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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Householder case »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Householder case"

Yang, Jia, Hideki Kato, Ryosuke Ando et Yasuhide Nishihori. « Analyzing Household Vehicle Ownership in the Japanese Local City : Case Study in Toyota City ». Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (19 mars 2020) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7264860.

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This study aims to understand the crucial factors affecting vehicle ownership in the local city, Japan. 14,855 household sample data in Toyota City are used as the research sample. The sample data are extracted from the 5th Person Trip Survey data in the Chukyo region. First, the unknown annual income is complemented by using an ordered probit model. Then, a trivariate ordered probit model is utilized to analyze ownership of light motor vehicles, ordinary motor vehicles, and small trucks simultaneously. To estimate unknown parameters effectively and efficiently, one type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods called the Gibbs Sampler algorithm is applied in this study. The significant findings suggest the following: (1) the annual income only affects the ownership of ordinary motor vehicles; (2) a household with a 60-year-old or older householder is more likely to own small trucks, compared to that with a householder below the age of 60; (3) the population density negatively affects the number of light motor vehicles and that of small trucks; (4) there is a substitution effect of vehicle ownership between light motor vehicles and small trucks.

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McGinley, Orlaith, Paul Moran et Jamie Goggins. « An Assessment of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Energy Efficient Retrofits to Existing Residential Buildings ». Energies 15, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2022) : 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010334.

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Quantifying the wider benefits of energy efficient building retrofits is crucial to incentivise householder retrofit investments. This research recognises the value of key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing and demonstrating retrofitting benefits and provides an assessment of KPIs for evaluating retrofits. An integrated framework for evaluating retrofits using a set of economic, social, and environmental KPIs is proposed. This KPI framework is then applied in a pre- and post-retrofit assessment of five case study dwellings located in Ireland, revealing its usefulness in demonstrating the wider benefits of retrofitting to householders, with a view to driving retrofit investment. Three of these case study dwellings had state-of-the-art retrofit technologies installed as part of the works, including heat pumps and solar PV systems. In addition to demonstrating the wider benefits of retrofitting, the framework allowed for the identification of potential causes for differences in performance of these technologies across households, as well as patterns of underperformance. Such insights are useful for the future design of these technologies and retrofit packages, as well as policy measures, which support householders in the adoption and use of these measures. The results demonstrate that householders experience various benefits from retrofitting. Showcasing the different benefits that householders receive from retrofitting, and their satisfaction with the retrofit works, can serve to de-risk retrofit investments, and inspire others to seek similar benefits through retrofitting. Applying the developed framework to a larger, comparable sample size, can distinguish the retrofit packages, which perform best across the KPIs and various household profiles. Furthermore, the application of the developed framework can serve as an evidence base for retrofit designers, contractors, and policy makers in the design of retrofit packages and policy measures that will maximise the benefit for householders.

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Sarıoğlu Erdoğdu, Gülsün Pelin, et Özgül Burcu Özdemir Sari. « Householder Satisfaction in Apartment Block Neighborhoods : Case of Ankara, Turkey ». Journal of Urban Planning and Development 144, n^o 1 (mars 2018) : 04017022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000412.

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Mihăilescu, Vintilă. « From Cow to Cradle. Mutations and Meanings of Rural Household in Post-socialism ». International Review of Social Research 1, n^o 2 (1 juin 2011) : 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2011-0010.

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Abstract This article points at the path to modernization of the recent Romanian households, meaning, in this case, the out ruling of productive activities from the household’s space and time (Max Weber). A brief social history of the household (gospodărie) tries to trace back this longue durée process focusing on the shift in the work ethics from a normative model of the ‘good householder’ to an ‘aesthetisation of life’ (Max Weber) and symbolic emancipation. The main interest of the article concerns the relatively new phenomenon of ‘rustic houses’, which is less an architectural, than a lifestyle choice. Contrasted with the former ‘pride houses’ that spread all over the Romanian villages in the last decade, the peasant rustic taste seems to express a kind of return to the local and the past articulated with a modern concern for comfort and appearance: ‘rustic is traditional and modern in the same time!’ – claimed one of our informants. Rusticity thus becomes a (post)modern simulacrum of genuine peasant life. The final part of the article tries to transcend this mere semantic overview in search of its deeper and subjective motivations. In doing so, the article is approaching these recent rural households in the terms of Axel Honneth’s social recognition theory. It also suggests that, in this respect, the rustic taste expresses an existential search for authenticity.

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Yalouz, Saad, Sajanthan Sekaran, Emmanuel Fromager et Matthieu Saubanère. « Quantum embedding of multi-orbital fragments using the block-Householder transformation ». Journal of Chemical Physics 157, n^o 21 (7 décembre 2022) : 214112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0125683.

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Recently, some of the authors introduced the use of the Householder transformation as a simple and intuitive method for embedding local molecular fragments [see Sekaran et al., Phys. Rev. B 104, 035121 (2021) and Sekaran et al., Computation 10, 45 (2022)]. In this work, we present an extension of this approach to the more general case of multi-orbital fragments using the block version of the Householder transformation applied to the one-body reduced density matrix, unlocking the applicability to general quantum chemistry/condensed matter physics Hamiltonians. A step-by-step construction of the block Householder transformation is presented. Both physical and numerical areas of interest of the approach are highlighted. The specific mean-field (noninteracting) case is thoroughly detailed as it is shown that the embedding of a given N spin–orbital fragment leads to the generation of two separated sub-systems: (1) a 2 N spin–orbitals “fragment+bath” cluster that exactly contains N electrons and (2) a remaining cluster’s “environment” described by so-called core electrons. We illustrate the use of this transformation in different cases of embedding scheme for practical applications. We particularly focus on the extension of the previously introduced Local Potential Functional Embedding Theory and Householder-transformed Density Matrix Functional Embedding Theory to the case of multi-orbital fragments. These calculations are realized on different types of systems, such as model Hamiltonians (Hubbard rings) and ab initio molecular systems (hydrogen rings).

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Dobinson, Ian, et Edward Elliott. « A Householder's Right to Kill or Injure an Intruder under the Crime and Courts Act 2013 : An Australian Comparison ». Journal of Criminal Law 78, n^o 1 (février 2014) : 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2014.78.1.894.

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Section 43 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 has amended s. 76 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 such that a person may be acquitted in a case of self-defence in his or her own home where he or she uses disproportionate, but not grossly disproportionate, force against an intruder. This extends to circumstances where a householder intentionally kills such an intruder. This amendment, a result of Conservative Party policy, appears to be based on populist appeal and a response to certain high-profile cases. By comparison, Australian home invasion legislation imposes limitations on the rights of a householder to kill in circumstances such as a home invasion. In addition, a number of Australian jurisdictions provide for a partial defence of excessive self-defence. Section 43 provides only that the disproportionate force used by a householder be reasonable in the circumstances as the householder believed them to be. Further to this, the amendments are vague, ambiguous and likely to create significant uncertainty.

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Thomas, Mark P. « Defenceless Castles ». Journal of Criminal Law 80, n^o 6 (décembre 2016) : 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018316675543.

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On 16 January 2016, the Divisional Court gave judgment in the case of Collins. In the judgment, Sir Brian Leveson P provided an authoritative statement as to the meaning of ‘grossly disproportionate’ within the law of self-defence for householders. First introduced in 2013, clarity on the meaning of the phrase has been long awaited by both the academic and the practitioner. The court’s interpretation of the phrase has disturbed the understanding of many and will cause many editions of upcoming criminal law textbooks to be rewritten on this point. This paper will examine whether the Divisional Court was correct in its interpretation by attempting to find the true intention of Parliament in drafting the legislation. The paper will also examine how the householder defences operates in modern practice and its suitability to the law of self-defence.

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Malvetti, Emanuel, Raban Iten et Roger Colbeck. « Quantum Circuits for Sparse Isometries ». Quantum 5 (15 mars 2021) : 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-03-15-412.

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We consider the task of breaking down a quantum computation given as an isometry into C-NOTs and single-qubit gates, while keeping the number of C-NOT gates small. Although several decompositions are known for general isometries, here we focus on a method based on Householder reflections that adapts well in the case of sparse isometries. We show how to use this method to decompose an arbitrary isometry before illustrating that the method can lead to significant improvements in the case of sparse isometries. We also discuss the classical complexity of this method and illustrate its effectiveness in the case of sparse state preparation by applying it to randomly chosen sparse states.

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Correia, Antonia, et Pedro Pintassilgo. « The Golf Players' Motivations : The Algarve Case ». Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, n^o 3 (mai 2006) : 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050014.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the motivations behind golf demand in the Algarve — one of Europe's most popular golf destinations. The research is based on the results of a survey on the golf demand of Algarve's golf courses, held in 2002. In order to identify the main motives behind golf demand in the region, a principal components analysis was performed. Four main choice factors were identified to explain the selection of Algarve's golf courses. The first was designated social environment and is associated with motives such as events and beaches. The second, leisure, is related to restaurants and bars, landscape, weather and accommodation. The third, entitled golf, is directly related to characteristics of courses. The fourth, logistics, is associated with variables such as price and accessibility. It is also found, through a cluster analysis that the choice factors can be associated with three market segments: the tourist golfer, who is mostly concerned with the golf courses and the game; the householder golfer, essentially centred on accommodation, gastronomy, landscape, weather, price and accessibility; and finally, the sun-beach tourist, who is mostly interested in tourist opportunities.

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Majumder, Sacchidanand, et Soma Chowdhury Biswas. « Health and Socio-economic Implications of Poverty in Bangladesh ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, n^o 29 (31 octobre 2018) : 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n29p301.

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The objective of this study was to explore the influences of the health and socio-economic factors associated with the poverty level of households in Bangladesh, through an analysis of data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 conducted by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). A total of all 12,240 households was considered in this study. CBN method was applied for estimating poverty of the household. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the main factors that influence the household’s poverty. The results showed that the probability of the household being poor was higher when the household’s head suffered from various chronic diseases like chronic fever, injuries/disability, eczema, leprosy, and asthma/breathing trouble as compared to the household whose head didn’t suffer from any chronic diseases. From the analysis, it was also found that when a large number within household suffered from any chronic disease, the probability of the household being poor was increased. The household that had no access to health care was poorer than the household that had access to health care. The results also showed that with increased investment in health, the probability of the household being poor was decreased. The results showed that rural households were poorer than urban households. Monthly income, land ownership, construction materials of walls and roofs, types of the latrine, source of drinking water, household size; age, sex, and employment status of the household’s head all had a significant impact on the poverty level of the household.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Householder case"

Jim, Abongile. « Health seeking behaviours in South Africa : a household perspective using the general households survey of 2007 ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1219_1360587139.

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This study is aimed at empirically examining health seeking behaviours in terms of illness response on household level at South Africa using 2007 General Household Survey and other
relevant secondary sources. It provides an assessment of health seeking behaviours at the household level using individuals as unit of analysis by exploring the type of health care provider sought, the reason for delay in health seeking and the cause for not consulting. This study also assesses the extent of dissatisfaction among households using medical centres and this factor in health care utilisation is considered as the main reason for not consulting health care services. All the demographic and health seeking variables utilised in this study are controlled for medical aid cover because it is a critical variable in health care seeking. Therefore this study makes distinction on illness reporting and they type of health care consulted by medical aid holders and non medical aid holders. Statistical analyses are conducted to explore and predict the way in which demographic variables and socio economic variables affect health care seeking behaviours.

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Ngcobo, Lindiwe. « Perceptions of rural households about the role and effect of biogas production on rural household income in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4694.

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Rural development efforts to reduce poverty and enhance food security and generally improve livelihoods in developing countries continue to be constrained by high energy cost. For that reason, renewable energy has been identified as a possible panacea to fill this gap. Renewable energy is cheaper, more accessible and environmentally sustainable and promotes inclusivity. Biogas is a renewable energy that is readily available and easy to use by poor rural households. The use of biogas digesters among households in rural areas of developing countries is a well-known technology. The potential for biogas in these areas has been demonstrated and a strong economic case has been made. However, its adoption and use have been lower than expectations possibly as result of non-economic considerations, including social issues about which rural people hold different perceptions. Perceptions of rural households are important because they influence the behaviour to a large extent. Since limited access to affordable energy in rural areas has encouraged government and private organisations to initiate biogas projects to overcome the challenge, it is important to ascertain the factors that affect attitudes towards the technology. The present study sought to explore perceptions of rural households about biogas production towards rural household income in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Specifically, this research investigated the state of biogas project being implemented by the University of Fort Hare’s Institute of Technology (FHIT), the perceptions of respondents towards biogas production and determine the contribution of biogas consumption to rural income. The study also aimed to identify the factors affecting the adoption of biogas production in the study area. The study was carried out in Melani village in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and employed survey data obtained from 48 households who were enumerated to identify their perceptions on biogas production, with special emphasis on the role and effect contributed to rural income of Melani village. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used in data collection. Data were collected and captured in Excel and then analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 24 Descriptive statistics was used to examine socio-economic characteristics of households and state of biogas production in the area, Bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships among the key elements of perceptions of household towards biogas adoption, binary logistic model was used to estimate factors influencing adoption of biogas technology by households. The results show that women were dominant for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas. The majority of households were young with mean age of 40 years while for non-adopters were 65 years old on average. The results showed high levels of literacy amongst household adopters. Majority of the households for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas technology were married and unemployed and household size ranged from one to five persons, with social grants being dominant source of income. The bivariate correlation analysis suggests a positive effect of green pepper production and livestock ownership on biogas technology adoption. Age and level of education were negatively correlated with adoption of biogas. The cross tabulation analysis suggests that water scarcity, lack of knowledge about biogas technology, cattle ownership, lack of maintenance and repairing, flooded biogas digesters during rainy season are negatively associated with the uptake of biogas technology. The empirical results from binary logistic model suggest that land size was the key determinant of adoption behaviour towards biogas technology while age of the household head, source of income and level of education may have a negative influence on adoption of biogas technology. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends strategies to encourage households to adopt biogas technology.

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Mosia, Matladi Daniel. « The use of secondary data in the study of living arrangements of households : a case of the October household survey-'96 (OHS) : Western Cape Province ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52032.

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Incorrect Afrikaans summary included in thesis.
Thesis (MPhil--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at using secondary data to conduct an investigation into the relationship between macro-economic factors on one hand and aspects of household life on the other hand. On the basis of the results thereof, an assessment was to be made of how such a relationship reflected on the living arrangements of households in contemporary South African society. The basis of the analysis was secondary data from the October Household Survey (OHS-96) data set, which is rich in specific information encompassing various aspects of human life, like demographic details and household variables as well as health, education and employment variables. As expected, the results showed that the current state of living arrangements of households is characterised by positive relationships between income levels on the one hand and households variables like type of dwelling and dwelling ownership on the other hand. However, the same findings further revealed a surprising outcome that unlike expected, there is no clear relationship between income and another significant household variable i.e. household size (members). However, our findings lead us to a conclusion that on the whole, there is a hypothesised relationship between macro-economic conditions of a country on one hand, and patterns in living arrangements of households on the other hand. The results further revealed that as expected, the factors of magisterial district and race/population groups have an effect on this relationship that reflect our legacy of social and economic development policies of the apartheid era which gave rise to urban (metropolitan) and racial bias in the socio-economic development of households. The results thereof are that African households in particular, and urban poor black households in general, have become the least prosperous in terms of material or economic living conditions. The implications of these findings for theory and policy are highlighted. At the level of methodology, the valuable experience of this study served to further highlight the worth of secondary data analysis, not only in general economic terms, but also as invaluable educational or teaching tool for students which recommends its increased use by all practitioners or institutions of social research methods.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Internet en sy Kuberruimtes is ontwikkel in die 1960s as 'n manier om inligting oor te dra sonder die risiko van intersepsie en vernietiging. Vandag, 40 jaar later het die Internet gegroei in beide grootte en toepassing. Die mees algemene gebruike is nogsteeds kommunikasie en die oordrag van informasie. Hierdie tesis is 'n etnografiese studie van my ervaringe in 'n Kuberruimte van die Internet- 'n virtuele gemeenskap byname Amazon City.com. Virtuele gemeenskappe is areas op die Internet waar mense bymekaar kom om hul daaglikse lewens, kwessies en enige iets toepaslik vir die spesifieke gemeenskap, te bespreek. Die tipe gemeenskap word gesien as 'n reaksie van die verval van "derde plekke" in af-lyn lewe en globalisering Die gemeenskap wat vorm in hierdie areas ontwikkel kulturele veronderstelling. Hierdie veronderstellings word openbaar aan 'n nuwe lid deur tyd en interaksie in die konferensie area. Die veronderstellings wat ek ervaar het strek van kennis benodig om 'n aanvaarde en suksesvolle lid van die gemeenskap te word, tot taal gebruik en identiteit van die lede. Die konklusie is bereik dat lede hul interaksie en lidmaatskap in hierdie gemenskappe as net so bevredigend en "eg" ervaar as hul aktiwiteite in hul af-lyn lewe. Verdere aspekte wat 'n webblad 'n suksesvolle en ekonomiese vatbare besigheids strategie maak vir sy eienaar, was my volgende fokus. Internet besigheid groei teen 'n geweldige spoed, en impliseer nie slegs die verkoop van produkte aanlyn nie. Rekenaar-ondersteunde kommunikasie toestelle is geimplimenteer op kommersiële webbladsye nadat dit gevind is in die vroeë 1990s dat mense soek vir 'n plek wat meer is as net nog 'n winkel. Ander maniere wat hierde dot com webbladsye gebruik om inkomste te genereer en of die lede gesien word as burgers of as verbruikers word ook bestudeer. Daar is gevind dat die lede hulself sien as burgers maar webbladsy lojaliteit sal die lede aanspoor om as verbruikers op te tree indien nodig. Die kommersiële aspekte van die tipe webbladsy is 'n noodsaaklik deel vir die voortbestaan van die dot com webbladsy, en die gemeenskap wat daar ontwikkel.

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Wanka, Fru Awah. « The impact of educational attainment on household poverty in South Africa : A case study of Limpopo province ». Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8495.

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Masters of Commerce
From 194 7-1994, South Africans were ruled under apartheid - a racially discriminatory political and economic system. As the name itself implies, apartheid is an Afrikaans name meaning "apartness". The provision of education in South Africa during this regime was poor, particularly for the African (black) population and most especially those living in homelands. This led to under-investment in human capital development particularly in the rural areas which resulted in, low levels of skills that have persisted till today. This has hindered those lacking the required skills to obtain lucrative employment and earning prospects. This study aims at investigating the impact of a household head's educational attainment level on the poverty status of the household in South Africa with case study of Limpopo province.

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Alba, Manuel Rafael. « Natural disaster and household recovery in the aftermath of hurricane Andrew : a case study of four Hispanic households in South Miami Heights ». FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1187.

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This thesis explores the aid received by four Hispanic households towards recovery after Hurricane Andrew. The four households resided in South Miami Heights, a suburb of Miami. Through the use of questionnaires, information was gathered on various storm related topics. Because the Cuban community in Miami is influential, the role of the Cuban enclave is studied in relation to the recovery of these households. The influence of an urban environment on the extended family ties of these households is also addressed since the literature argues that these ties are powerful among Hispanics. Results show, that aid primarily came from two sources. Furthermore, the Cuban enclave appears to have had no discernible role in the recovery of these households. Finally, an urban setting did not appear to diminish extended family ties.

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Åström, Petter. « Cash crops vs food crops : A case study of household's crop choices in Babati District ». Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2605.

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According to earlier research farmer's crop orientation in developing countries mainly depends on farm size, large-scale farmers prefer cash crop while small-scale farmers prefer subsistence crops. The first aim of this study is to see if this hypothesis can be applied on six households in Babati District in rural Tanzania. The second aim is to investigate if other factors than farm size affect crop portfolio choice and the final aim is to see if those crop portfolio models can be improved. A case-study research design and qualitative interviews are used. The primary data is based on a fieldwork that took place from the 18th of February until the 7th of March 2009 in the study area.

From a theoretical perspective the underlying assumptions of the Marcel Fafchamp's model Crop portfolio choice under multivariate risks is discussed in connection to the result of the study.

Interviews were made with six households of different farm size. The result of the study indicates that both small-scale and large-scale farmers are using cash crops. The fact that all crops can be used for selling, gives also small-scale farmers in season with higher prices, an opportunity to sell a large share of their crops. It's thereby not possible to state that large-scale farmers devote a larger share of their land for cash crop than small-scale farmers do.

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Musekiwa, Pamela. « Livelihood strategies of female headed households in Zimbabwe : the case of Magaso Village, Mutoko District in Zimbabwe ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005967.

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This research study explored livelihood strategies that female headed households adopt in Magaso village of Mutoko district in Zimbabwe. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: (i) examine the existing livelihood strategies of female headed households (ii) explore the various challenges faced by female headed households and (iii) establish the support mechanisms in place for female headed households to cope with life challenges .The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from several researchers, and the study was shaped by the strengths perspectives and the liberal feminism perspective. The study was qualitative in nature and used interviews to collect data from fifteen (15) female headed households. The data collection process used an interview guide. The research employed a qualitative research design in the form of a case study cum a phenomenological study design. Data was analysed qualitatively using the content thematic data analysis which used interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The study findings were the following: engaging in subsistence farming was found to be the main livelihood activity of the female heads; engaging in home gardens; exchanging labour for food; involvement in business; reliance on temporary employment from different agencies; reliance on handouts from government and other bodies; and household heads sanctioning child labour that compromises school attendance. Moreover, these female heads faced numerous difficulties ranging from emotional, social to financial problems that resulted in worsening the condition of women, and hence validating feminization of poverty among them. Several support mechanisms were discovered to be available for the female heads but they fail to produce to fruitful results to the lives of the female heads. The study made the following recommendations: mainstreaming gender education from childhood stage; efforts aimed at job creation; financial empowerment through setting up of micro schemes for rural women amongst; seeking the services of agricultural extension services to the female head farmers; improving the social services delivery in Zimbabwe equitably across genders and strengthening informal strategies to improve women‘s social capital. Lastly, the study concluded that little is being done in terms of policy formulation to make the support structures responsive to the female headed households especially in rural areas, hence the need for sustainable development through empowerment.

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Puenpatom, Rajitkanok. « Effects of Thai healthcare policy on household demand, hospital efficiency and household earnings ». Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2006/r_puenpatom_121106.pdf.

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Maredza, Mandy. « Economic consequences for households of illness and of paying health care in Zimbabwe : A case study ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9397.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This study investigates the economic consequences of illness and of paying for health care in Zimbabwe. It explores the incidence of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), impoverishment and the factors, (particularly socio-economic factors) associated with them. In addition, this study determines the strategies that households employ to cope with the financial burden of OOP payments in Zimbabwe. Data was collected from 499 households in Harare urban and Seke rural districts of Zimbabwe. Total monthly household OOP health expenditure was defined as 'catastrophic' if it exceeded the threshold level of 40% of a household's monthly capacity to pay. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors that influence the incidence of CHEs. A non-poor household was impoverished by OOP health expenditure if its total household expenditure after deducting OOP payments was lower than the subsistence expenditure. The results of this study indicated that, the incidence of CHEs was very high amongst the study population. Households at all levels of wealth incurred catastrophic health expenditures, and the proportion of households incurring CHEs was similar across the asset quintiles. Out-of-pocket payments precipitated impoverishment of non-poor households. Poor households, households with members above 65 years, female headed households, households with member(s) suffering from chronic illness and households with greater use of health services were at higher risk of incurring CHEs. On the contrary, households with a disabled member were less likely to incur CHEs. Besides 'avoiding seeking care', selling of assets and borrowing were the 2 most popular strategies used to cope with OOP health care payments. An analysis of these results suggests that, targeted exemption of vulnerable households, as well as provision of subsidised health services could reduce the economic impact of illness on households. The results of this study also point out to the need for strengthening risk pooling mechanisms through the implementation of community based health insurance schemes and enhancing tax collection. In addition, other strategies that extend beyond the health sector such as economic empowerment of women could be effective in mitigating the economic impact of illness amongst female headed households in Zimbabwe.

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Hansen, Ellen Rita 1954. « Mexican women and the decision to migrate : Multiple respondents in household studies ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291879.

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This research is an exploration of the applicability of a methodology to the study of decision making on migration in Mexican households. This thesis shows the importance of using multiple respondents in order to examine the role of women in decision making within Mexican households that have migrated. Women's roles in the processes of decision making and migration are varied, but individuals in all households studied indicated that migration is a family, rather than individual, decision. Gender differences appeared in responses to many questions, emphasizing men's and women's different priorities. The most striking differences emerged between spouses in the same household, and the results show the inaccurate picture that can develop if one household member is used to represent all members.

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Livres sur le sujet "Householder case"

Hailu, Wudnesh. Rural family of Ethiopia : Economic activities, household analysis, and standard household type comparisons : a case study of Denie and Wondo-Kosha households. Hamburg : Verlag Weltarchiv, 1991.

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Hjorth, Larissa, Kana Ohashi, Jolynna Sinanan, Heather Horst, Sarah Pink, Fumitoshi Kato et Baohua Zhou. Digital Media Practices in Households. NL Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989504.

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How are intergenerational relationships playing out in and through the digital rhythms of the household? Through extensive fieldwork in Tokyo, Shanghai and Melbourne, this book ethnographically explores how households are being understood, articulated and defined by digital media practices. It investigates the rise of self-tracking, quantified self and informal practices of care at distance as part of contemporary household dynamics.

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Aredo, Dejene. An anatomy of the household economy : The case of a village in northern Shewa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa : Peasant Production and Development in Ethiopia, Institute of Development Research, Addis Ababa University, 1993.

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Mehari, Getaneh. The role of women in the household economy : The case of the Dorze. Addis Ababa : Dept. of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Addis Ababa University, 2006.

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Mehari, Getaneh. The role of women in the household economy : The case of the Dorze. Addis Ababa : Dept. of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Addis Ababa University, 2006.

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Mehari, Getaneh. The role of women in the household economy : The case of the Dorze. Addis Ababa : Dept. of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Addis Ababa University, 2006.

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Building of Relationship in Development and Gender Equity (Project : Sri Lanka). Statistics & information on women headed households : Trincomalee district 2008. Colombo : Care International - Sri Lanka, 2009.

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Chile. Ministerio de Planificación y Cooperación., dir. Programas sociales : Su impacto en los hogares chilenos : Casen 1990. Santiago : MIDEPLAN, 1990.

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Moreland, R. Scott. Putting children first : Household expenditures on children in Egypt. [Cairo] : National Population Council, 1996.

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Grun, Rebekka E. Household investment under violence - the Colombian case. [Washington, D.C : World Bank, 2008.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Householder case"

Jacob, Maria, Cláudia Neves et Danica Vukadinović Greetham. « Case Study ». Dans Forecasting and Assessing Risk of Individual Electricity Peaks, 85–96. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28669-9_5.

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Abstract In the previous chapter, we looked at load measurements for all households together and we ignored their chronological order. In contrast, in this chapter, we are interested in short term forecasting of household profiles individually. Therefore, information about the time at which measurements were taken becomes relevant.

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Danlami, Abubakar Hamid, et Shri Dewi Applanaidu. « Sustaining a Cleaner Environment by Curbing Down Biomass Energy Consumption ». Dans African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1423–39. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_211.

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AbstractEnvironmental degradation, soil erosion, and desertification are some of the consequences of high rate of traditional biomass fuel use by households in developing countries. The critical issues to raise here are how can these households be encouraged to change their energy consumption behavior? What are the factors that cause the rampant use of biomass fuel in developing countries? How and to what extent can these factors be manipulated so that households in developing countries are encouraged to adopt clean energy fuel an alternative to the most widely used biomass fuel? Therefore, this chapter tries to find answer to the above questions raised, by carrying out an in depth analysis of households’ use of biomass fuel in developing countries using Bauchi State, Nigeria, as the case study. Cluster area sampling technique was utilized to generate the various responses, where a total number of 539 respondents were analyzed. The study estimated ordered logit model to analyze the factors that influence the movement of households along the energy ladder from nonclean energy to the cleaner energy. Furthermore, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model was estimated to analyze the impacts of socio-economic, residential, and environmental factors on biomass energy consumption. It was found that age of the household head and his level of education, income, living in urban areas, home ownership, and hours of electricity supply have positive and significant impact on household energy switching from traditional biomass energy use to the cleaner energy. Therefore, policies that will enhance household income and the increase in the availability of cheap cleaner energy will encourage households switching to cleaner energy sources thereby reducing the level of environmental pollution in the study area.

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Danlami, Abubakar Hamid, et Shri Dewi Applanaidu. « Sustaining a Cleaner Environment by Curbing Down Biomass Energy Consumption ». Dans African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–17. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_211-1.

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Roy, Arindam. « Reflections on Gendered Health Inequalities within Households ». Dans Caste, COVID-19, and Inequalities of Care, 317–31. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6917-0_16.

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Chant, Sylvia. « Female Headship and the Urban Poor : Case Study Perspectives ». Dans Women-Headed Households, 153–93. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230378049_6.

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Blekking, Jordan, Stacey Giroux, Kurt Waldman et Tom Evans. « Spatial Characteristics of Urban Food Systems and Food Retailers in Smaller Urban Areas ». Dans Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 151–67. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_8.

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AbstractThe types of food retailers operating in cities in sub-Saharan Africa and their physical distribution contribute to the spatial characteristics of food systems. As smaller urban areas expand in terms of both population and spatial extent, the importance of ensuring both physical and financial access to food throughout a city is critical for ensuring sustainable food systems. In this chapter, we use data collected from two smaller cities, Mumbwa and Monze, Zambia. Using spatial analysis, we investigate how household food purchasing behaviour differs based on the use of three different types of food retailers: traditional markets, small grocers and street vendors. We find significant hotspots of food purchasing behaviour in both Mumbwa and Monze; specifically, households located in the centre of each city purchase primarily from traditional markets, while households near the periphery use a mixture of street vendors and small grocers. Mumbwa households located in hotspots of street vendor purchases have the worst household food access, while Monze households have relatively similar food access regardless of whether they are in hotspots. Although spatial characteristics are often absent from studies related to food security in sub-Saharan Africa, our case study results suggest that food access not only varies spatially, but so does the relationship between households and the food retailers they purchase from. Our findings contribute to the ongoing discussion surrounding transformation of food systems, the emergence of smaller African urban areas and how spatial analysis methods can be applied to study food access.

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Hoken, Hisatoshi. « Household Savings Decisions and Institutional Development : The Case of Rural Households in China ». Dans Recovering Financial Systems, 179–207. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230624863_9.

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Ota, Tetsuji, Pichdara Lonn et Nobuya Mizoue. « Contribution of Community-Based Ecotourism to Forest Conservation and Local Livelihoods ». Dans Decision Science for Future Earth, 197–207. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_9.

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AbstractTropical forests significantly contribute to local livelihoods as well as global carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, a strategy that harmonizes a better quality of life for local people with tropical forest conservation is required. In Community-based ecotourism (CBET), the local community participates in related economic activities. In this chapter, we summarize our current studies that quantified the contribution of CBET to the income and livelihoods of local people and forest conservation. We selected the Chambok CBET site in Cambodia for our case study. First, we quantified the effectiveness of CBET in forest conservation by analyzing forest cover change with published maps created from satellite images. Second, we evaluated the contribution of CBET to household income and livelihood changes through a household survey using a questionnaire. Analysis of the forest cover change maps revealed that deforestation had significantly decreased inside the CBET area as compared to outside it, although the reduction was not enough to stop net deforestation. The survey revealed that the total monthly income of CBET member households and non-CBET households was not significantly different. It also showed that the community members felt the livelihood change after the implementation of CBET. However, this change may have been caused by general socioeconomic changes in Cambodia. We conclude that CBET effectively contributed to forest conservation but in a limited capacity to household income.

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Fletcher, Peri L. « The Transnational Household Economy ». Dans La Casa de Mis Sueños, 109–25. New York : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429039911-5.

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Babeau, Andre. « Some Possible Uses of Household Assets Accounts in National Accounting : The Case of American Households ». Dans Markets, Risk and Money, 129–54. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0780-8_6.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Householder case"

Johansyah, Marwiah. « Analysis of Implementation of State Householder State Housing (Case Study at Country Household Storage House of State Class 1 Samarinda) ». Dans 1st International Conference on Science and Technology in Administration and Management Information, ICSTIAMI 2019, 17-18 July 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-7-2019.2303503.

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Egamberdiev, Bekhzod, et Dilshod Zoirov. « Effect of Migration on Household and Left Behind Family Members : Case of Kyrgyzstan ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02202.

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More than billion international and internal migrations around the world as well as the relationship between migrant and its family members have been one of the most discussed policy questions for several years. Main purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of labor migration on household, in order to address arising social problems due to the migration of family member. To find the impact, it was used secondary data named "Life in Kyrgyzstan" which is research based, open access and multi-topic longitudinal survey of households in Kyrgyzstan. It includes more than 3000 households which were recorded from 2010 to 2013. The result of the research is: there is a positive impact of remittances on child education, while negative on nonfood spending. Also housing condition is directly related with migration and significant impact can be seen in terms of facilities and type of household. Based on findings, it was provided some policy recommendations to simplicity of the social and other issues in the household of migrant's. One of the recommendations is: The Government of Kyrgyzstan should pay high attention on keeping citizens inside the country and should consider about shifting its policies which encourage labor migration, instead it should pay more attention on development of small and medium enterprise supporting method, which actually helps to create several number of job positions.

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Ramirez, Angel D., Karla Crespo, Daniel A. Salas et Andrea J. Boero. « Life Cycle Assessment of a Household in Ecuador ». Dans ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23199.

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Abstract The life cycle assessment (LCA) of a middle-class household of 5 members in Guayaquil, Ecuador was performed in order to identify the life cycle stages and activities with higher environmental burdens. LCA is a quantitative tool for assessing the environmental performance of products or systems during its life span, through the compilation and further evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts. The life cycle of the house included a 50-year lifespan house divided into three stages: pre-occupation, occupation, and post-occupation stage. The type of house chosen for the analysis represents the current trend of urban growth and planning of the city, which is pointing towards residential zones and housing plans far away from central areas. The notion of household metabolism is associated with the occupation stage. Household metabolism refers to all flows of matter and energy related to anthropogenic activities conducted on a household, which is a socio-economic entity that consists of people living together occupying a dwelling or part of it. Households are key entities of the anthroposphere because the sum of all private households is the process on which all other processes depend on and serve directly or indirectly. The total energy use and emissions for which the sum of households is responsible reflects the importance of considering its influence when assessing the environmental impact of dwellings. Five energy case scenarios were analyzed. These included different energy mixes and the use of inductive cookers as an alternative to those that use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which are the most used in Ecuador. The influence of the energy production structure of the country on the environmental impact of the household is supported by the results. A higher share of hydroelectricity in the energy mix, compared with the share of thermal electricity, presented lower environmental impacts in most categories. Public policies that encourage a shift towards a cleaner electricity production technology may decrease the overall environmental impact of households and buildings. The occupation stage entails the highest contribution to all impact categories, e.g. 88% of global warming potential (GWP), followed by the pre-occupation stage, contributing 10% of GWP. Food consumption has not been considered in reviewed studies, although it represents the highest environmental burden within the occupation stage of the house, followed by electricity, and gas use: 43, 27, and 20% of GWP respectively. The results support the importance of including household metabolism in LCA studies due to the high environmental burden associated with it, and the influence of the electricity production structure of the country on the life cycle impact of households.

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Bahçe, Serdal, Altuğ Murat Köktas et Deniz Abukan. « Health Care Reform and Household Welfare : Health Transformation Programme in Turkey ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00718.

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We assessed the health care reform and its effects on household’s welfare such as access to health care and household economic burden. We used descriptive analysis on 2002-2011 Ministry of Health and OECD Health Statistics. The main result is about using health care. Access to health care increased after health care reform in Turkey. Number of applications to health care service server and its units rose. On the other hand, financial burden of health care on household’s budget decreased number of applications. The main result percentage of not consulting a specialist even needed to consult a specialist but did not during the past 12 months is %4.9 in 2003 and %19.9 in 2010. To improve health care access, policy makers should improve public sector provision of health care, increase social security benefit packages and protect poor and vulnerable.

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Xue, Ming, et Changjun Zhu. « The Development and Implementation of Household Textile Industry ERP System Based on B/S ». Dans 2009 IITA International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, CASE 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/case.2009.171.

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Fynchina, Khicheza. « Household Savings as a Source of Investment in the Reproductive Process of Kyrgyz Republic ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00565.

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The issue of ineffective usage of household is investigated, considering the lack of financial resources for the development of internal production in Kyrgyz Republic. The dynamic of households in the country is shown. Also the substantiation of author’s definition of investigated category is provided. In order to understand the essence of issue, there is a grouping of households in a form of scheme is shown. The research of grouping signs allowed basing the allotment of investment funds. Savings play a dual role in the reproduction process of the country. On the one hand, as the withdrawal of funds from the stream of income, savings cause lack in consumption; constraining supply growth, that is an expansion of production. On the other hand, if the savings are mobilized by the financial and credit system, and sent into the real economic sector, for an increase of the accumulation fund and expanding of production, they are favorable to economic growth and increase in GDP. Clearly shows the correlation between GDP growth and the dynamics of household savings to Kyrgyz Republic. Materials for this research were literary sources and statistical data. Solving an issue of under-investment is possible due to household savings, which occupy a special place in a number of economic phenomena, because they are at the crossroads of the interests of citizens, organizations, specializing in financial services, and the state. Their involvement depends primarily on the activity of the institutions, accumulating these savings.

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Varga, Erzsebet Terez. « COMPARISON OF SEPARATED FAMILIES’ STANDARD OF LIVING IN GERMANY Analyzing the Equalised Incomes in Simulated Families after Child Support and Child Benefit Paid ». Dans 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0084.

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In this paper, I describe the inequality in the standard of living in Germany after divorce and compare their risk of poverty. The one-parent families have the highest poverty risk everywhere in the world. In Germany, a directive is available for anybody to determine the child support geared to the non-custodial parent’s disposable income. Assuming that the non-custodial parent pays child support following this directive of düsseldorfer tables I found deep differences in the equalised incomes of the divorced households in simulated cases. Equalised incomes were determined by two types of the OECD scales to make comparable the different composed families’ incomes. Both methods result in fewer life standards for one-parent households in more than 83 % of the cases, however, the risk of poverty is not higher for the custodial parent’s household. This indicates some modification in the directive: the respect of the custodial parent’s income and/or correction of the amounts in the tables mainly on the higher income categories.

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Jafari-Marandi, Ruholla, Mengqi Hu et Souma Chowdhury. « A System of System Approach for Smart Complex Energy System Operation Decision ». Dans ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47415.

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The emerging technology in smart grids enables a bi-directional communication between buildings and power grids. Not only can a building request energy from power grid, but it is also able to sell surplus energy back to power grid or to its neighborhood buildings. The vision is that multiple residential houses can freely form a smart complex to share energy and exchange information, which is expected to reduce energy consumption and achieve significant energy cost savings. However, the study of the operation decisions of a smart complex with multiple residential buildings is limited in the literature. To address this research gap, this paper proposes a System of Systems (SoS) approach to investigate the smart complex operation that considers a residential complex setting where all of the households are connected to one another through the complex virtual decision making level, while maintaining their preferred comfort level. The core objective of the proposed model is to minimize the cost of energy for all of the households in the complex which can freely share energy and exchange information. Each household has the flexibility to maintain its comfort level while minimizing the energy cost. Two mathematical models are presented: (i) at complex level, and (ii) at household level. Although each household is given the freewill to set its comfort levels while optimizing energy costs, the interconnection of these houses with shared renewable energy systems and a complex size battery can boost the load shifting. To derive the operation decision for the smart complex, a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed, and a case study is used to test the efficiency of this GA. It was found that the GA provides acceptable levels of convergence within a reasonable time frame, thereby exhibiting potential for use in real-time decision making in the smart grid context.

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Yaping, Chen, Zhong Junqing, Tian Ting et Wang Sainan. « Research for Motivating Mechanism of City Household Garbage Resources ». Dans 2015 AASRI International Conference on Circuits and Systems (CAS 2015). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cas-15.2015.15.

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Jovanovic, Biljana, et Marko Josimovski. « INCOME-SPECIFIC INFLATION RATES AND THE EFFECTS OF MONETARY POLICY : THE CASE OF NORTH MACEDONIA ». Dans Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0013.

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In this paper, we investigate the effects of monetary policy concerning the inflation rates specific for each income group of households. We find that the prices specific for high-income households are generally more rigid and less volatile compared to the prices specific for middle and lower-income households. This means that monetary policy can differently affect the different inflation rates specific for each of the income groups. By using a FactorAugmented VAR (FAVAR) model, we show that a monetary policy shock affects high-income households less compared to middle and lower-income households, although the differences between the separate income groups are generally small. Then, by using a small scale gap model, we find that the prices of low-income households are the most sensitive to a monetary policy shock, while the prices of the top-income households are the least sensitive to the shock, which is in line with our empirical findings.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Householder case"

Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, Amruth Kiran et Teja Malladi. Reproducing a Household : Recognising and Assessing Paid and Unpaid Domestic Work in Urban India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/rhrapudwui11.2022.

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The key question of this study is to ask: what does it take to reproduce a household in urban India? Using a series of time-use surveys, we measure the time taken for 33 different tasks within activity clusters such as domestic services (cleaning, food preparation, procurement, upkeep) and caregiving services (child care and elderly care). Within this, we assess both unpaid work done by members of the household and paid work done by an externally engaged domestic worker. We do so across 9,636 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, religion, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages.

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Bohorquez-Penuela, Camilo, et Mariana Urbina-Ramirez. Rising Staple Prices and Food Insecurity : The Case of the Mexican Tortilla. Banco de la República de Colombia, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1144.

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We study the relationship between rising prices of tortillas---the Mexican staple par excellence---and household food insecurity between 2008 and 2014, a period in which global food prices experienced dramatic increases. The use of a unique combination of household-level data and official state-level information on prices allows us exploit signi cant variation in prices across the Mexican states. Since households cannot be tracked across time, we follow Deaton (1985) by constructing a series of pseudo-panels to control for time- invariant unobserved heterogeneity and measurement error. The regression estimates suggest that increasing tortilla prices affected food insecurity rates in Mexico. More speci cally, households with children or those in the second or third income quintile are more likely to be affected.

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Guloba, Madina, Miriam Katunze, Sarah Ssewanyana, Josephine Ahikire, Peace Musiimenta, Brenda Boonabaana et Vincent Ssennono. Gender Roles and the Care Economy in Ugandan Households : The case of Kaabong, Kabale and Kampala districts. Oxfam, août 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.3132.

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Alemu, Dawit, et Gashaw T. Abate. The Covid-19 Pandemic and Household Rice Consumption Patterns in Ethiopia : The Case of Addis Ababa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.012.

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The outbreak of COVID-19 also resulted in moderate changes to the operation of the domestic rice value chain in Ethiopia. These were caused by changing responses of value chain actors (domestic and others engaged in rice imports) to the COVID-19 prevention measures put in place by the government. These changes increased the price of rice, which favoured rice producers and adversely affected urban consumers. This research note assesses household rice consumption patterns in Addis Ababa by comparing the situation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using a representative sample of households.

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Missbach, Leonard, Jan Christoph Steckel et Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Cash transfers in the context of carbon pricing reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004568.

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One reason carbon prices are difficult to implement is that they might imply high additional costs on poor and vulnerable households. In response, studies often highlight that recycling revenues through cash transfers can render carbon pricing reforms progressive. This neglects that existing cash transfer programs target households from low-income groups often imperfectly and that impacts of a carbon price are heterogeneous within income groups. In this study we analyze the role of existing cash transfer schemes to alleviate distributional effects of carbon pricing in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries. We find carbon pricing to be regressive in 11 countries, progressive in 5, and show that differences within income groups exceed differences between them. Beyond total household expenditures, car ownership and cooking fuel explain the variance in carbon pricing impacts. We show that households who are most affected by carbon pricing, some of them poor, do not necessarily have access to existing cash transfer programs. Governments aiming to compensate households may broaden coverage of existing cash transfer programs or consider complementing instruments such as in-kind transfers or removing existing distortionary taxes.

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Rost, Lucia. Measuring unpaid care work in household surveys. Oxfam, juin 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.2456.

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Coyte, Peter, et Mark Stabile. Household Responses to Public Home Care Programs. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, octobre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8523.

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Cookson, J. Anthony, Erik Gilje et Rawley Heimer. Shale Shocked : Cash Windfalls and Household Debt Repayment. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, septembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27782.

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Rost, Lucia, Amber Parkes et Andrea Azevedo. Measuring and Understanding Unpaid Care and Domestic Work : Household Care Survey Toolkit. Oxfam, octobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6775.

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This toolkit provides guidance on using Oxfam’s Household Care Survey (HCS) methodology, which was developed by Oxfam as part of the WE-Care initiative to transform the provision of unpaid care and domestic work (UCDW). UCDW underpins all our lives yet is overwhelmingly provided by women and girls. Recognising UCDW is essential for any initiative that aims to understand and address gender inequality. The HCS is a quantitative survey tool that generates context-specific evidence on how women, men and children spend their time, how care is provided, by whom, and the main factors that affect people’s responsibilities for UCDW, such as access to care services, infrastructure and social norms. The HCS can be used to generate a baseline, or to measure the impact of a specific policy or programme. The methodology can be integrated into different projects with different objectives and adjusted for use in various contexts. The HCS toolkit is designed to be used by development practitioners, policy makers, employers, academics and researchers. Part A provides guidance for planning, collecting, analysing and using HCS data. Part B provides guidance for understanding, adjusting and using the HCS questions. Both sections should be read before undertaking the survey.

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Ando, Albert, et Andrea Moro. Demographic Dynamics, Labor Force Participation and Household Asset Accumulation : Case of Japan. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, septembre 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5261.

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