Articles de revues : « Households – Finland »

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Härtull, Camilla, Jan Saarela et Agneta Cederström. « Income poverty in households with children : Finland 1987-2011 ». Finnish Journal of Social Research 10, n^o 1 (15 décembre 2017) : 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110765.

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The child poverty rate has increased noticeably in Finland since the mid-1990s. In this paper, we use register-based data to analyse how parents’ labour market status influences the likelihood of households with children being found in poverty, as measured by the equivalent taxable household income, and particularly whether and how these effects have varied over the study period 1987-2011. In households with parents in unemployment or outside the labour force, the likelihood of poverty increased markedly during the study period, as compared to those with employed parents. Growing divisions in society might be one reason to the development. The contribution of education and other characteristics on the difference in the poverty risk by labour market status is minor in single-parent households, and only slightly larger in two-parent households.

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Voutilainen, Miikka. « Poverty and Tax Exemptions in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Finland ». Journal of Finnish Studies 20, n^o 1 (1 mai 2017) : 67–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.20.1.04.

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Abstract The topic of this article is the nature and social character of Finnish rural poverty during the early stages of industrialization. Specifically, I analyze households exempted from two separate taxes in order to locate and study the rural poor. Contrary to several previous considerations deeming taxation sources unreliable in poverty studies, it is shown that under controlled settings tax exemption information does display promising features. These include a high exemption percentage of households without adult male members, small average household size of the tax exempted and a clear concentration of the exemptions on the lower rural social classes. My findings also highlight the fact that conclusions on the usability of the exemption information depend heavily on the selection of the tax studied. Taxes levied at individual level were not necessarily dependent on the households' economic status, and similarly household level taxes may have been independent of the inhabitants' social and economic conditions. On average, the exemption rates are in line with several accounts from pre-industrial Western Europe.

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MORING, BEATRICE. « Nordic family patterns and the north-west European household system ». Continuity and Change 18, n^o 1 (mai 2003) : 77–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003004508.

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This article examines the impact of landholding and differences in local economies on age at marriage, on frequency of service and on household size and structure in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Particular stress is placed on the role of economic rather than cultural factors as determinants of regional variations in marriage age and household structures. Households were more complex whenever land, the accumulation of capital and multiple occupations were required for economic activity. Conversely, wage work – whether in fishing or agriculture and regardless of geographical location (for example in eastern as well as western Finland) – favoured the formation of small nuclear households. Some aspects of the family system (servanthood and a late age at marriage) fit the characteristics of the north-west European household system as delineated by John Hajnal and Peter Laslett better than others (frequency of complex households). It is concluded that there is no inevitable correlation between geographic location and the characteristics of a society's family system and that the model of the north-west European household system does not accommodate those societies where people were in a position to build strategies based on the continuous possession of land.

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Klavus, Jan, et Unto Häkkinen. « Micro-Level Analysis of Distributional Changes in Health Care Financing in Finland ». Journal of Health Services Research & ; Policy 3, n^o 1 (janvier 1998) : 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969800300107.

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Objectives: In the early 1990s the Finnish economy suffered a severe recession at the same time as health care reforms were taking place. This study examines the effects of these changes on the distribution of contributions to health care financing in relation to household income. Explanations for changes in various indicators of health care expenditure and use during that time are offered. Method: The analysis is based partly on actual income data and partly on simulated data from the base year (1990). It employs methods that allow the estimation of confidence intervals for inequality indices (the Gini coefficient and Kakwani's progressivity index). Results: In spite of the substantial decrease in real incomes during the recession, the distribution of income remained almost unaltered. The share of total health care funding derived from poorer households increased somewhat, due purely to structural changes. The financial plight of the public sector led to the share of total funding from progressive income taxes to decrease, while regressive indirect taxes and direct payments by households contributed more. Conclusions: It seems that, aside from an increased financing burden on poorer households, Finland's health care system has withstood the tremendous changes of the early 1990s fairly well. This is largely attributable to the features of the tax-financed health care system, which apportions the effects of financial and functional disturbances equitably.

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Ilmakunnas, Ilari. « Societal change and poverty in Finland 1971–2011 : The roles of distribution of market income, redistribution and demographic change ». Finnish Journal of Social Research 7 (15 décembre 2014) : 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110722.

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This study analyses how changes in the distribution of market income, redistribution, and socioeconomic and demographic composition affected relative poverty in Finland in 1971–2011. The effects of these components are analysed using a shift-share analysis of households with a working-age head. Decompositions are carried out using subgroups based on educational level, socioeconomic status, the number of working adults in the household, age, and household size. The data used in the analysis are the Consumer Expenditure Survey for the year 1971 and the Income Distribution Survey for the years 1990 and 2011, from Statistics Finland. In the 1971–1990 period, the poverty rate declined mainly because the income transfer system was more redistributive in 1990 than in 1971. Between 1990 and 2011, the weakened redistributive capacity of the welfare state increased the poverty rate. Changes in the distribution of market income and increase in the number of persons without incomes related to the market also contributed to increasing poverty during the recent decades.

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Irz, Xavier, Laura Fratiglioni, Nataliya Kuosmanen, Mario Mazzocchi, Lucia Modugno, Giuseppe Nocella, Behnaz Shakersain, W. Bruce Traill, Weili Xu et Giacomo Zanello. « Sociodemographic determinants of diet quality of the EU elderly : a comparative analysis in four countries ». Public Health Nutrition 17, n^o 5 (9 mai 2013) : 1177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001146.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the sociodemographic determinants of diet quality of the elderly in four EU countries.DesignCross-sectional study. For each country, a regression was performed of a multidimensional index of dietary qualityv. sociodemographic variables.SettingIn Finland, Finnish Household Budget Survey (1998 and 2006); in Sweden, SNAC-K (2001–2004); in the UK, Expenditure & Food Survey (2006–07); in Italy, Multi-purpose Survey of Daily Life (2009).SubjectsOne- and two-person households of over-50s (Finland,n2994; UK,n4749); over-50 s living alone or in two-person households (Italy,n7564); over-60 s (Sweden,n2023).ResultsDiet quality among the EU elderly is both low on average and heterogeneous across individuals. The regression models explained a small but significant part of the observed heterogeneity in diet quality. Resource availability was associated with diet quality either negatively (Finland and UK) or in a non-linear or non-statistically significant manner (Italy and Sweden), as was the preference for food parameter. Education, not living alone and female gender were characteristics positively associated with diet quality with consistency across the four countries, unlike socio-professional status, age and seasonality. Regional differences within countries persisted even after controlling for the other sociodemographic variables.ConclusionsPoor dietary choices among the EU elderly were not caused by insufficient resources and informational measures could be successful in promoting healthy eating for healthy ageing. On the other hand, food habits appeared largely set in the latter part of life, with age and retirement having little influence on the healthiness of dietary choices.

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Lindblom, Taru. « Does sugar sweeten the pill of low income ? Inequalities in the consumption of various foods between Finnish income groups from 1985 to 2012 ». Finnish Journal of Social Research 10, n^o 1 (15 décembre 2017) : 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110766.

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Numerous studies have shown that social inequality can be reflected through poor food choices. Factors such as low-income, low level of education and low socio-economic position are associated with food consumption behaviours that are considered less beneficial. This study explores the disparities found among income and other socio-economic groups in terms of their food consumption shares. To find out how the food consumption patterns have developed in Finland, a nationally representative Household Budget Survey for the years 1985–2012 is used. Food consumption trends of the income quintiles are analyzed with ANOVA. The shares of food consumption expenditure spent on Meat, Vegetables, Fruit and berries, and Sugars are used as dependent variables; while education, age and household type are used as control variables. The disparities between the income groups have diminished, with meat and sugar consumption being most affected by the studied factors. Low income does not necessarily translate to a household’s less healthy eating habits. Rather, households in the lowest quintile are now depicted by the convergence of their fruit and vegetable consumption with the other income groups.

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Saarinen, Sanni, Heta Moustgaard, Hanna Remes, Riikka Sallinen et Pekka Martikainen. « Income differences in COVID-19 incidence and severity in Finland among people with foreign and native background : A population-based cohort study of individuals nested within households ». PLOS Medicine 19, n^o 8 (10 août 2022) : e1004038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004038.

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Background Although intrahousehold transmission is a key source of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, studies to date have not analysed socioeconomic risk factors on the household level or household clustering of severe COVID-19. We quantify household income differences and household clustering of COVID-19 incidence and severity. Methods and findings We used register-based cohort data with individual-level linkage across various administrative registers for the total Finnish population living in working-age private households (N = 4,315,342). Incident COVID-19 cases (N = 38,467) were identified from the National Infectious Diseases Register from 1 July 2020 to 22 February 2021. Severe cases (N = 625) were defined as having at least 3 consecutive days of inpatient care with a COVID-19 diagnosis and identified from the Care Register for Health Care between 1 July 2020 and 31 December 2020. We used 2-level logistic regression with individuals nested within households to estimate COVID-19 incidence and case severity among those infected. Adjusted for age, sex, and regional characteristics, the incidence of COVID-19 was higher (odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% CI 1.58 to 1.77, p < 0.001, 28.4% of infections) among individuals in the lowest household income quintile than among those in the highest quintile (18.9%). The difference attenuated (OR 1.23, 1.16 to 1.30, p < 0.001) when controlling for foreign background but not when controlling for other household-level risk factors. In fact, we found a clear income gradient in incidence only among people with foreign background but none among those with native background. The odds of severe illness among those infected were also higher in the lowest income quintile (OR 1.97, 1.52 to 2.56, p < 0.001, 28.0% versus 21.6% in the highest quintile), but this difference was fully attenuated (OR 1.08, 0.77 to 1.52, p = 0.64) when controlling for other individual-level risk factors—comorbidities, occupational status, and foreign background. Both incidence and severity were strongly clustered within households: Around 77% of the variation in incidence and 20% in severity were attributable to differences between households. The main limitation of our study was that the test uptake for COVID-19 may have differed between population subgroups. Conclusions Low household income appears to be a strong risk factor for both COVID-19 incidence and case severity, but the income differences are largely driven by having foreign background. The strong household clustering of incidence and severity highlights the importance of household context in the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 outcomes.

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Koskela, Juha, Antti Rautiainen et Pertti Järventausta. « Utilization Possibilities of Electrical Energy Storages in Households’ Energy Management in Finland ». International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE) 11, n^o 6 (31 décembre 2016) : 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iree.v11i6.10653.

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Zinovyeva, Natalia, et Maryna Tverdostup. « Gender Identity, Coworking Spouses, and Relative Income within Households ». American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 13, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2021) : 258–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180542.

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Bertrand, Kamenica, and Pan (2015) document that in the United States there is a discontinuity to the right of 0.5 in the distribution of households according to the female share of total earnings, which they attribute to the existence of a gender identity norm. We provide an alternative explanation for this discontinuity. Using linked employer-employee data from Finland, we show that the discontinuity emerges as a result of equalization and convergence of earnings in coworking couples, and it is associated with an increase in the relative earnings of women, rather than a decrease as predicted by the norm. (JEL D12, J12, J16, J22, J31, Z13)

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Duvander, Ann-Zofie, Eleonora Mussino et Jussi Tervola. « Similar Negotiations over Childcare ? A Comparative Study of Fathers’ Parental Leave Use in Finland and Sweden ». Societies 11, n^o 3 (24 juin 2021) : 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11030067.

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Fathers’ leave use is promoted in many countries, but so far with different success. Major explanations of different usage revolve around economic bargaining between parents and economic constraints in the household. By using extensive register data from 1999–2009 in Finland and Sweden, this study asks whether fathers’ use of parental leave in the two countries is determined by the same socioeconomic characteristics on the individual and the household level once we control for sociodemographic factors. Striking similarities in what influences fathers’ use of leave in the two contexts are found, even though leave is used at very different levels and the policy design differs remarkably. Generally, fathers with a similar income level to the mother use leave the most, but in high-income households the mother’s higher income leads to the highest propensity of fathers’ leave take-up. The results indicate that equal bargaining positions are associated with fathers’ leave use but also that mothers’ stronger position often facilitates fathers’ leave. We conclude that the role of gendered bargaining positions should be studied in interaction with the level of resources in the household.

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Lettenmeier, Michael, Tuuli Hirvilammi, Senja Laakso, Satu Lähteenoja et Kristiina Aalto. « Material Footprint of Low-Income Households in Finland—Consequences for the Sustainability Debate ». Sustainability 4, n^o 7 (29 juin 2012) : 1426–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4071426.

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Saari, A., et J. Vimpari. « Accelerating the Green Energy Transition for Sustainable Buildings and Cities : Estimating the Benefits of Community Power Purchase Agreements ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1101, n^o 2 (1 novembre 2022) : 022009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/2/022009.

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Abstract Energy plays a crucial role in smart and sustainable cities as buildings and construction account for 36 % of energy consumption. The electrification of heating and transportation could significantly increase buildings’ electricity consumption. Previous literature has focused on on-site energy, especially in the energy community context, to encourage the cities to participate in the energy transition. However, on-site electricity can only produce one-fifth of the total demand. When pooled together, households could contribute to off-site electricity production to bring negotiation power and subsequent economic and environmental benefits. This paper examines households’ opportunities to contribute to off-site electricity production and electricity prices by utilizing the energy community concept. It quantifies the economic benefits for the households participating in a community power purchase agreement in the context of Helsinki, Finland. It presents a blockchain-based platform to facilitate the establishment of community power purchase agreements.

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Karjalainen, Sami, et Hannele Ahvenniemi. « Pleasure is the profit - The adoption of solar PV systems by households in Finland ». Renewable Energy 133 (avril 2019) : 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.011.

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Härtull, Camilla, et Jan Saarela. « Ethno-Linguistic Affiliation and Income Poverty in Native Households with Children : Finland 1987–2011 ». Social Indicators Research 144, n^o 1 (30 novembre 2018) : 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2041-x.

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense, Henk van der Kolk et Ariana Need. « Women’s earnings and household inequality in OECD countries, 1973–2013 ». Acta Sociologica 60, n^o 1 (9 juillet 2016) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699316654528.

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This article shows that women’s rising earnings contributed to reducing inequality in household earnings, with respect to couples. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) on 1,148,762 coupled households, covering 18 OECD countries and the period from 1973 to 2013. In this period, women’s share of household earnings grew, spouses’ earnings became more strongly and positively correlated in various countries, and inequality in women’s earnings was reduced. Inequality in household earnings increased due to the rising correlation between spouses’ earnings, but was reduced more by the decline of inequality in women’s earnings. Had women’s earnings remained unchanged since the 1970s and 1980s, inequality in household earnings would have been higher around 2010 in all observed OECD countries. Household inequality was reduced least by trends in women’s earnings in countries with a long history of high female labor-force participation, such as Finland (3% reduction) and Sweden (5%), and most in countries that observed a stronger increase in female labor-force participation in recent decades such as Spain (31%) and the Netherlands (41%). As more countries are reaching a plateau in the growth of women’s employment and earnings, the potential for further stimulating women’s employment and earnings to counter both women’s and household inequality seems to be increasingly limited.

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Itkonen, Panu. « Changing Work Patterns of the Skolt Sámi ». Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 12, n^o 1 (1 juin 2018) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jef-2018-0004.

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Abstract This article explores changing work patterns in the Skolt Sámi reindeer herding community of Sevettijärvi, northern Finland. As a result of the Second World War, Finland lost the original home territory of the Skolt Sámi to the Soviet Union. The Skolt Sámi of the old Suenjel village moved to the Sevettijärvi area in Finland. In this article I present major changes in three areas of this group’s work patterns: 1) combinations of livelihood; 2) forms of cooperation and reciprocity; 3) social constructions of work situations. The main causes of cultural change in the rein-deer herding community have been the mechanisation of reindeer herding and the centralisation of reindeer ownership. In anthropological studies, traditional forms of behaviour have at times been seen as obstacles to economic development. My argument is different: traditional forms of culture – in this case forms of reciprocity – can increase possibilities for economic development. The research data shows that the centralisation of reindeer ownership has decreased the possibilities for economic development in additional forms of livelihood among Skolt Sámi reindeer herders. The number of herders has decreased and the entrepreneurial collaboration is arranged so that there is less and less traditional reciprocity between separate households.

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Povlsen, Lene, Susann Regber, Elisabeth Fosse, Leena Eklund Karlsson et Hrafnhildur Gunnarsdottir. « Economic poverty among children and adolescents in the Nordic countries ». Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, n^o 20_suppl (février 2018) : 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817743894.

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Aims: This study aimed to identify applied definitions and measurements of economic poverty and to explore the proportions and characteristics of children and adolescents living in economic poverty in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden during the last decade and to compare various statistics between the Nordic countries. Methods: Official data from central national authorities on statistics, national reports and European Union Statistics of income and living conditions data were collected and analysed during 2015–2016. Results: The proportion of Nordic children living in economic poverty in 2014 ranged from 9.4% in Norway to 18.5% in Sweden. Compared with the European Union average, from 2004 to 2014 Nordic families with dependent children experienced fewer difficulties in making their money last, even though Icelandic families reported considerable difficulties. The characteristics of children living in economic poverty proved to be similar in the five countries and were related to their parents’ level of education and employment, single-parent households and – in Denmark, Norway and Sweden – to immigrant background. In Finland, poverty among children was linked in particular to low income in employed households. Conclusions:This study showed that economic poverty among Nordic families with dependent children has increased during the latest decade, but it also showed that poverty rates are not necessarily connected to families’ ability to make their money last. Therefore additional studies are needed to explore existing policies and political commitments in the Nordic countries to compensate families with dependent children living in poverty.

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LIEVONEN, S., A. S. HAVULINNA et R. MAIJALA. « Egg Consumption Patterns and Salmonella Risk in Finland ». Journal of Food Protection 67, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2004) : 2416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.11.2416.

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To estimate the consumer risk of contracting Salmonella infection via shell eggs and to evaluate the effect of possible preventative measures, quantitative microbiological risk assessment is being developed in Finland. As a part of the risk assessment, a survey of 918 respondents was conducted to study how households purchase, store, handle, and use eggs. In addition, suitability of the Internet as a survey method was compared with a postal survey. Shell eggs were usually purchased once every 2 weeks (41% of all the respondents). Ninety-one percent of the respondents bought eggs in groceries and 93% stored eggs at chilled temperatures. The majority of the respondents (80%) only had eggs in their home for which the best-before date had not expired. Only 34% of the respondents said that they always washed their hands after breaking eggs. Consumption of well-cooked eggs accounted for 84%, consumption of soft-boiled eggs for 12%, and consumption of raw eggs for 4% of the total amount of eggs consumed. The elderly used eggs more frequently than the whole population, but the consumption of raw egg dishes decreased with age. The Internet survey was a rapid method for transmitting information, but its response rate was low (9%), and it did not appear to be a suitable tool for data collection in a general population. The results indicate that although the majority of the respondents had safe egg-handling practices, a substantial minority of the consumers had risk-prone behavior.

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Lohiniva, Anna-Leena, Timothee Dub, Lotta Hagberg et Hanna Nohynek. « Learning about COVID-19-related stigma, quarantine and isolation experiences in Finland ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 4 (14 avril 2021) : e0247962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247962.

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has intensely changed the everyday lives of people worldwide. This study explores the forms and outcomes of coronavirus and COVID-19-related social stigma and the experiences of people who were home quarantined or isolated in Finland during the spring 2020. The findings of this study can be used to improve support for those quarantined or isolated and to develop strategies to reduce the stigma associated with coronavirus and COVID-19. Methods The study is based on qualitative one-to-one interviews with households with at least two members and at least one PCR confirmed COVID-19 case. Recruitment took place via website or SMS messages sent to PCR confirmed cases in the capital area of Helsinki. Sampling was based on maximum variation to acquire different types of respondents. The framework of health stigma was used to develop question guides and analyze stigma. Quarantine and isolation experiences were explored through open-ended questions. The analysis was based on thematic analysis. Results The study included 64 participants from 24 households. Perceived stigma among respondents was driven by fear and blame for infection, and it manifested in various ways leading to a reluctance to disclose their coronavirus status to others. Self-stigma developed from conflicting information and advice about coronavirus and COVID-19 led to difficulties interacting with others outside of the house and reluctance to meet people after quarantine and isolation. Quarantine and isolation experiences included uncertainty, health concerns, and boredom. Communication with others in similar situations was perceived vital, whereas discussions with family members about worries and fears related to coronavirus and COVID-19 was not preferred. Conclusions This study shed light on the lives of those quarantined or isolated at home and provided a set of operational recommendations to minimize coronavirus and COVID-19-associated stigma and to reduce challenges faced by those in quarantine or isolation.

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Turtiainen, Tuukka, et Laina Salonen. « Prevention measures against radiation exposure to radon in well waters : analysis of the present situation in Finland ». Journal of Water and Health 8, n^o 3 (4 décembre 2009) : 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.067.

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Naturally occurring radioactive elements are found in all groundwaters, especially in bedrock waters. Exposure to these radioactive elements increases the risk of cancer. The most significant of these elements is radon which, as a gas, is mobile and dissolves in groundwater. In Finland, water supply plants are obliged to carry out statutory monitoring of the water quality, including radon. Monitoring of private wells, however, is often neglected. In this paper, we outline the problem by reviewing the outcomes of the studies conducted in Finland since the 1960s. We also summarise the development of legislation, regulations and political decisions made so far that have affected the amount of public exposure to radon in drinking water. A review of the studies on radon removal techniques is provided, together with newly obtained results. New data on the transfer of radon from water into indoor air are presented. The new assessments also take into account the expanding use of domestic radionuclide removal units by Finnish households.

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Abadia, Luz Karime, Gloria Lucia Bernal et Santiago Muñoz. « Brechas en el desempeño escolar en PISA : ¿Qué explica la diferencia de Colombia con Finlandia y Chile ? » education policy analysis archives 26 (16 juillet 2018) : 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3423.

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Historically Colombia has performed poorly in the PISA tests, whereas Chile has the best performance of Latin America and Finland is usually within the first places in the world. Using the methodology of DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux (1996), we construct counterfactual scenarios where Colombian students hypothetically assume the distribution of Finnish or Chilean students and evaluate its relative impact on scores. The results confirm that if Colombian students have had the distribution of family background characteristics of Finnish or Chilean students, their academic achievement would have been higher. Among this component, the proxy wealth of households has the greater impact to explain the gap. Moreover, among the set of analyzed factors, the intrinsic variables–such as attitude and motivation of students for learning—become important to explain the differences in academic performance in comparison to Finland, whereas the school characteristics in the case of Chile explain the greater proportion of the gap. The results present heterogeneous magnitudes of the determinants along the scores distribution.

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Volkov, A. « The Nordic Countries after Crisis ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 4 (2014) : 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-4-62-71.

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After the crisis of 2008–2009 the Nordic countries faced a new economic recession in 2012. It was caused by a decrease of demand on foreign markets that resulted in decrease of Nordic countries’ exports. Economic growth in 2012 and 2013 was supported by growing consumption of the households and private incomes. Investments showed weak increase (except Norway). Unemployment was still at high level, inflation was low. Public finances showed deficit (except Norway), while balances of payments were positive (except Finland). Interest rates were at very low level.

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Naumanen, Päivi, Pedro Perista et Hannu Ruonavaara. « Homes as Old Age Security ? Households’ Perceptions of Housing and Elderly Care in Finland and Portugal ». International Journal of Housing Policy 12, n^o 1 (24 février 2012) : 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2012.651322.

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Kuleshov, Dmitrii, Pasi Peltoniemi, Antti Kosonen, Pasi Nuutinen, Kimmo Huoman, Andrey Lana, Mikko Paakkonen et Esa Malinen. « Assessment of economic benefits of battery energy storage application for the PV-equipped households in Finland ». Journal of Engineering 2019, n^o 18 (1 juillet 2019) : 4927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.9268.

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Hakovirta, Mia, et Merita Jokela. « Contribution of child maintenance to lone mothers’ income in five countries ». Journal of European Social Policy 29, n^o 2 (13 février 2018) : 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717754295.

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This study uses the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) data from 2013 to study (1) the contribution of child maintenance to the income packages of lone mothers, (2) the proportion of lone mothers receiving child maintenance and the level of child maintenance for those receiving it and (3) the extent to which child maintenance is helping families who may need it the most (those at the low end of the income distribution), compared with families with moderate or higher incomes. Our analysis covers data from five countries: Finland, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States. Our results show that in all countries except the United Kingdom, labour income is an important source of income for lone mothers and less than 40 percent of income comes from social transfers. Child maintenance contributes significantly to the income of lone mothers, particularly in Spain, followed by the United States and Germany. We find the highest coverage of child maintenance receipt in Finland. In the other countries, only one-third of lone mother households receive child maintenance. The median amounts of maintenance are the lowest in the United Kingdom and Finland, but there is great variation in the level of child maintenance within countries. The comparison of the quintile groups reveals that in the United States, the lone mothers in lowest income quintile do not seem to benefit as much from child maintenance compared with the highest income quintiles, whereas in Finland, Germany and Spain, more lone mothers in the low-income quintiles receive maintenance. However, amounts are quite equal across income quintiles.

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Martikainen, Kati, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Eila Torvinen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Ari Kauppinen, Tarja Pitkänen, Ilkka Miettinen et Ville Matikka. « Efficiency of Private Household Sand Filters in Removing Nutrients and Microbes from Wastewater in Finland ». Water 10, n^o 8 (28 juillet 2018) : 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081000.

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Sand filters have been shown to be an economic and effective solution for wastewater treatment in private households, although the removal of phosphorus (P) may be insufficient. However, P removal can be improved by adding a P-adsorbing material, such as biotite, into the sand filters. The physico-chemical characteristics and the microbial quality of the effluents of family-scale sand filters without adsorbing media (SF), sand filters with a biotite layer (B), and sand filters with a modular filter (MB) were followed for one year. Sand filters with a biotite layer displayed the highest capacity to remove nitrogen (N) and biological oxygen demand BOD7. The efficiency of these filters did not depend on the age of the filter or the season. The P load of the effluent did not differ between sand filters with and without a biotite layer, but the modular sand filter failed to adequately reduce P. The treatment efficiency of sand filters without biotite decreased with increasing age. These private household sand filters can be a good way to treat domestic wastewaters, since these generally comply with the minimum requirements of a Finnish Decree (157/2017). However, enteric viruses (noro- and adenoviruses) were commonly found in the effluents, and the numbers of Escherichia coli were often above 103 colony forming units (CFU) 100 mL−1 (limit for the the EU Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC) for good water quality), signifying a risk of microbial contamination of nearby drinking water wells, as well as bathing and irrigation waters.

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Welinder, Stig. « Ethnicity, migration and materiality. Forest Finn archaeology ». Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History, n^o 13 (13 février 2023) : 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/jaah.vi13.146.

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During the early 17th century, Finns migrated within the Swedish kingdom from interior Finland to virgin spruce forest areas in Sweden. There they settled in finnmarker, areas with Finnish-speaking households conducting large-scale swidden cultivation, huuhta in Finnish. Eventually they were called Forest Finns. Their farms were centered around a rökstuga, a living-house with a stone-oven without a chimney.Four Forest Finn farms have been excavated. The article discusses how the Finnish households were integrated in the local and regional market economy, thus acquiring the same kind of things also used by their Swedish neighbours, including status and prestige objects, e.g. display ceramics and window glass panes. At the same time, they continued to live in their traditional rökstugor, which owing to different space, light and warmth compared to a Swedish cottage with an open fireplace, conditioned other relations between the individuals of the households. The process of change, Swedification, of the Forest Finns was not unilinear.Ethnicity is the social process of meeting between two or more groups of people forming ‘us-and-them’-relations. The early-modern Forest Finns is an example of complex change as concerns materiality involved in ethnicity, in this case triggered by the meeting of ‘the others’ as a result of migration.

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Preta, Augusto. « La TV digitale terrestre : conservazione dell'esistente o innovazione verso la convergenza ? » ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, n^o 2 (juin 2009) : 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2009-002002.

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- Even though competition among platforms has not yet clearly established a winner, digital TV has grown significantly everywhere. Technological developments have allowed new models for content consumption. User-generated content, on-demand services, catch up TV, PVRs which allow the creation of individual schedules and skipping commercials are disrupting the traditional passive mode of content consumption. Faced with these new models, some TV players are actually proactive in creating cross-platform synergies, in order to exploit their expertise and brand across a multitude of platforms, thus increasing their profits. The competitive scenario is undergoing substantial changes compared to the one we had grown familiar with over the last twenty years. Penetration of digital TV is moving ahead: in June 2008, there were nearly 100 million digital TV households in Western Europe, thus reaching 60% of European TV households. Satellite is still the most widespread digital access, but digital terrestrial television records the highest growth rates, thanks to the success reported in some of the biggest markets. After the Netherlands, also Finland and Sweden have completed the analogue switch-off. New platforms such as ADSL, FTTH are still struggling to conquer a place in the market. Although it is still a marginal platform, the IPTV is reporting interesting figures. Other services followed in Germany, Finland and the United Kingdom after the first commercial launch of mobile broadcast TV in Italy in June 2006,. Other services are expected to be launched with the EC supported standard DVB-H. Keywords: television, digital TV, convergence, market strategy. Parole chiave: televisione, TV digitale, convergenza, strategia di mercato. . Jel Classification: L82

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Heinonen, Jukka, et Seppo Junnila. « Residential energy consumption patterns and the overall housing energy requirements of urban and rural households in Finland ». Energy and Buildings 76 (juin 2014) : 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.02.079.

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WITCZAK-ROSZKOWSKA, Danuta. « The virtual dimension of socio-economic relations in european countries ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, n^o 146 (2020) : 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.36.

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Purpose: The purpose of the article is to assess the level of use of information technologies by households in selected European countries and the resulting transformations in socio-economic relations. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses one of the taxonomic methods – the Hellwig’s development pattern method. 20 diagnostic features were adopted to develop Hellwig’s synthetic measure. They reflect the access and use of the Internet by households in five areas: networking and formal activities in the fields of e-government, e-banking, e-education, e-health; carrying out political and civic activities online (consulting, voting, expressing opinions); making informal contacts and participating in social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, etc.); e-commerce; using instant messaging and e-mail. Findings: In the light of the characteristics adopted for the survey, the highest level of use of information technology by households is characteristic of Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Finland. The countries with the lowest rates are Romania and Bulgaria. Research limitations/implications: The studies presented may contribute to further in-depth analyses of the links between the use of information technologies in individual countries and their level of economic development in the long term. Originality/value: The results are addressed to public authorities in 30 European countries. On their basis, leaders in the use of information technologies by households in various areas of economic and social life were identified. The distance between the other countries was also diagnosed. The results of the research can guide public authorities in developing strategies for the development and dissemination of information technologies in their countries.

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Laakso, Tuija, Saijariina Toivikko et Riku Vahala. « Centralized water and wastewater treatment as a greenhouse gas producer in Finland ». Journal of Water and Climate Change 3, n^o 1 (1 mars 2012) : 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2012.049.

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Centralized water and wastewater treatment are key components of modern society but, at the same time, sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we carried out an assessment of the role of centralized water and wastewater treatment as a greenhouse gas producer in Finland, based on the existing literature and a questionnaire study. The aim of the study was to outline the significance of the emissions, as well as to discover what the main sources of the emissions are. The possibility of improving energy efficiency and lowering the emissions were also assessed. Indirect emissions from, for example, the use of chemicals or the manufacture of assets could not be considered when making this preliminary survey. The results of the research indicate that water and wastewater utilities do not produce as much greenhouse gas in Finland as, for instance, the heating of water in private households. We estimated the annual emissions from the centralized water and wastewater sector to be approximately 320,000 t carbon dioxide equivalents. Emissions could be reduced through, for example, shifting to energy-efficient sludge treatment, such as anaerobic methods. We estimated that gaseous emissions resulting from wastewater treatment, wastewater sludge treatment, the discharge of treated effluent and sludge disposal in landfills form approximately 50% of total emissions.

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Friman, Aino, et Nina Hyytiä. « The Economic and Welfare Effects of Food Waste Reduction on a Food-Production-Driven Rural Region ». Sustainability 14, n^o 6 (19 mars 2022) : 3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063632.

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Food waste is economically and ecologically unsustainable; the benefits of food waste reduction are indisputable. Yet knowledge of the economic trade-offs and knock-on effects of such reduction is deficient. This study examines the economic effects of food waste reduction in a rural region that is a nationally important producer of agricultural and food products in Finland. We built a detailed social accounting matrix to trace the transactions among the economic agents. Five different simulations of food waste reduction were run by applying a computable general equilibrium model. In the simulations, households and food services halved their food waste. The results indicated that food waste reduction is economically worthwhile in terms of regional investments and gross domestic product at market prices. However, the reduction induced economic trade-offs and welfare redistribution. The value added to the agriculture and food industries and the welfare of agricultural households decreased, albeit that the simulated compensations alleviated the effects. In the long run, falling agricultural wages and factor incomes entail closedowns and, finally, decrease local food production. This aspect is worth considering in terms of policy planning under the principle of just transition of the European Green Deal.

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Laakso, Senja. « Experiments in Everyday Mobility : Social Dynamics of Achieving a Sustainable Lifestyle ». Sociological Research Online 24, n^o 2 (4 février 2019) : 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418823222.

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This article presents the results from an experimental project in Jyväskylä, Finland, in which five ‘pioneer households’ aimed to reduce their environmental impacts by a variety of trials in different domains of daily consumption. The article analyses this ‘home lab’ experiment from a practice-theoretical perspective, focusing particularly on everyday mobility and the social interplay that occurs in mobility practices in different contexts. In so doing, the article explores the reasons behind the various outcomes of experimentation and discusses the potential of such experimentation to facilitate transformation in mobility practices. The results suggest that in order to shift daily mobility onto a more sustainable path, the social dynamics related to mobility practices should be better addressed. For example, the negotiations both inside and outside the participating households proved important in challenging the ways of doing mobility. Moreover, the potential for the diffusion of alternative mobility practices was shown to depend on a variety of factors that maintained the normality and acceptability of private driving. Utilising practice-theoretical insights in living laboratories can open new areas for experimentation and facilitate understanding of the shift in everyday practices towards greater sustainability.

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Penne, Tess, Tine Hufkens, Tim Goedemé et Bérénice Storms. « To what extent do welfare states compensate for the cost of children ? The joint impact of taxes, benefits and public goods and services ». Journal of European Social Policy 30, n^o 1 (29 août 2019) : 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719868458.

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In order to alleviate child poverty, contemporary European welfare states have shifted their focus increasingly towards child-centred investment strategies. However, studies examining the generosity of welfare states to families with children focus mainly on cash benefit packages, or on government expenditure, while not taking into account the actual out-of-pocket costs families have to make to fulfil their needs. This article aims at contributing to existing studies by: (1) empirically assessing the needs and costs of children across welfare states by making use of cross-nationally comparable reference budgets, while taking into account publicly provided or subsidised services; (2) simulating the cash benefits and taxes that affect households with children through the tax–benefit system, by making use of the new Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT) in EUROMOD; and (3) combining both types of information in order to compare the essential out-of-pocket costs for children between 6 and 18 years old with the simulated cash benefit packages. We propose a new indicator that can be used to assess welfare state generosity to families with children: the child cost compensation indicator. The use of the indicator is empirically illustrated by comparing six European welfare states: Belgium, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain. The article shows that, even though with important cross-national variation, cash transfers generally amount to less than 60 percent of the cost of children. Although in five out of six countries support for families is higher at the lower end of the income distribution, for households living on a low gross wage, the income of a family with children is less adequate compared to a similar childless family and is in many cases insufficient to participate adequately in society.

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Saaritsa, Sakari. « Deconstructing Oral Histories of Family Strategies through Record Linkage : Comparing Interview, Tax, Welfare, and Parish Sources from Early Twentieth-century Finland ». Journal of Family History 44, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2019) : 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018820487.

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This article demonstrates empirically how triangulation with other sources can alter the interpretation of oral histories of family strategies. While the interests of oral historians have shifted to postpositivist approaches, basic facts about material context and family events still tend to be drawn from the same narratives. Oral histories of two worker households in early twentieth-century Helsinki are linked with detailed Finnish tax, parish, and poor relief records. The findings point to a number of significant omissions, turn seemingly innocuous factual statements into meaningful strategic representations, and suggest systematic biases in describing livelihoods and sources of income.

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Pihlajaniemi, H., E. Juntunen et A. Luusua. « Drivers’ experiences of presence sensitive roadway lighting match experiences of traditional road lighting – a case study in Finland ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1099, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2022) : 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012018.

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Abstract This research aimed to test and study presence sensitive roadway lighting in a housing area in Finland, and to evaluate drivers’ experiences and attitudes of it. The lighting adapted both to motor vehicles using the road and to the measured traffic density along it. The case study was conducted on a collector road in Salo, a town in southern Finland. New, controllable LED lighting with PIR (passive infrared) presence sensors was built along the road, and test scenarios were designed, programmed, and tested. Drivers’ experiences and attitudes of the lighting were collected in a three-phase evaluation with questionnaires from the community of about 1000 households using the road as part of their daily mobility. The results indicate that as an experience, presence sensitive lighting in a road environment was at least as positive as traditional, uncontrolled lighting. The experiences of presence sensitive lighting did not differ from the experiences of uncontrolled lighting regarding pleasantness, uniformity, glare, and road visibility. Most of the drivers (86 %) did not notice any dynamic change in lighting. When informed about the tested lighting strategies, most of the participants (72 %) would prefer either one of the intelligent lighting modes to be the permanent lighting solution. The results encourage the use of intelligent lighting in striving towards more sustainable lighting solutions while maintaining user comfort and safety.

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LIEVONEN, S., J. RANTA et R. MAIJALA. « Shell Egg Handling and Preparation Practices in Food Service Establishments in Finland ». Journal of Food Protection 70, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2007) : 2266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.10.2266.

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Foodborne outbreaks are often reported to be acquired at food service establishments. As a part of a quantitative risk assessment on the consumer risk of contracting Salmonella infection via shell eggs, we studied how small, medium, and large restaurants, institutional kitchens, and staff canteens (n = 171) purchase, store, and use shell eggs. In addition, we estimated the fraction of raw and undercooked risky egg dishes among all egg dishes served in food service establishments of different sizes and types. The majority of establishments used shell eggs (78%), purchased eggs once per week (39%), and stored eggs at cool temperatures (82%). The size of the food service establishment had a less significant effect on shell egg preparation and handling practices than the type of the establishment. In particular, restaurants and institutional kitchens differed from each other. Restaurants purchased shell eggs more frequently, were more likely to store them at room temperature, stored shell eggs for a shorter period, and were more likely to prepare undercooked egg dishes than institutional kitchens. It was predicted that 6 to 20% of all different egg dishes prepared in a single randomly chosen food service establishment would be risky egg dishes with a 95% Bayesian credible interval of 0 to 96%, showing uncertainty because of the variability between kitchens and uncertainty in kitchen type–specific parameters. The results indicate that although most Finnish food service establishments had safe egg handling practices, a substantial minority expressed risky behavior. Compared with the egg consumption patterns in private Finnish households, however, practices in food service establishments did not prove to be more prone to risk.

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Aisyah, Rezky Nur, Jamaluddin Majid et Suhartono Suhartono. « CARBON TAX : ALTERNATIF KEBIJAKAN PENGURANGAN EXTERNAL DISECONOMIES EMISI KARBON ». ISAFIR : Islamic Accounting and Finance Review 1, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2020) : 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/isafir.v1i2.17603.

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The purpose of this research is to determine the embodiment of carbon tax as an alternative policy to reduce external diseconomies of carbon emissions. This research is a qualitative study using comparative analysis (comparing policies) on the countries that applied carbon tax in the continental regions of Europe, America, and Asia, comprising the countries of Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, France, Ireland, England, Mexico, British Columbia, and Japan. Research data obtained with a library study of various literature with major data sources is the state and trends of carbon pricing report by the worldbank. The research shows that carbon tax is a good policy for addressing external diseconomies of carbon emissions by giving a clear price signal, and potentially transforming households and industrial behavior for decision reduction in high-energy use emissions. In addition, the impact of carbon tax application shows sustainable development and the transformation of the green economy which can serve as low-carbon, resource efficiency and social inclusive, which can serve as a public policy that can improve capital allocation and environmental and social issues for future generations.

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Palapa, N., O. Demyanyuk et О. Nagorniuk. « Food security in Ukraine : state and current issues of nowadays ». Agroecological journal, n^o 2 (14 septembre 2022) : 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2022.263314.

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The problem of food security in Ukraine and in the world in general has become especially relevant due to the growing population on the planet, depletion of natural resources, declining soil productivity, climate change and military conflicts. The number of countries with existing food security problems has increased in recent years. Different views on food security, state of food security in Ukraine are analyzed and comparisons with the countries of Europe and the world are made. According to statistics, in 2020 the caloric content of the Ukrainian diet was only 7% higher than the threshold level of 2.500 kcal/day, but less than the minimum WHO physiological standard (3.000 kcal/day) while the caloric content of the Ukrainian diet in 1990 was 3597 kcal/day. In addition, the diet of the population of Ukraine remains unbalanced with a predominance of plant products. The most critical is the state of consumption of complete protein foods (meat, milk, fish) and vitamin products (fruits). Ukrainians consume even less than the minimum norm for fish and fish products, as well as fruit. The indicator of import dependence is calculated, according to which as of 2020 it was the highest for fish and fish products — 82%, which is 52% above the threshold level of 30%. The predominant share of imported supplies falls on fish species that are caught exclusively in the waters of maritime economic zones of other countries, while the consumption of fish and fish products by the population of Ukraine remains below the recommended dietary norms. It is established that due to domestic production more than 90% of our country meets the necessary consumer needs of the population for most foods. The analysis and comparative assessment of the structure of total consumer expenditures of households in 2016 and 2020, as well as comparisons with EU countries. According to the State Statistics Service, consumer spending of Ukrainian households is 91.4% of income. The largest share of their income (48.1%) Ukrainians spent on food, housing and utilities — 14.4%. In the EU, housing, utilities and fuel rank first in the structure of household consumption expenditures — 25.7% of total expenditures. Citizens of Slovakia and Finland spend the most on this item — 30.7% and 30.5% of all expenses, respectively. The lowest one is 15.5% in Lithuania. Europeans spent on food and non-alcoholic beverages on average 14.8% of the total consumer spending structure, second only to utilities.

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Salmi, Pauliina, Kalle Ryymin, Anna K. Karjalainen, Anna Mikola, Emilia Uurasjärvi et Julia Talvitie. « Particle balance and return loops for microplastics in a tertiary-level wastewater treatment plant ». Water Science and Technology 84, n^o 1 (31 mai 2021) : 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.209.

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Abstract Microplastics (MPs) from households, stormwater, and various industries are transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where a high proportion of them are captured before discharging their residuals to watersheds. Although recent studies have indicated that the removed MPs are mainly retained in wastewater sludge, sludge treatment processes have gained less attention in MP research than water streams at primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. In this study, we sampled 12 different process steps in a tertiary-level municipal WWTP in central Finland. Our results showed that, compared to the plant influent load, three times more MPs circulated via reject water from the sludge centrifugation back to the beginning of the treatment process. Fibrous MPs were especially abundant in the dewatered sludge, whereas fragment-like MPs were observed in an aqueous stream. We concluded that, compared to the tertiary effluent, sludge treatment is the major exit route for MPs into the environment, but sludge treatment is also a return loop to the beginning of the process. Our sampling campaign also demonstrated that WWTPs with varying hydraulic conditions (such as the one studied here) benefit from disc filter-based tertiary treatments in MP removal.

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Moisio, Pasi, et Timo M. Kauppinen. « The intergenerational correlation of social assistance and selection bias in the Finnish population data ». Finnish Journal of Social Research 4 (15 décembre 2011) : 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110701.

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Using the social assistance register we were able to study intergenerational correlations of social assistance recipiency in Finland and how the length of the observation window for identifying recipiency affects on the correlation coefficients. Parents’ social assistance was observed in 1990, and that of their children aged 18–32 was observed in 2005. The intergenerational correlation was .15 on average when the observation window was a calendar year for both parents and children. The correlation varied substantially according to the length of the observation window, the gender and the age of child. The intergenerational correlation was stronger in the early twenties (.20), and substantially lower (.10) in the early thirties. The correlation was stronger for boys (.19) than for girls (.12). As expected from the theory and previous studies, a shorter observation window for parents yielded higher estimates for the intergenerational correlation, and a shorter observation window for children yielded lower estimates. There are two sources of bias when using a shorter observation window. The downward identification bias results when households receiving social assistance for a short spell outside the observation window are classified as non-recipients. The upward selection bias results when households receiving long-term social assistance are over-represented as compared to parents who receive social assistance only for a short spell. These two sources of bias operate in a complex way and the direction of bias they cause for the intergenerational correlation is essentially an empirical question. Hence, when drawing (policy) conclusions from studies on intergenerational correlations, one should keep in mind that the correlation estimates are very sensitive to the length for the observation windows and to the life stage when the children’s social assistance recipiency is observed.

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Bryukhanov, A. Yu, H. Huhta, E. V. Shalavina, E. A. Vorobyeva et N. S. Vasileva. « The Ecological Status of Livestock and Poultry in the Border Regions of Russia and South-East Finland ». Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, n^o 1 (24 mars 2020) : 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-1-4-9.

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Intensifi cation of agricultural production increases the burden on the environment. Modern management and planning of agricultural activity requires a comprehensive assessment of the environmental status of the industry. (Research purpose) To develop recommendations for improving the environmental safety of agricultural production based on the implementation of the best available technologies, methods for monitoring and controlling technological processes for the disposal of organic animal waste. (Materials and methods) The authors studied agricultural enterprises, their specialization and production capacities, technologies for manure and litter utilization. The studies included an assessment of enterprises according to the criteria approved in the recommendations of Helsinki Commission for the Baltic Sea. The authors used standard methods for processing statistical, fi eld and personal data. (Results and discussion) The authors conducted a state analysis of the agro-industrial complex of Leningrad Region in terms of the organic waste formation from animal husbandry and poultry farming, and evaluated the potential for their use. They studied 142 large complexes, which produce more than 90 percent of livestock and poultry products. The average livestock density in Leningrad Region is 2.2 conventional heads per hectare of cultivated agricultural land. They showed that there are 22,200 households in southern Finland, 79 percent of which are plant growing enterprises that are engaged in small-scale production. They took into account the specifi c features of the studied territories in terms of nutrient load and proposed a system of environmental impact regulation. (Conclusions) The authors developed 4 main recommendation sections to reduce the risks of biogenic environmental pollution: the development of an industrial environmental control system based on technological regulations; mastering the system of regional monitoring and coordination of work with organic fertilizers; adoption and implementation of a program of livestock enterprises technological and technical modernization in terms of the organic waste disposal; creation of demonstration platforms for environmental specialists advanced training in the implementation of modern technological solutions.

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Kymäläinen, Tiina, Anu Seisto et Roosa Malila. « Generation Z Food Waste, Diet and Consumption Habits : A Finnish Social Design Study with Future Consumers ». Sustainability 13, n^o 4 (17 février 2021) : 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042124.

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This article presents a Finnish social design study that was targeted at future Generation Z consumers. The main objective was to gain understanding of the target group’s attitudes, routines and skills relating to food consumption, diets and food waste within their households. The sustainability framework studied the Generation Z experience, obstacles and opportunities relating to behavior patterns, in addition with current habits—with respect to planning, shopping, cooking, eating and storing—and future motivations. The aim of the social design investigations was to provide contributions to the design outcome: a behavior change application that steered young consumers’ behavior patterns towards a more sustainable direction. The design framework was applied in two case studies that focused on 17–26-year-old consumers in Finland. The main method was qualitative online focus group discussions. Based on the results, the most important behavior change opportunities related to social aspects, the role of company sponsoring, localization and context-awareness potential in young consumers’ close environment and the need to engage wider sustainability aspects—such as carbon footprint, comparison of diets and financial savings—to the behavior change framework. Based on the results, the participants took the climate change challenge associated with food waste and biased diets very seriously.

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Vorne, Virpi, Lila Patrikainen, Mari Kovero, Yrjö Virtanen, Matti Verta, Elina Lice, Karin Pai, Liina Laumets, Liisa Lang et Anne Aan. « Food choices and environmental responsibility – protect the Baltic Sea ». Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, n^o 28 (31 janvier 2012) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75669.

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‘The Baltic environment, food and health: from habits to awareness – FOODWEB’ is a project that aims to raise public awareness about the links between food quality and its origin, focusing on the Baltic Sea and its surroundings. Cultivation of food for humans and related production activities can impact negatively on the Baltic Sea, and aquatic food products from the Baltic Sea may cause problems to humans as a result of toxins in the marine environment. This is a circular problem in the Baltic ecosystem. The project is a part of Central Baltic IVA Programme 2007- 2013. Finland, Estonia and Latvia take part in the Foodweb-project. The population is projected to grow in Finland and decrease in Estonia and Latvia. Regarding food consumption habits over the long term, the differences diminish among the countries and result in accordance with the assumption that social, economic and political changes influence eating habits. These changes might have had an effect on eating habits, especially increased consumption of meat. Baltic Sea is generally considered one of the most polluted seas in the world. Agriculture and the food chain are largely responsible for eutrophication and pollution of waterways. Food consumption forms a significant part of the environmental load of households. In the project area we share the common concern of environment and food safety issues. Majority of the residents are concerned about toxicants found in food. Environmental aspect is coming more important when selecting the diet and increasing knowledge of food safety are taking into account in national food recommendations. The eutrophication intensity varies among different foodstuffs: beef has the highest eutrophication intensity of all meats, about three times higher than that of pork, and seven times that of poultry. The eutrophication intensity of milk is relatively low. Nevertheless, the values associated with beef and milk are partly bound together, since a significant share of beef comes from milking cows. The eutrophication impacts of plants also vary among species: grain has the highest intensity of the plant-based raw materials. The modelling shows that in Finland eutrophication can be reduced by about 7 % by changing the food consumption habits towards a recommended direction, and currently private food consumption is not far from being in accord with recommendations. The major shift, about 7 % units from protein to carbohydrates, was reached in the scenario by applying a reduction to all protein foods, and an increment to all carbohydrate foods. This is because the foods containing animal proteins have greater eutrophication potential than carbohydrate foods, and shifting from the use of protein foods to carbohydrate foods should influence the state of eutrophication. In countries with nutrient-extensive agriculture, like Estonia and Latvia, the agricultural sector needs to develop without increasing nutrient surpluses.

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Pakere, Ieva, Toms Prodanuks, Agris Kamenders, Ivars Veidenbergs, Stefan Holler, Agnese Villere et Dagnija Blumberga. « Ranking EU Climate and Energy Policies ». Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0027.

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Abstract The European Union (EU) has set ambitious targets to increase the overall energy efficiency and decrease the environmental impact by introducing the ‘Green Deal.’ It is an EU plan for the transition to zero greenhouse gas emissions. The overall data analyses of GHG emissions per capita and GDP value in different EU countries show that the GDP increase in 2010–2017 has not increased GHG emissions. Therefore, the link between the GDP increase through energy resource usage increase has been eliminated. However, not all of the EU 27 member states contributed to the overall EU green policy equally. The article presents the methodology for the energy and environmental performance status analyses by evaluating nine different indicators (share of renewable energy, greenhouse gases per GDP, energy intensity, primary efficiency, industry efficiency, energy consumption in households, space heating efficiency, pollutant emissions from transport and specific energy consumption of transport sector) for EU member states. Indicators have been tested through correlation analyses. The use of multidimensional Energy and climate policy indicator has been proposed to rank the performance of different EU countries. The results show that the countries with the highest score in climate and energy indicator values are Sweden, Denmark, Latvia, Austria, Finland, Ireland, and Lithuania. The lowest obtained values are Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and France.

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Witkowska, Agata, Dorota Anna Krawczyk et Antonio Rodero. « Analysis of the Heat Pump Market in Europe with a Special Regard to France, Spain, Poland and Lithuania ». Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0063.

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Abstract Becoming the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050 is currently the most ambitious European goal. Heat pumps are the example of the key technology, which could help to achieve the aim by heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation in an ecological and energy-efficient way. This article characterized a heat pump market in Europe between 2009 and 2020 with a special regard to France, Spain, Poland and Lithuania, for which a more detailed study was presented. The analysis was performed primarily on the grounds of statistics data provided by the European Heat Pump Association (EHPA), which determined the number of heat pumps sold based on standard questionnaires from national heat pump associations, statistical offices and research institutes. The highest number of heat pump sold in analysed period of time was recorded in France, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Germany and Spain. Poland was in the middle of the list, while Lithuania was one of the last countries. Considering the number of heat pumps sold per 1000 households, Norway was the clear leader, followed by Estonia, Finland, Sweden and Denmark. Lithuania was placed 12th, while Poland was only 18th. In terms of the type of lower and upper heat source, air-to-water and air-to-air heat pumps were the most popular choices, while ground source heat pumps were the least popular. The development of the heat pump market has been influenced by social, environmental, economic and technological factors.

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Carlsen, Lars, et Rainer Bruggemann. « Inequalities in the European Union—A Partial Order Analysis of the Main Indicators ». Sustainability 13, n^o 11 (2 juin 2021) : 6278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116278.

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The inequality within the 27 European member states has been studied. Six indicators proclaimed by Eurostat to be the main indicators charactere the countries: (i) the relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap, (ii) the income distribution, (iii) the income share of the bottom 40% of the population, (iv) the purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita, (v) the adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita and (vi) the asylum applications by state of procedure. The resulting multi-indicator system was analyzed applying partial ordering methodology, i.e., including all indicators simultaneously without any pretreatment. The degree of inequality was studied for the years 2010, 2015 and 2019. The EU member states were partially ordered and ranked. For all three years Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, and Finland are found to be highly ranked, i.e., having rather low inequality. Bulgaria and Romania are, on the other hand, for all three years ranked low, with the highest degree of inequality. Excluding the asylum indicator, the risk-poverty-gap and the adjusted gross disposable income were found as the most important indicators. If, however, the asylum application is included, this indicator turns out as the most important for the mutual ranking of the countries. A set of additional indicators was studied disclosing the educational aspect as of major importance to achieve equality. Special partial ordering tools were applied to study the role of the single indicators, e.g., in relation to elucidate the incomparability of some countries to all other countries within the union.

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Zonienė, Aurelija, Audronė Meškelienė et Sabina Jurkaitienė. « THE ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS DETERMINING DIGITAL INVESTMENT OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE BALTIC AND NORDIC COUNTRIES ». STUDIJOS – VERSLAS – VISUOMENĖ : DABARTIS IR ATEITIES ĮŽVALGOS, n^o VII (22 décembre 2022) : 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52320/svv.v1ivii.254.

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Digital investment is becoming more and more popular and accessible not only to legal entities, but also to individuals. The article examines the factors that determine successful digital investment – financial literacy and digital literacy. Research aim – to analyse the factors determining the digital investment of individuals in the Baltic and Nordic countries. Two countries from each region have been selected for the analysis: Latvia and Lithuania from the Baltic countries, and Finland and Sweden from the Nordic countries. Research methods: the analysis of the scientific literature; the analysis of statistical data; systematisation and generalisation. It has been identified that, during the analysed period, the household investment rate varied unevenly, but in Sweden it stood out the most significantly – it was about twice as high as in Finland and in the Baltic countries. The lowest household investment rate was in Latvia. It has been observed that the share of individuals with basic digital skills was significantly higher in the Nordic countries than in the Baltic countries. Although Finland's real GDP (gross domestic product) per capita was significantly higher than in the Baltic countries, the analysis revealed that the dynamics of household investment rates was not as high as in Sweden, only slightly higher than in the Baltic countries. Arguably, Sweden had the highest digital investment opportunities in terms of household investment rates and the share of individuals with basic digital skills.

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Castaño-Rosa, Raúl, Roberto Barrella, Carmen Sánchez-Guevara, Ricardo Barbosa, Ioanna Kyprianou, Eleftheria Paschalidou, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis et al. « Cooling Degree Models and Future Energy Demand in the Residential Sector. A Seven-Country Case Study ». Sustainability 13, n^o 5 (9 mars 2021) : 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052987.

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The intensity and duration of hot weather and the number of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, are increasing, leading to a growing need for space cooling energy demand. Together with the building stock’s low energy performance, this phenomenon may also increase households’ energy consumption. On the other hand, the low level of ownership of cooling equipment can cause low energy consumption, leading to a lack of indoor thermal comfort and several health-related problems, yet increasing the risk of energy poverty in summer. Understanding future temperature variations and the associated impacts on building cooling demand will allow mitigating future issues related to a warmer climate. In this respect, this paper analyses the effects of change in temperatures in the residential sector cooling demand in 2050 for a case study of nineteen cities across seven countries: Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Israel, Portugal, Slovakia, and Spain, by estimating cooling degree days and hours (CDD and CDH). CDD and CDH are calculated using both fixed and adaptive thermal comfort temperature thresholds for 2020 and 2050, understanding their strengths and weaknesses to assess the effects of warmer temperatures. Results suggest a noticeable average increase in CDD and CDH values, up to double, by using both thresholds for 2050, with a particular interest in northern countries where structural modifications in the building stock and occupants’ behavior should be anticipated. Furthermore, the use of the adaptive thermal comfort threshold shows that the projected temperature increases for 2050 might affect people’s capability to adapt their comfort band (i.e., indoor habitability) as temperatures would be higher than the maximum admissible values for people’s comfort and health.

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