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1
Lee, Sunju. « Women and transition : a case study of social policy effects in Hungary (1989-1996) ». Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285851.
Texte intégral
2
Němečková, Šárka. « Vývoj kursového režimu a kursové politiky ČSR mezi válkami ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12000.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The goal of this diploma work is to evaluate the process and form of determination for czechoslovak crown's exchange rate at beginning of the autonomous Czechoslovak republic and consequential implementation of monetary policy according to the development of economic situation until the beginning of the Second World War. At first I will aim to outline initial economic and monetary situation in the Czech countries before the Austria-Hungary empire break-up. The main focus of the whole work is the monetary reform in the Czechoslovak republic in 1919 whose creator was Alois Rašín. Consequently I will focus on formation of the Czechoslovak monetary policy and monetary stabilization until the world economic crisis. The important step in this period was the foundation of the autonomous emissive bank, which should have strengthened the confidence of currency and separated monetary policy from political interests. The start of the world economic crisis caused breakdown of all economics including the czechoslovak one. Due to this situation I would like to focus also on consequences of the crisis and the solutions suggested by Karel Engliš. At the end of this diploma work I would like to describe the final years of independence of the czechoslovak monetary policy before occupation and the Second World War.
3
Chen, Lijian. « Urban housing policy and housing commercialization in socialist countries : China and Hungary ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28343.
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Housing was considered a public good rather than a marketable commodity at the early stage in the development of most socialist countries. Governments in those countries assumed full responsibility for urban housing finance, construction, allocation, management, maintenance and rehabilitation. A policy of low official rents and high subsidies was adopted as the method to ensure that all urban residents would have access to the state built housing stock. Success in solving the housing problem was to be a showpiece for the socialist countries. However, after approximately forty years of development of the socialist housing economy, many urban residents in countries such as China and Hungary still face severe housing problems. The governments in these two countries have initiated a variety of new efforts in recent years in an attempt to improve the living conditions of their urban residents. In spite of this, many urban housing problems persist and some are even becoming worse. In view of this situation, both governments have introduced new housing policies which recognize certain aspects of housing as a commodity within the socialist economy. A major aim of these new policies is to encourage individual financial participation in residential construction. This approach, commonly referred to as the policy of housing commercialization, is considered by government to be a feasible approach to resolving the tenacious urban housing problem and an effective means to significantly improve living conditions for all urban residents. By undertaking a comparative study of China's and Hungary's urban housing policies, housing delivery systems and housing problems, this research endeavours to describe and assess the rationale and other associated factors behind this housing policy transformation in both China and Hungary. In addition, this research examines the lessons of Hungary's housing policy reform and concludes with a set of policy recommendations for China's future urban housing efforts.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
4
Taksz, Ildiko. « Economic policy implementation in East-Central Europe : industrial privatization in Hungary in the early 1990s ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389764.
Texte intégral
5
Kim, Byung-Yeon. « Fiscal policy and consumer market : disequilibrium in the Soviet Union, 1965-1989 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319109.
Texte intégral
6
Pichonnier, Christopher. « La France et la Hongrie (1989-2004) ». Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30018/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les relations entre la France et la Hongrie ont été, au fil de l’histoire, placées à la fois sous le signe de la complexité et celui de l’ambiguïté, souvent marquées par une certaine distance et parfois empreintes de ressentiments. Au cours de l'époque de l'époque moderne, l'occupation turque, puis la longue association de la Hongrie aux Habsbourgs ont contribué à dresser, entre les deux pays, des barrières, et à freiner le développement de liens plus conséquents. De manière similaire, au cours du XXe siècle, alors que beaucoup de facteurs géographiques, culturels ou humains auraient du conduire la France à nouer avec la Hongrie les mêmes rapports de confiance et d'amitié qu'avec les autres capitales d'Europe centre-orientale, les deux Guerres mondiales – et les périodes révisionnistes et communistes qui les ont suivis en Hongrie –, mais aussi la profonde blessure infligée aux Hongrois par le traité du Trianon, ont constamment rejeté les deux États dans des camps opposés et contribué à créer, dans un pays dont l'intelligentsia était pourtant historiquement prompte à « tourner son regard vers Paris », le mythe d'un « amour sans retour » envers la France. Longtemps considérée comme une zone d'influence germanique exclusive, la Hongrie ne représenta ainsi jamais réellement un partenaire privilégié pour la France à l'est du continent et les relations entre les deux pays demeurèrent très largement irrégulières et dissymétriques. Dans ces conditions, les bouleversements des années 1989-1990, tout en offrant l'occasion de redessiner un nouveau paysage européen tourné vers l'avenir, ont autorisé la possibilité d'un nouveau départ des rapports entre les deux États. En se plaçant dans la lignée des recherches réalisées sur les relations entre la France et la Hongrie au cours du XXe siècle, ce travail offre une première analyse du resserrement global des liens entre les deux États dans un contexte nouveau. En partant du constat que les relations franco-hongroises changent de dimension à partir de 1989 – une transformation qui est exposée et analysée – ce travail cherche à comprendre si cette mutation représente la marque d’une modification de la nature réelle de la politique française en Hongrie, alors même que celle-ci n’avait été jusqu’alors traitée que comme une périphérie globalisée dans le cadre d’une « politique de l’Est » très large, et d'autre part si la période marque la fin des absences de Marianne en Hongrie et de plus de « 300 ans d’amour impossible » entre les deux pays. Au crépuscule de la guerre froide et à l'aube de l'élargissement de l'UE, face à l'ampleur des rattrapages à effectuer et à la pesanteur des stéréotypes à surpasser, les années 1989-2004 marquent-elles la fin des relations ambiguës et asymétriques entre la France et la Hongrie et le commencement d'une nouvelle ère des relations franco-hongroises ? Le travail se décompose en quatre parties : une mise en perspective générale du sujet et une première analyse de l'idée de « nouveau départ », une étude de l'évolution des relations culturelles entre les deux États, un développement sur le renforcement des liens économiques bilatéraux, et enfin une étude des relations entre les deux pays à la lumière de la question de l'élargissement euroatlantiqueThroughout history, relations between France and Hungary have been complex and ambiguous, often characterized by a certain distance and sometimes marked by a genuine resentment. During the early modern period, the Turkish occupation and the long association of Hungary to the Habsburg Empire certainly contributed to building barriers between the two states and thus to slowing down the development of stronger ties. In a similar manner, during the 20th century, even though many factors – geographical, cultural, as well as societal – should have led France to develop a similar relationship of confidence and friendship with Hungary as those it had with other central European capitals, the two World Wars – and the revisionist and communist periods that followed in Hungary – as well as the deep “injury” inflicted on the Hungarians by the Treaty of Trianon have constantly pushed both states into opposing camps. In a country where the intelligentsia was historically quick to “look towards Paris”, these factors and events contributed to creating the myth of an “impossible love” between the two countries. Considered for a very long time as a German zone of influence, Hungary never really represented a favored partner for France in the eastern part of the continent, and the relations between the countries remained largely irregular and asymmetrical. Under these conditions, the major upheavals of the years 1989-1990, while offering an opportunity to redesign a new Europe, also allowed a chance for a new start in French-Hungarian relations. This thesis provides the first analysis of the overall strengthening of French-Hungarian relations in this new historical context. Starting with the observation that French-Hungarian relations undergo a change of dimension from 1989 – a transformation that will be discussed and analyzed – our work tries to understand on the one hand whether this mutation represents a modification of the real nature of French foreign policy towards Hungary, given that the country was mostly treated until then as part of the global periphery; and, on the other hand, whether this period marks the end of an absent France in Hungary. At the twilight of the Cold War and the dawn of the EU's enlargement, does the period from 1989 to 2004 mark the end of an ambiguous and asymmetrical relationship between France and Hungary and the start of a new era for French-Hungarian relations? The thesis is divided into four main parts : the first part provides a general overview of the topic and tests the idea of a “new beginning” of French-Hungarian relations. The second part delivers an analysis of the evolution of cultural relations between the two countries from 1989 to 2004. The third part is dedicated to the strengthening of economic ties between the two states. Finally, the last part studies the evolution of the relations between the two countries throughout the process of the EU and NATO's enlargement
7
Perry, Geoffrey E. « Economic evaluation of active labour market policy in New Zealand 1989 to 1997 ». Thesis, University of Auckland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/525.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Active labour market programmes are an important component of government labour market policy internationally and in New Zealand. The growth in unemployment, and in particular male and long term unemployment, since the mid 1980's in New Zealand have contributed to the enhanced role of active labour market programmes in government policy. In the early 1990's the New Zealand government introduced a menu of interventions including subsidy, work experience and training programmes. Concomitant with this development has been increased pressure from political, business and social groups to assess the effectiveness of this approach in lowering unemployment. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of active labour market policy utilised in New Zealand from 1989 to 1997. Whether or not these active labour market interventions were beneficial to those males who participated in them, the effect of treatment upon the treated, is the parameter estimated. The range of programmes makes it possible to analyse a number of programme evaluation issues. These include the overall question of the impact of subsidy, work experience and training programmes in general, but also other specific research questions. In particular the range of subsidy programmes makes it possible to identify that subsidies to private sector firms are more effective than those to public sector organisations. The effectiveness of start-up subsidies for the unemployed are also evaluated and found to be beneficial. The effects of participation upon selected education and ethnic groups are also estimated. Since there is no one estimation approach that works in all circumstances, both regression and matching estimators are used. In order to achieve this it is necessary to create two estimation datasets as the data requirements vary for each technique. The main findings from the research are that participation in active labour market programmes is beneficial in reducing the length of time that participants are registered as unemployed. Work experience programmes have the largest impact, followed by subsidies. The effect of training programmes is smallest. The major beneficial effect occurs in the year following participation and then reduces in subsequent years. There are also some important methodological findings, including the sensitivity of results to the time frame, to the datasets chosen, and to the estimation techniques used.
8
Amer, Lutfi. « De la phase destructrice de l'économie planifiée à la formation d'une économie périphérique en Europe de l'Est : essai sur le cas hongrois ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212948.
Texte intégral
9
Lund, Camilla Elisabeth. « Changing perceptions of the national interest in economic and defence policy under Mitterrand, 1981-1989 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389842.
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10
Schulze, David A. « The politics of power : rural electrification in Alberta, 1920-1989 ». Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55642.
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11
Liou, To-hai. « China between the two Koreas, 1984-1989 / ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33050933.html.
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12
Saito, Yukie. « The interplay between global finance and Japanese firms ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9beb789-9066-49bd-a524-1ae8b4477349.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis explores the interplay between global finance and remote firms and institutions. It highlights the interactions between global institutional investors and Japanese firms on environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) standards, and the process of change in Japanese corporate governance practices. It focuses on analysing the responses of large Japanese firms with a high level of foreign ownership to global finance and global institutional investors' strategies for engagement. Japan provides an excellent research environment for the topic. It is geographically and culturally remote from the West, and has the world's third largest economy with increasing foreign ownership on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Under the influence of global finance, the Japanese economy has been in transition despite the persistence of its traditional institutions. There are many globally recognised Japanese firms, although certain firms have come under scrutiny in several recent corporate governance scandals. Recently, corporate reform has become one of the priority policy agendas, which has led to incremental convergence to global standards. The aims of this thesis are as follows: (i) to analyse the evolution of shareholder activism and corporate governance practices in ownership structure change (Chapter 3); (ii) to examine how global institutional investors privately engage with remote firms (Chapter 4); (iii) to explore the power of global investors in an industry with lower foreign ownership (Chapter 5); (iv) to analyse the perceptions of local firms towards global ESG standards under policy change (Chapter 6). The thesis revealed the following findings. First, global investors provide one of the only opportunities for ESG-related dialogues for local firms, in a country where local institutional investors are not active shareholders. Global finance has the power to transform local corporate governance practices by breaking down path dependence and institutional complementarities, although the status quo does persist. Second, local firms' norms and perceptions based on the existing institutions are culturally derived informal constraints, which slow down the change of corporate governance practices even after instrumental change. Third, the target firms of engagement activities are home-biased and limited to a small number of large global brand firms; hence, non-target firms and industries maintain their ESG standards unless policy reform occurs. Finally, local firms' unfamiliarity with engagement activities limits the power of global finance in a remote market. There is a gap between global institutional investors' motivation for engagement and Japanese firms' readiness to respond; hence, considered strategies and modes of communication are critical for effective engagement with remote firms, especially when language and organisational issues are present.
13
Oxenstierna, Maria Teresa Dorado Ortiz. « Redefining United States nuclear nonproliferation policy : balancing national security and economic interests in the post-cold war era (1989-1997) ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325037.
Texte intégral
14
Strejčková, Martina. « Vliv hospodářské politiky na příčiny, průběh a důsledky cyklického vývoje ekonomiky v ČR v letech 1989-2009 ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75704.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Market economies are not developing smoothly, they succumb to permanent fluctuations of economic activity. Effort of macro-policies is to mitigate or eliminate these fluctuations and support long-term economic growth. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the influence of economic policy on causes, course and impact of cyclical development in the Czech Republic in the years 1989-2009. The first section will outline the theoretical background of the economic cycle. I will explain the essence, causes, methodological basis of the business cycle and describe a set of indicators that will help me to analyse fluctuations of economical activity in the practical part. In theoretical part I will also focus on economic policy, especially on the macroeconomic area, but the microeconomical area will be also mentioned. In practical part I will study economic development of the Czech Republic in last twenty years, using the indicators described in the theoretical part. I will evaluate the way of setting the economic policy (suitability of policy mix) in certain economic situations and answer the main question of this thesis: what was the influence of economic policy on economic development of the Czech Republic? Last chapter will be devoted to the business cycle forecasts. I will compare methodical approaches used by forecasting centres such as Ministry of Finance, Czech National Bank and OECD. I will analyse how the previous forecasts of these institutions varied from reality and finally perform a forecast of economic development in the Czech Republic.
15
Castanheira, De Moura Micael. « Essays on strategic voting and the speed of transition ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212124.
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16
Šerić, Adnan. « Three empirical essays on determinants of industry and investment location patterns in the context of economic transition and regional integration : the evidence from Central and Eastern European countries ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The factor determinants of industry and investment location patterns in transition economies can be expected to differ from those frequently observed in developed countries. Historically, centrally planned economies have suffered from inefficient industrial policies that are generally assumed to have had distortive effects on spatial location of industry. The process of economic transition and regional integration that followed the demise of socialist structures is assumed to have subsequently affected the geographical distribution of economic activities within and between countries of the region. Given the above this thesis capitalises on the quasi-natural experiment setting to further explore industry and investment location decisions in transition economies. In particular, the research presented here follows three main objectives. First, it intends to provide a comprehensive picture of changes in industry location patterns over time. Second, it aims to contribute to the debate on factor determinants of industry location at various levels of spatial aggregation. Third, it seeks to explore location determinants of foreign direct investors in particular, given their pivotal role for economic development of transition economies. In all instances, the research is geared towards a better understanding of the role of institutional factors, such as reforms and policies, in affecting distribution of economic activity across space. Thus, the work conducted qualifies as a further contribution to the analysis of structural changes that have affected the economies under examination. In broad terms, the findings presented here point towards significant changes in spatial location patterns of industry and investments that are leading to increased polarisation of economic landscape over time. Nonetheless, we find evidence that certain institutional factors qualify as viable policy levers, thereby providing ample scope for policy makers to impact existing location patterns of economic activity.
17
von, Friedrichs Grängsjö Lovisa. « Kallt krig följt av europeisk värmebölja ? : Doktrin och försvarsekonomi i Sverige och Finland 1989 - 2009 ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333758.
Texte intégralRésumé :
I denna uppsats undersöks förändringarna i Sveriges och Finlands försvarsekonomi i relationtill respektive lands säkerhetspolitiska doktrin under perioden 1989–2009, i syfte att analyserahur dessa samvarierar. Uppsatsen bidrar till ekonomisk-historisk forskning med en empirisktgrundad diskussion om hur försvar, hotbild och tillförda ekonomiska resurser relaterar tillvarandra. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att Sveriges försvarsdoktrin inte följs av enkoherent försvarsekonomi. Sverige kombinerar en realistisk försvarsdoktrin med en liberalförsvarsekonomi, och Finland gör tvärtom. Relationen mellan försvarsvarsekonomi ochförsvarsdoktrin är ett resultat av många komplexa processer.This thesis treats the complex relationship between defence expenditures, defence doctrinein relation to the internal and external politics of a nation. The subject of the thesis is Sweden’sdefence policy and its defence expenditures compared to those of Finland during the turbulentyears between 1989 and 2009. The empirical part of the thesis is based on defence expendituresand the official statements made by both Finland’s and Sweden’s governments respectively.This thesis shows that both Sweden’s and Finland’s defence doctrine during the analysed periodis inconsistent with the development of the country’s defence expenditures. The politicallydecided defence expenditures are not consistent with the defence doctrine.
18
Lehloesa, Thembinkosi L. « South Africa's growth, employment and redistribution strategy in the context of structural adjustment programmes in the South ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study is a contribution to the ongoing debate concerning the future of South Africa’s macro-economic policy known as the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy. The study attempts to draw parallels between the GEAR macro-economic policy framework and structural adjustment programmes in the South. By making use of this comparison, the study argues that the outcome of the GEAR will be no different from structural adjustment programmes in that it will fail to reduce poverty and cause government to meet the basic needs of the people. These conclusions are drawn from the fact that the GEAR policy is premised on the faith that the market is capable of redistributing income and wealth, and providing people with their basic needs.
19
Hall, Matthew Thomas. « The limits of perestroika ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45971.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examines Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika, or restructuring. The analysis begins by defining the political-economic "structure" (termed "neo-Stalinism") of the Soviet Union. The study evaluates Gorbachev's policies and results. Though the internal reforms to date have r been politically bold, they have been modest and non-structural. Gorbachev's external reforms, primarily military reductions, have been more successful. However, it can not be determined whether or not they are structural reforms. The study concludes that while perestroika is likely to succeed sometime in the long term future of the Soviet Union, it is unlikely in the short term.
Master of Arts
20
Santos, Wesley. « O fundo constitucional de financiamento do Nordeste e o desenvolvimento regional : o caso dos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco (1989-2010) ». Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4497.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis aims to evaluate the impact of the Constitutional Fund for Financing the Northeast (FNE) in the state of Bahia and Pernambuco economies in the period 1989-2010. Objective accordingly verify the spatial and sectoral allocation of investment has contributed to a better geographical distribution of economic activity fulfilling their goals. Furthermore, analyzing their impact on the supply chain of these States, to establish whether the investments are distributed on a priority basis and estimate job creation based on RAIS data, checking the evolution of formal employment. For both our territorial clipping is based on a micro IBGE classification and our main database, in addition to sources already cited also includes management reports and data FNE kindly made available by the Ministry of National
Integration (MI), in addition to data obtained from the publications of the Bank of Northeast Brazil (BNB). We conclude that although the FNE have considerable importance in the structuring of the northeastern economy and the states concerned, their actions were much more constrained by the logic of the market than by networking with a national regional development policy. However, there is an undeniable contribution to devolution of productive activities within the region, although this devolution is happening imperfectly and directed the few regions and even less complex sectors are the biggest beneficiaries. Finally, we conclude that the macroeconomic framework of the region and the states analyzed, although impacted by the FNE, still lacks a more fruitful role of the public sector on the articulation of a national
development policy.Esta dissertação tem como proposta avaliar o impacto do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste (FNE) nas economias estaduais da Bahia e Pernambuco, no período entre 1989-2010. Objetiva nesse sentido verificar se a alocação espacial e setorial dos investimentos tem contribuído para uma melhor distribuição geográfica da atividade econômica cumprindo com seus objetivos. Além disso, analisar o impacto dos mesmos na cadeia produtiva desses Estados, averiguar se os investimentos estão distribuídos de forma prioritária e estimar a geração de empregos com base nos dados da RAIS, verificando a evolução do emprego formal. Para tanto o nosso recorte territorial é por microrregiões com base na classificação do IBGE e nossa principal base de dados, além das fontes já citadas compreende também os relatórios de gestão e dados do FNE disponibilizados gentilmente pelo Ministério da Integração Nacional (MI), além dos dados obtidos através das publicações do Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (BNB). Concluímos que embora os recursos do FNE tenham peso considerável na estruturação da economia nordestina e dos estados em questão, as suas ações foram muito mais condicionadas pela lógica do mercado do que pela articulação junto a uma política nacional de desenvolvimento regional. Entretanto, é inegável a sua contribuição para desconcentração das atividades produtivas dentro da região, ainda que esta desconcentração esteja acontecendo de forma imperfeita e direcionada à poucas regiões e ainda que setores menos complexos sejam os maiores beneficiados. Por fim, concluí-se que a estrutura macroeconômica da região e dos estados analisados, embora impactada pelo FNE, ainda carece de uma atuação mais profícua do setor público na articulação de uma política nacional de desenvolvimento.
21
Farriols, i. Solà Xavier. « Els mecanismes de privatització de l'economia hongaresa dins l'estratègia de transició cap a l'economia de mercat ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405449.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En aquesta tesi s’analitza el procés de transició de l’economia hongaresa en el seu doble vessant d’estabilització macroeconòmica i d’adaptació del marc institucional, amb una incidéncia especial en els mecanismes de privatització. S’aporten dades provisionals sobre els resultats empírics del procés i s’analitzen els seus condicionants i els seus obstacles, entre els quals es troba el sistema bancari, que és objecte d’un tractament específic.
A les conclusions, remarquem el caràcter no estratègic de les mesures adoptades, la visió a curt termini i l’influéncia de les inversions estrangeres.
22
Harris, Stanley E. « Investment decisions in a changing South Africa from 1990 to 1999 (transition) : analysis of the decade of the 1990s ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53476.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is an investment performance review covering the ten years from 1990 to 1999. To many investors the 1990s were a tough decade because of the political, economic and social changes, which caused investment uncertainty. The primary focus is to examine the implications of these changes during the 1990s on the investment strategies of South Africans. Furthermore, the aim is to provide insight into investment decision-making during the period of transition and transformation. The analyses specifically address the importance of the investment environment on portfolio construction and maintenance. The objective is to see how far the investors ventured in their efforts to 'beat" the South African share market under changing conditions. The structure of the portfolio was evaluated as well as the investor's preferences and beliefs during the period under review. It also looked at the investors' attitudes and philosophies. Effective portfolio management was important because changing conditions were becoming challenging. The investor's investment mix and the risk associated with each investment determined the effectiveness of managing the portfolio. Furthermore, this study examines the investors' objectives, constraints and strategies. In the final analysis, this study examines investment strategy and investment performance in retrospect. It presents a ten-year historical analysis of the South African environment which was affecting investment decisions. It was also found that investors were fulfilling their expectations, they were looking at medium and long-term investment opportunities. Furthermore, stock-picking was done with greater caution. The opening of global investment markets further enhanced the investment opportunities. Moreover the investors realised the importance of diversification in order to reduce risk. The investors will be presented with challenges and opportunities in the next decade (or century). Therefore this study also concludes with an assessment of possible future investment scenarios for the South African investors. Finally, investment decision was interpreted against the political, economical, social and other changes that took place during the period of transition. The key to investment success was the investor's ability to manage the changing South African environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is 'n oorsig van die beleggingsvaardighede gedurende die tydperk 1990 tot 1999. Vir baie beleggers was die negentigs 'n baie moeilike dekade as gevolg van die politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale veranderings. Hierdie veranderings het onsekerheid laat ontstaan by die beleggers. Die primêre fokus is om die implikasies van die veranderings op die beleggingsstrategieë van die Suid Afrikaanse belegger te ondersoek. Verder, is die doelook om insig te bekom oor die beleggingsbesluitneming gedurende die periode van verandering en transformasie. Hierdie analise salook in besonder aandag gee aan die belangrikheid van die gepaardgaande beleggingsomgewing en op die konstruksie en instandhouding van die beleggingsportefeulje. Die doel is om ook vas te stel hoe die beleggers gespekuleer het om die Suid Afrikaanse aandele mark te klop gedurende die periode van verandering. Die samestelling van die portefeulje is ge-evalueer sowel as die beleggers se voorkeure en menings. Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die belegger se houding en filosofie. Effektiewe beleggingsbestuur was belangrik gedurende die tydperk omdat die veranderde omstandighede uitdagend geword het. Die belegger se beleggingssamestelling en die gepaardgaande risiko het die doeltreffendheid van die bestuur van die portefeulje bepaal. Verder ondersoek hierdie studie ook die beleggers se doelwitte, beperkinge en strategieë. In die finale analise is dit hoofsaaklik 'n retrospektiewe ontleding van beleggingbestuursvaardighede gedurende die 1990s. Dit is n tienjaar historiese analise van die Suid Afrikaanse beleggingsomgewing wat 'n invloed gehad het op die beleggingsbesluitnemings. Die beleggers het hul verwagtings goed hanteer en het gesoek na medium- en langtermyn beleggingsmoontlikhede. Bowendien is die beleggings gedoen met groter omsigtigheid. Die opening van die wêreld markte het ook groter beleggingsmoontlikhede geskep. Verder het die beleggers ook besef dat diversifikasie belangrik is om risiko te verminder. Beleggers sal te staan kom voor uitdagings sovel as gunstige beleggingsmoontlikhede in die volgende dekade (of eeu). Daarom sluit hierdie studie af met toekomstige beleggingsmoontlikhede en die faktore wat sal bydra tot die toekomstige beleggingsaksie en besluitneming. Ten slotte, die beleggingsbesluit is geïnterpreteer teen die politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale veranderinge wat plaasgevind het. Die sleutel tot die beleggingssukses was die vermoë van die beleggers om die veranderde omstandighede te kan hanteer.
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LORENTZEN, Jochen. « Opening up Hungary to the world market : external constraints and opportunities 1982-1992 ». Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5266.
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Defence date: 11 June 1993Examining board: Prof. Susan Strange (European University Institute, supervisor) ; Prof. Robert Waldmann (European University Institute, co-supervisor) ; Prof. Tamás Bácskai (International Training Center for Bankers, Budapest) ; Prof. Patrick Messerlin (Institut d'Études Politiques, Paris) ; Prof. Louis Pauly (University of Toronto)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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KELLER, Judit. « Patterns and Dynamics of European Subnational Governance : Institutional Transformations in Hungarian Micro-regional Associations 1990-2006 ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14377.
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Defense date: 15/06/2010Examining Board: László Bruszt (EUI) (Supervisor), Michael Keating (formerly EUI/Univ. Aberdeen), Ilona Kovács Pálné (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pécs), Carlo Trigilia (Univ. Florence)
This research represents a longitudinal study of changing patterns of governance in six microregions in Hungary. Its findings indicate that the dominant trend was a move from a nonhierarchical mode of governance, including integrated developmental policy making by diverse local state and non-state actors in the early 1990s, towards fragmented and hierarchical modes of governance by the 2000s. By the time Hungary had moved closer to EU accession, non-hierarchical and inclusive institutional solutions (heterarchies) had started to disappear from micro-regional governance in comparison to the early 1990s. Only a few micro-regional collaborations could survive the Europeanization of sub-national governance. These evolutionary trends were mainly shaped by domestic factors, the EU having only indirect influence on the process through providing the central state with prerogatives near the end of the decade to control regional and sub-regional development policy. This is only part of the story, however. Pre-accession support programs had also strengthened the governance capacities of sub-national state and non-state actors and enabled local political entrepreneurs to organize micro-regional territorial development through heterarchies even in the face of asymmetric power constellations between central governments and local state and non-state actors. The basic underlying assumption of this research, based on heterodox development theories, is that there is an interplay between heterarchic governance patterns and socioeconomic development. The case studies confirm that in an unstable and swiftly changing political, economic and institutional environment, heterarchic institutional solutions are necessary to maintain at least an average developmental level or to change a development path.
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Sung, Tso-Chun, et 宋作君. « Post-communist social and economic transition-Poland and Hungary,1989-1995 ». Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52170807219823565980.
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碩士東海大學
政治研究所
86
Since 1989, eastern European countries had dramatic change. Suddenly the trade system had fallen apart for ex-Soviet Union no longer wanted to keep theleading role in communist world. The planned economy also influenced by the bad economic conditions. Most of the eastern European countries changed their poli-tical and economic institutions in order to overcome the problem which they were facing. Poland and Hungary reformed their economic system and anticipated to join European Union, which could bring them economic growth. Poland took a pro-gressive way, shock therapy, to reform, but Hungary took a gradual method.The differences came from their different historical background of reform and most important reason was the leaders' power and decisions. Both countriesprivatization, the very important part of marketization was delay for the institution reason. According to the new insnew institutionalist studies, institutions could not be changed quickly, it needs tume and has the path dependence character. From this point of view, it is not hard to realize whythe privatizations or institutions change could not be designed by limited rationality. Poland and Hungary's privatization after 1989 was a good example.-1 -aPost-communist social and economic transition-Poland and Hungary,1989-1995
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Hou, Shu-yun, et 侯淑雲. « The Evolution of Chilean Economic Policy(1973-1989) ». Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38277162059375014371.
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碩士淡江大學
拉丁美洲研究所
83
From the end of the 30s, Chile practiced an development pattern called "import substitution", which made the nacional industry of Chile get more development. But at the end of the 60s, as a result of failing to develop export market, Chilean economy got into difficulty. In 1970, Salvador Allende led Chile under the socialism. During more than two years of socialism,its policies like nationalization made the economic situation worse. Because of the breakdown of Chilean economy in 1973, a coup had made Chile get into an authorian regime of sixteen years. On September 9, 1973, the general Augusto Pinochet launched a coup and overthrew Allende''s "Unidad Popular" government. After being in power and for the purpose of solving economic problems , the military government adopted the monetarism policy advocated by "Chicago boys"; and implemented a series of liberalism economic reforms, which principal aims were to control the inflation. The policies, including the privatization of nacional companies, trade liberalization and financial liberalization, indeed had made economic situation better at the end of the 70s. But after the recession of 1982, military government reorganized the cabinet instead of "Chicago boys". The new cabinet of 1985 had implemented an "export development" plan, which made the GDP of Chile increase much annually from the middle of the 80s. In 1989, Chile returned to democratic regime led by Patricio Aylwin, who continued to practice liberalism economic policies. Furthermore, it strengthened positively the relation of export trade with the countries in Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, and dedicated itself toward regional integration.
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KEUNE, Maarten. « Creating capitalist labour markets : a comparative-institutionalist analysis of labour market reform in the Czech Republic and Hungary, 1989-2002 ». Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6576.
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Defence date: 20 November 2006Examining Board: Prof. John L. Campbell (Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire); Prof. Wolfgang Streeck (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne); Prof. László Bruszt (European University Institute); Prof. Colin Crouch (The University of Warwick, supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
The present study presents a comparative neo-institutionalist analysis of labour market institutions in the Czech Republic and Hungary in the period 1989-2002. It aims to contribute to the contemporary debates on institutional continuity and change, varieties of capitalism, and post-socialist capitalist development. It presents an analytical model combining a variety of elements from different neo-institutionalist schools and applies this model to the two cases of post-socialist institutional change. The analysis presents converging and diverging developments in the two cases, and explains the direction of change. It is concluded that although both countries adopted a series of similar basic institutions, regulating the basic principles of property rights, industrial relations and the employment relationship, institutional reform at the lower levels followed quite different trajectories and labour market institutions limit the role of the market to a much larger extent in the Czech Republic than in Hungary. Also, major differences can be observed both within each case, between different institutional domains, and over time. The change of institutions in the two cases is then explained by the ideas and interests of the (domestic and international) actors shaping these institutions; their power relations and patterns of interest representation; the historical backgrounds of the cases; the international ideational context in which change takes place; and the feedback from different outcomes that the process of change produces. The similarities and differences concerning these factors, as well as the interaction between them, account for convergence and divergence between the cases.
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Ouyang, Zhonghui. « Human resource development and economic growth in China, 1949-1989 a longitudinal study / ». 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/30386449.html.
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Sénèque, Jean George Louis Steve. « The impact of economic reforms on Vietnam's agricultural economy (1989-1995) ». Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147221.
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Bartalová, Edina. « Azylová politika a integrace uprchlíků zemí V 4 1989-2015 ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-393043.
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Following the political changes induced by the fall of the Communist regimes across Eastern Europe, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland embarked on the road of economic liberalization and democratization. This process was formally concluded with the so-called Visegrád countries' accession to the EU in 2004. However, in relation to the refugee crisis the Visegrád countries emerged within the EU united in their opposition to comply with the so- called mandatory refugee relocation scheme. The position of the Visegrád countries evoked not only significant media attention but also academic inquiry on the securitization of asylum policies in the Visegrád region. This research analyses the Europeanisation of the asylum policies in the Visegrád countries in three periods: 1. the early years of democratic development 2. The harmonization of policies leading up to EU accession and 3. The development of related policies after EU accession. The Europeanisation of asylum policies coincide with the development of the Common European Asylum System and the deepening of EU legislative powers in the field of asylum policy. The author concluded that the field of integration policy where Member States retain significant authority has become a strict control mechanism of limiting displaced person access to...
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Pozos, Ponce Fernando. « Economic restructuring, employment change and wage differentials the case of Guadalajara and Monterrey, 1975-1989 / ». 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32357524.html.
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Lu, Tzu Chien, et 盧子漸. « A Study on the Policy of the U.S. towards the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (1989-2014) ». Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35819040976002170746.
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碩士國立政治大學
外交學系
104
Since 1989 APEC was established, the function, role and the influence of APEC has been widely disputed. The United States, as the hegemony in economic, military and political aspects, has been cooperating or dominating with the Asia-Pacific countries in various ways for the past a quarter-century. The establishment of APEC was the first organization in cooperating Asia-Pacific affairs and it operates until now for 25 years. This master thesis analyzes the United States’ foreign policy towards APEC from 1989 to 2014 by historical, international and institutional levels. In historical level, it analyzes by the following, Bush Administration, Clinton Administration, G.W. Bush Administration, and Obama Administration that seeing the challenges they faced and their policy towards APEC. In international level, it considers the U.S.’ interactions with the other main actors in Asia-Pacific, for instance, Japan, Australia, Mainland China, and the regional trading blocs, NAFTA, ASEAN, RCEP, and TPP countries. At the end, in institutional level, it compares the APEC institution and regime with the U.S.’ proposal for the past 25 years that how the U.S. changed or failed to APEC regime. As for the research result, it discovers the U.S.’ strategy to boost trade opportunities and economic growth on APEC and to seek Pacific countries’ support to establishing world trade regime. During the 1990 to 2000, the U.S. is the only hegemony in Asia-Pacific region and actively promoting new trade regulations. However, due to the APEC’s unique “Consensus” institution, the U.S. failed to achieve several goals in APEC. After 2000, the Mainland China’s economic capability grows rapidly, catching many countries’ attention. In order not to fall behind, many countries such as Southeast Asian countries formed a collision and signed many FTAs with Asia-Pacific countries that the U.S. was forced to focus on TPP and FTAAP issues. Perhaps, APEC is not the organization that the U.S. can dominate or lead, but the APEC institution has its own value that the U.S. still care.
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Saburi-Haghighi, Neda. « World Bank's adjustment lending policy 1980-1989 towards understanding the socio-political dimensions of adjustment / ». 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/28227607.html.
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Bloch, Jonathan Adam. « Interests great and petty : Japan's nonperforming loans debates, 1991-1998 ». 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/15891.
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This dissertation considers the failure of the Japanese government from 1991 through late-1998 to take measures to bring swiftly under control the threat to the nation's finance system posed by nonperforming loans that arose with the collapse of the late-1980s land-price bubble. While some works plausibly argue that this record of delay, and a larger failure of the Japanese state to adjust its general economic policy strategy, can be attributed largely to a progressive fracturing of a 1950s consensus on basic economic policy objectives between relatively internationally competitive firms and firms more dependent on state protection of their business opportunities, this insight has led few scholars to enquire into the role played by advocates of the policy interests of Japan's most competitive large firms in producing the widely lamented policy of delay on nonperforming loans. Counter to the literature's preponderant emphasis on political pressure from protection-dependent firms as impediment to swift state adjustment to nonperforming loans and other economic policy challenges of the late-20th century Japanese state, this dissertation finds that state officials and expert commentators who in debates on nonperforming loans and closely related policy issues strongly advocated dismantling protections on which large numbers of firms depended and in their stead adopting policies more favorable to the firms best able to weather the harsh economic conditions of the 1990s, displayed willingness to tolerate further delay comparable to (and sometimes greater than) that shown by state officials and expert commentators who advocated greater solicitude for the protection-dependent. This finding is based chiefly on a reading of official Ministry of Finance policy statements, transcripts of hearings of relevant Japanese House of Representatives committees, public opinion polls, reporting and commentary published in two national-circulation and two local Japanese newspapers, and a variety of books and longer articles published in the mass-audience Japanese business press. This finding, I argue, suggests a need for more sustained critical analysis of the role of leading business interests in Japan's political processes, which in turn argues for a closer engagement than is now commonly attempted with the work of Karl Marx and Chalmers Johnson, and for following up some preliminary suggestions in the existing literature of an emergent economic policy dimension of Diet party competition.text
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Valla, Edward J. « The Czechoslovakian reaction to perestroika : an examination of political and economic change in Czechoslovakia from 1985 to 1990 ». 1991. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2488.
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Hasanova, Renata. « Essays on economic growth, structural reform and trade in transitional economies ». Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150091.
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WIEN, Markus. « Markt und Modernisierung : deutsch-bulgarische Wirtschaftsbeziehungen 1918-1944 in ihren konzeptionellen Grundlagen ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6016.
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Defence date: 29 April 2005Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Peter Bartl, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ; Prof. Dr. Peter Becker, European University Institute ; Prof. Dr. Georgi Markov, Bălgarska Akademia na Naukite, Sofia ; Prof. Alan S. Milward, Cabinet Office London (Supervisor)
First made available online 7 December 2016
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Dandashly, Assem. « Domestic politics comes first : Euro adoption strategies in Central Europe : the cases of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3828.
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In the 2003 Treaty of Accession, the signatories agreed that all New Member States (NMS) that joined the European Union (EU) in 2004, would adopt the euro, even if no timetable was provided. Why have some NMS not been able to join the euro area even if they made serious attempts at the outset? What are the circumstances and policies in these countries that have led them not yet to adopt the euro? Has it been lack of political will on the part of the government, a strong voice in the opposition, a euroskeptic president, insufficient administrative capacity, or lack of policy learning? Though there is no consensus among economists as to whether or not adopting the euro in the short run is a good idea, an economic cost-benefit analysis would suggest that in the long run euro adoption is positive for NMS. Yet, macroeconomic analyses cannot explain the change in government policies that may lead to euro adoption. Political scientists have typically focused on collective identity, policy learning, ideas and knowledge transfer among central bankers and other political elites, as well as adjustment to global pressures and Europeanization. This political science literature is unable to provide a satisfactory explanation as to why the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland have not adopted the euro yet. I argue that the role of domestic politics is key to explaining the process of euro adoption in Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland: government policies, elections, electoral cycles as well as constitutional rules, veto points, central banks, public opinion and the media turn out to be crucial in explaining the lagging euro adoption process in these countries.Graduate
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Douglas, Megan. « Japanese perceptions of APEC ». Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143814.
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Kupka, Jiří. « Československo-argentinské hospodářské vztahy v letech 1945-1989 v materiálech českých archivů ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332628.
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This thesis aims to present and analyse economic relations between Czechoslovakia and Argentina in the years 1945-1989 (i.e. a period that almost precisely coincides with the duration of the Cold War. The work focuses on a historical analysis of primary sources and archival documents of the Czechoslovak Federal Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. This material was selected in light of the rarity of secondary literature devoted to this area. To a certain extent, this is a pioneering work, especially given the fact that the archives of the Federal Ministry of Foreign Trade have not yet been declassified and still enjoy only limited usage (processing) in a single publication. One primary function of foreign trade with the Latin American countries (with the obvious exception of Cuba) was to foster good relations between South America and Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. The study of this use of trade as a foreign policy instrument can provide useful lessons about pragmatic considerations to be borne in mind when designing foreign policy as a whole. The thesis presents new findings on the topic and attempts what may constitute the most comprehensive attempt to address economic relations between the aforementioned countries within a defined period.
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Grabowski, Marcin. « Stany Zjednoczone a procesy integracji gospodarczej w Basenie Pacyfiku po 1989 r. : ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem APEC i ASEAN ». Praca doktorska, 2010. http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/41542.
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LUNDSTEDT, Ludvig. « Too big to fail : financial market reform in transition economies ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49484.
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Defence date: 13 December 2017Examining Board: Professor Laszlo Bruszt, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Dorothee Bohle, European University Institute; Professor Juliet Johnson, McGill Univeristy; Professor Nauro F. Campos, Brunei University
This dissertation deals with the issue of institutional reform in transition economies. In particular, it studies banking reform in 17 transition economies during their accession to the European Union (EU). It does so by building on the veto player theory often used in the literature on the political economy of reform. However, the veto player theory as traditionally applied seldom take into account the role of special interests. The dissertation aims to fill this gap in the literature by developing a theoretical account of how veto players and special interests interact. The empirical part of the dissertation, on whoch the theoretical account is based, consists of two parts. First, a quantitative part that studies the effect of the interaction between veto players and special interest on banking reform during seventeen transition economies accession to the EU. Banking reform is meaured through a new dataset based on the Commission Progress Reports. A measure of market concentration has also been developed for the purpose of the thesis, the measure uses data from BankScope (2016), which consists of yearly data for more than 43 000 banks world-wide. Second, the qualitative part of the dissertation consists of two case-studies of Estonia and Lithuania. The main finding of the dissertation is that neither veto players nor special interests can be studied in isolation, but rather that they should be studied in tandem. How veto players affect the reform capacity of a country will depend on how special interest is structured in the country. At high level of market concentration, additional veto players will make the movement towrds full reform more likely. Conversly, at low levels of market concentration additional veto players decreases the likelyhood of reform.
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« Ontwikkelingsbeleid vir post-apartheid Suid-Afrika ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6856.
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D.Comm.The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways in which future development policy for post-apartheid South Africa must be structured. The motivation for the study stems from, firstly the way in which development issues were handled in the past, secondly the unique problematic nature of South Africa's development, and thirdly the shortcomings in the present proposals for development policy. If one examines the latest tendencies in the international literature on development policy, a shift in emphasis in the international approach to development since the late 1980s is discernible. Whereas the earlier emphasis in development policy was on the generating of economic growth which would have to trickle down to all levels of society, there has more recently been an increasing awareness of the important role which people must fulfil in the development process. According to the latest international literature on the subject, development must be a sustainable and humancentred process in which the protection of the environment, human security, and economic growth must be taken into account. As regards South Africa's development experience, this study came to the conclusion that the ways in which development issues were historically addressed were not successful. All policy initiatives were directed at the development of First World structures, the promotion of economic growth and the uplifting of minorities, while a ceiling was placed on opportunities for the development of the majority of the country's people. An economic growth pattern for development was thus advocated in which people and their development fulfilled a subordinate role. Although since the 1980s attempts have been made to stimulate development, these did not have political legitimacy in the eyes of the broader population and did not take place in a co-ordinated manner. The consequences of these policy initiatives are reflected in South Africa's current development problems. For the broader population, access to health, education and other essential services is either lacking or is of a poor quality. Human security is seriously threatened. Dualism occurs as regards the standard of human development and it is especially the black population, women and rural communities which have the greatest need for investment in human development. South Africa has limited environmental resources and in some areas has to deal with a degenerated environment. As regards economic growth, the economic growth pattern over the last two decades has seen the weakening of distribution of income, a reduction in per capita income and an increase in unemployment. The consequence of this is that approximately half of the population lives in poverty. Although since the early 1990s various policy documents have appeared with the aim of making policy proposals about the ways in which growth and development must be stimulated, none of these documents - including the Reconstruction and Development Programme - offers a satisfactory policy framework in which future development policy must be structured. As regards South Africa's unique development problems, the following proposals for a framework for future development policy are made: Development is the long-term goal which we endeavour to achieve. If a country really wants to benefit from the development process, it is necessary that development be a sustainable process. Sustainable development implies that development policy and decision-making in this regard must not only benefit the present generation, but future generations as well. A prerequisite for sustainable development, however, is that it must be humancentred. Development can therefore not be successful unless people and their choices are central to the development process. The humancentredness of development must therefore constitute the axis around which all development activities in South Africa must evolve. In order to ensure that sustainable development will be humancentred, it must, in accordance with the vision of the United Nations, be "pro-people, pro-jobs and pro-nature." Sustainable development is therefore a multidimensional and allinclusive concept with different dimensions. The discussion of a policy framework for South Africa examines the different dimensions which must be addressed in the development process in order to ensure that development in the long term will be people-centred and sustainable. The dimensions to be discussed include the social, economic, ecological, and also the political dimensions. Turning first to the social dimension, the ways in which people can be developed and their needs can be satisfied are discussed. Human development is thus regarded as the social dimension in the striving for sustainable development. Secondly the protection of the environment is discussed as the ecological dimension in the development process. Thirdly the striving for sustainable job-creating economic growth is regarded as the economic dimension in the development process. Lastly the political dimension of the development process is discussed, as it affects the successful formulation and facilitation of development policy. In addressing the different dimensions of the development process, the humancentreciness of the process must always be kept in mind. Humancentred development will clearly form the most important link in the striving for sustainable development in South Africa.