Bibliographies thématiques / Holstein question

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Holstein question »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 26 juillet 2024
Mis à jour le 27 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Holstein question"

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Heywood, James R. « Palmerston’s joke about the Schleswig-Holstein question ». Notes and Queries 67, no 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjz185.

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Ignat'eva, L., A. Konte et A. Sermyagin. « To the question of evaluating the efficiency of linear breeding in Simmental cattle breed different origin ». Agrarian Bulletin of the 197, no 6 (20 juin 2020) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-197-6-49-57.

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Abstract. The purpose of the research – to study the impact of related foreign pedigree resources on the Russian population of Simmental cattle. Research Methods. Studies carried out on cows of Simmental breed of different linear origin and genotypes in five regions of Russian Federation: Voronezh, Oryol, Kursk, Belgorod regions and Altayskiy krai, the total number was 35147 cows. EBV estimates were calculated through RENUMF 90, REMLF 90 and BLUPF 90 programs. Evaluation of the components of the variants of genetic and paratypical nature was carried out using the method restricted maximum likelihood – REML. Results. It is established that the largest share for animals foreign origin are 60.7 %, including German-Austrian bloodlines 46.6 % and Holsteins – 14.1 %. 39.3 % of animals are the Russian origin, which 13.5 % representatives of German-Austrian bloodlines, 17.8 % are Holsteins and 8.0 % are from domestic (Russian) bloodlines. In the general population of Simmental breed, the best productivity was shown by cows of German-Austrian bloodlines at the level of 5351 kg of milk with fat percentage 4.00 % and protein percentage 3.19 %. Representatives of German-Austrian bloodlines origin for milk yield showed the estimated breeding value (EBV) for Simmental bulls in the common population by +9.2 kg and fat percentage by +0.012 %. The negative EBV values were obtained for Russian bloodlines by –22.8 kg, and Holstein bloodlines took an intermediate position among all lines (+2.3 kg). The first calving cows, which were in the herd at the time of research, the best milk production traits were found in individuals of foreign origin, both for Holstein (6096 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.96 % and protein 3.23 %), and German-Austrian bloodlines (milk yield 5763 kg, fat 4.04 % and protein 3.19 %), with high estimates of breeding value for milk yield +33.3 kg and +15.2 kg, respectively. Low values of milk productivity among all evaluated animals were observed for animals of Russian bloodlines by 4469 kg milk 3.87 % fat and 3.20 % protein in milk. The first calving cows of Russian origin in foreign bloodlines origin exceeded their peers in Russian Simmental bloodlines in milk production by +608 kg of milk and +0.15 % fat (signed to German-Austrian bloodlines) and +924 kg and +0.06 % fat (signed to Holstein bloodlines). The average values of EBV in these lines, although had low values by –5.6 kg milk for Holstein and by +2.7 kg milk for German-Austrian bloodlines, but was significantly higher than for Russian lines by –12.7 kg milk. Scientific novelty. For the first time, scientific research aimed at improving the system of prediction to breeding abilities of bulls on dairy productivity of daughters based on optimization structure of equations of the mixed model (BLUP, the best linear unbiased prediction) has been carried out for the population Simmental cattle of Russian Federation.
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Arnauld, Andreas von. « From Feudal Law to Minority Rights : The Legal Metamorphosis of the Schleswig-Holstein Question ». German Yearbook of International Law 63, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 153–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.63.1.153.

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From a modern international law perspective, the referenda over Schleswig held in early 1920 would be framed in terms of minority rights and self-determination of peoples. However, the ‘Schleswig-Holstein question’, which had erupted into a series of armed conflicts challenging the European Concert for two decades during the mid-19th century, is deeply rooted in feudal law. It is thus linked to an ‘international law’ that was predominantly understood as defined by the interpersonal relations between the ruling monarchs and princes. This article traces the development of the ‘question’ over time in a changing legal environment, from its feudal origins over the instrumentalisation of historical documents in the context of German and Danish 19th-century nationalism to the Treaty of Versailles and the present day where it has finally become possible to normalise the ‘Schleswig-Holstein question’ by framing it in terms of minorities, autonomies, and referenda.
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Soret, Rodolphe, Nejia Lassoued, Grégoire Bonnamour, Guillaume Bernas, Aurélie Barbe, Mélanie Pelletier, Manon Aichi et Nicolas Pilon. « Genetic Background Influences Severity of Colonic Aganglionosis and Response to GDNF Enemas in the Holstein Mouse Model of Hirschsprung Disease ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no 23 (5 décembre 2021) : 13140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313140.

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Hirschsprung disease is a congenital malformation where ganglia of the neural crest-derived enteric nervous system are missing over varying lengths of the distal gastrointestinal tract. This complex genetic condition involves both rare and common variants in dozens of genes, many of which have been functionally validated in animal models. Modifier loci present in the genetic background are also believed to influence disease penetrance and severity, but this has not been frequently tested in animal models. Here, we addressed this question using Holstein mice in which aganglionosis is due to excessive deposition of collagen VI around the developing enteric nervous system, thereby allowing us to model trisomy 21-associated Hirschsprung disease. We also asked whether the genetic background might influence the response of Holstein mice to GDNF enemas, which we recently showed to have regenerative properties for the missing enteric nervous system. Compared to Holstein mice in their original FVB/N genetic background, Holstein mice maintained in a C57BL/6N background were found to have a less severe enteric nervous system defect and to be more responsive to GDNF enemas. This change of genetic background had a positive impact on the enteric nervous system only, leaving the neural crest-related pigmentation phenotype of Holstein mice unaffected. Taken together with other similar studies, these results are thus consistent with the notion that the enteric nervous system is more sensitive to genetic background changes than other neural crest derivatives.
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Hansen, C., J. N. B. Shrestha, R. J. Parker, G. H. Crow, P. J. McAlpine et J. N. Derr. « Genetic diversity among Canadienne, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Jersey cattle based on mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation ». Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no 1 (1 mars 2003) : 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-099.

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Polymorphisms creating 36 unique haplotypes were observed with in breeds at 55 sites in the displacement loop (D-loop) region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) consisting of 814 bp. The majority (56%) of the differences observed were the result of nucleotide substitution events with 19 transitions, 12 transversions, 11 deletions, 12 insertions and 1 inversion. In all cases, the insertions and deletions were of a single nucleotide. Canadienne cattle were found to have 60% unique haplotypes within the population compared to 89% in Brown Swiss, 90% in Holstein and 100% in Jersey cattle, possibly reflecting the narrow genetic base in the Canadienne breed. The degree of sequence divergence in the D-loop region of mtDNA was based on samples from 20 Canadienne, 9 Brown Swiss, 10 Holstein and 10 Jersey cattle and a phylogenetic analysis showed that these cattle (Bos taurus) were not evolutionarily distinct. All four breeds grouped together when a strict consensus tree was generated. Intra-breed variability proved to be high for the Canadienne, Holstein and Jersey breeds (57–73%) but not the Brown Swiss breed (29%). The Canadienne and Brown Swiss (45%), and Brown Swiss and Holstein (43%) showed the lowest degree of inter-breed variability. The greatest variability among the four breeds was between Canadienne and Jersey (80%) cattle. These findings question the validity of phenotypic assessment of genetic diversity, such as Canadienne cattle being described as “Black Jersey”. Key words: Genetic distance, phylogenetic analysis, D-loop sequence, cattle
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Sondhaus, Lawrence. « Mitteleuropa zur See ? Austria and the German Navy Question 1848–52 ». Central European History 20, no 2 (juin 1987) : 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012577.

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The German navy of 1848–52 was born in the stormy sessions of the Frankfurt Parliament and died amid equally acrimonious debates in the diet of the restored German Confederation. Denmark's blockade of the North Sea and Baltic ports during the Schleswig-Holstein war inspired this first attempt to create a German battle fleet, and the temporary resolution of German-Danish differences, combined with the Confederation's unwillingness to assume responsibility for the warships, brought it to an early end. The scant scholarly literature on the first German navy tends to view it purely as a north German concern, but on this question, as in all other activities of the Frankfurt Parliament and German Confederation, Austria had a considerable voice in determining the outcome. During its four years of existence the fleet became a pawn in the greater Austro-Prussian struggle for hegemony over Germany.
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Reeder, A. L., R. L. Monson, J. J. Watters et J. J. Rutledge. « 142 DONOR CONTRIBUTION HAS A LARGER IMPACT ON HSP70.1 EXPRESSION IN BOVINE EMBRYOS THAN THE CUMULUS REMOVAL TECHNIQUE ». Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no 1 (2008) : 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab142.

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The impact of embryo manipulation and donor contribution on molecular markers was investigated in the bovine model. Transcript expression analysis was performed on Holstein 2-cell embryos 24 h after they underwent one of two cumulus removal techniques. Oocytes from each of 5 abattoir-obtained Holstein ovaries were fertilized with semen of an individual Holstein bull, yielding families of 4, 5, 18, 25, and 28 zygotes. Cumulus cells from zygotes within each family were removed 24 h post-fertilization by either repetitive pipetting with a 135-µm pipette or by manipulation in a microfluidic chamber with a 30-µm aperture. Levels of the stress response transcript, HSP70.1, were used to evaluate cumulus removal technique in the 5 full sib families of developing embryos. Embryonic HSP70.1 cDNA from differentially treated full siblings was analyzed by qPCR and the resultant CT values were normalized to 18S rRNA, the reference gene, to account for potential differences in cDNA levels in each reaction. The data were analyzed by using the GLM procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA), testing for treatment and family effects. HSP70.1 did not differ between microfluidically treated and pipetted embryos (P = 0.45). However, comparison of HSP70.1 expression across families was different (P < 0.001). These results indicate that pooling of genetically unrelated embryos may skew transcript expression data and influence research conclusions. Additionally, the question of culture conditions on embryo vitality needs to be evaluated without donor health status or heredity being additional factors.
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GELLA, T. N. « NATIONAL QUESTION IN GERMANY IN 1861 IN THE ASSESSMENT OF ENGLISH CONTEMPORARIES (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE WEEKLY «THE SPECTATOR») ». JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no 2 (2021) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-2-49-60.

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The main purpose of the article is devoted to the presentation of political events in Germany in 1861 on the pages of the British periodical “The Spectator”. The main emphasis is made by the author on the anal-ysis of the coverage by Englishmen of the specifics of the national issue in the German Union: the standpoint of German political groups on the problems of unification of the country, the British awareness of the Schleswig-Holstein problem complexity, their assess-ments of William I role in the upcoming unification process, as well as their understanding of Prussia’s place in European international arena.
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Behn, Holger, Markus Freick et Jim Weber. « A rare case of monozygotic iniodymic diprosopiasis in a German Holstein calf ». Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G : Großtiere / Nutztiere 45, no 05 (2017) : 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15653/tpg-160724.

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SummaryCraniofacial duplication abnormity is a rare phenomenon in buiatric practice. This report attends to a male German Holstein calf which could be classified as a diprosopic iniodymus. A fetus exhibiting a doubled face was delivered after fetotomy. To our knowledge, this is the first description of diprosopiasis with two cranial cavities as well as two separate encephala in a calf showing the potential extent of duplication. Throughout this work also the question is answered of whether this malformation in a bovine species arose from one embryo or rather, there is a dizygotic background by genotyping of tissue samples from both parts of the diprosopus. Regarding etiology, not only hereditary dispositions including among others a failed function of the signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog mediating regulation of craniofacial morphogenesis, but also incompletely separated monozygotic twins are discussed.
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Briggs, C. Stephen. « C. C. Rafn, J. J. A. Worsaae, Archaeology, History and Danish National Identity in the Schleswig-Holstein Question ». Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 15, no 2 (22 novembre 2005) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bha.15202.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Holstein question"

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Schultz, Hansen Hans. « Hjemmetyskheden i Nordslesvig 1840-1867 : den slesvig-holstenske bevægelse / ». Aabenraa : Historisk samfund for Sønderjylland, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40101119k.

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Livres sur le sujet "Holstein question"

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Berdichevsky, Norman. The Danish-German border dispute, 1815-2001 : Aspects of cultural and demographic politics. Bethesda, MD : Academica Press, 2002.

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Embree, Michael. Bismarck's first war : The campaign of Schleswing and Jutland 1864. Solihull : Helion, 2005.

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Malling, H. A. Den dankse Helstats opløsning og fald : Efterladte erindringer og betragtninger. Herning : Poul Kristensens Forlag, 2005.

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Berdichevsky, Norman. The German-Danish border : The successful resolution of an age old conflict or its redefinition ? Durham, U.K : International Boundaries Research Unit, Mountjoy Research Centre, University of Durham, 1999.

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Stolz, Gerd. Die schleswig-holsteinische Erhebung : Die nationale Auseinandersetzung in und um Schleswig-Holstein von 1848. Husum : Husum Druck, 1996.

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Lesiuk, Wiesław. Dänisch-deutsche Erfahrungen in der Lösung von ethnisch-nationalen Problemen im Grenzgebiet : Eine Darstellung aus polnischer Sicht. Opole : Państwowy instytut naukowy. Instytut Śląski w Opolu, 1997.

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Grenzverein, Deutscher. Die Bonn-Kopenhagener Erklärungen von 1955 : Zur Entstehung eines Modells für nationale Minderheiten. Flensburg : Der Verein, 1985.

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Gram-Skjoldager, Karen. Grænsen ligger fast ! : Det sønderjyske spørgsmål i dansk udenrigs- og indenrigspolitik, 1920 - 1940. Aabenraa : Historisk samfund for Sønderjylland, 2006.

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Elmshorn, Germany) Schleswig-Holstein-Tag (1998. "150 Jahre Streben nach Demokratie" : Vorträge zum Schleswig-Holstein-Tag 1998 in Elmshorn. Kiel : Schleswig-Holsteinischer Heimatbund (SHHB), 1999.

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Adriansen, Inge. Fra det tyske nederlag til Slesvigs deling 1918-1920. Aabenraa : Institut for Sønderjysk Lokalhistorie, 1995.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Holstein question"

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Hertz, Frederick. « The Schleswig-Holstein Question ». Dans The German Public Mind in the Nineteenth Century, sous la direction de Frank Eyck, 233–36. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283345-16.

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« Chapter 3 The Schleswig-Holstein Question ». Dans Metternich, the German Question and the Pursuit of Peace, 60–78. De Gruyter, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110769036-005.

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DeTora, Lisa. « Death and Pickles : Thinking through Gondry’s Neighborhood ». Dans ReFocus : The Films of Michel Gondry, 213–20. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456012.003.0014.

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In this chapter Lisa DeTora analyses the first season of Dave Holstein’s Showtime series, Kidding (2018–2020), for which Michel Gondry served as an executive producer and directed eight episodes. The series stars Jim Carrey, who had previously starred in Michel Gondry’s acclaimed film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004). In Kidding, Carrey plays Jeff Piccirillo, aka Mr. Pickles, the host of a successful children’s puppet television show, which he has developed with his father, who produces the show, and his sister, who designs the puppets. DeTora argues that the series returns Gondry to his perennial themes of the instability of identity and the difficulty of separating real life from imagination. Jeff articulates his thoughts and processes his emotions through the gleefully surreal puppet show and even imagines people in his life as puppets. His world is thrown into disarray when his father threatens to replace him because he is consistently trying to smuggle adult themes into the show, thus causing Jeff to question the relationship between his own identity and that of Mr. Pickles. The chapter analyzes the first season of the show and its exploration of identity crisis, acknowledging its links with Gondry’s wider body of work.
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Sklair, Leslie. « Architecture, Cities, and Alternative Globalizations ». Dans The Icon Project. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464189.003.0013.

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Most architects and urban designers would work as creatively to provide a built environment fit for an alternative globalization as they currently do for the system of capitalist globalization. But questions about the role that architecture might play in creating alternative non-capitalist and non-consumerist forms of human settlements are of limited use with­out a larger vision of what alternatives are possible. If these large transformations are not possible within the framework of capitalist globalization, as I believe, then a new political project for change is necessary. While it is absurd to expect architects and urbanists to design their (and our) way out of capitalism and its many dysfunctions and contradictions, the emancipatory potential of successful, radical, non-capitalist examples should never be underestimated. I mean non-capitalist rather than post-capitalist, which implies that elements of capitalism linger on and, in my view, inevitably subvert progressive changes. This is obviously a very long-term project. In itself, this is not exclusively an architectural or design issue, but it does have architectural and design implications. As Oscar Niemeyer said in 1980: ‘I see now that a social architecture without a socialist base leads to nothing—that you can’t create a class- free oasis in a capitalist society, and that to try ends up being, as Engels said, a paternalistic pose that pretends to be revolutionary’ (quoted in Holston 1989: 93). There are many imaginative schemes to pedestrianize cities, to discourage the use of private cars, to deal with the lack of affordable decent housing in rich as well as poor countries. However, as long as the transnational capitalist class provides the framework for these initiatives they will always remain marginal. While acknowledging the power of the ‘just city’ literature (notably, Fainstein 2010; Harvey 2012; Sandercock 1997), I argue that challenging capitalism on its own ground is futile and that a radical disengagement with capitalist globalization offers the best prospect of escaping from the destructive consequences of class polarization and ecological unsustainability.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Holstein question"

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Hellmuth, Nils, et Eva-Maria Jakobs. « Potential of conflict communication formats for infrastructure projects ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002363.

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Germany has decided to fundamentally transform its whole energy system. The transformation requires numerous infrastructure projects that are conflict-prone [1]. To handle conflicts, involved companies are expected to use legally prescribed public participation procedures (formal) as well as non-legally binding participation processes (informal). Public participation can occur on three intensity levels: information, consultation, and cooperation [2]. Little research has been done on how conflict communication can be used at different participation levels. This paper aims on a deeper understanding of how conflict communication formats are perceived by people living in so-called energy regions, i.e., regions undergoing an intensive energy transformation. It focuses on how they retrospectively evaluate their potential for conflict management, and what recommendations they derive from this knowledge.This paper presents selected outcomes of a study conducted in the large-scale project ENSURE, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The project aims on solutions for the German energy transition. The study combines in-depth interview and pre-questionnaire. The literature-based interview guideline covers two question complexes: (1) background, remit, and experience, (2) conflict communication (occurrence of conflict; conflict triggers and resolutions; potential of communication formats; quality criteria; challenges of distance conditions). In the pre-questionnaire, respondents were asked to rate the potential of formats of participation levels for conflict management (1 = very suitable; 6 = not suitable at all). For each level, formats frequently named in the literature were given [3]. In the in-depth interviews, participants were asked to comment on their ratings. In addition, they were asked to recall two infrastructure projects they had experience with and indicate which formats had been used particularly well or poorly? The participants were contacted using a stakeholder list provided by the project consortium. The participants (n=12; nine male, three female) live in the federate state Schleswig-Holstein and have experience with infrastructure projects in the energy and/or mobility sector. All are well-informed about the region. Most of them (n=8) are involved in environmental protection organizations or in local politics, e.g., in regional development committees. Interviews were conducted digitally in 2021. The data were anonymized, transcribed, analyzed qualitatively (two coders; overall categories: 247) as well as quantitatively.Conflict communication formats were mostly used on the information level. The best ratings are given to consultation level formats (Ø = 2.2). At the information level, information events are rated as most suitable (Ø = 1.3). At consultation level, resource-intensive personal talks with those affected are recommended (Ø = 1.3). Respondents favor integrating levels of participation and formats, e.g., consultation processes as part of information events. At cooperation level, mediation is best rated (Ø = 1.9). The respondents address factors influencing the suitability of formats for conflict management. Some formats are strongly topic-dependent, e.g., an expert hearing is particularly suitable if a topic generates fears. Other factors are the target group, the local context (city/rural) or the setting (private/public). The format choice should consider the project size and phase.Further research should examine the impact of the factors named above and how conflict communication can function under distance conditions (COVID-19 pandemic).Literature[1] Renn (2015): Aspekte der Energiewende aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Analyse aus der Schriftenreihe Energiesysteme der Zukunft. München: acatech.[2] Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V. (VDI) (2015): VDI-Standard 7001 – Communication and public participation in planning and building of infrastructure projects. Training for work stages of engineers. Berlin: Beuth.[3] Ziekow/ Barth/ Schütte/ Ewen (2014): Konfliktdialog bei der Zulassung von Vorhaben der Energiewende. Leitfaden für Behörden. Konfliktdialog bei Höchstspannungsanlagen.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Holstein question"

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Medrano, Juan, Adam Friedmann, Moshe (Morris) Soller, Ehud Lipkin et Abraham Korol. High resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of QTL affecting milk production traits in Israel Holstein dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696509.bard.

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Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resolution QTL mapping turned out to be less effective than expected, due to problems introduced by incomplete marker informativity. This required a no-cost one-year extension of the project. Aside from this, the project was implemented essentially as envisaged, but only with respect to a single QTLR and single population association-test. Background to the topic. Dairy cattle breeders are looking to marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a means of identifying genetically superior sires and dams. MAS based on population-wide LD can be many times more effective than MAS based on within-family linkage mapping. In this proposal we developed a protocol leading from family based QTL mapping to population-wide LD between markers and the QTL Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. The critical importance of marker informativity for application of the SRG design in outcrossing random mating populations was identified, and an alternative Fractioned Pool Design (FPD) based on selective DNA pooling was developed. We demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a BAC contig across a targeted chromosomal region flanking the marker RM188 on bovine chromosome BTA4, which was shown in previous work to contain a QTL affecting milk production traits. BAC end sequences were obtained and successfully screened for SNPs. LD studies of these SNPs in the Israel population, and of an independent set of SNPs taken across the entire proximal region of BTA4 in the USA population, showed a much lower degree of LD than previously reported in the literature. Only at distances in the sub-cM level did an appreciable fraction of SNP marker-pairs show levels of LD useful for MAS. In contrast, studies in the Israel population using microsatellite markers, presented an equivalent degree of LD at a 1-5 separation distance. SNP LD appeared to reflect historical population size of Bostaurus (Ne=5000- 10,000), while microsatellite LD appeared to be in proportion to more recent effective population size of the Holstein breed (Ne=50-100). An appreciable fraction of the observed LD was due to Family admixture structure of the Holstein population. The SNPs MEOX2/IF2G (found within the gene SETMAR at 23,000 bp from RM188) and SNP23 were significantly associated with PTA protein, Cheese dollars and Net Merit Protein in the Davis bull resource population, and were also associated with protein and casein percentages in the Davis cow resource population. Implications. These studies document a major difference in degree of LD presented by SNPs as compared to microsatellites, and raise questions as to the source of this difference and its implications for QTL mapping and MAS. The study lends significant support to the targeted approach to fine map a previously identified QTL. Using high density genotyping with SNP discovered in flanking genes to the QTL, we have identified important markers associated with milk protein percentage that can be tested in markers assisted selection programs.
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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin et Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, février 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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