Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Hôtel de la préfecture (Besançon, France) »

Les etudes faites sur le comportement politique national ne nous permettent pas toujours d'apprehender de facon precise les phenomenes politiques locaux. Par contre une analyse fine des comportements politiques locaux peut eclairer les evolutions politiques nationales. Dans cet optique, nous avons analyse l'implantation du parti socialiste, depuis 1977, dans des communes de la peripherie de rennes, de moins de 4000 habitants, celles-ci ayant fait l'objet de peu d'etudes. L'objectif de cette these etait de degager les principaux facteurs permettant d'analyser la conquete du mayorat par les socialistes. Pour cela, nous avons introduits des parametres lies a l'environnement social et politique des communes. La pertinence de ces parametres a permis d'identifier le renouvellement du corps electoral, la persistance de comportements politiques lies a une tradition culturelle ou politique specifique. Puis nous avons etudie le parcours socio-professionnel des maires et le role du milieu associatif et du milieu partisan dans l'acces au mayorat. Enfin, pour determiner l'interaction du local et du national, nous avons analyse le vote de ces communes lors des elections nationales. Cette etude a permis de mesurer la pertinence des facteurs introduits pour analyser l'implantation locale d'un parti. Elle a aussi permis de degager l'importance de deux phenomenes dans cette implantation locale. Le premier tient compte du comportement politique local qui peut entrainer un changement d'orientation politique nationale. Le second souligne l'effet inverse
The studies on national political behaviours do not always allow us to study the local political phenomena. On the contrary, a precise analysis of local political behaviours can explain national political evolutions. Bearing all this in mind, we have studied the implantation of the socialist party, since 1977, in the little towns of less than 4000 inhabitants of the periphery of rennes. The aim of the thesis consisted in determinating the factors allowing the study of the conquest of these towns by the socialists. So, we used parameters concerning social and political environment. The relevance of these parameters allowed us to identify the renewal of the electorate, the persistence of political behaviours correlated to a cultural or a political tradition. Then a study carried out concerning the social and the professional itenarary of the mayors and the part played by political and parapolitical structures. Finally, to define the interaction of the local and the national, we studied the vote of these towns at national elections. The study enabled us to measure the relevance of the factors we had chosen to analyse the local implantation of a party and try and find out whether people determined their vote according to attitudes towards issues or on ideological tendencies

The most striking feature of the diffusion of Mendeleev’s system in France is that his great achievement prompted no real debates, no controversy among French academic chemists. It is not that his work was totally ignored. Rather, it was integrated as a non-event in the daily work focused on the discovery and characterization of chemical elements thanks to new techniques (spectroscopy, crystallization, and so on). In science journals Mendeleev’s system attracted attention only insofar as it could lead to the discovery of new chemical elements. After briefly mentioning when and how Mendeleev’s ideas were presented in French primary, secondary, and higher education chemistry textbooks and mentioned in official programs, we will try to understand the reasons for preferring alternative criteria for classification in chemistry textbooks. In addition to the explicit arguments advanced by those who mentioned Mendeleev’s proposals, we will attempt to interpret the silence that most textbook authors kept. In a third section, we will symmetrically focus on the small group of chemists who promoted Mendeleev’s periodic classification and try to disentangle their motivations and modes of appropriation. We will then conclude that, far from being a form of resistance to Mendeleev’s specific system, the overall skepticism expressed in French chemistry textbooks was the expression of an enduring statu quo resulting from a long debate over the best chemical classification in educational milieus. In September 1879 the Department of Haute-Marne organized at the Hôtel de la Préfecture de Chaumont an exposition scolaire aimed at exhibiting the innovative activities developed by teachers and students of local primary school institutions. It was intended to contribute to the reform of primary education following the trauma caused by the defeat in the war against Prussia. As one of its organizers claimed, “it is primary instruction, and its patriotic direction, which made the strength of our enemies. It should make ours.” It was in this context of educational reform and post-war tensions that we found the first reference to didactic use of Mendeleev’s periodic system in France.