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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Housing policy – Sweden »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Housing policy – Sweden"

Lundqvist, Lennart J., Ingemar Elander et Berth Danermark. « Housing policy in Sweden - still a success story ? » International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 14, n^o 3 (septembre 1990) : 445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1990.tb00150.x.

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Elander, Ingemar. « Policy communities, public housing and area improvement in Sweden ». International Journal of Public Administration 17, n^o 10 (janvier 1994) : 1789–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524965.

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Elander, Ingemar. « Policy Networks and Housing Regeneration in England and Sweden ». Urban Studies 32, n^o 6 (juin 1995) : 913–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420989550012717.

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Oplotnik, Tjaša. « Institutional Environment and Housing Conditions in the European Union ». Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 6, n^o 3 (2 septembre 2009) : 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/56.

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There is no housing policy at the level of the European Union. Therefore, it is the domain of national options. There are also big differences between individual Member States. Despite that, the basic feature of the housing policies has been privatisation in most European countries over the last twenty years. It means transferring the responsibility for housing provision from the state to the market and formation of financial networks within which an individual can provide his or her housing. In nearly all EU Member States, including Slovenia, a major volume of selective allocation of housing construction for the market and a higher level of housing quality are noticeable. The purpose of this paper is to present the housing policies and the housing market conditions in Slovenia, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden and Spain. On the basis of the comparative analysis of the selected countries, we tried to present characteristics, differences or similarities in the housing standard. They are reflected in the quality, availability and accessibility of the housing stock. KEY WORDS: • housing market • housing policy • quality • availability • accessibility • housing stock • Slovenia • Great Britain • Germany • Sweden • Spain

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Granath Hansson, Anna. « Inclusionary housing policies in Gothenburg, Sweden, and Stuttgart, Germany ». Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research 14, n^o 1 (18 mars 2019) : 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30672/njsr.75140.

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Affordable housing shortage and concerns about social and income segregation have become a focal point of housing policy debate in many Western countries, and inclusionary housing policies (IH) have become widespread. IH is a term that summarizes municipal ambitions to spur the inclusion of affordable housing in otherwise market-rate projects through development restrictions. This article investigates IH policy objectives and outcomes of policies applied by the German city of Stuttgart and a Swedish pilot project in the city of Gothenburg. Although IH policies in the two countries generally have very similar objectives and incentive structures, underlying slow-moving institutions decide fundamental traits of the fast-moving institution of IH. In the Swedish case, allocation methods of low-rent apartments under the unitary housing system might prevent targeted polices such as IH from functioning as intended. In the German case, IH is integrated into the existing social and affordable housing system. Therefore its social objectives are not contested, although the limitation of private property rights and the incentive structures of developers are bound to be discussed. Irrespective of the housing system, the extent of public land ownership might also be a decisive factor in whether to implement IH policies or not. In Stuttgart, where public land ownership is limited, IH policies might be an effective way to produce affordable housing, as alternatives, including finding inexpensive land for public production, are limited. As Gothenburg municipality owns most of the land available for housing development, has a planning monopoly and public housing companies with good financial standing, it might find other, quicker and possibly less costly, ways to develop affordable housing than applying IH, especially if it is implemented mainly through public investors.

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Elander, Ingemar, et Annika SchÉEle. « Evaluating Housing Renewal Policy in Sweden : An Interest-Oriented Approach ». Journal of Urban Affairs 11, n^o 4 (décembre 1989) : 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1989.tb00202.x.

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Kemeny, Jim. « International conference on housing policy research, Gävle, Sweden, July 1986 ». International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 11, n^o 1 (mars 1987) : 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1987.tb00041.x.

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Alwehab, Abdelwehab, et Mohammed Qasim Abdul Ghafoor Al Ani. « An inductive perspective of Singapore Housing Policy : a Comparative Study ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 21, n^o 4 (14 décembre 2022) : 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7516.

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The housing market in Singapore has observed extensive development and growth over the pastyears due to the validation of favourable economic, lawful, social, civilized, and political policies.housing and Development Board is the managerial organization that responsible for the developmentand improvement of the housing area in Singapore. In Singapore, above 80% of its citizens ownhomes, apartments, hostels and flats. Singapore has also set up economic facilities such as the CentralProvident Fund (CPF) to provide loan to its citizens at a lower interest rate to acquire houses andapartments. Favourable housing policies have also enabled the development and growth of otherhousing industries in other developed economies such as the UK, USA, Sweden, and Poland.

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Danermark, Berth. « Housing renewal policy in Sweden and health consequences among the aged ». Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 4, n^o 3 (janvier 1987) : 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02815738708730134.

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Sula, Migena, Krushna Mahapatra et Brijesh Mainali. « Addressing housing shortage through energy and space-efficient retrofitting : The case study of a Swedish Single-Family house ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1085, n^o 1 (1 septembre 2022) : 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012038.

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Abstract Sweden's shortage of affordable housing has been evolving into a major in recent years. A 2021 report by the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning (Boverket) stated a need for 60,000 new homes by 2030. In addition, the Swedish building stock is responsible for 39% of the country's total energy consumption and 21% of its greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, solutions to address the housing crisis should go hand in hand with the need for increased building retrofits to meet Sweden's 2045 energy and climate targets. In this context, re-densification of the existing building stock is a possible option. This study examines possible space- and energy-efficient options for densifying the housing supply in Sweden's existing single-family home (SFH) segment. Using a case study in Kronoberg, Sweden, occupied by an elderly household, options for converting the unused space into new additional dwelling units (ADUs) and reducing per capita living space are explored. Most SFHs in Sweden are old, in poor condition, and in urgent need of structural and energy retrofits. In addition, about one- third of homeowners are over 60 years old and report living in homes that are too large compared to their needs - an excellent environment to study the proposed intervention. Revenues from renting the newly created ADUs suggest that the proposal is financially attractive because it capitalizes on the high initial investment costs of energy retrofits. In addition, spatial interventions combined with energy-efficient measures result in a 40 percent lower energy use and environmental impact per capita compared to energy retrofits alone due to a reduction in per capita living space. Finally, the study aims to initiate a discussion on sufficiency, innovative energy regulations, and housing policy tools needed to transition to the low-energy single-family housing stock.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Housing policy – Sweden"

Caesar, Carl. « Municipal Landownership and Housing in Sweden : Exploring links, supply and possibilities ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195171.

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This thesis comprises a number of studies, all directed at different linkages between municipal landownership and housing in Sweden. In all, the thesis consists of four papers. Of these, initial Paper I targets the emergence of the municipal landownership that still today are of crucial importance for the Swedish housing market. The main functions of the municipal landownership from the beginning of the 20th century and up until present time are retrospectively investigated and its role within Swedish housing during different times is elaborated upon. Paper II thereafter redirects focus to present time solely, and studies the management of the municipal land from particularly a housing perspective. More concretely, the disposal procedure – or land allocation practice – of the municipal land aimed for housing is investigated empirically, based on current practice in more than 25 municipalities. Paper III builds on preceding Paper II, but with a narrowed focus to a fundamental sequence of the disposal procedure – namely the developer selection. Accordingly, four different assigning methods, all derived from municipal practice, are discerned and their individual strengths and weaknesses are systematically discussed. Lastly, Paper IV attempts to illuminate an often overlooked dimension of the municipal landownership – as a potential and powerful instrument to counter polarizations between different social-groups, within the built environment. Necessary prerequisites in order to enable this are presented and an empirical study investigates whether this, somewhat concealed, potential in the municipal landownership seems to be utilized in practice.

QC 20161103

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Granath, Hansson Anna. « Institutional prerequisites for affordable housing development : A comparative study of Germany and Sweden ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213672.

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This thesis was written against the background of intense public debate on increasing housing shortages and housing policy reform in Germany and Sweden. Potential reforms to increase housing development volumes, especially in the affordable segment, are analysed using theories of institutional change with focus on urban planning, building law and housing policy. The instruments analysed are divided into measures intended to increase housing supply elasticity and targeted affordable housing measures. Three measures intended to increase housing supply elasticity that could be transferable to Sweden are identified: 1) Development planning could be reformed through facilitated procedures, the introduction of private initiative in planning and new incentives of planning authorities. 2) The planning and building legislation could be reformed to facilitate building approvals in relation to serial housing construction, which in turn could increase the number of affordable homes being built. 3) City housing policy could promote housing development through more intense use of the policy instruments of organisation, urban planning, municipal land and subsidies, with city organisation and political attention to housing markets being identified as crucial. However, effectively targeted affordable housing policies are difficult to implement under the current Swedish housing policy regime. In the short term, Swedish housing policy should therefore concentrate on housing supply elasticity-enhancing measures. However, considering the increasing pressure on the affordable housing supply and future expected demographic changes, public discussion of potential future solutions would be valuable. A first step would be to compile housing statistics such that the affordable housing shortage and the opportunities to design effective measures to counter it could be better understood.

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Dyall, Silfverbrand Lovisa. « Socially mixed housing : A study on the operationalisation and outcomes of social mix policy in Sweden ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-169414.

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In response to increasing patterns of socio-spatial segregation, Swedish cities have adopted policies to promote social mix, which is generally considered positive due to its effect on spatial justice and social cohesion. However, institutional changes have negatively impacted the possibilities of fulfilling this policy objective. Moreover, there is a suggested discrepancy between objective and outcome. This paper is a comparative study on the operationalisation and outcomes of social mix policies in Sweden, focusing on two large-scale urban development projects; Stockholm Royal Seaport and RiverCity Gothenburg. Qualitative content analysis of planning documents and interviews with key actors have been conducted and the results demonstrate that in both cases, social mix has been promoted to some extent by planning for a diverse housing structure. In Gothenburg, additional measures have been taken in order to safeguard affordability. However, the absence of such measures in the case of Stockholm has resulted in the exclusion of low-income households. I argue that while there is a perceived inability among the planners of Stockholm to influence housing costs, the planners of Gothenburg have found ways of utilising the current institutional setting in favor of social mix. By applying a social justice perspective, I conclude that a policy approach safeguarding the affordability of housing is critical for combating residential segregation and spatial injustice.

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Hannfors, Henrik. « Policy och praktik i efterkrigstidens svenska studentbostadsbyggande : En WPR-analys av SOU 1961:35 och SOU 1970:43 jämte några komparativa fältstudier ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411703.

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This essay revolves arounds aspects of post-war Swedish student housing construction. The relationship between policy and practice is at the center. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze ideas and main policies in two official state investigations focusing on student housing construction: SOU 1961:35 and SOU 1970:43. The method for reviewing these investigations is called WPR-analysis, where the focus is on investigating how student housing construction is conceptualized as a societal problem to deal with. Ideas and policies in the investigations are then compared with some built environments that were constructed during the time period when the investigations were conducted. Three conclusions are formulated in the essay. The first conclusion is that policy ideas in SOU 1961:35 revolve around questions of appropriatieness and rationality, two key concepts in contemporary housing policy discourse in Sweden. The second conclusion is that there are parallels between the two investigations analyzed, but that SOU 1970:43 more strongly articulates an idea of a universal housing ideal where everyone's right to housing is the primary ambition. The third and final conclusion is that a movement from a more selectively oriented housing policy to a universal counterpart can also said to be illustrated by the examples of student housing environments that are examined.

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Imner, Simon. « Housing and Migration : Immigrant Housing Policy as the Beginning and the End of a Successful Establishment for Asylum-seekers and Refugees ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-117817.

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Due to a steady increase in the number of asylum-seekers in Sweden over the past few years, the topic of immigration has generated increased attention. As a consequence, the political parties have recently presented a range of policy changes. Several of the policy proposals addressed the current housing situation for asylum-seekers and refugees. The aim of this master’s thesis is to highlight the areas of asylum immigration policy and housing policy, in an attempt to reveal overlaps and interrelationships which influence the establishment of asylum-seekers and refugees in their host society. By using a comparative discourse analysis, the thesis investigates the concepts of migration and domestic immigrant policies in a European context, focusing on Italy, the United Kingdom and Denmark. This is followed by an in-depth study of Sweden. The Swedish perspective is enriched by qualitative expert interviews and statistical data on migration and housing. The results from the gathered research emphasises the great influence of domestic housing policies have on asylum-seekers and refugees’ establishment. Each analysed country has structural barriers that restrict asylum-seekers and refugees from becoming established on the housing market. These policy barriers operate on different governance levels, which mutually affect each other. In turn, this situation complicates a holistic approach to create an effective immigrant housing policy.

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Almadani, Haidar, et Trayana Doneva. « Adoption of Green Roof by Private Housing Organizations : Drivers and Barriers ---A Case Study in Malmö, Sweden ». Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23201.

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This research is an exploratory study on green roof adoption by medium to large private housing organizations in Malmö, Sweden. The research aims to explore the drivers and the barriers for the green roofs adoption. Also to look for what leadership effect on overcoming the barriers and promoting the drivers for green roof adoption. The theoretical contribution is the assessment of the motivations on transformational and adaptive leadership. The thesis employs a qualitative method with non-structured and semi-structured interviews. It develops an analytical framework combining systems thinking and leadership theories to look on the practice of green roof adoption. The thesis identifies the main drivers and barriers in relation to the internal and external positions of actors and rules in the system of green roof adoption in Malmö among private housing organizations. The main findings are that transformational leadership effect motives on overcoming the barriers and adaptive leadership motivation effect on promoting the drivers. It also summarizes three categories of green roof adoption, namely the transformations, adapters and green skinners. The study also has practical contribution with recommendation of policy implication to Malmö. Furthermore, models and figures for future researches on green roof adoption among housing organizations.

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Borén, Christofer, et Felix Ewert. « Assessing the Effect of the Riksbank Repo Rate on National Output and Price Level in Sweden : Focusing on Employment and Housing Prices ». Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228969.

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There is no single commonly adapted model that explains the influence that various monetary policy instruments carry for the economy. During 2011-2017, the Swedish inflation rate has remained below the 2 percent target which has led the Riksbank to take measures aimed at stimulating the inflation. As of May 2018, the repo rate has experienced a number of decreases and is now at 􀀀0:50% which represents an unprecedentedly low level. With the inflation rate remaining below the target whilst the housing market has experienced substantial growth and recent decline, the question arises regarding what impact the repo rate exerts on various macroeconomic measures. In this paper, a statistical time series analysis is conducted using a Vector Autoregression model and the impulse responses are studied. A model of 7 economic variables is constructed to specially study the effect of the repo rate on employment and housing prices. Results demonstrate that rational expectations exist in the economy. Furthermore, results show that the repo rate influences factors affected by inflation rapidly, exerting maximum influence during the first year after the shock. On the other hand, real variables based on quantitative measures that are adjusted for inflation experience the greatest influence of the repo rate after a delay of 6 to 7 quarters. Employment experiences the greatest negative response to a repo rate shock after 7 quarters, with a magnitude of 0.317 standard deviations per standard deviation in the repo rate shock. Housing prices experience the greatest negative response to a repo rate shock after 4 quarters, with a magnitude of 0.209 standard deviations per standard deviation in the repo rate shock.
Det finns ingen allmänt vedertagen modell som beskriver olika penningpolitiska instruments påverkan på ekonomin. Under 2011-2017 har Sveriges inflationstakt legat under 2-procentsmålet vilket har fått Riksbanken att vidta åtgärder i syfte att stimulera inflationen. Fram till maj 2018 har upprepade sänkningar av reporäntan genomförts och den ligger i dagsläget på 0:50% vilket är den lägsta nivån någonsin. Då inflationstakten inte nått målet samtidigt som bostadsmarknaden har upplevt kraftig tillväxt och nylig nedgång uppstår frågan gällande vilken effekt som reporäntan utlovar på diverse makroekonomiska mått. I denna rapport genomförs en statistisk tidsserieanalys med en vektorautoregression och impuls-responserna studeras. En modell med 7 ekonomiska variabler skapas för att specifikt studera effekten av reporäntan på sysselsättning och bostadspriser. Resultaten visar att rationella förväntningar finns i ekonomin. Vidare visar resultaten att reporäntan influerar inflationspåverkade variabler omgående, med maximal påverkan inom det första året efter chocken. Å andra sidan påverkas volymbaserade variabler som justeras för inflation maximalt först efter en fördröjning på 6 till 7 kvartal. Sysselsättningen upplever störst negativ påverkan från en reporäntechock efter 7 kvartal motsvarande 0.317 standardavvikelser per standardavvikelse i chocken. Bostadspriser upplever störst negativ påverkan från en reporäntechock efter 4 kvartal motsvarande 0.209 standardavvikelser per standardavvikelse i chocken.

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Harmgardt, Julia. « Shifting Responsibilities : Constructing Threats and Restricting Autonomy : A Discourse Analysis on the Housing and Settlement of People Seeking Asylum in Sweden ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177155.

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Sweden, like Europe, has had an increased influx of people seeking asylum in recent years, instigating restrictive measures within the Swedish asylum regime. Simultaneously as the sustainability of settlement and housing policies for people seeking asylum has been the subject of large political debate, restrictive methods such as a minimum rights approach has been adopted, putting the Swedish asylum regime at the edge of the European Convention. In 2019, 25 years after its implementation, Sweden’s refugee reception system was amended. As of then, people seeking asylum who choose their own housing (EBO) in certain municipalities over assigned housing in accommodation facilities (ABO) are no longer entitled to state subsidies. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s discourse theory and Carol Bacchi’s policy analysis, What’s the Problem Represented to be, this thesis examines how the political discourse on refugee reception and EBO settlement has changed from the implementation of the LMA Act in 1994 to its amendment in 2019 by observing how the motifs of the implementation and amendment have been expressed, what underlying presumptions or assumptions such expressions hold, and what effects such discourse has. The study shows a discursive shift represented in the political discourse, portraying EBO settlement as contributing to societal degradation and in need of restrictions through reprisals. The main findings show that the discourse constructs an imagery of people seeking asylum as responsible for, and a threat to, Swedish welfare and societal structure. Moreover, the analysis displays a conceptualization of social sustainability as a matter of meeting the interest of the state, rather than the needs of the individual. In sum the study contributes in part to a deeper understanding of how political discourses shape the knowledge and conceptualization of people seeking asylum, the restrictive trajectory of Swedish asylum policy, and highlights the consequences of restrictive state bureaucracies for people seeking protection within Swedish borders.

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DE, DEKEN Johan Jeroen. « The politics of solidarity and the structuration of social policy regimes in postwar Europe : The development of old-age pensions and housing policies in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden (1939-1989) ». Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5164.

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Defence date: 20 October 1995
Examining board: Colin Crouch, European University Institute, Florence ; Klaus Eder, European University Institute, Florence, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin ; Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Supervisor, European University Institute, Florence, Università di Trento ; Franz-Xaver Kaufmann, Universität Bielefeld ; Ivan Szelenyi, University of California at Los Angeles
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Housing policy – Sweden"

Sven, Thiberg, et Statens råd för byggnadsforskning (Sweden)., dir. Housing research and design in Sweden : 22 researchers on housing design. Stockholm : Swedish Council for Building Research, 1990.

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Housing policy and tenures in Sweden : The quest for neutrality. Aldershot, England : Avebury, 1988.

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1940-, Dickens Peter, dir. Housing, states, and localities. London : Methuen, 1985.

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1940-, Dickens Peter, dir. Housing, states and localities. London : Methuen, 1985.

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Davidson, Alexander. A home of one's own : Housing policy in Sweden and New Zealand from the 1840s to the 1990s. Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1994.

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Duncan, Sören S. Marketisation or regulation in housing production ? : Sweden and the Stockholm-Arlanda growth region in European perspective. Stockholm : Swedish Council for Building Research, 1991.

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Brink, S. Housing policies in the context of social welfare goals in periods of economic restraint : A comparison of housing policies for the elderly in Canada and in Sweden. Gävle, Sweden : National Swedish Institute for Building Research, 1988.

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Rosanna, Canella, IEA Energy Conservation in Buildings & Community Systems Programme. Annex VII Local Energy Planning et Statens råd för byggnadsforskning (Sweden), dir. Local energy planning : Energy conservation programs, and their impact on rental buildings in Italy, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United States. Stockholm, Sweden : Swedish Council for Building Research, 1986.

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Brink, S. Housing policy directions based on a review of environmental design research : A comparative study of housing policies for the elderly in Canada, the United States, Sweden and France. Paris, France : Direction de la construction, Ministère de lÉquipment, du Logement, de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Transports, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Budget issues : Budgeting practices in West Germany, France, Sweden, and Great Britain : fact sheet for the chairman, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1986.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Housing policy – Sweden"

« SWEDEN ». Dans Housing Policy in Europe, 117–30. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203436417-16.

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Mccrone, Gavin, et Mark Stephens. « Housing policy in Sweden ». Dans Housing Policy in Britain and Europe, 118–38. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315103174-7.

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Headey, Bruce. « Housing Politics and Housing Conditions in Sweden ». Dans Housing Policy in the Developed Economy, 44–65. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003134329-3.

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Headey, Bruce. « Sweden, Uk, Usa ». Dans Housing Policy in the Developed Economy, 228–52. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003134329-9.

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Aflaki, Inga Narbutaité. « Innovative voluntary and public sector partnership for the reception and integration of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children in Gothenburg, Sweden ». Dans Implementing Innovative Social Investment, 59–78. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447347828.003.0004.

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This chapter describes and analyses an innovative form of partnership for the reception and integration of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children in Gothenburg, Sweden. The municipality of Gothenburg works with children who arrive in Sweden without adults. It does this through a form of collaborative partnership (idéburnaoffentligapartnerskap, IOP) with nine civil society organisations. Often housing and care are the only services asylum-seeking children receive through municipal or contracted service providers. The Gothenburg IOP provides children with a wide variety of complementary services including psychosocial counselling, access to Swedish social networks through volunteer ‘friend’ families, tailored leisure time activities and summer work practice opportunities. This IOP partnership is experimental in Swedish local public policy. It has been successful in increasing municipal capacities through new patterns of more equal and long-term relations with civil society.

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« Policy-driven Socio-technical Structures and Swedish Households’ Consumption of Housing and Transport since the 1950s Kristina Söderholm, History of Technology Unit, Division of Social Science, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden ». Dans Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour, 159–82. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315066004-14.

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Baldwin, Peter. « Health Care ». Dans The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0006.

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The U.S. Economy does Differ from Europe’s: a less regulated labor market, but also an economy that is more hemmed in than might be expected. By European standards, America has hardish-working people, a state that collects fewer tax dollars, and workers who are paid well even if their holidays are short. In social policy, the contrasts are more moderate. Europeans commonly believe that the United States simply has no social policy—no social security, no unemployment benefits, no state pensions, and no assistance for the poor. As Jean-François Revel, the political philosopher and académicien, summed up French criticism, the United States shows “not the slightest bit of social solidarity.” Will Hutton similarly assures us that “The structures that support ordinary peoples’ lives—free health care, quality education, guarantees of reasonable living standards in old age, sickness or unemployment, housing for the disadvantaged— that Europeans take for granted are conspicuous by their absence.” And, in fact, the United States is the only developed nation, unless one counts South Africa, without some form of national health insurance, which is to say a system of requiring all its citizens to be insured in one way or another. This lack of universal health insurance is the one fact that every would-be comparativist working across the Atlantic knows, and the first one to be hoisted as the battle is engaged. One of the first attempts to quantify and rank health care performance, by the World Health Organization in 2000, gave the American system its due. Overall, it came in below any of our comparison countries, three notches under Denmark. In various specific aspects of health policy, it did better. For disability adjusted life expectancy, it came in above Ireland, Denmark, and Portugal; on the responsiveness of the health system, it ranked first; on a composite measure of various indicators summed up as “overall health system attainment,” it ranked above seven Western European countries. Even on the measure of “fairness of financial contribution to health systems,” where we might have expected an abysmal rating, the United States squeaked in above Portugal. That is, of course, damning with faint praise, especially given that in this particular aspect of the ranking—a well-meaning but other-worldly attempt by international bureaucrats to rake the entire globe over the teeth of one comb—Colombia came in first, outpacing its close rivals, Luxembourg and Belgium, while Libya beat out Sweden.

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Clarke, Colin. « Urbanization in Kingston since Independence ». Dans Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0011.

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The enactment of Jamaica’s independence in Kingston on 6 August 1962 did not sweep away the colonial structures that had been put in place for the previous three centuries. Constitutional change had been taking place since 1944, but unemployment and dependence on the informal sector of the economy, coupled to poor housing and slum formation, could not be put right in short order. This chapter focuses on employment/unemployment and housing issues in Kingston in the first decades after independence, and makes a direct comparison with conditions in the last years of colonialism. A major new policy introduced after sovereignty was structural adjustment, which began to be implemented in a systematic way in the 1980s, and has had a substantial—and negative—impact on the lower class. Academic opinion suggests that the Latin American and Caribbean city has been doubly undermined during the last half century: first, by massive population increase following 1950, as the balance of the population has shifted from predominantly rural to overwhelmingly urban; and, secondly, by structural adjustment, which, since the late 1970s, has undone or undermined many of the solutions to urbanization previously achieved by grassroots endeavour in the face of labour-intensive capitalism—for example, the provision of shelter through self-help housing of the squatter kind. In short, whatever benefits late twentieth-century globalization has brought to Latin American and the Caribbean, there have been massive losers among the urban poor (Clarke and Howard 1999). This chapter modifies many, but not all, of these generalizations in the case of Kingston. While its formerly protected economy has been turned inside out by structural adjustment, Jamaica’s economy, even prior to independence, was small, open, and therefore potentially vulnerable; and Kingston was already a classic example of an overcrowded metropolis with a weak industrial base. The introduction of structural adjustment in Jamaica has increased unemployment or withdrawal from the labourforce, and impacted on the housing situation among the lower class, without—in the case of Jamaica—increasing economic growth. However, in Kingston, once the immediate impact of structural adjustment was over, a static or slowly declining urban economy has gone hand in hand with a gradual reduction (so the data show) of the highest levels of unemployment and a substantial improvement in housing provision and quality, despite the fact that more than half the labourforce is in the informal sector.

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Baldwin, Peter. « Th e Economy ». Dans The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0005.

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Let Us Begin Where Everything Starts, with the economy and the labor market. This is perhaps where contrasts are thought to be sharpest. America—so the proponents of radical differences across the Atlantic argue—worships at the altar of what West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt once called Raubtierkapitalismus, predatory capitalism, where the market sweeps everything before it and the state exerts no restraint. The result is what another German chancellor, Gerhard Schröder, called amerikanische Verhältnisse, “American conditions,” plucked straight out of a play by Bertolt Brecht: America’s labor market is untrammeled and cruel, jobs are insecure and badly paid. Americans live to work, while Europeans work to live. That is the story. But is it true? America’s core ideological belief is oft en thought to be the predominance of the market and the absence of state regulation. “Everything should and must be pro-market, pro-business, and pro-shareholder,” as Will Hutton, a British columnist, puts it, “a policy platform lubricated by colossal infusions of corporate cash into America’s money-dominated political system. . . . ” Hutton stands in a long line of European critics who have seen nothing but the dominance of the market in America. There is some truth to the American penchant for free markets. But the notion that the Atlantic divides capitalism scarlet in tooth and claw from a more domesticated version in Europe has been overstated. When asked for their preferences, Americans tend to assign the state less of a role than many—though not all—Europeans. Proportionately fewer Americans think that the government should redistribute income to ameliorate inequalities, or that the government should seek to provide jobs for all, or reduce working hours. On the other hand, proportionately more Americans (by a whisker) than Germans and almost exactly as many as the Swedes think that government should control wages, and more want the government to control prices than Germans. Proportionately more Americans believe that the government should act to create new jobs than the Swedes, and about as many as the Germans, Finns, and Swiss. The percentage of Americans that thinks the state should intervene to provide decent housing is low.

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