Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Human trafficking – European Union countries »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Human trafficking – European Union countries"
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Wong, Alfred, et Roxanne Gomes. « Societal and Economic Elements of Trafficking in Human Beings into the European Union ». Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 7, no 3 (1 mars 2016) : 831–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v7i3.11.
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The European Union (EU) is an early signatory of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. During the past decade, the EU has been undertaking various measures to conform to the "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons". The mitigating strategy has been largely based on the enforcement of existing and new laws, inside as well as outside of the EU. To date, the results have been largely ineffective. Addressing the societal and economic elements of home and host countries could be a more enduring means to alleviate the problem of trafficking in human beings.
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Szkurłat, Izabela. « Migration as a Threat to International Security ». Security Dimensions 32, no 32 (23 décembre 2019) : 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0987.
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The article presents migration as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The first part presents the problem of people migrating to Europe, including third-country nationals. It is shown that uncontrolled mass migration has forced European countries to provide budget, shelter and counselling for migrants. Furthermore, there were many cases when migration met with disapproval of indigenous people and fear of the impossibility of integrating different cultures and customs. European Union has introduced financial tools to support member countries in financing migration-related problems including the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund; and the Internal Security Fund. The article also mentions the European immigration policy adopted in 1999. The second part of the article refers to negative effects of migration: trafficking in human beings and forced labour. It is shown that they are widely practiced. To eliminate illegal activities, actions, which the author describes, are being taken within Europe. Polish people have also experienced trafficking in human beings and forced labour abroad. Such crimes have been reported within Poland as well. Finally the author states that the security of the European Union is threatened not only by external migrants, but also by citizens who migrate internally.
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Jovanovic, Marija. « International Law and Regional Norm Smuggling : How the EU and ASEAN Redefined the Global Regime on Human Trafficking ». American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 801–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaa030.
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Abstract The European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have developed fundamentally different regional regimes to address human trafficking despite both drawing on the framework established by the U.N. Palermo Protocol. These regimes have been deployed to achieve different missions: crime control animates the European framework whereas migration management informs the ASEAN regime. These different regional agendas have led to all central elements of the respective antitrafficking regimes being addressed differently including, the legal authority of the regional regime over domestic legislation, the allocation of responsibility between “sending” and “receiving” countries, their approaches to subjects of human trafficking, and the connectedness of each antitrafficking instrument to the wider regional regimes. The two regional responses challenge general assumptions about the universality and coherence of the growing international legal framework on human trafficking.
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Ristić, Vladimir. « The European model of the integrated border management ». Pravo - teorija i praksa 39, no 2 (2022) : 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2202091r.
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The enlargement of the European Union has called for a reevaluation of the way the external borders to be protected as a necessary consequence of the free movement of people in the European Union. It also appears to be a result of a fundamental component of the area of freedom, security and justice. The abolition of the internal border checks and a different approach to external borders followed by emerging forms of cross-border crime with a cross-border dimension, illegal migration, trafficking in human beings and terrorist threats constantly being on the rise, have requested a different approach. The lack of economic perspective, poverty, environmental disasters and wars have forced people to look for a better life else where, which has led to the most important global phenomenon of the 21st century migration. Migration issues have made us think about the important matters faced by developed countries independently, and as such they are currently at the top of the European Union's political agenda. To respond effectively to emerging challenges and threats, the European Union has expedited the development of the integrated border management as a generally acceptable border management model, as well as a key factor in improving migration management. The paper is based on the information gathered from the open sources of the European Union institutions, as well as from personal experiences gained throughout the course of border management reform in Republic of Serbia.
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VÂLCU, ELISE-NICOLETA. « EUROPEAN UNION LEGAL PROVISIONS ON THE ADMISSION OF THIRD-COUNTRY NATIONALS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EMPLOYMENTAS SEASONAL WORKERS ». Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 12, no 1 (26 novembre 2018) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v12i1.3415.
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”The global approach in matters of migration and mobility”, adopted by the Commission in 2011, sets out a general framework for the relations of the European Union with the third countries in matters of migration. This approach is based on four pillars: legal immigration and mobility, illegal immigration and human trafficking, international protection and asylum policy, as well as maximization of the impact of migration and of mobility on development.On 13th May 2015, the Commission presented”The European Agenda on migration” proposing immediate measures and actions to perform in the following years for a better management of migration under all its aspects. Within it, the Commission proposes orientations in four directions: reduction of factors encouraging clandestine migration; a border management aiming at lifesaving and border security; development of a sounder asylum common policy; and establishment of a new policy in matter of legal migration by modernising and revising the ”blue card” regime, by establishing some new priorities of the integration policies and by optimising the advantages of the migration policy for the aimed persons and the countries of origin. In September 2018, the Commission published a report on the progress made in the implementation of the European Agenda on migration, examining the progress and deficiencies in its implementation.
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van Kampen, Catherine, Elizabeth M. Zechenter, Sophia Murashkovsky Romma et Robert Jeffrey Powell. « A Survey of Immigration Models and Refugee Protection Schemes and their Consequences : The Case of Ukrainian Refugees ». Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 3, no 2 (22 décembre 2022) : 141–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644722x16710255213792.
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After its illegal occupation and annexation of Crimea in 2014 and continued military support for separatists in the Donbas, Russia escalated its war against Ukraine in February 2022 with direct ground attacks by Russian military forces on Ukraine's eastern, northern and southern borders, a blockade of Ukraine's coast and aerial attacks throughout the country. Millions of Ukrainians fled, including thousands of international students residing in Ukraine. Countries around the world responded to the resulting refugee crisis with varying policies. Many of Ukraine's neighboring countries enacted model immigration laws and developed various support schemes. Some governments, such as in Poland and the European Union (EU), immediately granted Ukrainian refugees the right to live, work, obtain access to education and receive benefits comparable to those to which their own citizens are entitled and created a generous and protective immigration model that attempts to prevent human trafficking and other forms of exploitation. Other countries geographically removed from the conflict used different models, including some with a private sponsorship component that, despite the best of intentions, may in retrospect be exposing refugees to the dangers of human trafficking and exploitation.<br/> Ukrainian refugees – also referred to as internally displaced persons (IDPs) if still remaining in Ukraine or as parolees if attempting to enter the United States (US) – seeking entry into the United Kingdom (UK) or US are required to find a private sponsor who accepts financial responsibility for them during their stay in their host country. In the UK, private sponsors are paid a monthly stipend, while in the US, private sponsors are not paid but actually contract with the US government to be financially responsible for the persons whom they are sponsoring. By contrast, Ukraine's neighbors, including Poland, with notably less economic and fiscal resources than either the UK or the US, have no private sponsorship requirement.<br/> Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukrainians have been a vulnerable population subjected to human trafficking – a situation exacerbated by Russia's current war against their country. In the first weeks of the war, credible firsthand and in-real-time reports by Ukrainian- and Russian-speaking attorneys and human rights advocates quickly emerged that describe Ukrainian women refugees utilizing online dating platforms, social media sites and online chat rooms to find private sponsors in the UK and the US. While this government policy requiring private sponsorship appeared to be a prudent means for vetting refugees, burden-sharing and shifting the hosting costs away from taxpayers and governments' ledgers, the policy has unintended consequences. Refugee and human trafficking experts state that the private sponsorship requirement compels Ukrainian refugees, 90-plus percent of whom are women and children, to 'market' themselves – often online – to potential private sponsors in the UK and US, thereby exposing themselves to human traffickers. This policy has potentially – albeit unintentionally – increased, exacerbated and even facilitated the human trafficking of Ukrainian refugees, an already vulnerable population experiencing a precariously heightened risk for physical, sexual and economic exploitation due to their growing desperation for physical safety.<br/> This article, written from the practitioners' perspective, discusses how the private sponsorship requirement for Ukrainian refugees is potentially increasing the risk of human trafficking for an already at-risk population, unnecessarily jeopardizing their safety and further stripping them of their human dignity. The unintended consequences of private sponsorship demonstrate that such a requirement in a wartime scenario is ill-conceived, inappropriate and dangerous public policy and, dare it be said, potentially exploitative.
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Tittel-Mosser, Fanny. « The Unintended Legal and Policy Relevance of EU Mobility Partnerships ». European Journal of Migration and Law 20, no 3 (12 septembre 2018) : 314–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340033.
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Abstract The Mobility Partnerships between the European Union and third countries have a negative image as they are often viewed as a tool of migration control rather than a flexible instrument to enhance mobility. Yet so far scholars have predominantly investigated the asymmetric negotiation of Mobility Partnerships as well as their limited consequences for migrant rights in EU Member States. What is often overlooked is that these partnerships can also influence the development of the legal and policy frameworks of third countries in ways that go beyond what is foreseen at the time of the negotiation of the instruments. This article combines a comparative legal analysis of the development of the legal frameworks in Morocco and Cape Verde with an empirical study of the implementation of Mobility Partnerships’ projects in relation to national migration strategies. The analysis demonstrates that Mobility Partnerships, despite their non-binding nature, have legal and policy relevance for these third countries with regard to the regulation of migration, asylum, human trafficking and even labour law.
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Djorobekova, A., A. Khamzin, A. Boretskiy et Sh Fayziev. « Labour migration and forced labour in the context of economic integration : new challenges and realities : statement of the problem ». Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 80, no 4 (25 décembre 2020) : 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2020-4/56-61.
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Main problem:The main idea of this study is the development of proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the regulatory framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, taking into account the experience of the European Union countries (as the largest integration association), towards the further development of the legal framework for cooperation in the social-labor sphere, as well as improving the integration and migration policy of the Eurasian Economic Union countries in general, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, in particular. In addition, this study intends to develop practical recommendations aimed at improving the activities of the law enforcement agencies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the EAEU countries, in the field of combating illegal migration and forced labor on the territory of this integration association. Moreover, this project suggests the legal promotion of the results obtained, both on the territory of the EAEU and beyond. Purpose: The aim of the study. To develop proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EAEU countries in the field of legal regulation of labour migration and counteracting its negative consequences such as illegal migration, forced labour in the territory of this integration association. Methods: The methodological basis of the study is made up of traditional general scientific and special legal methods used in comparative jurisprudence: system-structural, historical-legal, social-legal and comparative-legal. Results and their significance:All of the above testifies to the relevance and necessity of research in the framework of this study, since its implementation, taking into account the expected results, will further improve the regulatory framework in the field of combating illegal migration, human trafficking and other illegal manifestations resulting from insufficient regulation of the labour migration sphere.
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Bugyáki, Attila. « Milestones in the Foundation and Role of the Most Significant International Organizations against Money Laundering in the European Union ». Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 16, no 3 (31 décembre 2017) : 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2017.3.9.
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In this two-piece study, the author introduces the most important international organizations and institutions fighting against money laundering of our time, through the main chapters of the formation of the international institutional system. The first part is focused on the creation of the international institutional system fighting against money laundering.By the 21st century the phenomenon of money laundering—with the need of the laundering of gradually increasing “dirty” money, mainly from drugs, weapons and human trafficking, prostitution and corruption—has become a worldwide problem. With the increasing organization of international criminal groups—taking advantage of the free movement of money and financial services—are using more and more refined techniques to get more profits with their illegal activities. Money laundering will not leave terrorism untouched—casting a shadow on our everyday life—as particular radical groups use every means necessary to lay their hands on money sources anonymously needed for their existence, as it supplies their destructive actions; and naturally procuring this money the best sources are the money laundered by criminals. Recognising the money laundering and the negative and destructive effects of new crimes on everyday economic, financial and political life based on laundering, the leading countries of the world started international legislation against money laundering and terrorism which laws and codes are strictly regulating the different financial and bank supervision of the nation states. Despite the onsetting difficulties and indecisiveness, it was clear for the European Union that only strong international collaboration—and the unified understanding of measures—is the only power to stop the spread of money laundering.
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Hedlin, Simon. « Can Prostitution Law Reform Curb Sex Trafficking ? Theory and Evidence on Scale Substitution, and Replacement Effects ». University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no 50.2 (2017) : 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.50.2.can.
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Sex trafficking, a pervasive problem in many parts of the world, has become increasingly salient to policymakers and the general public. Activists, politicians, and scholars continue to engage in debates about how best to curb it. This Article discusses one especially contentious dimension of these debates: does banning prostitution reduce sex trafficking? Or is legalizing prostitution the optimal approach? Or is there a third, better way? Proceeding both theoretically and empirically, this Article seeks to cast light on the relationship between different types of prostitution laws and the prevalence of sex trafficking and human trafficking. It attempts to make three contributions to the literature. First, it builds on existing theories of the link between the demand for purchased sex and the supply of sex-trafficking victims to create a simple ordinal measure of prostitution laws. This measure, which the Article dubs the Prostitution Law Index (PLI), captures not only whether prostitution overall is legal or illegal, but whether buying sex is legal or illegal and whether selling sex is legal or illegal, which better reflects the actual cross-country variation in prostitution laws. The PLI takes into account scale, substitution, and replacement effects in the market for prostitution, where scale refers to increases in the prevalence of trafficking that are caused by growth of the overall market for prostitution; substitution to decreases in trafficking caused by current consumers who purchase sex with trafficking victims and, based on the risk of criminal sanction, shift to instead purchasing sex with individuals who voluntarily sell sex, thereby crowding out trafficking victims; and replacement to decreases in trafficking caused by new voluntary sellers of sex who, incentivized by changes in prostitution laws, enter the market and crowd out trafficking victims. The PLI ranks prostitution laws across countries on a four-point scale (from 1 to 4), based on their expected effectiveness (from least to most effective) in reducing sex trafficking. Second, the study uses a recent dataset provided by the European Union to map the statistical relationship between PLI scores and prevalence of sex trafficking, based on the Article’s theory of scale, substitution, and replacement effects. The analysis suggests that there generally is an inverse relationship between a country’s PLI score and the prevalence of trafficking in that country. Greater legislative efforts to reduce scale and to increase substitution and replacement appear, on average, to be associated with lower levels of sex trafficking. Third, the Article presents a basic Difference-in-Differences analysis—on the basis of extremely limited data and thus with an unusually large number of caveats— of Norway’s 2009 prostitution law reform. Tentative results indicate that the Norwegian reform, which made it legal to sell but illegal to buy sex, may potentially have helped reduce the prevalence of trafficking there.
Thèses sur le sujet "Human trafficking – European Union countries"
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Jovanović, Marija. « Human trafficking, human rights and the right to be free from slavery, servitude and forced labour ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:438dfa89-492c-4882-b882-8f21a0f60e9e.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis engages with a dynamic discourse on the human rights approach to human trafficking. Building on the traditional doctrine of human rights, the thesis demonstrates that human trafficking is not a human rights violation, save for a state involvement in it, either directly or through a failure to observe its positive obligations imposed by the existent human rights. In situations that do engage human rights law, the thesis defends an argument that conceptually, human trafficking falls within a domain of the right to be free from slavery, servitude and forced labour. This argument is grounded in both a doctrinal and a conceptual analysis. In particular, the thesis conducts a unique conceptual and legal analysis of Article 4 of the European Convention of Human Rights offering an original interpretation of the concept of exploitation in the context of practices associated with trafficking and 'modern slavery'. This type of inquiry is missing in the existent scholarship. The thesis also conducts a detailed analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on positive obligations to protect vulnerable individuals arising out of 'absolute' rights. In addition to providing a complete analysis and classification of these positive obligations, the thesis draws attention to the important difference between the scope of the right and the scope of state responsibility in situations of private infringements of 'absolute' rights. Accordingly, the thesis demonstrates that whereas the prohibition contained in these rights is absolute for the state, positive obligations in situations of their infringements by private individuals are of a limited scope. The analysis of the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court is supplemented by a comprehensive discussion of the obligations established in the trafficking-specific instruments. The thesis explains how victim protection provisions contained in these instruments may inform human rights obligations, yet, it demonstrates that these do not represent such obligations on their own. This analysis provides a roadmap for practitioners and activists when arguing cases before the Strasbourg Court and domestically. In addition to this practical dimension, the thesis intends to provide an important contribution to the scholarship on human rights law, and on human trafficking specifically.
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Rijken, Conny. « Trafficking in persons : prosecution from a European perspective / ». The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam051/2004436856.html.
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Askola, Heli. « Legal responses to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the European Union / ». Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/519840240.pdf.
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Nieminen, Linda. « Why is human trafficking excluded from the EU’s cybersecurity ? : An explorative study about cybersecurity and human trafficking in the European Union ». Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9698.
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Combatting human trafficking is one of the top priorities in the European Union and Europol. Nonetheless, Europe is one of worlds’ leading regions for most trafficked human beings. Human trafficking is often connected to organised crime such as drug trafficking, cybercrime and child pornography and occurs across borders. 21st century’s digital age has broadly shifted human trafficking from the real-life to the cyberspace. However, human trafficking is not mentioned in any EU cybersecurity policies. This thesis aims to explore, using a feminist security approach, why human trafficking is overlooked in the European Union cybersecurity. By conducting an interpretive content analysis and using the method of deconstruction, I investigated the silences of human trafficking and gender. Leaning on feminist theories of securitisation, hegemonic masculinity and poststructural feminism, three significant assumptions were identified. The first assumption was that human trafficking is overlooked in the EU cybersecurity because of the non-human referent object of security. The second was that it is overlooked because of hegemonic masculinity. And lastly, because the issue is seen as private and therefore do not belong to cybersecurity. By analysing EU cybersecurity policies, I identified that the EU cybersecurity is dominated by norms of hegemonic masculinity and gendered social hierarchies. In the EU cybersecurity, threats related to non-human objects are constructed and gain hegemony over human rights and social policies. This study has raised important questions about the nature of cybersecurity in the EU, and greater efforts are needed to ensure women’s security in the cyberspace. These results suggest that if the EU aims to combat human trafficking wholehearted, it needs to start with acknowledging human trafficking as a threat in the cyberspace.
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Etienne, Anne. « Towards European Integration : Do the European Union and Its Members Abide by the Same Principles ? » Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4617/.
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In the last few decades the European Union (EU) and its members have emphasized the importance of human rights and the need to improve human rights conditions in Third World countries. In this research project, I attempted to find out whether the European Union and its members practice what they preach by giving precedence to countries that respect human rights through their Official Development Assistance (ODA) program. Furthermore, I tried to analyze whether European integration occurs at the foreign policy level through aid allocation. Based on the literatures on political conditionality and on the relationship between human rights and foreign aid allocation, I expected that all EU members promote principles of good governance by rewarding countries that protect the human rights of their citizens. I conducted a cross-sectional time-series selection model over all recipients of ODA for each of the twelve members for which I have data, the European Commission, and the aggregate EU disbursements from 1979 to 1998.
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FELD, Leonard. « From soft law to hard law : the concept and regulation of human rights due diligence in the EU legal context ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74341.
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Defence date: 14 March 2022Examining Board: Professor Stefan Grundmann (Humboldt University Berlin); Professor Mathias Siems (European University Institute); Professor Karin Buhmann (Copenhagen Business School); Professor Robert McCorquodale (University of Nottingham)
This dissertation examines the concept of human rights due diligence (HRDD) under international soft law and its transposition into business regulation, with a particular focus on the European Union context. It traces the evolution of HRDD – starting from the work of the United Nations to the recent contributions of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The inquiry finds that HRDD is a concept of remarkable depth, whose features make it suitable to address human rights abuse in the globalised economy. Yet, there are also a number of practical and conceptual concerns. For instance, it is argued that the concept of HRDD features a high level of abstraction, which leads to ambiguities at the stage of implementation. In view of these findings, the transposition of HRDD into business law provides an opportunity, not only to build on the strengths of the concept, but also to counter some of its weaknesses. In addition, the thesis addresses two questions of international law concerning, first, the legality of HRDD legislation in view of its extraterritorial implications and, second, the relationship between relevant legal acts and the duties of states under international human rights law. It is held that regulators enjoy considerable leeway under international law to facilitate or require HRDD even beyond their own borders. Yet, states are presently under no international obligation to regulate HRDD processes – even though new developments are in sight. Finally, drawing on the findings of this research, the dissertation reviews Directive 2014/95/EU and Regulation (EU) 2017/821 as two precedents of HRDD legislation in the European Union. The two legal acts pursue very different strategies to promote HRDD processes with, it is argued, a varying degree of success. Through these assessments, the thesis provides a set of recommendations that may inform the transposition of the concept into business law.
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Wiessala, Eugen Georg. « The politics of re-orientation and responsibility : European Union foreign policy and human rights promotion in Asian countries ». Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2005. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/22530/.
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This study focuses on the protection and promotion of human rights in the context of the external relations of the European Union (EU). It sets out to examine, in particular, the position of human rights within the framework of EU foreign policy. While questions of human rights sparked a wide-ranging academic debate and resulted in enhanced levels of public scrutiny over the last decade, the research presented in this dissertation attempts to fill a significant gap in scholarly attention. It does so by offering a critique of the theoretical approaches towards, and the practical manifestations of human rights promotion initiatives in the context of EU policy interaction with countries in Asia. Evidence from previous work, included as part of this dissertation, suggests that the incremental growth of human rights competencies and agendas within the EU's legal and political systems was reflected in a number of areas of concrete EU external activity, such as the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), Development Policy, relations with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries and the EU's New Asia Strategy. This dissertation attempts to demonstrate how, in the context of a Constructivist perspective within International Relations Theory in general, and EU-Asia relations in particular, the EU can be conceptualised as a value-guided, 'ethical' polity, grounded in a constitutional framework of Treaties. As a result of this, the Union introdued a more pronounced human rights dimension to its dialogue with Asia. The evidence indicates that, in respect of its Asian partners, the EU implemented human rights strategies in a number or formats and with varying degrees of success. The study scrutinises, in particular, the Commission's 'strategy papers' on Asia and the Asia-Europe Meetings (ASEM). In addition to findings analysed in previous work, this study demonstrates that the resulting debates about 'rights' and 'values' can be related to wider discourses derived from normative theory and surrounding issues of culture and identity. In the Asia-EU dialogue, arguments over human rights contain the potential to be both an enabling dynamic for, and an inhibiting agent of, a more intensive EU-Asia political and cultural dialogue. The study places a particular emphasis on EU human rights promotion policies towards the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Indonesia and Burma (The Union of Myanmar). It identifies and appraises three distinct EU policy approaches ranging from incentives based and coordinated measures to a more coercive and punitive diplomatic arsenal.
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Kozlowski, Anna Maria. « Trafficking Against Human Beings from the Polish-European Perspective : Why the State Security Approach is the Wrong Solution ». Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1996.
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Thesis advisor: Paul ChristensenThis thesis begins by examining the security trends of the European Union after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the resulting efforts to shield Europe against unknown enemies through strengthened external borders. It notes that the driving force behind such a state security mindset was the idea that the global developments that opened the way for hyperterrorism were also responsible for other cross-border threats such as cross-border crime and illegal migration. Thus Europe and consequently, Poland, have found themselves in positions of increased law enforcement and border control at a time when globalization presses for the free movement of goods and labor. As a product of these dualities, this work notes that human trafficking has negatively altered in its manifestations rather than decreasing in occurrence. Thus, through a detailed examination of United Nations, European Union, and Polish laws, this thesis finally concludes that the current state security approach to anti-trafficking efforts is ineffective; it argues that countries such as Poland – through the help of NGOs – must adopt a human security mindset and use improved criminal prosecution and victim assistance as a new, more successful, means of deterrence
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Political Science
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GATTO, Alexandra. « The responsibility of multinational enterprises for human rights violations in European Union law ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7018.
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Defence date: 18 June 2007Examining Board: Prof. Francesco Francioni, (EUI) ; Prof. Marise Cremona, (EUI) ; Prof. Enzo Cannizzaro, (University of Macerata) ; Prof. Olivier De Schutter, (Catholic University of Louvain)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis addresses the question as to how the European Union can ensure that EU based MNEs respect human rights when operating in third countries. Firstly, it identifies primary obligations on MNEs as developed by international law in order to tackle the above question. Secondly, on the basis of this theoretical framework it investigates how the European Union has acted to promote respect of human rights obligations by MNEs which are based on the territory of one of its Member States. Thirdly, the gap between the EU’s commitment to the respect and promotion of human rights, the potential to regulate the conduct of MNEs and the EU’s reluctance to impose human rights obligations on MNEs is explored. It is suggested that current human rights law should develop in the sense of considering companies as duty holders, together with States and other non-state actors, for the realisation of human rights. Moreover, a principle of graduation of responsibility is applied to MNEs, according to the specific human right involved, the proximity to the victim and the element of State authority exercised by the company in a particular situation. The above depicted graduation of responsibility (from the obligation to respect, to the obligation to promote human rights) should be matched by a graduation of corresponding implementing mechanisms. Applying this theoretical framework to the EU, three main recommendations have been formulated. Firstly, the EU should more firmly link the promotion of MNEs’ human rights obligations to international human rights law and support the constitution of an international law framework within the UN. Secondly, the EU should promote MNEs’ human rights obligations within the limits of its competence, both at the international and at an external level. It has been argued that a proactive attitude in this respect would not require the acquisition of new powers, but simply the recognition of a functional competence on the basis of Article 6 TEU in taking positive (and not merely negative) steps for the promotion of human rights in the areas of its competence occurring in international law and the international framework for MNEs’ responsibility. Finally, the EU should not abandon the option of exploring non-binding and incentive measures, both at the international and external levels, to be encouraged as a viable complement to binding measures.
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Szewczyk, Bart Michael Julius. « European citizenship and national democracy : sources of EU legitimacy in the common interest and in service of human dignity ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610301.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Human trafficking – European Union countries"
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Vermeulen, G., et N. Paterson. The Montrasec demo : A bench-mark for member state and eu automated data collection and reporting on trafficking in human beings and sexual exploitation of children. Antwerpen, Netherlands : Maklu, 2010.
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The European Union and Asian countries. London : Sheffield Academic Press, 2002.
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The EU as a "global player" in human rights ? New York : Routledge, 2011.
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Paul, Kubicek, dir. The European Union and democratization. London : Routledge, 2003.
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Ana, Stefanovic, et International Federation Terre des Hommes, dir. Lost kids, lost futures : The European Union's response to child trafficking. Geneva : International Federation terre des Hommes, 2004.
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Anne, Weyembergh, et Santamaria Veronica, dir. The evaluation of European criminal law : The example of the framework decision on combatting trafficking in human beings. Brussels : Editions del l'Université de Bruxelles, IEEE, Institut d'études européenes, 2009.
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Mowbray, A. R. The development of positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford : Hart Pub., 2004.
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Andrés, Rodríguez-Pose, et SpringerLink (Online service), dir. Innovation and Regional Growth in the European Union. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.
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1943-, Cosgrove-Sacks Carol, et Santos Carla, dir. Europe, diplomacy, and development : New issues in EU relations with developing countries. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave in association with College of Europe, 2001.
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Philip, Alston, Bustelo Mara R, Heenan James, Academy of European Law et European University Institute, dir. The EU and human rights. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1999.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Human trafficking – European Union countries"
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Hoffman, Alecia D. « Do International Legal Instruments Curb Human Trafficking or Exacerbate the Problem ? : African States and the European Union–An Examination of the Lomé and Cotonou Agreements ». Dans Human Trafficking in Africa, 47–72. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82163-0_3.
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Frigola, Pierre. « Combatting Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear Materials : Cooperation Projects Financed by the European Union with Non-Member Countries ». Dans Dismantlement and Destruction of Chemical, Nuclear and Conventional Weapons, 105–18. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1276-7_27.
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Scaffardi, Lucia, et Giulia Formici. « Introduction : Feeding the Future Sustainably—What Role for Novel Foods and Edible Insects ? » Dans Novel Foods and Edible Insects in the European Union, 1–11. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13494-4_1.
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AbstractFood systems all over the world are increasingly under pressure: according to the United Nations, in 2020, 2.37 billion people suffered hunger or were unable to eat a healthy balanced diet on a regular basis. This worrying scenario, mainly affecting developing countries in the Global South, has been exacerbated by different phenomena such as climate change, the global spread of Covid-19, and recent geopolitical tensions. In this context, innovation and technological progress have been considered important allies to promote environmental, social and economic sustainability in the food sector and provide solid answers to the urgent demand of accessible and safe food for present and future generations. So-called Novel Foods represent an interesting and relevant example of the potential role of innovation for the guaranteeing of food security. This introductive chapter aims to present the main issues affecting the food sector globally and offer some first insights on this Volume’s main topics: Novel Foods in the European Union and a particular category of ‘new’ foods, namely insects for human consumption. The structure of the book and the reasons behind the content selection are explored, highlighting the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to such a complex topic.
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Mihr, Anja. « European democracy’s Response to the BRI ». Dans Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia, 375–92. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_26.
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AbstractIn this chapter, I will argue that the 2013 Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been neither a curse nor a blessing for democracy. Instead, China’s BRI activities in over 140 countries worldwide have triggered many global and local movements and initiatives that have led alternatively to stronger autocratisation and democratisation in some regions, such as across Eurasia. The quantity of investments under the BRI is not a determinant of whether a country democratises or autocratises.Instead, the BRI and the autocratic leadership of the Chinese government in implementing investments across Eurasia has triggered several countermeasures by the European Union (EU) and the G7. One of these is the Global Gateway Initiative (GGI) which aims to invest in infrastructure and development projects worldwide, but with the key difference that its aim is to promote democratic norms and principles of human rights at the same time. Some of the consequences of the New Cold War between democratic and autocratic political systems including the rising unrest of civil society in the face of autocratic forms of governance and anti-Chinese sentiments, these lead to civil unrest and even wars that destabilise entire regions and countries.
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« D. European Union and Communities ». Dans Multilevel Regulation against Trafficking in Human Beings, 132–234. Nomos, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845254142_132.
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Scarpa, Silvia. « The European Union and Trafficking in Persons : From Traffickers' Prosecution to Victims' Protection ? » Dans Trafficking in Human Beings, 171–205. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541904.003.0006.
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« Trafficking and Smuggling in Human Beings : the British Perspective ». Dans Immigration and Criminal Law in the European Union, 345–69. Brill | Nijhoff, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004150645.i-425.88.
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« I Trafficking in and Smuggling of Human Beings : the Spanish Approach ». Dans Immigration and Criminal Law in the European Union, 271–78. Brill | Nijhoff, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004150645.i-425.70.
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Huszka, Beáta, et Zsolt Körtvélyesi. « EU enlargement policy and human rights ». Dans The European Union and Human Rights, 345–64. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814191.003.0016.
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The enlargement policy of the European Union (EU) aims at integrating new members following an accession path. EU conditionality policy is a delicate balancing exercise between keeping the partner countries on the accession path and upholding fundamental values. Enlargement countries are now concentrated, with the exception of Turkey, in the Western Balkans. A key challenge is that the current leaderships in many of these states are shifting their countries increasingly in an authoritarian direction. The EU now faces a situation of establishing illiberal regimes in the region and so far seems to lack the willingness and the tools to engage and counter this. The chapter finds that human rights conditionality seems to allow for less-than-honest domestic compliance, where the EU’s requests are (mis)used to boost the power of domestic leadership. The stated principles of the EU can clash with the state’s actual performance for various reasons, including the prioritization of more direct economic interests or security goals. Conditionality tends to remain shallow as it is built on conditions that are easy to implement and measure but remain largely formal (for example, setting up an institution, adopting legislation). In the case of the Western Balkans, our research findings indicate that the enlargement process can result in favouring strong leaders who can deliver, even if the same ‘strength’ puts human rights compliance at risk. The greatest danger is that EU integration can end up legitimising the violation of human rights by the authorities.
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Ziller, Jacques. « European Union Member States and Other European Countries ». Dans Judicial Review of Administration in Europe, 307–15. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867609.003.0019.
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This chapter focuses on the relevance of a distinction between European Union (EU) Member States on the one hand and non-EU member states on the other when trying to identify the common core of the law regarding judicial review of administrations in Europe. It begins by looking at how EU membership impacts on the issues of substance and process in the Member States' laws of judicial review of administration. The chapter then considers how the differences and similarities between EU Member States can be interpreted. It also studies the cases of Switzerland and Ukraine in greater detail. There is very little commonality between Ukraine and Switzerland, apart from the fact that both countries are Members of the Council of Europe (CoE) and thus parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and that they are not members of the EU, which might be an especially good reason to compare them.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Human trafficking – European Union countries"
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Zhou, Yanxi. « Identifying European Union Countries’ Cooperation in Reducing Carbon Emissions ». Dans 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220704.099.
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Emerling, Izabela. « Health care financing in the European Union countries versus the gross domestic product ». Dans The 4th Human and Social Sciences at the Common Conference. Publishing Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/hassacc.2016.4.1.216.
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Eren, Miraç, et Selahattin Kaynak. « Analysis of Innovation Performances of European Union Member Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01852.
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Together with the transition from the industrial society to the information society, Innovation at the forefront of the countries' development arguments has strategic significance for companies, industries, and countries and it is emerging as the main element of being in the market. Also, Innovation has vital importance in determining the policies of countries because of increasing social welfare and living standards of individuals. Countries having effective innovation policies and systems are rapidly advancing in the development race. Even in countries with low innovation performance, demand for innovative products and services are high. According to the Lisbon Strategy, it is important to know the innovation performances of the member countries of the European Union, which see the innovation as the basic element of economic growth, and to measure their activities. For these reasons, the purpose of this research is to analyze the innovation performances of the EU member countries. So, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the performance of each member country against the other member countries in the group consisting of European Union countries was considered. Therefore, the variables that are used in determining the level of innovation of the member states of the European Commission were respectively considered as Input Variables (Human Research, Research Systems, Finance, and Support) and Output Variables (Innovators, Economic effects). Tone (2001)'s Slack-Based Model and Lotfi & Poursakhi (2012)'s dynamic DEA Model was considered together to measure the efficiency of the countries in few periods instead of a single period.
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Ballı, Esra, et Gülçin Güreşçi Pehlivan. « Economic Effects of European Neighborhood Policy on Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00777.
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After the fifth enlargement of European Union in 2004 and with the expansion of European Unions borders and new neighbors, it became one of the important policies to provide security, stability and prosperity, and develop relationship between neighborhood countries. Although, enlargement process provide some opportunities to the member states of European Union, it brings about some difficulties. The differences at the life standards, environment, public health, prevention and combating organized crime between European Union and neighbor countries caused to create new policies. European Neighborhood Policy was launched in 2004, and consists of 16 countries, namely: Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, The Palestinian Authority, Tunisia, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Lebanon, Algeria, Syria, Libya and Belarus. European Union and the partner country sign the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements, and then the Agreement Action Plans are mutually adapted. Action Plans include privileged relationship, mutual commitment to common values, democracy and human rights, legal and market economy principles, good governance, sustainable development, energy and transportation policies. Within the framework of European Neighborhood Policy, the main aim is to arrange the relationship between the neighbors of European Union. In this study, economic effects of the European Neighborhood Policy will be examined for the relevant countries.
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Migala-Warchol, Aldona. « CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES WITH AN APPLICATION OF THE MODIFIED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ». Dans 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/3.3/s12.012.
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Silvestru, Ramona camelia, Elena Prada et Catalin ionut Silvestru. « CONVERGENCE CLUB OF ONLINE EDUCATION IN EUROPEAN UNION ». Dans eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-160.
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Education has a major role regarding human development and society, being the main resource of growth of a country. Along with the technological evolution and changes, education has gained other dimensions, as internet brings together. In this paper we aim to study if there are influences of the digital skills and access to technology on the education development and convergence in the European Union Countries. The method applied is based on convergence clubs principle: a group of countries tend to have similar tendencies regarding a specific characteristic. Considering that the European Union states may form clusters of countries with a specific characteristic based on the expenditures together with the internet use. On the clusters resulted we employ an econometric model that takes into consideration aspects as: influences on how European countries converge in terms of access to internet and technology of households, and stimulation of educational convergence in European Union. Another aspect of our research is to point out the need of investments in all education and training forms in such a way that we can assure that the people that are attending this process will be more efficient and their effectiveness will raise as a consequence of improved skills and competences that are meeting rapidly the needs of the labor market. This process of education and training will allow the individuals to achieve the knowledge, skills and competences through the usage of the ELearnings platforms that enables them to grow and to influence their situations, by broadening their perspectives, equipping people favorably for their future lives.
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Ay, Ahmet, Fatih Ayhan et Mustafa Gerçeker. « Analyzing the Free Movement of Goods Principle in European Union ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01419.
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In this paper, it will be analyzed the free movement of goods principle’s progress in European Union. This principle have special importance for all countries not only EU members. Because of globalisation’s effects, all countries have to open their boundaries to all over the World. Thus the free movement of goods affects almost all countries. Free movement of goods principle is achieved a successful progress in EU case. In this paper, we will try to show this principle’s success in EU agreements, regulations, settlements and peaks. Not only in EU, but also all open economies are getting extra benefit from trade. Free movement of goods is a part of international trade and also first step of EU integration process. Followings steps are consisting of free movement of capitals, services and human. In this paper, we’ll show the meaning and importance of this principle and its historical progress in EU. And also it will be analyzed to basic drawback, preventions, and exceptions of this principle.
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Urbane, Marta. « The Future of the Employee’s Right to Disconnect in the European Union and Latvia ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002285.
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The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.
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Panagoreţ, Andreea, Dragos Panagoreţ et Tomislav Kandyija. « Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy of the European Union ». Dans G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/16.
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Sustainable development approaches the concept of quality of life in all its complexity, from an economic, social and environmental point of view, promoting the idea of the balance between economic development, social equity, efficient use and conservation of the environment. By its very nature, sustainable development represents the need for responsibility and education for environmental protection, and this aspect is reflected in the evolution of community policy in recent years, a policy marked by the transition from an approach based on constraint and sanction, to a more flexible, based one on incentives. Thus, it is acting in the direction of a voluntary approach, in order to promote this environmental responsibility and to encourage the use of environmental management systems. The environmental policy does not act independently, but reflects the interest of civil society in this direction, manifested by the creation of numerous environmental movements and organizations. Moreover, in some countries the creation and development of "green" political parties has been achieved, with real success in the political arena. However, resistance - or, more properly, the restraint and inertia that manifests itself, should not be forgotten, when environmental objectives seem to limit industrial competitiveness and economic growth; but this aspect only emphasizes once again the need for a concerted approach at European level and the need for an active and integrated environmental policy, capable of responding to the challenges that appear economically. The European environmental policy is based on the principles of precaution, prevention, correction of pollution at source and "polluter pays". The precautionary principle is a risk management tool that can be invoked if there is scientific uncertainty about a possible risk to human health or the environment, arising from a particular action or policy.
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Vitez Pandžić, Marijeta, et Jasmin Kovačević. « REGULATORY SYSTEMS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE ». Dans EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18360.
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The European Union (EU) actively responded to the pandemic and the consequences of the pandemic in different areas of human activity (health, economic, social, etc.) adopting a series of regulations, measures and guidelines in different fields. EU member states acted in accordance with EU regulations and within their own legal system and the management structures. The aim of this paper was to analyze ten selected EU member states and their regulatory responses in the approach to pandemic control in relation to the mortality rate per million inhabitants on January 15, 2021. The following hypothesis was set: The regulatory systems and management structures of selected EU member states in the framework of the management of the COVID-19 pandemic have been successfully set up and implemented and have contributed to the lower mortality rate per million inhabitants until January 15, 2021. Ten EU countries were selected for the study according to their mortality rate per million inhabitants on January 15, 2021. Besides Croatia (average mortality), research included three member states with high (Belgium, Slovenia, Czechia), three with average (Hungary, Austria, Slovakia) and three with low mortality rate per million inhabitants (Ireland, Denmark, Finland). All available data from EU and ten selected countries were collected and analysed: about legal framework for crisis management, regulatory powers, level of decentralization in the health care system and whether the timeline of the pandemic control criteria according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) was adequately set. Data were analysed in Microsoft Office Excel. Given the obtained results, hypothesis can be considered only partially proven. The legal framework used by studied EU countries for adopting pandemic control measures was not consistently associated with morality rate in this research. All studied EU countries used legal framework that existed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, four of them had states of emergency provided in the Constitution (Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia and Finland), four of them effectively declared statutory regimes (Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia), and Belgium adopted pandemic control measures using special legislative powers. Three studied countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland) had high level of decentralised decision making in health sector and lower COVID-19 mortality rate. In the first pandemic wave (start in March, 2020) all studied countries respected the timeline in adopting pandemic control measures according to the IHME criteria. In the second pandemic wave (start in October, 2020) only four countries (Czechia, Ireland, Denmark, Finland) respected the timeline in adopting pandemic control measures and three (Ireland, Denmark, Finland) were in low mortality group. Within the concluding considerations of the studied countries and in their pandemic management models, Finland and Denmark were recognised as the most successful with lowest COVID-19 mortality rates. Long tradition of Public Health, decentralized health care decision-making, high level of preparedness in crisis management and adequate timeline in implementation of the pandemic control measures led to lower mortality in COVID-19 pandemic. In the future EU could take even more active role within its legal powers and propose scientific based approach in crisis management to help countries implement measures to preserve lives of EU citizens.