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1
Stambøl, Eva Magdalena. « The Rise of Crimefare Europe : Fighting Migrant Smuggling in West Africa ». European Foreign Affairs Review 24, Issue 3 (1 octobre 2019) : 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2019026.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article explores the incremental role of criminalization and crime control in European Union (EU) foreign policy and external action. Protecting Europe from dangerous or unwanted mobility has come to drive the EU’s relations with Africa. Consequently, the EU’s liberal state-building agenda (promoting peace, democracy and human rights) seems to be increasingly accompanied or even sometimes supplanted by illiberal practices (criminalization, policing, surveillance, border security and militarization). Based on fieldwork in Niger, Mali and Senegal, the article investigates how West African countries’ internal security apparatuses and borders are increasingly becoming a main target sector for European assistance. Yet scrutinizing policy implementation reveals that some European crime definitions and control models are locally resisted and contribute to greater insecurity by upsetting fragile micro-political stability. As such, the article problematizes the compatibility of European and African security, and argues for a collaborative engagement between Criminology and International Relations (IR) in analysing the EU’s emerging global crime-fighting role.
2
Jovanovic, Marija. « International Law and Regional Norm Smuggling : How the EU and ASEAN Redefined the Global Regime on Human Trafficking ». American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 801–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaa030.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have developed fundamentally different regional regimes to address human trafficking despite both drawing on the framework established by the U.N. Palermo Protocol. These regimes have been deployed to achieve different missions: crime control animates the European framework whereas migration management informs the ASEAN regime. These different regional agendas have led to all central elements of the respective antitrafficking regimes being addressed differently including, the legal authority of the regional regime over domestic legislation, the allocation of responsibility between “sending” and “receiving” countries, their approaches to subjects of human trafficking, and the connectedness of each antitrafficking instrument to the wider regional regimes. The two regional responses challenge general assumptions about the universality and coherence of the growing international legal framework on human trafficking.
3
Lutovac, Zoran. « Migration and European integration of Serbia ». Stanovnistvo 54, no 1 (2016) : 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv160519002l.
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This paper focuses on migration in the context of European integration which implies, on the one hand, internal integration, integration within the EU and, on the other hand, the enlargement process related to the countries that have applied to join the EU. The aim is to determine in which way the migration, especially refugee crisis in 2015, had influence on the EU, as a supranational political community, and what was the impact on Serbia which is in the process of integration into the European Union. Migrant crisis has shown that the EU has to confront many different issues including several issues of great importance for its survival and strengthening: how to influence on global processes to a greater extent instead of dealing with the consequences of the global politics of others; how to preserve and keep the values that the EU itself is founded and the values on which should be built upon further construction of the political community and, finally, weather the EU can be transformed in the direction of the United European States, in both the functional and in terms of values, or the EU will move towards deepening of Europe of concentric circles. Faced with extremely complex migration situation, Serbia does not have the appropriate institutional and regulatory framework, nor a political response to a series of complex issues in the area of migration and migration-related issues, such as asylum system, irregular migration, sustainable return of our citizens asylum seekers in EU member states, implementation of the agreement on readmission, the departure of highly educated - brain drain, migration and development, the fight against human trafficking (protection of victims, prevention, criminal prosecution of traffickers), and smuggling of migrants, issues of border management, demarcation and boundary determination (as well as the agreement that should be concluded). Some of these problems migrant crisis has made visible by encouraging coping with the need of systemic response to the flaws in the regulatory framework, in the policy concerning asylum seekers, irregular migration through the territory of Serbia, as well as in the sustainable return of our citizens, applicants for asylum in member states. If we put all this in the context of untimely planning, ineffective management of economic trends, the lack of financial support from Brussels to deal with the refugee crisis, but also in the context of the fact that the enlargement policy is aimed at meeting the Copenhagen criteria, but not on economic growth - then the fears of uncontrolled influx of migrants pose potential capital of radical and populist political options. In the relationship with Brussels, Serbia would have to fight for more under-standing regarding the state of the economy and, in general, regarding help with the costs of joining the EU, especially in case of further escalation of the migrant crisis. Serbia's image in the international arena has been changing for better because of the human attitude towards refugees and migrants who were in transit, but for the citizens of Serbia is much more important that the attitude towards them is a part of the essential changes in the society, and not juste an agile response to the crisis - i. e. what metters most is to make appropriate administrative and legal measures, to effectively manage the problems that migrant crisis put in the foreground, but primarily to change the essence of political community and to have this change of image as a result of state and society transformation towards strengthening democratic institutions, the rule of law, media freedom and developed human rights and freedoms.
4
Zahara Silviani, Ninne, et Prita Amalia. « ASEAN-CHINA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (ACFTA) TO DEVELOP THE LEGAL REGIME ON EXTERMINATION OF GOODS SMUGGLING IN ASEAN FROM INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE (COMPARISON STUDY : EUROPEAN UNION) ». Humanities & ; Social Sciences Reviews 8, no 4 (17 septembre 2020) : 1204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84114.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose: ASEAN-China Free Trade Area or ACFTA was established by ASEAN states and China to create free trade areas by removing barriers to trade in goods and services. While economic cooperation between the ACFTA state members increases, inter-states goods smuggling still happens and affects the economy sector. This article will study, whether ACFTA regulates goods smuggling especially between China and ASEAN and, how the way the ACFTA could learn from the European Union’s systems to resolve goods smuggling and fraud to help ASEAN in reducing the rate of smuggling of imported goods from Indonesian approach.
Methodology: This study has employed a normative legal research method with a comparison approach to explain how ACFTA could develop the agreement role in ASEAN to reduce and exterminate goods smuggling activities by comparing the current system with the European Union form of law system and agreement.
Main Findings: This study found out that ACFTA missed the discussion about goods smuggling. Trader’s intention to avoid taxes and import duties from importing countries has pushed the import goods smuggling to increase. A large number of Indonesian traders, especially in the outermost area did goods smuggling because of their dependence through the import goods from neighborhood countries. A developed regional framework like the European Union has a special institution that coming from joint European countries authorities working to resolve smuggling matters.
Implications/Applications: The study will provide the details related to ACFTA, whether they regulate the import and goods smuggling between China and ASEAN Countries. Learning from the European Union law system and agreement regarding this matter, hoped to be an example for ACFTA to develop the regulation regarding the same matter.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Study about the extermination of goods smuggling in ASEAN has not got enough attention from society, meanwhile, it gave an adverse effect on taxation and the economic sector in every state.
5
Mitsilegas, Valsamis. « The normative foundations of the criminalization of human smuggling : Exploring the fault lines between European and international law ». New Journal of European Criminal Law 10, no 1 (mars 2019) : 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284419834363.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this article is to examine the different manifestations of the criminalization of human smuggling and to provide a critique of the normative foundations of such criminalization. A wide range of conduct has been criminalized as human smuggling in international and European law. This conduct ranges from organized crime to exploitation and violence to humanitarian assistance to irregular entry, with recent calls being made for smuggling to be treated as a crime against humanity. The article will examine the criminalization of human smuggling critically, by providing a taxonomy of the claimed and real normative foundations for such criminalization. The analysis will cast light on the ambiguity behind the criminalization of human smuggling and evaluate critically attempts to adopt a ‘catch-all’ approach to criminalization. The limits of this approach will be demonstrated, in particular by highlighting the considerable differences in criminalization approaches at United Nations and at European Union level.
6
Movchan, Roman, Oleksandr Dudorov, Andrii Vozniuk, Vitalii Areshonkov et Yuriy Lutsenko. « Combating commodity smuggling in Ukraine : in search of the optimal legislative model ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no 47 (17 décembre 2021) : 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.47.11.14.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the paper is to identify optimal legislative model of criminal law counteraction to commodity smuggling in Ukraine, taking into account experience of foreign countries, primarily the European Union. The following research methods have been used to study criminal legislation, prove hypotheses, formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal logic and modeling methods. Taking into account the achievements of criminal law science, materials of law enforcement practice, he results of sociological surveys and based on the analysis of accompanying documents to the relevant bills, social conditionality of criminalization of smuggling of goods have been clarified. Foreign experience of criminalization of commodity smuggling in the legislation of the European Union has been investigated. Legislative initiatives in this area have been critically considered. Major attention in this aspect has been paid to the shortcomings and debatable provisions of the draft law “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine on the Criminalization of Smuggling of Goods and Excisable Goods and Inaccurate Declaration of Goods” (Registration # 5420 of April 23, 2021). Author’s proposals on the relevant improvements of criminal legislation have been put forward and substantiated.
7
Jandl, Michael. « Irregular Migration, Human Smuggling, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union ». International Migration Review 41, no 2 (juin 2007) : 291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00069.x.
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This article examines the consequences of the latest round of EU-Enlargement in May 2004 on irregular migration across Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on a unique collection of both quantitative and qualitative data related to irregular migration and human smuggling, the article first presents some long-term trends in irregular migration across the region before taking up more recent developments in 2003 and 2004. While border apprehensions have broadly declined since about 2000 there is ample evidence for an increasing role of human smugglers in facilitating irregular migration. In addition, there are noticeable changes in the modus operandi of human smugglers.
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Veas, Javier Escobar. « Smuggling of Migrants is and Should be Established as an Autonomous Offence ». European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 27, no 3 (26 juillet 2019) : 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02703003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present paper critically analyses the European Union legislation on smuggling of migrants. According to the author’s opinion, the EU legislature and the majority of the European countries have confused this specific crime, regulated by international law in the Palermo Convention, with the offence of facilitating irregular immigration. This undue overlap between different types of crime generates multiple and complex problems. In first place, the paper studies the elements of smuggling of migrants in international law. In second place, it examines the reasons why is not convenient to conceive this crime and the offence of facilitating irregular immigration as functional equivalents. Finally, the paper proposes to clearly differentiate the elements of both crimes and their respective scopes of application.
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Jordana Santiago, Mirentxu. « Addressing Migrant Smuggling in the European Union. Challenges for a Non-Criminalized, Coordinated and Effective Response ». Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no 06 (13 décembre 2022) : 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced.2588.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Migrant smuggling is a highly complex criminal phenomenon. Clearly cross-border in nature, smuggling frequently involves the participation of organized criminal groups. A coherent approach to these activities requires a clear and correctly implemented regulation, in the case of the EU the reference regulation is the ‘Facilitators’ package’. In the present contribution several controversies that this framework entails will be pointed out, especially the excessive criminalization and the neglect of the human rights perspective. Furthermore, the eradication of smuggling requires the sum of efforts and coordinated action of different actors such as national authorities and European agencies. In this paper some actions carried out by Europol in the Mediterranean will be studied. Focusing on the role of this law enforcement agency in the hotspots, the contribution of the information gathered and the benefits for Eurojust will be evaluated.
Received: 31 July 2022Accepted: 10 October 2022
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Kesel, Juraj. « European Security in the Context of Migration - Measures to Protect Borders and Security Aspects Connected with Migration ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no 35 (31 décembre 2017) : 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n35p62.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this article is to assess the existing development of migrant crisis in connection with the divided member states of the European Union. Based on the comparison of migrant flows, study of the measures adopted in order to prevent migration and analysis of security risks of migration presented in the article it has been proven that there is a direct correlation between migration and an increased rate of terrorist attacks in Europe. The elimination of smuggling groups and the support of migrants' countries of origin have helped to mitigate migration pressure. The outcomes of the article confirm that despite the adoption of legal and technical measures by the European Union in order to secure the external border of the Schengen Area, European countries do not share the same view of how to solve the migrant crisis. The outcome of migration issue solution is to provide relevant information to the expert public in order to support a stable and safe European Union. It is an equal partnership of all the European Union member states in all the areas that is of the highest priority in order to guarantee the above state.
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Tančić, Dragan, et Vanda Božić. « Modern migrant crisis and migrant smuggling ». Bastina, no 58 (2022) : 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina32-41580.
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The paper points out, first of all, the fact that the contemporary migrant crisis represents a projected migration of peoples and that everything that is happening in the world today (the so-called Arab Spring - a wave of demonstrations, protests and rebellions, started in December 2010 in Tunisia and continued in other countries of North Africa and the Middle East, wars in certain countries, millions of homeless people, refugees and migrants, etc.) is not accidental at all. International law and its theoretical principles have never been more developed, on the one hand, but they have never been violated or compromised in practice, applied by naked political force and political power, on the other hand. Namely, all this is an integral part of the realization of the idea of the New World Order, which is by no means new. The destruction of "national sovereignty" and the creation of "limited sovereignty", the de-sovereignation of national states is the harsh reality of the modern world. This is done through the creation of supranational regional organizations (for example, the European Union) and institutions of global financial power (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, and others).
12
COGHLAN, Niall. « Health Union and Bioethical Union : Does Hippocrates Require Socrates ? » European Journal of Risk Regulation 11, no 4 (21 octobre 2020) : 766–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.89.
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Health Union raises bioethical questions ranging from resource allocation and risk balancing to respect for specific bioethical prohibitions, as an analysis of the European Parliament’s proposal for such a union shows. To date, European Union (EU) health law has succeeded in avoiding or circumscribing such questions, leading to the limited and inconsistent patchwork of EU bioethical provisions we currently have. Can this continue with a Health Union? This article argues that whilst full harmonisation is neither possible nor desirable, Health Union should entail a deepening of bioethical integration. This should occur via a robust legislative process involving citizen panels and ethical advisory group input; if Treaty change occurs, this process could be included in primary law. This is so for three reasons. First, addressing Health Union’s unavoidable bioethical questions coherently and openly reduces the risk of inadequate protection and, conversely, of interest groups “smuggling in” unsupported answers. Second, this will ensure respect for primary law, including Article 2 TEU and Article 3 CFR. Third, EU biolaw offers a middle ground between limited national and weak international human rights law on bioethics, whilst also consolidating European identity.
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Weosłowska-Maciejewska, Anna. « Wyjście z kryzysu – proces stabilizacji oraz odbudowa państwa afgańskiego ». Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM, no 5 (31 octobre 2018) : 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/r.2012.5.10.
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Afghanistan is one of the most unstable countries in the world. The process of reconstruction began in 2001 when Taliban regime was defeated. It is difficult to stabilize situation in Afghanistan. Stabilization requires the help from an international community, especially the European Union, the ISAF and the United States of America. The support is mostly financial and material. However, there are many problems such as production and smuggling of drugs. Another problem is also Afghans’ huge poverty. These factors influence the completion of tasks negatively.
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Krylova, Yulia, et Louise Shelley. « Cigarette Ssmuggling and Corruption in Ukraine : Current Challenges and New Trends ». Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no 5 (20 novembre 2020) : 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(5).758-763.
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Considering the current problems associated with cigarette smuggling, the authors of the article highlight new challenges that arise in connection with the growing volume of counterfeit and contraband cigarettes smuggled to the European Union (EU) from Ukraine. One of the main reasons behind this trend is the continuation of the conflict in Ukraine, which exacerbates the economic situation, accompanied by an increase in unemployment due to the destruction of production capacities and infrastructure, the breakdown of economic and social ties between different parts of Ukraine, and the weakening of the financial, banking, transportation, and communication systems. Conflict and widespread corruption in public and law enforcement agencies are creating new challenges related to the current crisis of counterfeit and contraband cigarettes of Ukrainian origin. These challenges require the Ukrainian government to implement new measures to combat cigarette smuggling. In this regard, the authors of the article pay special attention to various anti-smuggling measures, including increasing excise taxes, anti-corruption programs, and cooperation with European customs and law enforcement authorities. It is noted that the initiatives of the State Border Guard Service and the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine to combat smuggling are hampered by the continuing instability and lack of resources. This poses obvious challenges in strengthening the necessary infrastructure to continue the fight against cigarette smuggling. Obviously, successful anti-smuggling programs will require additional funding, human resources and technical support from the relevant authorities, as well as greater integrity among their staff. The article indicates that until the negative socio-economic consequences of the current crisis have been overcome, the illegal flows of tobacco products from Ukraine to the EU will remain high.
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Husien, Ayoub Anwar Almabrok, El Fatih Abdullahi Abdesalam et Abdulhamid Mohamed Ali Zaroum. « The Effects on National Sovereignty in Light of the Growth of Illegal Immigration in Libya ». Journal of Islamic Contemporary Studies 2, no 2 (5 décembre 2021) : 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/jics.2.2.21b.
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This paper aims to highlight the effects of the illegal immigration on the Libyan national sovereignty. The researcher used both inductive method and comparative method to identify and clarify the violation of the national sovereignty with the growing of the phenomenon of illegal immigration, and to study to what extent illegal immigration phenomenon is associated with the national sovereignty violation. The research focused on the Libyan case as it is the nearest country to the European shores; in addition to the presence of human smuggling rings which work, uncontrolled on the Libyan territories, to facilitate the illegal immigration to the European ports for money, which in turn affects the Libyan sovereignty, its stable security, and its commitments to the international treaties and conventions. On the other hand, the illegal immigration might constitute a flagrant violation of the national sovereignty, as the presence of human smuggling rings, money-laundering, and organ trafficking rings might cause disruption of many of the international relations between Libya and its international partners, since Libya is among the countries that have signed the international conventions on the illegal immigration. The researcher achieved several results, including: the national sovereignty might be affected as the human smuggling rings and money launderers constitute a significant threat by circumventing the prohibitions and the restrictions to facilitate the illegal immigration to the European shores for money.
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Butler, Graham, et Martin Ratcovich. « Operation Sophia in Uncharted Waters : European and International Law Challenges for the eu Naval Mission in the Mediterranean Sea ». Nordic Journal of International Law 85, no 3 (13 juillet 2016) : 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08503003.
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This article addresses the main legal challenges facing the European Union (eu) Naval Force, eunavfor Med (‘Operation Sophia’), established in 2015, to disrupt human smuggling and trafficking activities in the Mediterranean Sea. It examines a number of legal issues that have given rise to scepticism on the viability of this type of operation, ranging from challenges under European Union law regarding mandate and oversight, to complex questions of compliance with international law. Forcible measures may be at variance with the international law of the sea, binding on the eu and its Member States alike. Even if such strictures can be avoided by a broad United Nations mandate and/or the consent of the neighbouring government(s), international refugee law and international human rights law provide limitations on the measures that Operation Sophia will be tasked with. Different avenues will be explored to ensure the Operation’s compliance with these different legal regimes.
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Jain, Rajendra K. « India, the European Union and Human Rights ». India Quarterly : A Journal of International Affairs 73, no 4 (8 novembre 2017) : 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928417731640.
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Growing media attention and international criticism about human rights violations in the wake of the resurgence of insurgency led India to make major policy changes in its attitude towards human rights and begin to discuss human rights with the European Union for the first time in 1990. This article critically examines Indian perceptions of the EU’s approach towards human rights since the 1990s to the present. It evaluates Indian responses to the inclusion of human rights provisions in trade agreements and criticism of the ‘one size fits all’ model of the Europeans for the promotion of human rights. It explores the sources of Indian scepticism about the international human rights regime and criticism of Western countries’ selectivity in enforcing human rights. In the ultimate analysis, the responsibility for initiating and implementing the multitude of structural, economic, social and political reforms necessary to improve human rights implementation must be taken by Indians themselves. External players can only play a supportive role and their capacities to bring about fundamental change are necessarily limited.
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Bermejo, Rut. « From Irregular Stay to Removal through Detention : The Case of Spain as a Member State of the European Union ». Migration Letters 15, no 3 (7 juillet 2018) : 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i3.355.
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The fight against human smuggling and irregular migration is a worldwide priority. Removal of persons irregularly living in a European country is said to be an instrument to deter irregular migration. In this context, detention to secure removal of those who enter or stay irregularly is proclaimed to be an effective instrument in European policies. However, in the case of Spain, data collected and in-depth interviews show that detention of irregular/smuggled immigrants has a minor effect on the number of removals fulfilled. Thus, the idea that detention can work not only to increase return effectiveness but also as a deterrence measures seems to be unreal.
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Ayata, Ali. « Human rights aspects of european foreign policy ». New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no 2 (12 janvier 2016) : 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i2.406.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The development policy of the European Union is a policy area that has developed rapidly, especially after the Cold War and the conflicts between Eastern countries. In the 1990s, the EU issued a development profile and started the human rights and democracy concepts into the Treaty of European Union officially as guiding principles in its foreign policy. Even before the importance of human rights and democracy in the founding treaties of the European Union was mentioned, strengthening the identity of the European Union could be brought at the international level from the start with respect for these criteria together, because these criteria were the grounds for the EU. The specific aim of this work is to consider the human rights dimension of EU development, cooperation and also some related policy issues and implementation problems in practice, which are considered in theoretical approaches in the study. It should be also noted that while the EU acts as an institution and also relief organization, it makes use of its own funds and budgets, not its Member States. Within this context, the activities of the Union to promote human rights could be interpreted as cultural imperialism.    Keywords: Human Rights, European Union, Foreign Policy, Cultural Imperialism.
20
Major, Iván. « Will Central and Eastern European Countries Dismantle the European Union?—Contrasting European Developments to Current Trends in the US ». Journal of Economics and Public Finance 5, no 2 (30 mai 2019) : p234. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v5n2p234.
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This paper analyzes the historical background of the current developments in Central Eastern Europe, in other parts of Eastern Europe and in previously member countries of the former Soviet Union. The author concludes that the political and economic transformation of these countries to a solid democracy and well-functioning market economy have not been successful for most of them yet, and this may have serious consequences on the European Union, too.The paper contrasts these trends with what we can observe in the United States now. The author turns to the “hard facts” next, when he discusses the different factors of human and economic development and the issue of migration in the Central and East European post-socialist countries and in a selected group of advanced countries.
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Man, Marcus-Radu, et Sorana Vătavu. « Can progressive taxation contribute to human development ? » Journal of Financial Studies 7, no 13 (2022) : 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55654/jfs.2022.7.13.10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper aims to understand and quantify the impact of taxation on the Human Development Index. The countries considered for this research are members of the European Union and the period overviewed is 2011-2019. According to the computation of the data relevant to this research, progressively taxed countries have a higher Human Development Index than the ones that practice a flat tax system. Subsequently, the income tax as a share of GDP is also at a much higher rate in progressively taxed countries than in flat-taxed countries. Additionally, countries in the European Union that have a progressive taxed system also collect more taxes as a share of GDP than the countries that have a flat tax system. Ultimately, this paper aims to reinforce the need for the European Union’s member states that do not have a progressive taxed system to transition to one in order to have a fairer tax system that leads to a higher value of the Human Development Index and higher governmental revenues.
22
Furåker, Bengt. « European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 26, no 3 (9 juillet 2020) : 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.
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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.
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Pangerc, Desirée. « An Anthropological Analysis of Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants from the Western Balkans to the European Union ». Security Dialogues /Безбедносни дијалози 2.1 (2015) : 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47054/sd152.10173p.
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Martínez, Fernando Alfaro. « ENFORCING JURISDICTION AGAINST VESSELS SUSPECTED OF MIGRANT SMUGGLING AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING ». Revista de Direito Brasileira 20, no 8 (26 août 2018) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2358-1352/2018.v20i8.4657.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Analysis of the results of EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia since the beginning of its activities in June 2015, aiming to assert the level of achievement of its goals and conclude whether the establishment of a military operation was the best option to tackle a humanitarian crisis, as well as what have been the outcomes of the Operation for migrant mobility and for the actors involved, in particular, to the European solidarity system. The overview of the data presented by EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia helps to draw considerations for the future of the EU when dealing with future similar crises, not only affecting Europe, but in any country taking in consideration the migratory exodus happening, for example in South America these days, and that may be extended internationally. Is in this cases, where people flee from their origin countries seeking for shelter, when we must be aware of the necessary guarantee of Human Rights.
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Máčaj, Adam. « Impact of European Union Tariff Preferences on International Human Rights Treaties ». Slovak Yearbook of European Union Law 2 (31 décembre 2022) : 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54869/syeul.2022.2.329.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Tariff preferences of the EU seek to, inter alia, incentivize third countries through more beneficial scheme of preferences to act in accordance with international human rights standards and other values prioritized by the EU. The aim of this contribution is to assess whether this motivation has real impact on third countries as regards their approach to core international human rights treaties and provide answer to the question whether improved tariff preferences influenced conduct of those countries, as regards accession to the said treaties and expansion of their territorial applicability. Through this assessment, the research seeks to analyse impact the positive conditionality had on acceptance and ratification of human rights treaties by countries that have not showed previous inclination to ratifications without the prospect of obtaining tariff preferences by the EU. The central method is to consider the international human rights treaty ratification years of all states benefitting from the EU regime of tariff preferences. By comparing the time of ratifying the required human rights treaties, and the year in which the respective states became beneficiaries of tariff preferences, the study confirms that, safe for several specific cases, the states receiving tariff preferences had little to no new obligations in terms of ratifying human rights conventions they were previously not bound by.
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Žmuk, Berislav. « Quality of Life Indicators in Selected European Countries : Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Approach ». Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 1, no 1-2 (1 décembre 2015) : 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crebss-2016-0004.
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Abstract The average expected duration of human life is rising because of different reasons. On the other hand, not only the duration, but the quality of life level is important, too. The higher the quality of life level, the citizens’ happiness and satisfaction levels are higher, which has positive impact on the development and operating of an economy. The goal of this paper is to identify groups of European countries, using statistical hierarchical cluster analysis, by using the quality of life indicators, and to recognise differences in quality of life levels. The quality of life is measured by using seven different indicators. The conducted statistical hierarchical cluster analysis is based on the Ward’s clustering method, and squared Euclidean distances. The results of conducted statistical hierarchical cluster analysis enabled recognizing of three different groups of European countries: old European Union member states, new European Union members, and non-European Union member states. The analysis has revealed that the old European Union member states seem to have in average higher quality of life level than the new European Union member states. Furthermore, the European Union member states have in average higher quality of live level than non-European Union members do. The results indicate that quality of life levels and economic development levels are connected.
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Gestri, Marco. « EUNAVFOR MED : FIGHTING MIGRANT SMUGGLING UNDER UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 2240 (2015) ». Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 25, no 1 (18 octobre 2016) : 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000106a.
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To face the extraordinary migration crisis and consequent human tragedy in the Mediterranean, the need has emerged to fight human smugglers and traffickers. The European Union (EU) has launched EUNAVFOR MED, a naval crisis management operation aiming to disrupt the business model of human smuggling in the Central Mediterranean. With Resolution 2240 of 9 October 2015, the UN Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter, authorised the EU operation to undertake “all measures commensurate to the circumstances” in order to visit, seize, and dispose of vessels used by smugglers. The EU operation is currently limited to the high seas, yet its expansion into Libyan waters and territory is envisaged. This article discusses some issues arising from Resolution 2240 and its implementation by the EU, notably from the viewpoint of the international law of the sea, the rules governing the use of force and human rights law. Problems have also emerged as to the prosecution in Italy of the smugglers apprehended on the high seas. It is submitted that a number of issues have not been clarified by the legal texts adopted and that the action of the EU in this field is still ineffective and rather opaque.
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Cupara, Snezana, Vitomir Cupic, Olivera Milovanovic, Ana Radovanovic et Mihailo Kipic. « Homeopathy in human and veterinary medicine ». Veterinarski glasnik 69, no 3-4 (2015) : 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1504283c.
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Classical homeopathy is a method belonging to complementary and alternative medicine and is used in treatment of both people and animals. In human medicine, classical homeopathy has a different status within the European Union, depending on legislation that applies in the member countries Veterinary homeopathy has currently being developed in three directions: scientific researches are being conducted, animals are being treated by homeopathy and education for homeopathic treatment of animals is being organized as well. European Council for Classical Homeopathy (ECCH) in 2007. published a report on homeopathic treatment of animals in Europe. The report encompassed a variety of issues related to homeopathic treatment in veterinary medicine in the countries of the European Union (EU) as well as ECCH members, wherein the situation in Serbia is also mentioned. The current veterinary homeopathy in Serbia is in the early development. Compared to the moment of publication of the report, there is a slight positive change, but there still lacks a standardized education and licencing system in this field.
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Alfaro Cortés, Esteban, et José-Luis Alfaro Navarro. « Do ICT Influence Economic Growth and Human Development in European Union Countries ? » International Advances in Economic Research 17, no 1 (18 novembre 2010) : 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-010-9289-5.
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Rollnik-Sadowska, Ewa. « YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKET ». Latgale National Economy Research 1, no 8 (24 octobre 2016) : 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2016vol1.8.1482.
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In an era of aging of the European Union population, it is crucial to take care of human resources in various spheres of their life. The potential of young people is particularly important, as their economic activity creates the basis of maintaining the European welfare state model. However, the labour market situation of young people is difficult. Moreover, the phenomena, which have recently attracted increasing attention, are remaining for young people without employment, education or training (NEET). The occurrence of NEET's resources is harmful at micro level - due to pauperization of European households as well as for the whole economy due to insufficient usage of human resources. The paper aim is to compare how the situation of young people differs in the European Union labour markets.The paper was based on both the desk-research of literature as well as the analysis of selected economic indicators of young people (aged 15-29 years). The indicator analysis was made through the usage of cluster analysis (Ward's method and k-means method). The data was gathered from the databases of Eurostat. The selected indicators determine the labour market situation of young people in the EU countries and they are derived from two years – 2006 and 2014.Ward's and k-means methods allowed for dividing the EU countries into three groups. It occurred that the groups in 2006 have a completely different composition of countries than in 2014, which was mainly determined by crisis influences on the labour markets as well as directions of conducted reforms. Additionally, the k-means method allowed for comparison of selected groups on the basis of chosen variables and determination of countries with the best and the worst situation of young people.
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Hoffmann, Tomasz. « The Status of the European Institutions Officials ». Polish Political Science Yearbook 36, no 1 (31 mars 2007) : 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2007015.
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The European Union increasingly inuences the member states, their political institutions, business groups, commercial business sector and the citizens. The institutions, politics and legal regulations of the Communities inuence also countries and human beings from outside the Union. is inuence means that each member state of the European Union has its own representative in the European Institutions such as European Parliament, European Commission, the Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors
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Sardelić, Julija. « The Exclusion of Roma and European Citizenship ». Current History 120, no 824 (1 mars 2021) : 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.824.100.
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Some 10-15 million members of the Roma minority live in Europe; an estimated 6 million are citizens of the European Union. It was not until the 1990s that European Union institutions began treating Roma as an ethnic minority deserving of human rights protections. Concerns about mass migration of Roma from Eastern European countries where they face severe discrimination was one of the reasons the EU included protections for Roma among the conditions that candidate countries had to meet to qualify for consideration in its most recent rounds of enlargement. Those EU efforts have overlooked similar discrimination and neglect in western member states.
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Dennison, James, Daniel Seddig et Eldad Davidov. « The Role of Human Values in Explaining Support for European Union Membership ». Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, no 4 (26 mars 2021) : 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221211005082.
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In recent years, there has been greater scholarly enquiry into explaining variation in support for European Union membership. We theorise that one cause of such variation is likely to be non-political psychological predispositions, such as one’s personal values. We test this proposition by applying Schwartz’s theory of basic human values to predict voting intentions in hypothetical referendums on EU membership. We theorise that these values determine both voting intentions and more proximate explanatory variables of support for EU membership: attitudes to immigration and identifying as European. Using data on 13 countries from the European Social Survey ( N=24,703 citizens) and multigroup structural equation modeling, we demonstrate that this psychological framework effectively predicts voting intentions, notably in terms of the consistent cross-country evidence for indirect effects of values on support for membership via European identity and attitudes to immigration. We then discuss the implications of our findings, including differences in effects between countries.
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Kleszcz, Agnieszka. « Principal components of innovation performance in European Union countries ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 66, no 8 (31 août 2021) : 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2305.
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Innovation is one of the main determinants of economic development. Innovative activity is very complex, thus difficult to measure. The complexity of the phenomenon poses a great challenge for researchers to understand its determinants. The article focuses on the problem of innovation-related geographical disparities among European Union countries. Moreover, it analyses the principal components of innovation determined on the basis of the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) dimensions. The aim of the paper is to identify the principal components of the innovation index which differentiate countries by analysing the structure of the correlation between its components. All calculations were based on indicators included in the EIS 2020 Database, containing data from the years 2012–2019. A comparative analysis of the studied countries’ innovation performance was carried out, based on the principal component analysis (PCA) method, with the purpose of finding the uncorrelated principal components of innovation which differentiate the studied countries. The results were achieved by reducing a 10-dimensional data set to a 2-dimensional one, for a simpler interpretation. The first principal component (PC1) consisted of the human resources, attractive research systems, and finance and support dimensions (understood as academia and finance). The second principal component (PC2), involving the employment impacts and linkages dimensions, was interpreted as business-related. PC1 and PC2 jointly explained 68% of the observed variance, and similar results were obtained for the 27 detailed indicators outlined in the EIS. We can therefore assume that we have an accurate representation of the information contained in the EIS data, which allows for an alternative assessment and ranking of innovation performance. The proposed simplified index, described in a 2-dimensional space, based on PC1 and PC2, makes it possible to group countries in a new way, according to their level of innovation, which offers a wide range of application, e.g. PC1 captures geographic disparities in innovation corresponding to the division between the old and new EU member states.
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Al-Jaberi, Prof Dr Sattar Jabbar. « Iraq and the European Union towards a Strategic Partnership ». ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 220, no 2 (8 novembre 2018) : 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v220i2.487.
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The Iraq's relations with the European Union countries of the oldest and surest Iraq's foreign relations, in spite of the damage to those relationships during certain time periods, and sometimes degradation several considerations, they quickly return to normal, the importance of Iraq's strategy for European countries on the one hand, and interest in Iraq, the European its relations On the other hand .
The EU played an important role in Iraq in the era after 2003, through important political relations with the Iraqi government, and try to achieve a real partnership in the political, economic and cultural fields, and interested in EU areas of human rights, and civil society organizations, and strengthen the Iraqi security capacity and we will try in this Find the study of the positions of the European Union countries of Iraq, and then try the European Union and Iraq to establish a strategic partnership between them.
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Drastichová, Magdaléna. « Sustainability Evaluation of the European Union based on the Ecological Footprint ». Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis 19, no 1 (1 juin 2016) : 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acta-2016-0008.
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Abstract Recent production and consumption activities impose a heavy burden on the Earth's current and future capacity. Therefore, it is inevitable to deal with the impacts of the economic activities on the natural resources which determine our future well-being and the survival by itself. The indicators reflecting impacts of regions and countries on the available resources are used in this Paper to operationalize the sustainable development concept. The Ecological Footprint, Total Biocapacity and their components are investigated in the European Union (EU) and its countries and the EU region is compared with the other regions of the world. The additional three developed countries – Norway, Switzerland and the United States (US), were included in the sample together with the EU countries to enable extended comparisons. The aim of the Paper is to evaluate sustainability in the EU and its countries by means of the Ecological Footprint and the available biocapacity and to detect the relations between the countries’ EF and their standard of living and human development level. Concerning the regions, the highest Ecological Footprint per capita is typical of North America followed by the EU region. The Northern countries show largest biocapacities and are thus the largest resource creditors. The worst results in the Ecological Footprint – biocapacity relations analysis are typical of Cyprus, Belgium, Netherlands and Italy. The cross-section regression models confirmed that, at least, in the sample of the developed countries the positive relations between the Ecological Footprint on the one hand and the standard of living / state of the human development on the other hand exist.
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Hoffmann, Reiner. « Debate : The European Union and the Central and Eastern European countries : prospects for integration ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 1, no 3 (juillet 1995) : 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899500100309.
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Wyszkowska, Dorota, et Anna Rogalewska. « Green economy indicators for Poland and other European Union countries ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no 10 (28 octobre 2016) : 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1109.
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Economic crises affecting different parts of the world have forced world leaders to seek new paths of development, taking into account the needs of environmental protection and prevention of adverse effects of human activities. One of these roads may be ”green growth” leading to the achievement of ”green economy”. Monitoring the state of green economy in Poland is possible due to certain indicators, among which is defined the group of measures relating to economic opportunities and policy responses. The aim of this article is to present the mentioned above group of indicators. The article is divided into two parts. The first one shows the theoretical issues relating to the green economy and indicators to measure it, with particular emphasis on the selected group. While the second is devoted to presenting the Polish situation in the background of other European Union countries in terms of the indicators of the economic opportunities and policy responses.
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Гайнетдинова, Александра Борисовна, Татьяна Константиновна Демидова et Елена Олеговна Тулупова. « THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM MIGRATION TO EUROPE ». Bulletin of the Institute of Law of the Bashkir State University 4, no 3 (1 novembre 2021) : 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2021.11.9.
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At present, the issue of migration to the European Union is very acute, despite many attempts of the under question countries’ leaders to stabilize the situation. On the one hand, European Union authorities are unable to cope with a massive human flow, and on the other hand, local population’ discontent with Europe’s Islamization is mounting. It is obvious that the migrants who have arrived in European countries are reluctant to learn the native language, do not accept the culture, do not accept the rules of conduct in European society, and sometimes dictate their own conditions. It undoubtedly disturbs European society.
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Ardielli, Eva. « Usage of ICT in EU Culture Sector as a Tool of Cultural Participation ». International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 5, no 2 (1 décembre 2017) : 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijek-2017-0009.
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Abstract Culture is not only an inherent part of human life but it also creates the potential for economic growth, employment and innovation. For this reason, the European Union considers the development of culture sector and Cultural and creative industries as very important. Nowadays the culture sector is confronted with the penetration of Information and communication technologies. The widespread use of Internet and Information and communication technologies implies more participatory behaviours on the side of users, who are increasingly involved in cultural activities electronically. The presented article is focused on the issue of electronic cultural participation in European Union member countries. The aim is to evaluate the usage of Information and communication technologies for cultural purpose. For the purpose of this aim the selected multi-criteria decision-making method MAPPAC is applied. In the result is presented the ranking of European Union member countries according to the participation of citizens in culture through Information and communication technologies. In the research there was confirmed the importance of Information and communication technologies in European Union culture sector. High involvement of individuals in electronic cultural participation is obvious in developed European Union countries; in less developed countries the electronic cultural participation is habitually lower.
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Rutkauskas, Virgilijus. « Factors Behind Weak Tax Morale : the Case of European Union Countries ». Ekonomika 95, no 3 (11 janvier 2017) : 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.3.10325.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse factors influencing the behaviour and decision-making of local tourists in choosing Azerbaijan as a destination. The main attributes, elements and types of tourism destinations are analysed. The understanding of consumer behaviour is defined and the peculiarities of decision-making process are presented. The main internal and external factors influencing tourist’s behaviour and decision-making are summarised. The current situation of tourism in Azerbaijan is examined. The analysis of social, cultural, personal and psychological factors influencing the decision-making of local Azerbaijani tourists to travel to various types of tourism destinations with different attributes like, attractions, available amenities, accessibility, image, price and human resources is done. The research includes both primary and secondary data. Secondary data is used to give insight to the topic and assess conclusions. Primary data is collected by surveying domestic travellers of Azerbaijan. Survey results are analysed by implying descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and Factor analysis. The research results show that the age, monthly income and marital status of local Azerbaijani travellers affect their travel behaviour especially in the duration of their trip. Destination amenities, tourism infrastructure, environmental features, human resources and price are the important attributes for local tourists in choosing tourism destination.
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Balcerzak, Adam P. « Multiple-criteria Evaluation of Quality of Human Capital in the European Union Countries ». Economics & ; Sociology 9, no 2 (juin 2016) : 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2016/9-2/1.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. « Constitutional and Legal Restrictions in the European Union Countries in the Context of the COVID 19 Pandemic ». Sociology and Law, no 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2020-4-92-97.
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The article examines the norms of international law and the legislation of the EU countries. The list of main provisions of constitutional and legal restrictions in the European Union countries is presented. The application of the norms is described Human rights conventions. The principle of implementing legal acts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is considered. A comparative analysis of legal restrictive measures in the States of the European Union is carried out.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. « Constitutional and Legal Restrictions in the European Union Countries in the Context of the COVID 19 Pandemic ». Sociology and Law, no 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2020-4-92-97.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the norms of international law and the legislation of the EU countries. The list of main provisions of constitutional and legal restrictions in the European Union countries is presented. The application of the norms is described Human rights conventions. The principle of implementing legal acts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is considered. A comparative analysis of legal restrictive measures in the States of the European Union is carried out.
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Jensen, Carsten Strøby. « Trade unionism in Europe : Are the working class still members ? » European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, no 1 (1 avril 2019) : 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119838881.
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How far does social class position influence the likelihood that employees will be members of a trade union? I use European Social Survey data to compare trade union membership of ‘working-class’ and ‘middle- and upper class’ employees in different European countries. Although the former dominate the trade unions in absolute numbers in most (but not all) countries, the likelihood that the latter will be members of a trade union is higher in most of the countries analysed.
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TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ), A. E. « Enlargement of the European Union ... an historic opportunity ». Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 57, no 3 (29 novembre 2017) : 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15045.
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Enlargement is one of the most powerful political tools of the European Union and the driving force which has helped in the transformation of the Central and East Europe. From the moment it was created in 1950 is continuously enlarging and has recendy inspired ambitious reformations for Turkey, Croatia and West Balkans. Its founder members call the people of Europe which put their ideas and unified their efforts. Since that time and according to the article 49 of the European Union, it has been grown up from the 6 initial states to 9, 10, 12, 15 and recently to 25. The process still goes on today with new candidate countries, such as Bulgaria and Romania and with accession negotiations with Turkey just as this country could meet the political criteria for accession and the respect of human rights. On completion of this phase the European citizens could live and work in an extended area beyond the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and from Nicosia to Kiruna and could work under standard procedures in the biggest and without borders market of the world. Also, they will benefit from their neighbours, who have stable democracies and good market economies. It is a careful procedure for the transition of the countries involved, dispersing peace, stability, well being, democracy, human rights and a state of justice in the whole Europe. Further, when our children will become grownup, they will live in a European Union consisted of thirty or more states and with more than twenty languages, a unique polymorphic culture embracing more than 500.000.000 people.
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Szabó, Máté Csaba. « The Representation of Human Rights and Economic Positions in Cuba ». Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 12, no 2 (31 décembre 2013) : 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2013.2.11.
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This article describes the more than a decade–long process, during which Cuba, having lost its economic stability, has been economically moving closer to EU countries that are investing more and more in tourism and other industries. Although in many areas a shift towards a market economy can be observed in Cuba, these measures have not been accompanied by political reforms and guarantees of basic human rights that are considered fundamental values in the European Union. The article introduces the efforts of the Cuban opposition and organizations over the last twenty years, and describes the steps, with which the European Union has supported and recognized those who are fighting for freedom and rights in Cuba. Through these actions the European Union makes it clear that besides improving economic relations, the EU emphasizes and monitors the political systems of its trading partners, expecting them to guarantee certain basic rights.
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D'Art, Daryl, et Thomas Turner. « Profit sharing, firm performance and union influence in selected European countries ». Personnel Review 33, no 3 (1 juin 2004) : 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480410528869.
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Schemes of profit sharing and employee share‐holding have a 19th century origin. The objects of profit sharing vary according to its proponents. The primary focus of this paper will be on managerial schemes of financial participation and the expectations that their installation will lead to an improvement in organizational performance and employee behaviour. Using a survey of 2,827 private sector firms in 11 European countries we test for the effect of profit sharing on profitability, productivity and employee turnover and absenteeism. In addition, the effect of profit sharing on union influence is examined. In common, with other research in this area, our results show that while there is some evidence of a positive relationship between profit sharing and organizational performance, this was not definitive. In the case of union influence, there was some evidence of an adverse effect of these schemes on the solidarity of the collective.
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Symeonidou, Haris. « Parenthood and time allocation in the countries of the European Union ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 10, no 1 (février 2004) : 048–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000107.
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This article reports on research into the division of paid and unpaid work between men and women in the EU. The research was carried out in the framework of a relevant European Network initiated and coordinated by Tilburg University in which all the countries of the European Union have participated. However, fieldwork research was carried out in seven countries only. The theoretical framework adopted for the research was based on Bourdieu's Theory of Practice. Analysis of the data, which focused on couples with at least one child under the age of 7, shows that in these countries traditional gender roles still largely persist. Men continue to be the main breadwinners, while they spend on average about half the time women do on childcare and even less time on household chores. Moreover, a discrepancy is observed between men's positive attitudes towards sharing housework in theory and the non-division of housework in practice, while public policies have little or no effect on this situation.
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Darmayadi, Andrias, et Nikolay Megits. « The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the European Union economy ». Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 10, no 1 (8 janvier 2023) : 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i1.1079.
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This study aims to see the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the European Union economy. It uses a qualitative descriptive method. This method answers research questions requiring an explanation and understanding of social activities due to the war. In this descriptive research, we evaluate aimed to evaluate the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the European Union Economy. The results of this study indicate that the European Union's economy was greatly affected by this war, starting from the disruption of trade relations between Russia and the European Union in all fields, especially in the energy sector, to the creation of high inflation rates in developing countries. With this, of course, the economy and stability in the European Union will be interrupted and causing an economic crisis in many European countries.