Articles de revues : « Human rights – Scandinavia »

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Ersen, Jonas Christoff, et Mikael Rask Madsen. « The End of Virtue ? Denmark and the Internationalisation of Human Rights ». Nordic Journal of International Law 80, n^o 3 (2011) : 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x581164.

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AbstractThe article analyses the interface of Denmark and internationalisation of human rights with the goal of examining the transformation of the place and perception of international law in Scandinavia over the last decades. More precisely, the article contrasts two fundamentally different moments of the interface of international human rights and Denmark: first a period of external engagement in which Denmark – and the other Scandinavian countries – developed their position as virtuous defenders of international law and human rights and, secondly, the eventual national implications of international human rights law. This approach allows us to more generally analyse the interrelationship between the internationalisation of human rights and its eventual effect on Danish legal and political practices. We generally argue that the original politics of virtue in the area of international law and particularly international human rights law declined when international human rights started having national implications, that is, it no longer was simply a good of export. We, moreover, argue that the realistic approach developed in the national context now is having significant spill-over effects on Denmark's international policies in the area.

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Deacon, Harriet J. « Ethics, intellectual property and commercialization of cultural heritage ». Pravovedenie 64, n^o 1 (2020) : 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.108.

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The Sámi are an indigenous people residing in Sápmi, a region cutting across northern Scandinavia (Norway, Finland, Sweden) and the Kola Peninsula in Northwest Russia. This article tells the story of a Sámi sun symbol on a seventeen century drum, originally from Swedish Sápmi, that was registered as a trademark by a jewellery company in Norway called “Tana Gull and Sølvsmie AS” in 2009. The mark was invalidated in 2020 because, according to the Norwegian Intellectual Property Office, the registration of a religious symbol was likely to infringe on the rights of the Sámi, whose access to their own cultural and religious symbols should be protected. The basis for the decision was a public policy exception, a provision within trademark law excluding the registration of signs “contrary to morality or public policy”, and allowing the law into account public opinion, public interest and human rights. Analysis of this case is used to shape the debate about the role of intellectual property law in addressing the problem of overcommercialization, for example by preventing cultural misappropriation. The authors suggest that the notion of blasphemy or religious offence through banal commercialization should be more broadly formulated in interpretation of the public policy exception in order to take account of cultural misappropriation. They also argue that protecting the public domain by preventing registration of important cultural and religious symbols is not sufficient to address the problem of cultural misappropriation in a commercial context. Positive protection through trademark registrations is just as important as their defensive protection.

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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. « Editorial Foreword ». Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 8, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2016) : 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v8i2_1.

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The current volume (8, issue 2 of 2016) of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) publishes mostly the papers presented at the Seventh International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania, Good governance in Romania and the Nordic and Baltic countries, hosted by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies and Nicolae Iorga Institute of History of the Romanian Academy, București, 24-25 November, 2016, with the support of the embassies of Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Norway, the Consulate of Latvia to Bucharest and sponsored by Niro Investment Group. The meeting focused on good governance in Romania and the Nordic and Baltic countries as seen from a variety of angles and from the perspective of various disciplines, institutions and practices related to accountability, transparency, the rule of law, responsibility, equity, inclusiveness, participation, efficiency, human rights protection, tangible, intangible and natural heritage conservation, etc. The conference tackled concepts, issues and good practices in terms of good governance, accountability, welfare, efficiency, gender equality in the public and private sectors in Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Romania as well as the institutions called upon to fight against corruption in these countries. Historical examples of good versus bad governance were also brought forth.

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Wind, Marlene. « Do Scandinavians Care about International Law ? A Study of Scandinavian Judges’ Citation Practice to International Law and Courts ». Nordic Journal of International Law 85, n^o 4 (22 novembre 2016) : 281–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08504010.

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Although Scandinavians are often celebrated as the vanguards of human rights and international law, we know little about whether courts and judges in these countries have embraced those international courts and conventions that they themselves helped establish after the Second World War. This article presents original and comprehensive data on three Scandinavian courts’ citation practice. It demonstrates that not only do Scandinavian Supreme Courts engage surprisingly little with international law, but also that there is great variation in the degree to which they have domesticated international law and courts by citing their case law. Building on this author’s previous research, it is argued that Norway sticks out as much more engaged internationally due to a solid judicial review tradition at the national level. It is also argued that Scandinavian legal positivism has influenced a much more reticent approach to international case law than would normally be expected from this region in the world.

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Uusitalo, Jenna. « Scandinavian Legal Realism and the Challenge of Recognizing Emergency Medical Service as a Legal Norm ». Bratislava Law Review 4, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2020) : 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2020.4.2.192.

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Emergency medical service (EMS) forms a sub-category of the internationally recognized right to health. However, despite the codification of the right to health in various human rights conventions which have been implemented in national legislation, EMS still seems to be regarded as an economic expense or a political decision rather than a legal norm or a human right. This paper evaluates the causes for such a misunderstanding, primarily through Scandinavian Legal Realism which emphasizes the social contextualization of law. Supplementary scholarly views, as well as a history of human rights, are also applied to support the main arguments. Essentially, the paper claims that the challenge of recognizing EMS as a legal norm is associated with the relatively abstract and impersonalized nature of emergency care.

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Nissen, Ada Elisabeth. « An Oil Company as a Force for Good ? How Statoil put Norway’s Identity as a‘ Champion of Ideals’ to the Test ». Culture Unbound 13, n^o 1 (27 juillet 2021) : 16–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.3366.

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This article explores how Norway’s quest for moral authority to be recognized as a “champion of ideals” came under strain in the 1990s when the Norwegian state’s oil company (Statoil) expanded its operations in- and outside Norwegian borders. While we know a lot about Scandinavia’s international activism after the end of the Cold War, we know less about Scandinavian business’ responses to this policy. Neither do we know much about business’ potential impact on this policy. The aim of this article is therefore to begin address this issue by examining Statoil’s response to some of Norway’s moral and ethical aspirations in the post-Cold War global arena. Particular attention is paid to the tension between Norway’s ambition to be an early mover for sustainable development and a human rights advocate, and Statoil’s approach to environmental problems and human rights violations. As such, the article explores the role of state-owned enterprises in profit-making and global expansion during a formative decade when economy became an increasingly important determinant of Norwegian foreign relations, and ethical and moral objectives with roots in earlier decades were revitalized through an unprecedented number of international initiatives.

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Satyanand, Anand. « The Ombudsman Concept and Human Rights Protection ». Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1999) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i1.6044.

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"This article traces development of the modern Ombudsman concept, internationally and in New Zealand, that originates from the Scandinavian state model which calls uponOmbudsmen to investigate allegations of government maladministration. It secondly notes, in a similar fashion, the broad themes of development of human rights protection and the movement from international multipartite resolutions to individual enactment and practice in states like New Zealand. Thirdly, there will be some description of the areas in which the Ombudsman concept can be said to make some kind of contribution to the protection of human rights. Lastly, it will observe some differing trends overseas, which may come to apply in this country."

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Munawaroh, Siti, Sri Mulyati et Suhendri Suhendri. « Scandinavian Legal Realism in Two Criminal Convictions of The Same Thing ». International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 3, n^o 1 (5 février 2022) : 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v3i1.188.

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Human life is regulated and will never be separated from the provisions of binding regulations. Binding rules or norms in human life have the purpose of creating order, justice, and public welfare. The paradigm of legal positivism has always relied on the logic and validation of the ruler which makes people think that the ruler is the only law. This is strongly criticized by legal realists. The interesting thing about legal realism is the view that law must depart from the study of facts. American legal realism states that a judge decides something based on his personal preferences, and then makes a legal analysis to justify the expected outcome. This is different from legal realism in Scandinavia, which is based on logical positivism that developed in the modern era. Legal realism in Scandinavia intends to make legal science more scientific. Criticisms of legal realism include: legal realism presents the law only as a tool for resolving disputes on a case by case basis, there is no need for legal certainty because the approach is very casuistic so that judge’s understanding of cases can vary widely. Using legal studies approach, be expected that it can provide an overview of the problems that occur related to Scandinavian Legal Realism in the adultery case of SS with minors which is contrary to The Law of Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection in conjunction with Article 65 Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code. The judge's authority over the case is to give a verdict related to the SS case in accordance with positive law, the facts that actually happened, and the truth of the case that has been observed by the people involved and legal experts with the aim of maintaining order and protecting the community so that they always do the right thing.

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Bezrukov, Andrey V., Ilya S. Iksanov, Anastasia A. Isaeva et Alina P. Fedorova. « Protecting migrants' right to family life in the Nordic countries ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n^o 476 (2022) : 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/476/25.

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In this study, the authors refer to the migration policy of the Nordic countries and the consolidation in them at the legislative level of the right of foreign citizens to protect and respect family life. The issue under consideration is extremely relevant in this period of time, since there are problems generated by the Scandinavian juvenile justice that are directly related to the systematic violation of the rights of foreign citizens. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that it analyzes judicial practice, as well as decisions of international bodies, in particular the European Court of Human Rights, that reflect the specifics of juvenile justice in the states under consideration. The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of the legislation of Northern Europe and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in specific cases in the field of protection of the rights of foreign citizens. The study is based on the theoretical material of the works of Russian authors (M.A. Mogunova, E.A. Orlova, N.S. Plevako, O.V. Chernysheva, et al.), the national legislation and international legal acts and decisions. The article analyzes the law enforcement practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which reflects the main principles that make up the objective opinion of this body, taking into account the main provisions of international legal documents, including the norms of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalization of Foreign Public Documents. The methodological basis of the research was the dialectical, comparative legal and formal legal methods. In particular, the use of the dialectical method contributed to the study of legislation that enshrines the rights of foreign citizens to protect and respect family life in the states of Northern Europe. The use of comparative legal and formal legal methods helped to identify trends in the development of legislation on citizenship and the legal status of foreign citizens in the states of Northern Europe. As a result, the authors note a tendency for the authorities of some Scandinavian states to revise their attitude towards children from foreign and mixed families, which is happening under, among other reasons, the “pressure” of international bodies specializing in the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Special instructions are being introduced that explain to guardianship officials the need to cooperate with the immigration authorities if the officials are considering children's documents, and the need to react to requests from foreign authorities (in particular, embassies). Employees of the Scandinavian guardianship services should facilitate the establishment of contact between the family and the embassy of the state with which they have expressed a desire to contact for one reason or another.

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Zhussipbek, G., et Zh Nagayeva. « THE FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT TO HEALTH, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NON-COMMERCIALIZED HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, AND THE CHALLENGES OF NEOLIBERAL CAPITALISM ». Adam alemi 89, n^o 3 (26 septembre 2021) : 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2021.3/1999-5849.09.

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This article explores the fundamental human right to health and the significance of the non-commercialized healthcare system through the prism of the universality of human rights. Also, it critically analyzes neoliberal capitalism, which principles and ideas laid the grounds to undertake the structural reforms in the health care systems in many countries worldwide, including Kazakhstan. Under-financing of health care and the commercialization and commodification of the health care sector became global problems negatively affecting life millions of people and became especially urgent after the COVID-19 Pandemic. The article briefly analyzes the sociallyoriented model that exists in Scandinavian countries, where the problems of commercialization and commodification of the health care system and the optimization and curtailment of social programs have been largely avoided.

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Ahen. « Making Resource Democracy Radically Meaningful for Stakeowners : Our World, Our Rules ? » Sustainability 11, n^o 19 (20 septembre 2019) : 5150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195150.

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This paper has a three-fold purpose: to challenge the current conceptualization of firm-stakeholder engagement, to popularize ‘allemansrätten’, the Scandinavian social innovation tradition for environmental value creation and environmental governance for ensuring ecological balance, and to introduce the concept of usufructual rights and the tutelage of natural resources for promoting human dignity. We underscore the deficiencies in the current stakeholder paradigm by pinpointing the specific essential catalysts that move the stakeholder theory to a new paradigm of a universal stakeownership. This is a quest to ensure the preservation and sustainability of natural resources and life support systems within specific institutional orders. We employ an adaptive research approach based on the Finnish/Nordic ecological case with a focus on the concept of ‘everyman’s right’: Everyone has the freedom to enjoy Finland’s/Scandinavia’s forests and lakes but with that also comes everyman’s responsibility to preserve the country’s nature for future generations. We argue that uncritically valorizing the universalized position of the current understanding of stakeholdership, with its flourish of contradictory and inaccurate characterization of global sustainability, retroactively aborts our ecological ideals from the uterus of preferred futures at the expense of humanity as a whole for the benefit of a few speculators and profiteers. Thus, we are woven into an ecological and economic tapestry whose present and future the current generation is accountable for in the era of universal stakeownership for a crucial evolutionary adaptation. This, however, cannot come about without fundamentally ‘democratizing’ resource democracy from the grassroots and questioning the global power structure that decides on the distributive effects of resources.

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Kjaer, Anne Lise. « European Legal Concepts in Scandinavian Law and Language ». Nordic Journal of International Law 80, n^o 3 (2011) : 321–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x581191.

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AbstractIn this article, I present the results of an empirical study of one aspect of what I call discursive implementation of human rights law in Scandinavian legal systems: translation strategies applied by Scandinavian Supreme Courts when referring to judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). My point of departure is a study of the roughly 85 accessible Danish Supreme Court decisions. I look for the strategies applied by Danish judges in their attempt to accommodate the “novel line of thinking” characteristic of the ECtHR. Next I compare and contrast the Danish strategies with the strategies applied by the Norwegian and Swedish Supreme Courts in a selection of 38 and 28 decisions, respectively. The study is based on the assumption that translations, mistranslations or non-translations are actions at the micro-level of law that aggregate with other micro-level actions to form and shape general processes of law. As primary legal actors, national judges determine the legal discourse that accompanies, supports, delays or promotes European legal integration. The results of the study are not conclusive; what is detected are differences in the translational attitudes and styles of the Scandinavian Supreme Courts and, as a general tendency, a transformation of the domestic law and language to hybrids of common European and national discourse.

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Lindqvist, Ursula. « Majors and Minors in Europe's African Enterprise : Oyono's Une vie de boy in Danish and Swedish Translations ». PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, n^o 1 (janvier 2013) : 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.149.

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The publication of ferdinand oyono's anticolonial novel une vie de boy (1956) in three scandinavian-language translations—danish, Swedish, and Nynorsk Norwegian—in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with a surge of pan-Nordic interest in African culture and liberation movements. This outward turn was part of a major shift in the construction of national and regional identities in the Nordic region—particularly in Denmark and Sweden. Once minor European kingdoms with modest colonial holdings on several continents (including Africa), these considerably downsized modern nation-states were forced to reposition themselves on the world stage starting in the twentieth century. Africa's anticolonial movements presented an opportunity for the Nordic region to embrace a new global role: that of nations of conscience whose leadership on human rights issues granted them influence and authority far beyond the size of their military, population, gross domestic product, or cultural and linguistic presence in the world. While the importance of this leadership among Western nations—particularly in fighting apartheid—can hardly be disputed, it has, paradoxically, also made it possible for Scandinavians to distance themselves from their own colonial involvement in Africa and to focus instead on the more extensive, visible, and enduring colonial histories of other European nations, mainly France and England.

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Lahti, Raimo. « Multilayered criminal policy : The Finnish experience regarding the development of Europeanized criminal justice ». New Journal of European Criminal Law 11, n^o 1 (10 janvier 2020) : 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284419898527.

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The article examines the development towards a multilayered criminal policy in Europe on the basis of the Finnish experience. Three basic trends are noticeable from that point of view: Scandinavization of Finnish criminal and sanction policy; the influence of human and basic rights on the Finnish legal culture and criminal procedural law; and the effects of constitutional, human rights and EU law obligations on the Finnish criminal law reform. In addition, the challenges arising from Europeanization and internationalization of criminal law and criminal justice are analysed. In the concluding remarks, Finnish and Scandinavian criticism is expressed in relation to the unification of European criminal law, in favour of ‘united in diversity’.

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Harding, Tobias. « Secular and sacred ? The Scandinavian case of religion in human rights, law and public sphere ». International Journal of Cultural Policy 21, n^o 5 (2 décembre 2014) : 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2014.987669.

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Tuz, Nazarii, et Mykhailo Shevtsiv. « INDIVIDUAL ARREST TECHNIQUES THAT CAN BE USED BY POLICE OFFICERS ACCORDING TO THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL OF PUBLIC ORDER AND SECURITY DURING A PUBLIC EVENT VIOLATION ». Social & ; Legal Studios 12, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32518/2617-4162-2021-2-107-112.

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The article examines the issues of detention of individuals who can be used in their professional activities by police officers following the Scandinavian model of public order and security during violations of the order of mass events. Sometimes, during violations of the relevant mass events, police officers must counteract such conduct which violates certain rights and freedoms of others, which behave peacefully, calmly, in accordance with the clear rules provided for by national and international law. In some places, in order to stop the above-mentioned acts, the police are forced to apply, on legal grounds, coercive measures, which are provided by the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police”. However, it must always be borne in mind that the right to peaceful assembly is a fundamental human right and the use of force must be kept to a minimum so as not to harm human life or health and to restore public order and safety. Dialogue and conversation between police officers are important in detaining people who violate public order and security, as well as for those who are nearby during various types of gatherings. Here we need to understand the message, the reasons or motives for the detention, and, in general, the attempt to communicate and talk to the detainee. Detention of persons, quite often, is an effective way to ensure the order of peaceful assemblies, to ensure the realization of citizens' rights to peaceful assemblies. Detention can be carried out by personnel - police officers in uniform, and officers who perform their duties in ordinary, casual clothes. Police officers often detain people for various types of offenses. The difference between ordinary detention and detention during demonstrations is in the presence of certain factors that need to be addressed.

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Drakenberg, Margareth, et Therese Vincenti Malmgren. « Convergence and Divergence : A Comparison between the Nordic School Curricula ». Business and Management Studies 1, n^o 2 (12 août 2015) : 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v1i2.1036.

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The aim of this article is to compare ethics and morality in the school systems in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. What similarities and differences on ethical issues and values are to be found in the five countries? With a background knowledge in the Swedish curriculum, we want to study democracy, multiculturalism and human rights based on other countries’ curricula. Traditional theories and frameworks from literature on ethics and morality, for instance Begley’s frame of theory, and educational policy documents have been studied to understand the concepts in the school system. By using document analysis we have put this together to reach the aim of the study, which has a Nordic perspective, not only a Scandinavian one, which is the most usual ones. The main results are that there are both similarities and differences between the countries, but the Nordic countries regarding ethics and morality have especially to consider the main concepts democracy, multiculturalism and human rights in the school systems. Even if there are many similarities between the Nordic countries when it comes to democracy, multiculturalism and human rights there are differences between the Nordic countries how related concepts have been expressed.

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Lohne, Kjersti, et Marte Rua. « Rettspolitisk mobilisering og strategisk sakførsel mot isolasjon i norske fengsler ». Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 108, n^o 1 (27 mars 2021) : 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v108i1.125567.

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AbstractSolitary confinement in prison and police detention has been a widespread criminal policy and human rights problem in the Scandinavian countries for decades. However, in recent years, there has been a significant legal mobilization in Norway whereby lawyers individually and collectively have challenged solitary confinement in the courts. This use of strategic litigation has been directed towards solitary confinement in police custody, remand and during imprisonment. Based on qualitative interviews and documents, we analyze the organizational and legal strategy behind this legal mobilization, along with its effects and preconditions. We find that strategic litigation by lawyers has played an important role in the struggle against solitary confinement in Norway, but that it has benefited from – and played in tandem with – a legal and political opportunity structure consisting of national as well as international actors, processes, and legal frameworks. These findings raise the question of whether lawyers and civil society can contribute in similar ways in the other Scandinavian countries.

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Vorotnikov, V. V. « Relations between the Scandinavian-Baltic region states and Ukraine : military-political and economic dimensions ». Journal of International Analytics, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2017) : 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-4-18-27.

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The article is devoted to the relations of the Scandinavian-Baltic region states (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden) and Ukraine in the military-political and economic spheres. These countries had engaged in Ukrainian affairs long before 2013−2014. This happened soon after «the Orange Revolution» and, then, the trend became more pronounced during the implementation of the program «Eastern Partnership». The most active actors on the Ukrainian track in their subregions are Sweden (until 2014 — one of the largest investors in its economy) and Lithuania, which in 2015 started to supply lethal weapons to Ukraine. The countries of the Scandinavian-Baltic region provide financial assistance to Ukraine which is symbolic compared to development aid, but considerable for Ukrainian economy. Financing is traditionally directed to promotion of effective public administration, democracy, human rights (including gender equality), systemic economic reforms, sustainable development (including energy efficiency), etc. From a strategic perspective, military cooperation of the Scandinavian-Baltic region countries with Ukraine is nominal as well. Against this background, completely divergent assessment of the situation in Ukraine continues to be the most important stumbling block in the relations between Russia and the states of the region. This does not give any grounds for early softening of their value-based foreign policy towards Russia.

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Strang, Johan. « Scandinavian Legal Realism and Human Rights : Axel Hägerström, Alf Ross and the Persistent Attack on Natural Law ». Nordic Journal of Human Rights 36, n^o 3 (3 juillet 2018) : 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2018.1522757.

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Herzog-Evans, Martine. « France and European Prison Law : Pretend Implementation and Actual Non-Compliance – An Empirical Research ». European Criminal Law Review 10, n^o 1 (2020) : 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2020-1-93.

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Prima facie, the implementation of European prison law rules and European Court rulings seems to be facilitated by the French legal structure since it views international and European law as having primacy over national norms. However, in a written law jurisdiction such as France, jurisprudence does not benefit from a very high status and soft low is generally dismissed since it is not binding. Previous legal research has addressed European jurisdictions’ compliance with European human rights law, notably as regards prison matters. However, it has used classic legal reasoning. Few studies have put this issue to the empirical test. Two notable exceptions are Tom Daems regarding Belgium, and Koskenniemi and Lappi-Seppälä’s regarding Scandinavian jurisdictions. This article presents the results of a study pertaining to France’s compliance with the rulings of the European Human Rights Court and the recommendations of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture regarding prison issues, this by using a combination of Daems and Koskenniemi-Lappi-Seppälä classifications. It finds that, as a general rule, France is non-compliant with prisoners’ European human rights. Additionally, although it has made significant efforts to respond to the overcrowding crisis, France has failed, notably because it has not addressed overcrowding systemic and criminological causes.

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Dobryakov, Denis A. « Imprisonment and organization of prison labor in Scandinavian states ». RUDN Journal of Law 26, n^o 2 (28 mai 2022) : 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2022-26-2-403-418.

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The development of society and dominant ideas about humanism and human rights require actualization of the legal regulation of various areas of social relations. It also involves the issues of criminal punishment, process and conditions of its execution, and the prison labor of convicts. This article is devoted to the analysis of the Northern Europe states’ experience of penal systems organization and especially conditions of the imprisoned persons’ labor. The issues of convicts’ recruitment goals, mandatory nature of their labor and alternative types of activities, grounds and procedure for remuneration of the work they perform are in the focus. In addition to the “traditional” Scandinavian states (Sweden, Denmark, and Norway), attention is also paid to the experience of Finland, which is close to the above states in many ways. The analysis of foreign practices is carried out in the context of problems existing in the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation. The results and formulated conclusions may be useful for subsequent scientific research, as well as revising Russian legislation and law enforcement practice connected with prison sentences execution and labor administering.

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Eichberg, Henning. « Organizing Sports around the Workplace - some Experiences from Scandinavian Company Sport ». Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 46, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2009) : 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0011-3.

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Organizing Sports around the Workplace - some Experiences from Scandinavian Company SportThere are different ways of placing sports in social life, and the workplace is one of them. The Scandinavian countries are internationally renowned for their particular development of company sport. This is linked to the dynamics of the Nordic welfare society and political concern about ‘public health’. On the basis of recent Danish research, current practices of company sport are examined. There is social change inside company sport, and new strata demand more and wider offers of sport in the workplace. Side by side with sport in specialized clubs, sport in local-cultural ‘popular’ associations and sport in commercial institutes, sport in the workplace, thus, has a future. This challenges the traditional division of everyday life under capitalist conditions: collective work here, private leisure there. People's health as a human right under the conditions of developing capitalism changes the agenda, also for sports.

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Duma, Oleh. « Scandinavian technology transfer model : experience and insights ». Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine : the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, n^o 2 (décembre 2021) : 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.02.166.

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The article presents the results of a scientific research the features of the Scandinavian model of technology transfer, which has demonstrated its effectiveness in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The Scandinavian model of technology transfer has been formed for a long time and has been subject to significant experiments by the governments of these countries, research centers, universities and business structures, which sought an effective model of organizing the innovation process from the perspective of their own goals and interests. The article presents the results of the functioning of technology transfer in the innovation ecosystem of these countries, through their place in the international rankings of innovations and related rankings. It is proposed to use a six-criteria scale to assess the effectiveness of technology transfer, which contains: Human development index, Global knowlede Index, Doing business, Global Innovations Index, The Global Competitiveness Index, The International Property Right Index. The results of the innovation ecosystem of countries have their expression in micro- and macroeconomic indicators. Most of these indicators are taken into account when ranking countries in one or more indices proposed for six criteria scale. Assessing the condition of technology transfer through these six criteria scale makes it possible to determine the productivity and level of organization of technology transfer in the country. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the functioning of technology transfer mechanisms in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The analysis revealed that the three countries studied have their own preconditions and priorities for the development of the innovation ecosystem. Nevertheless, there are a number of features that are common and fundamental for effective technology transfer in each. One of the important elements of effective technology transfer in the Scandinavian countries are universities and technology transfer centers in universities. Therefore, the article also explores the functions and tasks of technology transfer centers in Scandinavian universities. The peculiarities of the Scandinavian model, which determine its efficiency, have been researched, on the other hand, this peculiarities can and should be implemented in the Ukrainian practice of technology transfer

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Honey, Michael. « Norway’s Democratic Challenge ». Labor 17, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 34–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8643472.

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This article provides an overview of Norwegian labor history and social democracy, which challenges American capitalism and the labor movement to consider Martin Luther King, Jr.’s call for a “third way,” a more humane system mixing highly regulated and taxed capitalism with a strong social system powered by strong unions and a truce between workers and capitalists. The Nordic model flies in the face of American avaricious capitalism and challenges us to consider how a better society might exist even within capitalism. The author, a specialist in southern labor and civil rights history and Martin Luther King studies, urges historians to explore Norwegian and Scandinavian labor history and social democracy to see what it can teach us.

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Peter Christensen, Jens. « Søren Stenderup Jensen, The European Convention on Human Rights in Scandinavian København : Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag, 1992, 400 s., kr. 500,00. » Politica 25, n^o 4 (1 janvier 1993) : 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v25i4.67778.

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Roborg, Astrid Storgaard, et Mette Løvschal. « Aldersro wetland-settlement complex ». Danish Journal of Archaeology 10 (4 octobre 2021) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dja.v10i0.125120.

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In southern Scandinavia, the Early Iron Age transition is characterised by radical ideological and organisational changes involving new material practices of sorting, delimiting, depositing and discarding artefacts, humans and nonhumans, in both wetlands and drylands. However, settlements and wetland areas are mostly excavated separately, and the deeper relationship between these practices and associated spheres remains somewhat inconclusive. Aldersro, Eastern Jutland, provides an exceptional opportunity to revisit this relationship. A juxtaposed settlement and wetland activity area spanning more than 1.4 hectares were excavated in 2002-2003. The excavations exposed the structural remains of houses, fences, storage buildings, pits and peat graves. Moreover, they disclosed extensive archaeological remains of more than 800 ceramic vessels, processed wood, stones, burnt organic material, human and animal bones subject to 14C, pollen, archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, osteology, and ceramic analyses. The site has provided vital new insights into the diachronic dynamics of depositional and mortuary practices in the Early Iron Age. The highly fragmented remains of more than eight human individuals were mixed and deposited together with typical settlement debris, and would have been exposed right next to a settlement area.

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Lahti, Raimo. « Recodifying the Finnish Criminal Code of 1889 : Towards a More Efficient, Just and Humane Criminal Law ». Israel Law Review 27, n^o 1-2 (1993) : 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700016873.

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Finland, along with the other Nordic or Scandinavian countries, belongs to the so-called civil law tradition. Countries following this tradition include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. All of these nations are advanced, industrialized welfare states. The Nordic countries have pursued economic, social and cultural development along similar lines, and have cooperated intensively in legal and political matters.Various means of Nordic cooperation have been developed since the Second World War, and these interstate activities have become even more diversified since the 1960s. The objectives and organs of cooperation between the States were laid down in a special treaty signed in 1962. The treaty covers cooperation in the legal, cultural, social and economic spheres as well as in traffic and environmental matters. Efficient cooperation in criminal law is based on a variety of sources, consisting primarily of the treaties between the Nordic countries, multilateral European conventions, common basic approaches in crime control and human rights policies, uniform legislation in relevant areas, and established practice between state authorities.

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Gausdal, Maria Edith Lindholm. « Breaching the Interpretative Wall between Private and Public Commercial Contracts ». European Review of Contract Law 16, n^o 4 (26 novembre 2020) : 511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0028.

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AbstractFrom a purely contractual perspective, this article reflects upon labour standard clauses with the objective to ensure that the fundamental ILO conventions and the International Bill of Human Rights are complied with throughout global value chains in respectively business-to-business (private), and public commercial contracts. The clauses are in both settings based widely on the same standards; however scholarship on the two types of contracts has been quite separate. The article reviews some Scandinavian case law concerning labour standard clauses and procurement regulation. It finds that contractual argumentation supported the outcome in these cases, isolates this argumentation, and reflects on whether contractual perspectives on the public contract might inspire current research on private contracts. It finally argues that an actual fusion is already taking place, wherefore contract lawyers may play an important role as to whether ‘the interpretative wall’ should be breached, or whether this is not feasible due to the distinctive characteristics of each contract.

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Steyaert, S. M. J. G., M. Leclerc, F. Pelletier, J. Kindberg, S. Brunberg, J. E. Swenson et A. Zedrosser. « Human shields mediate sexual conflict in a top predator ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 283, n^o 1833 (29 juin 2016) : 20160906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0906.

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Selecting the right habitat in a risky landscape is crucial for an individual's survival and reproduction. In predator–prey systems, prey often can anticipate the habitat use of their main predator and may use protective associates (i.e. typically an apex predator) as shields against predation. Although never tested, such mechanisms should also evolve in systems in which sexual conflict affects offspring survival. Here, we assessed the relationship between offspring survival and habitat selection, as well as the use of protective associates, in a system in which sexually selected infanticide (SSI), rather than interspecific predation, affects offspring survival. We used the Scandinavian brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) population with SSI in a human-dominated landscape as our model system. Bears, especially adult males, generally avoid humans in our study system. We used resource selection functions to contrast habitat selection of GPS-collared mothers that were successful (i.e. surviving litters, n = 19) and unsuccessful (i.e. complete litter loss, n = 11) in keeping their young during the mating season (2005–2012). Habitat selection was indeed a predictor of litter survival. Successful mothers were more likely to use humans as protective associates, whereas unsuccessful mothers avoided humans. Our results suggest that principles of predator–prey and fear ecology theory (e.g. non-consumptive and cascading effects) can also be applied to the context of sexual conflict.

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Rosbjørn Eriksen, Kasper Emil. « A Great Desire for Children : The Beginning of Transnational Adoption in Denmark and Norway during the 1960’s ». Genealogy 4, n^o 4 (22 octobre 2020) : 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4040104.

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This article examines the beginning of transnational adoption in Denmark and Norway to illuminate the role of private actors and associations in Scandinavian welfare systems. Utilizing case studies of two prominent private adoption actors, Tytte Botfeldt and Torbjørn Jelstad, the article analyzes how these Nordic welfare states responded to the emergence of transnational adoption in comparison with both each other, neighboring Sweden, and the United States. This study shows that private actors and associations strongly influenced the nascent international adoption systems in these countries, by effectively promoting transnational adoption as a progressive and humanitarian form of global parenthood; while simultaneously emphasizing the responsibility of the welfare state to accommodate and alleviate childless couples’ human rights and need for children. A need that was strong enough that couples were willing to transcend legal, national, and racial borders. Ultimately, Danish and Norwegian authorities not only had to show leniency towards flagrant violations of adoption and child placement rules, but also change these so that families could fulfill their great need for children by legally adopting them from abroad.

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Skar, Birgitte, Jørgen Rosvold et Pål Nymoen. « Tales of middle Mesolithic cultural transformations and marine adaptation : ». Primitive Tider, n^o 24 (29 décembre 2022) : 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/pt.10048.

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Submerged archaeological sites from the early Holocene, along the south-western and western Norwegian coastline are important sources of new information about stone-age human populations and coastal adaptation. In this article we present a Mesolithic hatchet made of bone that was found at the harbor floor at Kirkehavn in southern Norway in 1997. While radiocarbon dating proved this hatchet to be the oldest directly dated in Scandinavia (9884–9480 cal BP), aDNA analysis has identified the species from which this hatchet was made as either bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) or northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). The deposit of the hatchet must be understood in light of other contemporary ritual deposits along the south coast of Norway like the sub-merged Middle Mesolithic ritual site at Hummervikholmen and the cultural transformations taking place during this time. The result supplements the tale of new introductions in cultural practice and in material culture concurrently indicating the introduction of more complex hunter gatherer societies, while the distinctly marine adaptation continued on this part of the coast.

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Lawson, Rick. « The Universal Declaration on Human Rights - A Commentary ; Eide Asbjom (eds.) ; Oxford University Press/Scandinavian University Press1992 ; ISBN 82-00-21339-0 ; 474 pp., price £ 35. » Leiden Journal of International Law 6, n^o 1 (avril 1993) : 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001734.

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Schmidt, Markus G. « The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : A Commentary. Edited by Asbjørn Eide, Gudmundur Alfredsson, Göran Melander, et al. Oslo : Scandinavian University Press, 1992. Pp. iii, 474. $59. » American Journal of International Law 88, n^o 3 (juillet 1994) : 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203731.

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Ervo, Laura. « The status of the case-law from the European Court of Human Rights in the national legal practice –a question of the local legal culture ? East-Scandinavian comparisons ». Law Review 18 (2018) : 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2029-4239.18.2.

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Rommetveit, Margunn, et Anita Tollefsen. « Nærlys på tvang og makt overfor personer med utviklingshemming ». Nordisk tidsskrift for helseforskning 10, n^o 2 (26 janvier 2015) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/14.3319.

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Focusing at the use of coercion and force against people with intellectual disability The use of coercion and force against people with intellectual disability has been regulated by law in Norway since 1999. Each episode of coercion is challenging the human rights and has the potential to be an act of violation. The requirements for proceedings, ethical considerations and the requirements for professional competences, is special in Norway comparing to the other Scandinavian Countries. The article examines the notifications of coercion and the claim form from the staff working in communities with people with intellectual disability. The notifications of coercion have different approach. The attitude and the way of behavior are strongly related to the approach. The language in the notifications is strongly different. We talk about a subject-subject-relation and a subject-object-relation. It seems like there can be less use of coercion and force, if the staff involved, has the knowledge of how important the relation affect on the good interaction. The staffs own role, in preventing the need of using coercion and force, can be better recognized and improved.

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Rodley, Nigel S. « The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : A Commentary. Edited by Asbjørn Eide, Gudmundur Alfredson [Oxford/Oslo : Oxford University Press/Scandinavian University Press. 1992. 474 pp. ISBN 82-00-21339-0. £35] ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 42, n^o 1 (janvier 1993) : 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/42.1.201.

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Tonkov, E. N. « Sources of law in «Russian legal realism» ». Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), n^o 11 (14 janvier 2021) : 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.75.11.096-104.

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The article examines the sources of law in the discourse of Russian legal realism concept. A broad approach to the sources of law is justifi ed and the phenomena of the source and form of law as equal in meaning is considered. The author notes the pragmatization of Russian jurisprudence and insuffi ciency of paying attention only to the texts of normative legal acts. Interpretation of actions to comply with or violate regulatory requirements and criteria for evidence evaluation become more relevant in modern conditions, when the individual regulatory system of the law enforcement actor governs his actions, determines the essence and details of his decision. In order to actualize the pluralism of the source base special attention is paid to post-classical characteristics of modern law enforcement and the ideas of L. I. Petrazhitsky as the founder of the psychological theory of law. A broad understanding of the sources of law in the XXI century allows to identify current sources of regulation and re-evaluate the factors that oblige individuals to obey the will of others. According to the author, law should be considered as a result and method of real interaction of people, generating subjective rights and obligations, and as a form of communication that encourages a person to active realization of acceptable to him sources of law in a particular legal situation. Thе performed comparative analysis of legal realism in North American, Scandinavian and Russian societies allows us to consider legal realism as intermediary between law in books and practical human problems.

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Balanchuk, I. S. « The role of higher education institutions in the regional innovative ecosystems of Sweden ». Science, technologies, innovation, n^o 3(15) (2020) : 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2020-3-04.

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It has long been known: high-quality education, the possession of practical knowledge among the population is the key to the successful development of any country. This applies to all sectors of the economy, especially the scientific and technical sphere. Countries of the Scandinavian region actively use this axiom in their activities. In particular, Sweden launched a chain of reforms in the educational and scientific sectors more than 30 years ago, which today led to the emergence of a highly developed intellectual society that evolves based on quality education and professional knowledge. Such a society is uniquely able to build an innovative state of modern design that clearly addresses all the challenges. The key place of education and knowledge getting in Sweden, as well as around the world, is higher education institutions. A hundred years ago, Sweden was a poorly developed country, which occupied the last positions by almost all criteria, both at the global and regional levels. However, everything changed with the beginning of economic, social, educational and scientific reforms. High-quality education, practical knowledge, human “capital” took first place in importance for the Swedish authorities, and this was a turning point in the history of this country. The right decisions at the right times led to hundreds of thousands of foreign citizens rushing into Sweden to study and work. To later, after some time, build an innovative society in their countries. Sweden, as a result, received a solid basis in the field of science and innovation. And, as a result, a high level of commercialization of its own developments and technologies. The number and quality of research and development work is constantly growing, the level of scientific work allows their authors to become the best in their fields of research at the regional and global levels. All these results became possible thanks to a whole complex of complicated decisions, reforms, but the main factor in this process was the active involvement of higher education institutions in the scientific process in Sweden.

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Genyk, Mykola. « Methodological problems of interdisciplinary peace research ». Political Studies, n^o 1 (2021) : 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53317/2786-4774-2021-1-1.

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The increase in international tensions and the threat of global selfdestruction has determined the appearance of new interdisciplinary sciences aimed to investigate ways of contradictions resolving and raising the peace process’s effectiveness. Since the Second World War, issues of peace have become the object of study for several disciplines: polemology, eirenology, conflict resolution, and peace studies. They coexisted and rivalled in questions of methods and ways of cognition and achievement of peace. From 1960 to 1980, peace studies had been taking the first place. It had broadened and deepened the object and methods of peace research and been transformed into a separate interdisciplinary scientific field for studying and analyzing the preconditions for forging a lasting peace. Peace studies has combined conflict studies, development studies, philosophical-ethical reflections, historical context, and the international relations theory. Within peace research, two main schools have coalesced. The American traditional school (J. Burton) went in for peace keeping through predominantly analyzing international relations, arms control, disarmament, balance of power, and methods to establish peace „from the top”. The Scandinavian critical school (J. Galtung, B. V. A. Rolling, K. Boulding), based on updated social doctrine of the catholic church (the encyclicals of Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI), studied the underlying basis of conflict, having developed the theory of positive peace as a state of absence of not only direct but also of structural violence. Since the beginning of the 21st century, over 300 academic institutions and universities have been engaged in peace studies. Current peace research focuses on problems of global climate change, terrorism, sustainable development, failed states, and violation of human rights. At the same time, unsteady terminology is a significant problem of peace studies. R. Seidelman spoke about peace studies as a discipline in its infant stage. Evidently, a hybrid type of warfare, novel compound risks and threats to international security will promote the appearance of new directions of peace research. Key words: war, conflict, peace studies, peace research, peace process, conflict resolution, polemology.

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Knudsen, Lone, Gitte Laue Petersen, Kathrine Næsted Nørskov, Lene Vase, Nanna Finnerup, Troels Staehelin Jensen et Peter Svensson. « Review of neuroimaging studies related to pain modulation ». Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2011) : 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.05.005.

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AbstractBackground and purpose: A noxious stimulus does not necessarily cause pain. Nociceptive signals arising from a noxious stimulus are subject to modulation via endogenous inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms as they travel from the periphery to the dorsal horn or brainstem and on to higher brain sites. Research on the neural structures underlying endogenous pain modulation has largely been restricted to animal research due to the invasiveness of such studies (e.g., spinal cord transection, brain lesioning, brain site stimulation). Neuroimaging techniques (e.g., magnetoencephalography (MEG), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)) provide non-invasive means to study neural structures in humans. The aim is to provide a narrative review of neuroimaging studies related to human pain control mechanisms.Methods: The approach taken is to summarise specific pain modulation mechanisms within the somatosensory (diffuse noxious inhibitory controls, acupuncture, movement), affective (depression, anxiety, catastrophizing, stress) and cognitive (anticipation/placebo, attention/distraction, hypnosis)domains with emphasis on the contribution of neuroimaging studies.Results and conclusions: Findings from imaging studies are complex reflecting activation or deactivation in numerous brain areas. Despite this, neuroimaging techniques have clarified supraspinal sites involved in a number of pain control mechanisms. The periaqueductal grey (PAG) is one area that has consistently been shown to be activated across the majority of pain mechanisms. Activity in the rostral ventromedial medulla known to relay descending modulation from the PAG, has also been observed both during acupuncture analgesia and anxiety-induced hyperalgesia. Other brain areas that appear to be involved in a number of mechanisms are the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, but their exact role is less clear.Implications: Neuroimaging studies have provided essential information about the pain modulatory pathways under normal conditions, but much is still to be determined. Understanding the mechanisms of pain control is important for understanding the mechanisms that contribute to failed pain control in chronic pain. Applying fMRI outside the brain, such as in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the spinotrigeminal pathway and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and coupling brain activity with activity at these sites may help improve our understanding of the function of brain sites and shed light on functional connectivity in the pain pathway.© 2011 Scandinavian Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Cioancă, Costel. « Semiotica dreptului de a visa : dimensiuni mitice ale timpului din basmul fantastic românesc ». Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 34 (20 décembre 2020) : 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2020.34.08.

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"Semiotics of The Right To Dream: Mythical Dimensions of Time From The Romanian Fantastic Fairy Tale A fundamental concept of human existence as a species, Time has always been a defining landmark of the depth of thought of homo sapiens. With religious or scientific character, the ensemble of myths, beliefs, ideas, ideologies, representations and significances given to this concept led, …in time, to the birth of a rich, distinct and complex symbolic imaginary. Both a physical continuum (space-time in which biological, chemical, physical and mechanical processes occur that cause changes in Nature) and a philosophical one (events are perceived and cognitively systematized by man from the past to present towards future), Time it has always aroused peoples interest. We have deities of Time (Cronus, Zurvan, Maku). We have, also, the characteristic concepts that mark the fictional-mythical transfiguration and the triumph of the irreducible search for the truth of meaning. Such as the promise of a (possible) paradisiacal land of eternity, such as the Aion concept of the ancient Greeks (in the sense of cyclical time/eternity), or the existence of specialized divine beings (Moirs of ancient Greece, Roman Parce or Scandinavian Norns) who measure the profane time (past, present, future), and relates it to the celestial, relativistic, perpetual-eternal time. From the area of pure philosophy who approache the subject, inevitably passing through the field of quantum physics that tries to define as precisely as possible the notion of Time (definition, dimensions, units of measurement etc.), we have approaches to this concept at the level of music, literature, art. An true illud tempus, moving the content from metaphysics to myth, and viceversa, there are the many reflections of famous people about the concept of time. Approaching topics about the existence of ,,fashionable” references (billionaires, famous or just controversial politicians, footballers, actors, etc.), we have a post-modern mythological imaginary offered daily by Time Magazine, The New York Times, The Sunday Times etc. As well, being an important landmark in the editing policy, we have a font agreed by more and more magazines, periodicals, publishing houses - Times New Roman. The social life of the traditional Romanian communities, who generates and consumes fantastic fairy tales, tried to reconcile the human activities with the constant phenomena of the environment (terrestrial, cosmic). Starting from certain constants that counted human activity with the cosmic and terrestrial rhythms of Nature (day-night succession; the succession of seasons; the rhythmicity of some manifestations of the vegetal and animal kingdom), the calendars had appeared lunar, solar, solar-lunar, popular, Christian, civil). Their existence and use made that the passage of time to be more easily perceived and memorized. The calendar practices and habits, performed in a predetermined time and in a certain way (= ritual), did nothing but mark in the traditional symbolic thinking the specificity of that human time, to perform in that tradition, in Cosmic Time, trans-human time. This study deal with the valorizations and symbolism given to this concept by the popular imagination from Romanian fantastic fairy tale. The collections of fairy tales offered me some major directions that defines Time, sometimes the traditional imagination being a subtle game of physical constants and mythical-epic variations. Thus, I discovered metaphysical dimensions of time, the reason for linking Time, an optimal time of action, but also the exercise of distance (Time-Space) to be traveled by the hero or realms of eternity, where Time does not even exist as an abstraction… Everything followed, naturally, by a series of conclusions. Keywords: imaginary, phenomenology, hermeneutics, Romanian fairytale, Time "

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McCorquodale, Robert. « The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : A Commentary. Edited by AsbjØrn Eide Gudmundur Alfredsson GÖran Melander Lars Adam Rehof and Allan Rosas, with the collaboration of Theresa Swinehart. [Oslo : Scandinavian University Press. 1992. iii and 474pp. Hardback. £35.00 net. ISBN 82–00–21339–0.] ». Cambridge Law Journal 53, n^o 3 (novembre 1994) : 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300081083.

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Klassen, Lutz. « Refshøjgård – Et bemærkelsesværdigt gravfund fra enkeltgravskulturen ». Kuml 54, n^o 54 (20 octobre 2005) : 17–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v54i54.97310.

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Refshøjgård. An extraordinary burial-find from the Single Grave Culture Towards the end of 2000, Moesgård Museum excavated a grave mound at Refshøjgård in Folby parish, approx. 15 km NW of Århus in Eastern Jutland (Fig. 1). After the topsoil was removed, it became obvious that the original grave mound had been destroyed completely by ploughing. The mound had been placed on a natural circular elevation consisting of clay. In the periphery of this elevation, seven secondary burials from the Late Roman Iron Age were discovered, while the centre of the mound contained two superimposed burials of the Single Grave Culture (SGC) (Figs. 2-3). These burials are described in the following.The plough had already destroyed most traces of the upper grave. Due to the collapse of the coffin in the grave underneath, part of the fill of the burial mound had sunk down into the resulting depression. Due to this, the grave goods – a typical thick-butted flint axe of SGC type (Fig. 9) and a battle axe of Glob’s type B1 (Fig. 8) – had been preserved in the depression (Figs. 4-5). The remnants of the original mound fill also held eight small pieces of SGC settlement ceramics (Fig. 14), all undecorated belly sherds. Twenty centimetres below, the primary burial showed up. It consisted of a coffin that was open in the eastern end. It was approx. 2 metres long, 85 centimetres wide, orientated E-W and built of planks approx. seven centimetres wide. In the southern side, an upper plank had fallen down and now rested next to a lower plank. The whole construction was obviously made in a provisional way. It was supported by a foundation made from stones up to the size of a human head, which had survived to a height of approx. 30 centimetres (Fig. 6-7). One of the stones turned out to be a quern stone, which had been deliberately placed in the southeastern corner (Fig. 13). There were no supporting stones in the open eastern side of the coffin. Within the coffin, traces of the deceased were clearly visible as dark marks in the earth. It was possible to recognize feet, legs, stomach, back, and part of the head, whereas the arms could not be determined with certainty. The legs were strongly bent under the dead, who was thus resting in a hocker-position. The body was lying on its right side, with the head towards the west and facing south – the typical position of men in burials from the SGC. It was closely surrounded by a thin line of greasy material, probably the remains of a cow hide or the likes. The dead therefore seemed to have been buried in some sort of leather bag. At the back and top of the head, the form of the greasy line suggested that the deceased was buried with some kind of hat. The grave goods consisted of a thick-butted flint axe placed front of the face (Fig. 10), a beaker in the southwest corner of the coffin (Fig. 11) and a rather large, symmetrically formed object of organic material, probably wood, that had only survived as a dark trace in the earth between the beaker and the head of the dead. Both grave finds can be dated to the very early SGC. In the upper grave, this dating is further indicated by the battle axe of type B1, which is characteristic of the very early SGC. It is unusual to find an SGC grave in a stratigraphic position underneath a battle-axe of this type. The lower grave must therefore be considered one of the very earliest finds known from the SGC. Two 14C-dates, obtained from charcoal, confirm this assumption (AAR- 7028, 4140 ± 50 BP = 2855-2680 BC cal and AAR-7029, 4175 ± 50 BP = 2865- 2705 BC cal).The flint axe from the lower burial is of a special nature as it shows typological traits similar to both the A-axes of the Late Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) and the thick-butted flint axes of the SGC. It thus confirms the dating of the grave to the very early SGC. The beaker from the lower grave is clearly of local origin. It does, however, have some unusual traits, especially regarding the neck, which is higher and more cylindrical than usual. Parallels are known from the Corded Ware Culture south of the Harz in Eastern Germany. The person who manufactured the beaker in Jutland had probably seen beakers in this area of central Europe. Maybe it was someone who had traveled there, or a woman from that region who had moved up north. A thin brown crust was preserved inside the beaker (Fig. 12). It was investigated using both pollen analysis and microscopy. The crust turned out to not contain any pollen, although a pollen analysis of the sand contained in the beaker when it was found (mound fill that fell down) showed pollen in abundance and thus revealed good preservation conditions. The contents of the beaker thus probably did not consist of any drink made of honey (mead) as known from several Late Neolithic/Bronze Age finds in Scotland and Denmark. Investigation in a microscope with polarized light revealed that the crust contained large amounts of starch grains – a strong indicator of some form of beer. An attempt was made to confirm this theory by investigating the starch grains with a scanning electron microscope. Under good preservation conditions, starch grains from beer remnants can be shown to be affected by amylacous pitting due to the malting of cereal grains. This was done successfully with finds from ancient Egypt, but unfortunately the starch grains from Refshøjgård were too badly preserved (Fig. 15). However, in the best-preserved examples, form and size corresponded to starch grains from barley, which was almost the only type of cereal grown in the SGC. It is therefore concluded that the beaker from the lower grave at Refshøjgård once contained a form of beer brewed from barley. It may well be the oldest beer demonstrated in Europe so far. No traces of possible additives survived due to the insufficient preservation conditions.The pollen analysis of the sand from the beaker showed numerous pollen grains from barley (Table 1). The amount is several times higher than what is normal for barley fields, and it is therefore possibly the result of threshing, rather than of natural pollen dispersal. A review of other pollen analyses from barrows of the SGC and FBC showed that in both cultures, the threshing of cereals may have been part of the rituals performed during the building of the mounds or the burials. This phenomenon might then constitute an example of ritual continuity between the two cultures, which are otherwise clearly different in all aspects of material culture, settlement structure, economic strategy, etc. Another example is constituted by the sherds of settlement ceramic found in the remains of the mound fill. Comparable finds are often noted in the literature on the excavation of SGC mounds. This is even the case with the old excavations, which merely consisted of shafts dug in the center of the mounds. It appears that the sherds were deposited just above the graves. This is unlikely to have been the case if the finds merely represented ordi- nary settlement debris, which would normally include other types of materials, such as flint artifacts, charcoal, etc. Another aspect indicating deliberate deposition is the small size of the sherds, which are obviously fragmented as a result of deliberate destruction. The observed practice thus constitutes an apparent parallel to the deposition and smashing of pots that took place by the megalithic graves of the FBC.Several other finds from the earliest SGC are known from the area surrounding Refshøjgård. A distribution map shows that the Refshøjgård area constitutes an isolated settlement region and the easternmost closed distribution area of the SGC in Jutland (Fig. 16). The classical distribution area of the early SGC, Central and West Jutland, is characterized by poor sandy soils. The subsoil in the Refshøjgård area is also of a rather poor type, especially compared with the heavy clayey soils along the east coast of Jutland, where the settlements of the late FBC are found. The subsoil conditions thus may explain why the Refshøjgård area was settled by the early SGC. The emergence of Neolithic settlements in areas of poor soil indicates a remarkable intensification of farming, probably mainly herding, in South Scandinavia during the Neolithic.The flint axe from the earliest burial at Refshøjgård indicates that the deceased was originally related to the late FBC settlement on the coast. He then moved westward and may have been one of the first settlers in the Refshøjgård region. The agricultural symbolism (quern stone, threshing) connected to his burial may in fact indicate that he was the founder of the new settlement. It is interesting to note that quern stones appear in two other graves of the Corded Ware Culture (one from Jutland, and one from Poland) and that all graves are male burials with the quern stone always placed in the eastern end of the grave. This custom may well indicate founders’ graves, as all the known examples mark the earliest burials in the respective micro regions.The foreign typological traits of the Refshøjgård beaker are an important observation, as influences on the SGC from the area south of the Harz have been noted several times before. The origin of the SGC may in some way be connected to that area. According to older theories, the SGC were the result of massive ethnic migration. However, more recent research, including the study of the Refshøjgård burials, indicates that the local population constituted an important component in the transition from FBC to SGC. Migration from Central Europe may nevertheless have been part of the process, perhaps only in the form of translocation of single individuals or small groups.Lutz KlassenInstitut for Antropologi, Arkæologi ogLingvistik, Aarhus UniversitetTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

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« Colonialism, Constitutionalism, Costs and Compensation : A Contemporary Comparison of the Legal Rights and Obligations of and towards the Scandinavian Sami and Indigenous Australians ». Nordic Journal of International Law 68, n^o 1 (1999) : 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718109920295858.

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AbstractAn earlier article addressed recent developments in Australia concerning indigen-ous land rights and outlined political and legal aspects of the debate surrounding that. This is a more specifically comparative study that seeks to compare the legal aspects of the land rights of Australian indigenous people with the legal aspects of the land rights of the Sami people in Scandinavia. The paper recognises from the outset that these two parts of the world possess different legal histories, but argues that in the modern international context, comparisons can be drawn with respect to indigenous human rights. Further, the paper contends that in both these societies, there have been advances and retreats and that only full governmental commitment to the principles of international law will ensure that the human rights of the respective indigenous people advance.In looking at comparative indigenous rights, or the failure to achieve rights, the focus is on property, including consideration of inclusion/exclusion of native people as citizens, the effects of colonization and relative access to goods and services, language recognition, rights of cultural development and protection of heritage, as well as practical implications in controlling other forms of development and fostering sustainable growth. We broaden the consideration of indigenous human rights to include matters of compensation and costs. Our overall contention is that it remains one of the principal challenges for both Australian and Scandinavian law to identify and translate co-existence and human rights for the indigenous people of those nations. In framing any such legal measures, governments will have to confront wider political issues of tolerance, sovereignty and citizenship. The dilemma for Australian Aboriginals is that the chance to remain Aboriginal may have to involve an appeal to the prin-ciples of international law whereas in Scandinavia the recognition of Sami reindeer herding has generally failed to foster broader rights to land and natural resources although there are some signs that this is emerging in Norway.

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Karlsson Schaffer, Johan. « Why Incorporate ? The Domestic Politics of Human Rights Commitment in Scandinavia ». SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4120430.

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Voronko, Anastasiia, Oksana Leshko et Olena Zinchenko. « INSTITUTION OF OMBUDSMAN IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES ». International scientific journal "Internauka". Series : "Juridical Sciences", n^o 3(49) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25313/2520-2308-2022-3-7988.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) in the Scandinavian countries - Sweden, Norway and Denmark. In the article the authors research the history of the ombudsman, analyze the current legislation of the Scandinavian countries, which regulates the appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, the jurisdiction of ombudsmen, the main tools and powers. The authors found that the institution of ombudsman originated in Sweden, where there is currently a strong model of parliamentary ombudsman. The institution of the Parliamentary Commissioner for Human Rights in Sweden consists of four ombudsmen, one of whom is the head and three others in certain specific areas. The parliamentary ombudsman in Sweden has extremely broad powers, including the right to control the authorities and the military; to be present at court hearings; apply disciplinary action or prosecute officials. In addition to parliamentary ombudsmen in Sweden, there are also ombudsmen with powers in certain areas of public life. The Parliamentary Ombudsman in Norway is also an independent official, but he has much narrower powers. Acts of the parliamentary ombudsman are of a recommendatory nature, but are usually implemented by the bodies and persons to whom they are addressed. Its competence extends exclusively to the civil administration (there is a separate military ombudsman), but does not extend in particular to the courts, the activities of the Accounting Chamber and some other authorities. In addition to the Parliamentary Ombudsman, Norway has an Ombudsman for the Rights of the Child (Norway became the first country to introduce such a position), an Ombudsman for the Protection of the Rights of Armed Forces, an Ombudsman for Equality and Non-Discrimination, and local ombudsmen. In addition to his traditional powers, the Danish ombudsman is empowered to monitor existing laws and other administrative regulations. In case of shortcomings, the ombudsman informs the parliament, the responsible minister, local governments. The Ombudsman has the right to receive information, documents, written statements, etc. from the authorities in order to investigate or consider a complaint. However, the Danish ombudsman may not criticize or make recommendations to public authorities or their officials until they can make a statement on the matter. In addition to the parliamentary ombudsman, there are also local ombudsmen in Denmark, including the ombudsman of Greenland and ombudsmen in every major city. The authors concluded that the Swedish model of ombudsman should be implemented in Ukraine.

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Kirby, James. « ‘An ombudsman for Mauritius?’ Decolonization and state human rights institutions in the 1960s ». Journal of Global History, 17 juin 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022820000182.

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Abstract Mauritius had a pivotal role in the evolution and spread of state human rights institutions in the 1960s. The island offered an influential model for how an ombudsman, a Scandinavian mechanism, could be transported to postcolonial, economically developing, and multi-racial countries. However, this was a compromised mechanism that fell short of local ambitions for an effective guarantee of individual rights, minority protections, and socioeconomic justice. This article argues that the Mauritian ombudsman embodied the uneven power-laden struggles of the postcolonial transition, where British colonial imperatives and jealousy over sovereign authority predominated. With the use of private papers, British archival records, and Mauritian legislative debates, the article examines the relationship between decolonization and the early precursors to national human rights institutions, later popularized in the 1990s. The findings are critical for recognizing the inherent limitations of these institutions and the forgotten possibilities imagined by some anti-colonial actors for remaking postcolonial society.

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Melnyk, Andrii, et Mykola Gutsuliak. « KEY PRINCIPLES OF PROVIDING PUBLIC ORDER BY THE NATIONAL POLICE DURING MASS EVENTS ». International scientific journal "Internauka". Series : "Juridical Sciences", n^o 12(34) (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25313/2520-2308-2020-12-6711.

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The article deals with the features of public order and security during mass events in terms of foreign experience, which is implemented in the activities of bodies and units of the National Police of Ukraine in the framework of its reform. There has been analyzed the basic principles that determine the strategy and methods of policing with mass gatherings under the best European practices (Scandinavian model) to ensure law and order. In particular, the key principles of European law enforcement practice in ensuring the human right to a peaceful assembly about the range of regulations that define the activities of the National Police in this area of activity have been studied. There has been investigated the main criteria that affect the effectiveness of the study model of public order protection in the work of the National Police of Ukraine. The scientific research is based on the concept of the introduction of the Scandinavian model of public safety and order in the activities of bodies and subdivisions of the National Police of Ukraine during mass events, through the prism of the provisions enshrined in it. The presented conclusions and proposals in the scientific article are based on the interview of persons from the leadership of the bodies and units of the National Police, who were trained by the Advisory Mission of the European Union in Ukraine on public order during mass events [1].

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Munkholm, Mathilde Carøe. « Prisoners’ experiences and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic response – an ethnographic study conducted mid-pandemic ». International Journal of Prisoner Health, 15 décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-03-2022-0018.

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Purpose This paper aims to report findings about how prisoners experience and cope with COVID-19 restrictions, which can contribute to an understanding of how pandemic responses, and specifically the COVID-19 response, affect prisoners. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected through ethnographic fieldwork involving days of observations (N = 24) and the conduction of semi-structured interviews with prisoners (N = 30) in closed prisons and detentions in Denmark between May and December 2021. The transcribed interviews and field notes were processed and coded by using the software programme NVivo. Findings The data analysis reveals that the pains of imprisonment have been exacerbated to people incarcerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. To relieve pains of imprisonment, prisoners turn to censoriousness as an informal coping strategy, where they complain about inconsistency and injustice in the prison’s COVID-19 prevention strategy to reveal the prison system itself as a rule-breaking institution. The prisoners criticise the prison management for using COVID-19 as an excuse, treating prisoners unjustly or not upholding the COVID-19 rules and human rights. Furthermore, principles of justice and equality are also alleged by some prisoners who contemplate the difficulty in treating all prisoners the same. Research limitations/implications More research will be needed to create a full picture of how prisoners cope with pandemic responses. Further research could include interviews with people working inside prisons. Originality/value In a Scandinavian context, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to apply an ethnographic approach in exploring prison life during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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