. Preliminary studies were performed on these elements and one of the new virus-host systems was characterized in details. MPV1 (Marinitoga piezophila virus 1) is a temperate siphovirus-like isolated from a piezophilic bacterium, it is the first bacteriovirus associated to the Thermotogales order. This host strain is piezophilic but easily cultivable at atmospheric pressure after several subcultures. Whether most experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure, the viral production appeared to be effective at hydrostatic pressure. We reported the analyses of the complete sequence of the MPV1 genome (43.7 kb, extracted from purified virions) and its comparison to the provirus present in the sequenced genome of Marinitoga piezophila KA3. Analyses of the viral genome suggested a close evolutionary relationship of MPV1 to Firmicutes bacterioviruses .We also reported that this bacteriovirus shares its host with a circular extrachromosomal genetic element of 13.3 kb (pMP1). This ‘ménage à trois’ is surprising in the sense where the 13.3kb element, that contains 13 ORFs of mostly unknown function, uses the viral capsid to propagate. Therefore, it would likely correspond to a new example of molecular piracy
Llanos, Villarreal Jenny A. « Comportement vis-à-vis des métaux lourds de micro-organismes thermophiles isoles d'un site hydrothermal profond ». Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2021.
Texte intégralGeary, Ryan D. « A review of offshore wind technology and the development of the Virginia coastline and outer continental shelf / ». Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (1.84 MB), 2009. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2009/Masters/Geary_RyanD/gearyrd_masters_12-10-2009_01.pdf.
Texte intégralWilson, Adelyn Lorraine McKenzie. « Sources and method of the Institutions of the law of Scotland by Sir James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, with specific reference to the law of obligations ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6205.
Texte intégralSoltanmohammadi, Azam. « Sources du magmatisme alcaline dans le plateau turco-iranien : un lien avec la dynamique des lithosphères stagnantes dans la zone de transition du manteau ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30070/document.
Texte intégralContinental alkaline lavas are volatile-rich mantle derived magmas erupted either in orogenic setting, close to subduction zones, or in intracontinental setting far away from any active subduction zone. Their genesis involves partial melting of mantle sources either at shallow depths (< 150 km) or either at greater depths (> 150 km) down to the top of the Mantle Transition Zone. In the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, alkaline lavas younger than 80 Ma have geochemical signatures pointing to both types, i.e. subduction-influenced and intraplate (Oceanic Island Basalt-like). Based on SiO2 content and alkalinity index, the lavas can be grouped into three main types, group I, II and II. Groups I and II are ultrapotassic-potassic and sodic alkaline lavas with subduction-influenced and Oceanic Island Basalt-like chemical patterns, respectively whereas group III lavas have a transient composition between high-K calc-alkaline to calc-alkaline series with subduction-influenced chemical patterns. Particularly the Salavat Range, located in NW Iran, is characterised by lavas (flow, pillow structures dykes) displaying an abundant population of zoned clinopyroxene macrocrysts. A combination of mineral chemistry of the zoning patterns with the bulk rock major and trace element features evidence that the different populations of zoned clinopyroxene are representative of melts of group I and/or II. Our synthesis of the most recent available seismic tomography images show the presence of a large set of elliptic, ~100 km size, low velocities bodies, we named "Compaction pockets", scattered from ~400 km up to ~ 100 km depth. A model is developed showing that the low velocity of the compaction pockets result from the percolation and concentration into large pockets of volatile-rich melt liberated at ~ 410 km depth in the "Big Mantle Wedge". It is shown to result from interaction of volatile-rich melts with the surrounding mantle at a temperature ~100-200 °C lower than the usual sub-continental mantle adiabat, which eventually results in the precipitation of hydrated and carbonated mineral phases at ~8-6.5 GPa, partial melting of metasomatized mantle at 6.5 down to 4 GPa and finally in the precipitation of hydrated/carbonated phases below 4 GPa. Melt extraction occurs via swarm of dykes triggered when the top of the compaction pocket successively crosses these critical depths: ~240 km (8GPa), ~165 km (5.5 GPa) and ~135 km (4.5 GPa). It is shown that the three groups of lavas (group I, II and III) may be linked to these three successive melt extraction events. Strikingly, the clinopyroxene zonings recorded in the Salavat Range lavas may be representative of group I melt transported by a dyke generated at 240 km depth which pond close to the spinel-garnet mantle transition and eventually partially crystalized there. About 0.3 Ma later, when a 135 km deep dyke transporting a group II melt crosses that last interface, it traps partially crystalized assemblage of group I melt. Thereafter, the couple of mantle-derived melts may pound in a cold horizon where they simultaneously solidify and can explain the formation of clinopyroxene zonings in equilibrium with different alkaline melts
Husson, Bérengère. « Fonctionnement et dynamique des écosystèmes hydrothermaux : vers un premier modèle ». Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0008/document.
Texte intégralIn nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability
Liotard, Jean-Michel. « Contribution au problème de l'origine des basaltes alcalins fractionnement haute pression, caractérisation des zones sources, comparaison entre domaine océanique, Polynésie française, et domaine continental, Hoggar algérien, Massif central français / ». Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376152815.
Texte intégralMandon, Perrine. « Origines et évolution de lignées hydrothermales ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS467.
Texte intégralThe originality of the hydrothermal vents fauna led to the classification of some organisms under new high taxonomic ranks. However, previous molecular studies reassigned them to known lineages, leading to major reductions in such ranking. Classically in phylogenetic studies, optimizing both taxonomic sampling and molecular markers is challenging. This Ph.D project illustrates this limitation, but still provides breakthroughs in the understanding of the origin and evolution of three hydrothermal taxa. In Polynoidae worms, the multigenic approach, led on a large taxonomic and ecological sampling, indicates at least two colonization events of hydrothermal vents. However, the limited resolution of these markers for deep nodes prevented the clear understanding of such events. A similar limitation was previously encountered for Alvinocarididae shrimp and Bythograeidae crabs families in their respective infra-orders (Caridea and Brachyura). Here, two approaches aiming to search and identify markers were tested on these groups. The first one, based on the sequencing of the mitochondrial genome (easily generalizable), resolves deep nodes in Brachyura, and places the available Bythograeidae species near the Xanthidae. The second, based on transcriptome sequencing, allows the identification of molecular markers conserved enough to resolve inter-familial relationships in Caridea. Although this approach is less generalizable, the identified markers could be targeted a posteriori on a wide taxonomic scale using marker-specific probes
Machon, Julia. « Sensory adaptations in shrimp from deep hydrothermal vents : Comparison of chemo‐ and thermo-sensory abilities in the vent species Mirocaris fortunata and the coastal species Palaemon elegans ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS145/document.
Texte intégralAlvinocaridid shrimp are an emblematic taxon at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, but how they locate active vents and detect their habitat is still enigmatic. They might use the chemical and thermal signatures of the hydrothermal fluid as orientation cues. The chemo- and thermosensory abilities of the hydrothermal species Mirocaris fortunata and the coastal species Palaemon elegans were investigated using various approaches. Structural features of the peripheral and central nervous system were used as rough estimates of their olfactory abilities. The co-ionotropic receptor IR25a, involved in chemodetection, was identified and located in the antennal appendages. A new electroantennography method was developed to test the detection of hydrothermal fluid chemicals. Several attraction tests were conducted at atmospheric and in situ pressure to investigate the behavior of the vent and shallow-water species when exposed to a food odor, sulfide and warm temperatures. Altogether, these results provide advances in the knowledge of the chemosensory biology of vent shrimp, and a substantial background for future researches on sensory adaptations to the hydrothermal environment
Thiébaud, Emilie. « Fonctionnement d'un système hydrothermal associé à un contact tectonique alpin (La Léchère, Savoie) : apport de l'hydrogéologie, de la géochimie et de la modélisation hydrodynamique et thermique en vue de la gestion de la ressource ». Chambéry, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS004.
Texte intégralHe La léchère hydrothermal system is studied with an interdisciplinary approach associating (1) geology, (2) hydrodynamic, (3) hydrogeochemistry and (4) hydrodynamic and thermic modeling. (1) The strike-slip thrust at the contact between the carbonated cover and micaschists of the crystalline basement, is underlined by discontinuous tectonic slices of Triassic evaporites. At the intersection between this contact and the Isere valley, thermal waters diffuse in a glacial basin through an old rock avalanche, identified by the re-interpretation of previous drilling descriptions. (2) The system is characterized by a decompressed zone where shallow circulations are located; this zone is considered to be an overflow of the deep system. The global system is recharged by diffuse meteoric infiltration and by losses along the Eau Rousse torrent. In the discharge area, flows will be ascending as long as the level of the deep aquifer will stay higher than that of the shallow aquifer. (3) During their flow path, thermal and triassic shallow waters interact with dolomite, cargneules and gypsum (Ca, S04 and Mg). Thermal waters differ from triassic waters due to a deep flow path of several thousands years and interaction with halite (CI), metamorphic (Si, K exchange Ca/Na) and Permocarboniferous rocks (organic matter, H2S) before mixing with shallow waters of the discharge area. (4) Hydrodynamic and thermic modeling shows that hot waters are flushed towards the valley by flow re-activation at the beginning of the last deglaciation. Thermal resource exploitation accelerates the natural cooling of the thermal aquifer. However, this acceleration is not observed during the last 10 years of monitoring
Durand, Lucile. « Étude de la diversité des peuplements épibiontes associés au tractus digestif de la crevette hydrothermale Rimicaris exoculata : une possible association mutualiste ». Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2004.
Texte intégralIn the deep-sea hydrothermal vents ecosystems, the driving energy comes from the microbial chemosynthesis. Symbioses between invertebrates and micro-organisms are common. They could be associations such as parasitism, commensalism or mutualism or even obligate symbioses and they could play distinct roles. The caridean shrimp Rimicaris exoculata is an endemic species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal sites. It is the main specie of the megafauna of some MAR sites. This crustacean harbors two microbial colonization regions, in the gill chamber and in the gut, but their roles are still unknown. Using various approaches, this work showed that there were distinct microbial communities among which a part would be resident and specific to R. Exoculata. This community is composed of Deferribacteres, Mollicutes and Epsilonproteobacteria. The microscopic approaches revealed the dominance of a single filamentous morphotype closely associated with the gut epithelium. Its settlement and growth seemed to be managed by the host. The molecular approaches showed that: (1) the Rainbow site epibionts harbored a phylogenetic particularity suggesting an ancient evolutionnary history whereas the Logatchev and Ashadzé seemed to have been colonized more recently by the association host-epibionts, (2) the epibionts, not retrieved in the surrounding environment and clustering i a monophyletic group along the MAR, could be vertically-transmitted, and (3) the association between R. Exoculata and the epibionts could be mutualistic and obligate. So, this research study gave the bases to understand the R. Exoculata symbiotic model
Thiroux, Sarah. « Etudes des interactions entre virus et hôtes archéens hydrothermaux hyperthermophiles Two viruses, MCV1 and MCV2, which infect Marinitoga bacteria isolated from deep‐sea hydrothermal vents : functional and genomic analysis, in Environmental microbiology 20(2), 2018 ». Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2019/These-2019-SML-Microbiologie-THIROUX_Sarah.pdf.
Texte intégralDespite the importance of viruses in the diversity, adaptation, and evolution of microbial communities, the virosphere of deep-sea hydrothermal vents remains poorly characterized. To date, only 10 viruses isolated from deep sea hydrothermal vents, including 8 bacterial viruses and 2 archaeal viruses, have been described. In this context, this thesis work focused on gaining insights into the viral interactions with deep-sea autotrophic archaeal component. We aimed to characterize viruses of methanogens, which are abundant primary producers in these hydrothermal environments. MFV1, the first hyperthermophilic head-tail virus described, was isolated from Methanocaldococcus fervens, a hyperthermophilic methanogen from hydrothermal sediments. A functional and genomic characterization of this new siphovirus was conducted.The infectivity of MFV1 was demonstrated on Methanocaldococcus species. The plasmid pMEFER01, carried by M. fervens, can also be packaged in viral capsids. The study of other viruses of hyperthermophilic and hydrothermal methanogens was initiated. M. vulcanius produced head-tailed virions whereas those isolated from M. jannaschii had a particular morphology (stem-loops). In parallel, the study of a lemon-shaped virus, infecting Thermococcus thioreducens, permits to take an interest on another archaeal order, which is wellrepresented in marine hydrothermal systems.Surprisingly, this virus seemed capable of infecting hyperthermophilic methanogens. The characterization of new host-virus systems but also of interactions with different mobile genetic elements (plasmids, vesicles) expanding knowledge about the abyssal mobilome
Birien, Tiphaine. « Génétique et génomique des microorganismes piézophiles des sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes : adaptation aux hautes pressions hydrostatiques chez l'archée piézo-hyperthermophile : Thermococcus barophilus, apport de la génétique et impact des hydrogénases ». Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0018.
Texte intégralThe deep sea representing a significant portion of the terrestrial biosphere but still very little studied and many questions remain about organisms that live in this ecosystems including their diversity and adaptibility. At this depth Hydrostatic pressure is the major physical parameter. In this study, physiological adaptations to HHP were investigated after genetic deletion of hydrogenase clusters in T.barophilus. This archea piezo-hyperthermophilic was isolated at 3550m from a hydrothermal vent site; indeed, previous transcriptomic experimented have highlighted the over-expression of genes encoding hydrogenases under sub and supra-optimal HHP using the recent genetic system available for this archaeon. This gene disruption system is based on single and double crossover events to obtain makerless deletion mutants and used simvastatin and 6-MP for selection and counterselection respectively. In this study we developped firstly a new way of selection for the genetic disruption system using 6-methylpurine for negative selection. This method was then used to delete two cytoplasmic sulfhydrogenases (SHI and SHII) and membrane bound hydrogenases (Mbh, Mbh-Codh, Mbx). Using 6-methylpurine for negative selection to inverted the rate of false positives pop-out clones from 80% obtained with 5-FOA to 10% and the first phenotypic studies of mutants strains under HHP show the impact of hydrogenase on culture growth and hydrogen production
Amann, Méderic. « Evolution du magmatisme et du métasomatisme dans une marge passive pauvre en magma durant l'initiation de l'accrétion océanique : exemple de la marge fossile de la Platta (Alpes suisses) et comparaison avec le système actuel Ibérie-Terre Neuve ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH014/document.
Texte intégralDistal parts of magma-poor rifted margins represent a complex transition between continental and oceanic domains. These areas remain poorly understood while being a key-place to unravel magmatic and metasomatic processes involved during the first stages of oceanization. At this time, these processes are enhanced by mantle exhumation, and the interaction between melts, mantle rocks and fluids affect the thermal regime of the margin. So far, only two Ocean-Continent Transitions (OCT) have been particularly investigated, namely the present-day Iberia Newfoundland conjugate margins and the fossil analog Platta-Tasna nappes, remnants of the Jurassic Alpine-Tethys OCTs. Studies presented in this Ph.D. thesis have been focused on these two margins. Here, by combining field-works, petrological, mineralogical and geochemical investigations, we have unraveled in OCTs three key-points: (i) The deep porous-flow melt percolation impregnating the long-lived inherited subcontinental mantle in Iberia-Newfoundland margins allow the refertilization of these distal domains; (ii) The geochemical transition depicted from OCT-basalts towards MOR-basalts can be explained by the partial melting of the refertilized subcontinental mantle; (iii) The role of active hydrothermal fluids, on both the exhumed mantle and basalt dikes, lead to the serpentinisation and the rodingitization respectively, at temperature ranging between 60°C and 190°C. These temperatures being consistent with the ongoing mantle exhumation towards near-seafloor conditions
Ben, Aissa Fatma. « Ecologie microbienne des systèmes hydrothermaux marins alcalins de la baie de Prony (Nouvelle-Calédonie) ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4760.
Texte intégralWe studied the microbial ecology of an alkaline hydrothermal submarine shallow field (0-50 m) located in Prony Bay (PHF) in the south of New Caledonia (SW Pacific) similar to the deep alkaline hydrothermal site (800m) of Lost City (LCHF) (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Similarly to LCHF, PHF is an ultramafic hydrothermal system functioning on the basis of serpentinization reactions of the mantle rocks, releasing anoxic, highly alkaline fluids (to pH 11) rich in calcium, and in dissolved hydrogen and methane. The Prony hydrothermal field (PHF) is characterized by large carbonate chimneys emitting fluids with temperatures not exceeding 40 °C. Molecular approaches revealed a prevalence of Bacteria (Firmicutes, Deltaproteobacteria…) over Archaea (Methanosarcinales). Regarding microbial cultures, they were unsuccessful for most major trophic groups (sulfate-reducing bacteria, methanogens) with the exception of fermentative representatives of the phylum Firmicutes. Two novel bacteria belonging to this phylum were isolated. They include (i) Vallitalea pronyensis which is likely associated with hydrothermal vents and (ii) Alkaliphilus hydrothermalis which should be indigenous to alkaline fluids emitted from chimneys since its growth optimal physicochemical conditions match those of fluids. These two bacteria represent the first anaerobic microorganisms isolated from alkaline hydrothermal serpentinized systems so far
Tilliette, Chloé. « Influence du fer et autres éléments traces issus des sources hydrothermales peu profondes sur la biogéochimie marine dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS046.
Texte intégralThe Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean has been identified as a hotspot for dinitrogen (N2) fixation by diazotrophic organisms, with some of the highest rates recorded in the global ocean. The success of these species relies on non-limiting concentrations of dissolved iron (DFe) in the photic layer of the region, whose origin remains unclear. In this thesis work, the distribution of DFe was studied along a 6100-km transect from Noumea to the gyre waters, crossing the Lau Basin and the Tonga Arc (175°E to 166°W, along 19-21°S). Combined with an optimal multiparametric water mass analysis, DFe anomalies were determined over the transect area, the most notable being present along the Tonga Arc. The results demonstrated that water masses of remote origin entering the Lau Basin could not explain the concentrations observed at the surface in this region, leading to the confident conclusion that DFe originates from shallow hydrothermal sources present along the arc. Although a non-negligeable portion of this DFe input is transported over long distances, a large majority is rapidly removed near the sources through a variety of processes highlighted by a box model. Besides iron, hydrothermal fluids are enriched in numerous other metals that may be toxic to organisms. These fluids, introduced directly into the photic layer, could have an impact on phytoplankton. Their effect was evaluated in an innovative experiment during which natural plankton communities were subjected to an enrichment gradient of hydrothermal fluids. Despite an initial toxic effect of a few days, hydrothermal inputs ultimately induced N2 fixation, productivity and organic matter export rates two to three times higher than those of the non-enriched control. This fertilizing effect probably results from the detoxification of the environment, rich in numerous potentially toxic elements, by resistant ecotypes able to produce strong ligands, such as thiols, limiting the bioavailability of certain metals. The additional supply of fertilizing elements by the fluids, in particular DFe, thus allowed the subsequent growth of the most sensitive species. These experimental results, faithfully reproducing the in-situ observations, confirm the involvement of shallow hydrothermal fluids in the high productivity observed in the region. Hydrothermal sources could be traced at different spatial and temporal scales through the deployment of drifting (for a few days, along the Tonga Arc) and fixed (for a year, along the Lau Ridge) sediment traps and through the coring of seafloor sediments at the trap deployment sites (geological time scale). Al-Fe-Mn tracing revealed that the lithogenic material exported at small and large spatial scales in the region originated from shallow and/or deep hydrothermal sources located along the Tonga Arc. This hydrothermal signature has also been detected in the seafloor sediments, particularly in the vicinity of the Lau Ridge where the presence of a major active source is strongly suspected. Finally, the similar patterns observed for the export of biological and hydrothermal particles suggest that surface production is closely linked to hydrothermal inputs into the photic layer. In conclusion, this thesis work has demonstrated the influence of shallow hydrothermal sources on the fate of trace elements, particularly iron, in the water column and seafloor sediments, and their link to biological productivity in the Western Tropical South Pacific region
Brun, Pierre-Guillaume. « Évolution de la thermophilie au sein de la lignée des annélides polychètes Alvinellidae ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS130.
Texte intégralThe Alvinellidae (Annelida : Terebelliformia) are a species family endemic to deep hydrothermal vents from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Since the discovery of the emblematic species Alvinella pompejana, the Pompeii worm, these animals have aroused the interest of the scientific community. Although hydrothermal vents are extreme environments (strong temperature gradients, absence of photosynthesis, anoxy, presence of various metals and sulphides due to the percolation of hydrothermal fluid into the basaltic crust, acid pH), the Alvinellidae have managed to colonise a variety of ecological niches and show great morphological, physiological and genetic diversity, both between and within species. In this thesis, we were notably interested in the adaptations that enable these worms to cope with contrasting thermal regimes. A. pompejana, for example, is thermophilic, surviving at temperatures close to 50°C. Other species, however, such as Paralvinella grasslei, are psychrophilic, living further from hydrothermal chimneys at temperatures between 10 and 25°C. More specifically, we studied the acquisition of thermophilia/psychrophilia during the evolution of the lineage, in an attempt to characterize the thermal phenotype of the ancestor of the Alvinellidae. To this end, we have established the molecular phylogeny of the Alvinellidae, based on molecular transcriptomic data recovered for eleven of the fourteen species in the family during several scientific campaigns. This initial result points to an ancestor dating from the end of the Cretaceous (between 60 and 90 million years ago), already present in the hydrothermal vents of the eastern Pacific. The radiation of the Alvinellidae was a quick event, within a few million years, resulting in several species with high rates of incomplete lineage sorting and showing traces of high interspecific introgression. The results of this phylogeny enabled us to establish a model to construct statistical proposals of proteins belonging to the ancestors of the lineage. Three proteins were chosen, namley the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and an intracellular hemoglobin, for reconstruction, expression and experimental characterisation. For ectothermic organisms such as the Alvinellidae, proteins from thermophilic species are expected to be on average more stable at high temperatures compared to their counterparts from psychrophilic species. These ancestral reconstructions allowed us to conclude that the ancestor of the lineage was a worm that was already adapted to warm environments, and that psychrophily of modern-day alvinellid species is a derived character acquired more recently. Finally, I looked at the optimisation of models for reconstructing ancestral protein sequences. These models are based on the diversity of contemporary sequences and their phylogenetic relationships. I tried to implement these approaches using two types of additional information : those linked to sequence insertion/deletion events, and those regarding the evolution of secondary structures of proteins and temporal variability of the expected frequencies of residues at different protein positions. I show that the introduction of these last two types of parameters into ASR methods is beneficial and leads to models with better likelihoods. However, the optimisation of these models, which are necessarily probabilistic, does not guarantee a better result for the experimenter, and the limits of these models to estimate the uncertainty of the inferred ancestral sequences are discussed
Dlabajová, Lucie. « Příprava tobermoritu ». Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-432969.
Texte intégralMethou, Pierre. « Lifecycles of two hydrothermal vent shrimps from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge : Rimicaris exoculata and Rimicaris chacei : Embryonic development, larva dispersal, recruitment, reproduction & ; symbioses acquisition Is It First the Egg or the Shrimp ? – Diversity and variation in microbial communities colonizing broods of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata during embryonic development, in Frontiers in Microbiology, April 2019 ». Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0086.
Texte intégralDeep hydrothermal vent ecosystems are dense oases of life, which are mainly sustained by chemosynthetic primary production carried out by microorganisms, some of which are involved in symbioses with key dominant vent taxa. In this ephemeral and patchy habitat, endemic vent species face a double challenge: a dispersal phase through environments radically different from their vent biotope, and the transmission of symbionts that are essential to colonize vent systems. Rimicaris shrimps dominate communities of deep vent fields of the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Here, the study of two species, R. exoculata and R. chacei, living in sympatry, allows us to address issues related to their life cycle and the development of their symbiotic relationships, to understand what may explain the apparent difference in their colonization success. In embryonic life stages, the study of bacterial proliferation in R. exoculata suggests a possible early transmission of certain symbiotic lines.After reassessing juvenile stages taxonomy of both species of Rimicaris, different aspects of their demographic structure, reproduction and trophic transition during juvenile development towards a nutrition involving bacterial chemosynthesis were analyzed through a variety of approaches. The results highlight differences in both larval life and post-recruitment processes. The advances achieved here also open new research avenues to bridge remaining gaps still preventing a comprehensive understanding of their life cycle, while emphasizing the importance of placing this knowledge in the perspective of the colonization history of deep-sea vents by extending our approach to related species origination from other parts of the world
Piquet, Bérénice. « La flexibilité des symbioses entre bivalves et bactéries chimiotrophes : mécanismes, régulation et résilience ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS357.
Texte intégralSymbiosis between mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus and sulfur-oxidizing and methanotrophic bacteria located in their gills enables these bivalves to live in harsh environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents. This symbiosis is flexible, as the abundance of each symbiont varies according to the available chemical substrata. Our goal was to investigate mechanisms underlying this flexibility based on experiments in vessels, pressurized or not. Cell proliferation in gills, monitored by immunolabelling of mitosis markers and by in vivo incorporation of synthetic nucleotides, showed multiplication areas in the ciliated zone and the dorsal region of the gills. Apoptosis, quantified by specific labelling, shows that Bathymodiolus gills display a higher apoptotic rate than coastal mussels without symbionts. Bacteriocytes with a low symbiont content are most frequently undergoing apoptosis, which invalidates the hypothesis of a direct regulation of the quantity of symbionts by apoptosis. The comparison with the coastal mussel Mytilus edulis enabled us to show an high cell turnover rate in the ciliated zone of Bathymodiolus, a possible adaptation to symbiosis and to the environment. The mussel gills maintained whithout substrates for the symbionts changed, and ended up displaying similarities with those of coastal mussels. Bathymodiolus releases little amounts of both types of symbionts, This could facilitate lateral transmission of the symbionts to neighbouring mussels. This first integrative approach of the mechanisms involved in symbiosis flexibility opens new perspectives on the way hosts and symbionts interact
Cruaud, Perrine. « Influence des communautés microbiennes sédimentaires sur la répartition faunistique dans les sites hydrothermaux et les zones d'émissions de fluides froids du bassin de Guaymas ». Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0059/document.
Texte intégralWhereas the deep-sea environment is often considered to be a desert, hydrothermal vents andcold seeps provide “oases” of biological activity on the ocean floor. Vent and seep ecosystems support complex food webs based on microbial chemoautotrophic primary production. These hydrothermal vent and cold seeps ecosystems both release hydrocarbon- and sulfide-rich fluids,fueling various surface assemblages such as mat-forming giant bacteria or symbiont-bearinginvertebrates (e.g. bivalves, tubeworms). In the Guaymas Basin, the nearby presence at a few tens of kilometers of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents coupled with comparable sedimentary settings and depths offer a unique opportunity to assess and compare the microbial community composition of these ecosystems. Tobetter understand their overall functioning, we studied sedimentary microbial communities associated with cold seep and hydrothermal vent areas in the Guaymas Basin. The diversity of microbial communities inhabiting sediments was studied using high throughput sequencing (454pyrosequencing), combined with complementary approaches, such as FISH and quantitative PCR. This study reveals that sediments found in the Guaymas Basin were colonized by microbial communities typically found in these types of ecosystems. Our results revealed a high similarity between microbial communities composition associated with the cold seep and hydrothermal vent areas as a probable consequence of the sedimentary context. Nonetheless, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic lineages (e.g.: Thermodesulfobacteria, Desulfurococcales, etc) were exclusively identified in hydrothermally influenced sediments highlighting the strong influence of temperature gradients and other hydrothermally-related factors on microbial community composition. Furthermore, sediments populated by different surface assemblages show distinct porewater geochemistry features and are associated with distinct microbial communities. Indeed, in the sediments underlying microbial mats characterized by high methane porewater concentrations,microbial communities were dominated by anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME), known to produce sulfide which provides high fluxes of sulfide to the seafloor. In contrast, sediment associated microbial communities underlying faunal assemblages were characterized by a lower biomass and lower methane porewater concentrations in sediments, limiting porewater sulfide concentrations. Without elevated and toxic sulfide concentrations, faunal assemblages can colonize the surface. Together, geochemical and microbial surveys indicate that porewater methane concentrations play an important role in the microbial community structure and subsequently in the establishment of the surface colonizers. Furthermore, presence and activity of the surface colonizers influence the underlying microbial communities probably because of modification of energy source availabilities. Finally, the existence of similar microbial populations between the two ecosystems also raises the question of their dispersal mechanisms. Our results support the hypothesis of a potential continuity among deep-sea ecosystems. In absence of physical borders, environmental conditions (temperature, specific compounds associated withhydrothermal fluids) might select specific and highly adapted microorganisms from the pool of microorganisms dispersed globally across the seafloor
Hernández, Ávila Iván. « Dispersion larvaire et cycle de vie dans les environnements hydrothermaux profonds : le cas de Rimicaris exoculata et d'espèces proches ». Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0086/document.
Texte intégralDeep-water hydrothermal vent host high-biomass communities based on chemoautotrophy supported by the metabolic activity of free-living and symbiotic bacteria associated to invertebrates, especially megafauna. Knowledge on the mechanisms of dispersal and the life cycle of vent species is essential to our understanding of the vent communities in terms of distribution, structure and temporal variation. In this study, I present some advances regarding the dispersal and life cycle of a dominant species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) vent ecosystems, the alvinocaridid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, and other related species. The methodological approaches applied include morphological descriptions of larvae, analysis of population biology and reproduction, and molecular genetics for species identification, phylogenetic reconstructions, population genetics and bacterial diversity. Most observations and studies presented here were conducted on samples collected in January-February 2014, during the BICOSE cruise on the MAR.Based on the analysis of Zoea I larvae of four species (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae andAlvinocaris muricola), we conclude that the alvinocaridid first larval stage is lecitotrophic with extended development, allowing large dispersal without external food requirement. A bathypelagical larval dispersal and a shift to a planktotrophic stage during the larval period is proposed. In terms of population biology, collections performed at the TAG and Snake Pit vent fields show variations in the population structure among habitats, according to sex and life stage. Large aggregations of shrimps found close of the vent emission comprise mostly females and young individuals, whereas scattered adults found at the vent periphery were mostly males. Multiple cohorts were found in both vents fields, denoting a discontinuous recruitment. Brooding females were observed in significant numbers close to the vent emission, which contrasts with their constant lack in previous field studies and suggests a seasonal reproduction with a brooding period the winter season. In addition, differences in the reproductive effort were detected between vent fields, including egg number, egg size and proportion of aborted females. The egg surface of R. exoculata is colonized by episymbiotic bacteria. Cloning approaches show that the bacterial assemblages on eggs seem to be specific, suggesting their symbiotic role, and evolve according to the egg development. The bacterial assemblages on eggs and their variation during the embryonic development remind the episymbiotic communities found in the branchial chamber of adults, suggesting similar detoxification or nutrition role. In other Rimicaris species, questions about life cycle, vent connectivity and speciation have been raised recently. Genetic studies suggest that two species with contrasting distribution, morphology and ecology, R. hybisae and R. chacei, are the same species. This question is related also with the source of a massive recruitment of R. chacei found at TAG vent field, despite the low density of adults. Analysis of population genetics and phylogenetic reconstructions with multiple genes show that R. chacei and R. hybisae are separate lineages with recent or undergoing speciation. These species, as R. exoculata and other alvinocaridids, show a genetic population model associated with a migration pool. An extended larval period could contribute to the wide dispersal and high genetic flow between populations. Implications of these findings and perspectives of future research are discussed in terms of additional experiments and field sampling required to characterize the larval period of alvinocaridids, the variations of symbiosis of the different life stages and sexes inhabiting different habitats, the quantitative and functional characterization of the episymbiosis on eggs, and the evolutionary processes associated with the speciation in Rimicaris
Las emisiones hidrotermales profundas albergan comunidades de elevada biomasa basadas en quimioautotrofía, soportadas por la actividad metabólica de bacterias de vida libre y bacterias simbiontes asociadas a invertebrados marinos, especialmente megafauna. El conocimiento de los mecanismos de dispersión y el ciclo de vida de las especies de ambientes hidrotermales es escencial para comprender los procesos ecológicos de ambientes hidrotermales asociados a la distribución, la estructura comunitaria y la variación temporal. En este estudio, presento algunos avances relacionados a la dispersión y el ciclo de vida de una especie dominante de los sistemas de emision hidrotermal de la dorsal medioatlántica. La aproximaciones metodológicas aplicadas en este estudio incluyen el estudio de la morfología larvaria, el análisis de la biologia poblacional y de la reproducciôn, así como genética molecular con fines de identificación, reconstructión filogenética, genética de poblaciones y análisis de diversidad de bacterias. La mayoría de las observaciones y análisis presentados en el presente estudio fueron realizados con muestras colectadas en enero y febrero de 2014 durante el crucero oceanográfico BICOSE en la dorsal medioatlántica (campos TAG y Snake Pit). El análisis morfológico de la larva Zoea I de cuatro especies (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae y Alvinocaris muricola) permite concluir que el primer estadio larvario de la familia Alvinocarididae es lecitotrôfico con una duración del desarrollo extendida, permitiendo la dispersión a grandes distancias sin requerimiento de una fuente externa de nutrición. Se propone para estas especies una dispersión batipelágica y un cambio a un estadio planctotrófico durante el periodo larvario. En relación a la biología poblacional, fue observada una variación en la estructura poblacional entre hábitats en relación al sexo y el estado de desarrollo.Las agregaciones densas de camarones encontradas cerca de las emisiones hidrotermales están compuestas principales de hembras y juveniles, mientras la mayoría de adultos dispersos encontrados en la periferia de las chimeneas fueron machos. Varias cohortes de tallas fueron identificadas en ambas poblaciones, lo cual denota un reclutamiento discontinuo. Una gran cantidad de hembras ovígeras fueron observadas cerca de la emisión hidrotermal, lo cual contrasta con la casi completa ausencia de hembras ovígeras en muestreos previos y sugiere una reproducción estacional con incubación y desove durante el invierno. La superficie de los huevos de R.exoculata está colonizada por bacterias episimbiontes. Los análisis de clonación muestran que los ensambles bacterianos parecen ser específicos, lo cual sugiere una relación simbiótica. Además estos ensambles cambian en relación al desarrollo embrionario. Los ensambles de bacterias observados en los huevos son similares a las comunidades episimbiontes encontradas en la cámara branquial de los adultos, sugiriendo la ocurrencia de procesos de detoxificación o nutrición similares. En otras especies del género Rimicaris, interrogantes en relación al ciclo de vida, la conectividad entre sistemas hidrotermales y la especiación han surgido recientemente. Estudios genéticos sugieren que dos especies alopátricas y con diferencias en morfología y ecología, R. hybisae y R. chacei representan una especie única. Esta hipótesis se encuentra relacionada además con el origen de un reclutamiento masivo de R. chacei encontrado en el campo TAG, a pesar de la baja densidad de adultos. Análisis de genética poblacional y reconstrucciones filogenéticas utilizando varios genes muestran que R. chacei y R. hybisae son linajes separados producto de una especiación reciente o en proceso. Estas especies, al igual que R. exoculata y otros alvinocarídidos, muestran patrones de conectividad asociados al modelo de migración colectiva (migration pool). Implicaciones de estos hallazgos y perspectivas de futuras […]
Mezon, Cécile. « Caractérisation des circulations thermo-convectives à l'échelle d'une zone fracturée par méthodes géophysiques et numériques ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0002/document.
Texte intégralThe characterization of thermo-convective circulations in natural environments is particularly studied especially for geothermal applications. This characterization corresponds to two issues related to (i) the detection of the hydrothermal flows(ii) the quantification of the energy discharged by the active system. The methodology proposed by this thesis thus comprises two parts. The first component aims at locating active systems with geophysical methods. The prospecting techniques used are electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), in situ temperature measurement and self potential (SP) measurements. The object studied in this thesis is the hydrothermal system located at the upper limit of the Rina Grande sector collapse, at the top of the Stromboli volcano. The sub-surface geophysical approach includes spatial (metric) mapping in ERT, SP and temperature, and monitoring of SP and thermal signals. Spatial mapping informs us about the spatial extension of the hydrothermal system (ERT) and the active character of the circulations (SP and temperature). The model of electrical resistivity has been improved taking into account the topography, resulting from a Digital Elevation Model generated by photogrammetry. The treatment of the monitoring data shows that a linear relationship links the thermal and the PS signals, a relationship that can not be entirely due to thermoelectric effect. The temporal dataset focuses on the dynamics of the convective system and in particular the probable dependence of the vigor of the convective system on seasonal variations in atmospheric temperature.The second part aims at quantifying the energy released by thermo-convective systemsusing a numerical approach. The geophysical approach highlights the fact that damaged areas such as structural boundaries favor the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. This is due to the fact that fractures, open faults, alteration zones, etc. change the permeability of the medium on a small scale. The numerical approach is therefore dedicated to the 3D simulation of the flow and heat transfer in fractured porous media. The work is based on a pre-existing code in fracturing porous media, able to solve the flow problem. This code has been adapted to solve the thermal problem also. The theoretical study aims to quantify the influence of fracture network parameters on the released energy. The influence of fracture density, fracture transmissivity and fracture network anisotropy are evaluated. The study also compares the heat fluxes generated by models where the fractures are discretely inserted with homogeneous models with the same macroscopic properties (effective approach). The results show that the validity of the effective approach is highly dependent on the parameters of the fracture network
Le, Maître Johann. « Développement de la spectrométrie de masse à ultra- haute résolution associée à la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique pour la caractérisation de coupes pétrolières lourdes. structural analysis of heavy oil fractions afterr hydrodenitrogenation by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry Structural analysis of neutral nitrogen compounds refractory to the hydrodenitrogenation process of heavy oil fractions by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility-mass spectrometry Chemical characterization of 15 biocrudes obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of industrially cultivated wild micro algae Chemical characterization with different analytical techniques, a way to understand the process : Case of the paraffinic base oil production line Exploring complex mixtures by cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry – Application towards Petroleum. Simulation and modeling of Collision Cross Section for structural elucidation of heavy oil fraction by ion mobility-mass spectrometry : Using polyaromatic hydrocarbons compounds mixture as calibration standard Characterization of sulfoxides compounds in dimeric distribution of heavy oil fractions by positive-ion electrospray ionization FTICR mass spectrometry Structural analysis of Petroporphyrins from asphaltene by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Cyclic ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with atmospheric solid analysis probe for the molecular characterization of combustion particulate matter. Structural study of analogues of Titan’s haze by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer ». Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR051.
Texte intégralThe evolution of oil reserves requires the use in refineries of unconventional crude oils, which are often heavier and therefore difficult to characterize. Petroleum products are in fact extremely complex chemical mixtures. The light and volatile part can be analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), allowing the identification of compounds by using precise mass measurements and fragmentation models. However, these techniques are inappropriate for the analysis of heavy fractions. In practice, the characterization of the most complex mixtures involves the use of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers generally by direct analysis without chromatographic separation. The reference technique today is Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR). With a resolution of more than 106 and a mass measurement accuracy of less than 0.1 ppm, this instrument can separate all the species present in a petroleum product and assign a unique elemental composition to each m/z value. This makes it very easy to obtain molecular maps that can be presented graphically using the Kendrick diagram, the van Krevelen diagram or the number of unsaturations (DBE) as a function of the number of carbons. This thesis work has allowed thanks to the molecular characterization of petroleum products (Vacuum Gas Oil, Crude Oil, Interfacial Material, Asphaltenes and Bio-Oil...) addressing the complexity of their treatment in the refining tool. Protocols for sample analysis have been developed, using different sources of ionization at atmospheric pressure (ESI, APCI and APPI) as well as laser desorption/ionization (LDI) on the FTICR 12T mass spectrometer. Information on the isomeric content of petroleum products was then determined using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)