Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « HN. e-journals »

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/sar/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to sar@ccsenet.org.   Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 3 Anchal Dass, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), India Baoubadi Atozou, Laval University, Canada Darwin Pangaribuan, Lampung University, Indonesia Entessar Mohammad Al JBawi, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria Kassim Adekunle Akanni, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Manuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal Maren Langhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Germany Murtazain Raza, Subsidiary of Habib Bank AG Zurich, Pakistan Nehemie Tchinda Donfagsiteli, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Cameroon Stefano Marino, University of Molise, Italy Tenaw Workayehu, Hawassa Research Center, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of graded levels of sunflower seed oil (SSO) supplementation on lamb five-month-old carcass characteristics and commercial cuts. Used 18 local male lambs, weaned, aged about 2 months, weight (10.21 ± 2.29 kg). Experimental design used group random design. Each group of sheep get a complete ration with a different level of sunflower seed oil (SSO), namely (P0) = 0% SSO (control); (P1) = 4% SSO; (P2) = 6% SSO. After animal five old age or 90 days feeding, randomly selected tree animals from each group were slaughtered The measured parameters include, weight slaughter, carcasses composition (meats, bones, fats), and commercial cuts of carcasses (leg, loin, shoulder, breast, neck, shank, flank, rack). The observation showed that the parameters are not affected by the treatment. It can be concluded that the addition of 6% sunflower oil in a complete ration keeping the characteristics and commercial cut of local lamb. Key words: slaughter weight, carcass composition, lamb, sunflower seed oil DAFTAR PUSTAKA [AUS-MEAT]. 2005. Sheep Meat. ISBN 0 9578793 69. https://www.ausmeat.com.au/media/1275/9-sheepmeat.pdf. Diunduh 15 Juni 2019. [BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia. 2008. Mutu Karkas dan Daging Kambing/Domba. Standar Nasional Indonesia. 3925. Jakarta (ID): Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia [NRC] National Research Council. 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington DC (US): The National Academies Pr. Ensminger M E. 2002. Sheep and Goat Science. Illinois (US): Interstate Publisher. Francisco A, Dentinho MT, Alves SPP, Portugal V, Fernandes F, Sengo S, Jerónimo E, Oliveira MA, Costa P, Sequeira A, Bessa RJB, Santos-Silva J. 2015. Growth performance, carcass and meat quality of lambs supplemented with increasing levels of a tanniferous bush (Cistus ladanifer L.) and vegetable oils. Meat Science. 100, p. 272-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.014 Gatenby RM, Doloksaribu M, Bradford GE, Romjaii GE, Batubara L, Mirza I. 1995. Reproductive performance of sumatera and hair sheep crossbred ewes. SR-CRSP Annual Report 1994 - 1995, Sungai Putih, Sumatera Utara. González L, Moreno T, Bispo E, Dugan MER, Franco D. 2014. Effect of supplementing different oils: Linseed, sunflower and soybean, on animal performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of veal from “Rubia Gallega” calves. Meat Science. 96 (2): Part A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.09.027 Hendri. 1986. Studi perbandingan distribusi perdagingan kambing kacang dan domba priangan pada dua tingkat umur. Karya Ilmiah. Fakultas Peternakan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Herman R. 1993. Perbandingan pertumbuhan komposisi tubuh dan karkas antara domba Priangan dan Ekor Gemuk. [disertasi]. Fakultas Pasca sarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Lambuth TR, Kemp JD, Glimp HA. 1970. Effect of rate of gain a slaughter weight on lamb carcass composition. Journal of Animal Science. 30: 27-35. Marinova P, Banskalieva, VS Alexandrov, Tzvetkova S, Stanchev V. 2001. Carcass Composition and meat qulity of kids fed sunflower oil supplemented diet. Small Rumminant Resources. 42 (3): 217-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00245-0. Mir PS, McAllister TA, Zaman S, Morgan Jones, SD, He ML, Aalhus JL, Jeremiah LE, Goonewardene LA, Weselake RJ and Mir Z. 2003. Effect of dietary sunflower oil and vitamin E on beef cattle performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Canada Journal of Animal Science. 83: 53–66 Morgado E, Ezequiel JMB, Galzerano L, Sobrinho S. 2013. Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed with carbohydrate sources associated to sunflower oil. Bioscience Journal. 29 (3): 712-720 Purbowati E, Sutrisno CI, Baliarti E, Budhi SPS, Lestariana W. 2006. Karakteristik fisik otot longissimus dorsi dan biceps femoris domba lokal jantan yang dipelihara di pedesaan pada bobot potong yang berbeda. Jurnal Protein. 13(2):147-153 Rasmani. 2010. Komposisi fisik dan potongan komersial karkas domba lokal jantan pada tingkat kecepatan pertumbuhan yang berbeda dengan pemeliharaan secara intensif. Bogor (ID): IPB. Rousset-Akrim S, Young OA, Berdague JL. 1997. Diet and growth effects in panel assessment of sheepmeat odour and flavour. Meat Science. 45:169-181. Supriyati. 2012. Pertumbuhan kambing Peranakan Etawah prasapih yang diberi susu pengganti. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner. 17(2): 142-151. Rahayu, S, Astuti DA, Satoto KB, Priyanto R, Khotijah L , Suryati T, Baihaqi M 2011. Produksi domba balibu UP3 Jonggol melalui strategi perbaikan pakan berbasis Indigofera sp. dan limbah tauge. Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Fakultas. IPB, Dirjendikti Kementrian Pendidikan Nasional. Radunz, AE, Wickersham LA, Loerch SC, Fluharty FL, Reynolds CK, and Zerby HN. 2009. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. Journal of Animal Science. 87: 4082-4091. Wiryawan KG, Astuti DA, Priyanto R, Suharti S. 2009. Optimalisasi pemanfaatan rumput dan legum pohon terhadap performa, produksi, dan kualitas daging domba jonggol. Laporan Penelitian. Bogor (ID): Fakultas Peternakan IPB

Eradication of Mosquito Nests (PSN) in community environment is the prior focus of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) prevention and control, implemented through the practice of eliminating breeding sites and avoiding mosquito bites. The aimed of the study was to determine the most influence of PSN practice against the incidents of DHF. The case control study arranged at Puskesmas Kecamatan Ciracas Jakarta Timur work area, then interviewed sample from case and control group, as many as 47 people from each group. Samples of case group were DHF patients who registered at medical record of Puskesmas Ciracas in January-April 2020. While samples from control group were the closest neighborhood of every case sample with similiar characteristic by age group, sex, and house environment. Nevertheless, research respondent which will be interviewed to collect data had to more than 15 years old to prevent information bias. Positive correlation against DHF incidents proved by bivariat analysis of draining water container, using container lid, unused stuff management, using repellent, and keeping larvivorous fish. Among of those factors, logistic regression test showed regularly drained water container once a week had the most effect to DHF incident. At th[1] Kemenkes RI. Pedoman Demam Berdarah Dengue Indonesia. In Jakarta; 2017.[2] Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan KKR. Buku Saku Pengendalian Demam Berdarah Dengue Untuk Pengelola Program DBD Puskesmas. 2013.[3] WHO. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Geneva, editor. World Health Organization; 2010.[4] Dinas Kesehatan DKI Jakarta. Surveilans DKI Jakarta. 2020.[5] Novrita B, Mutahar R, Purnamasari I. Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Celikah Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir. J Ilmu Kesehat Masy [Internet]. 2017;8(1):19–27. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjqiI6cp67sAhVCX30KHeaRBzcQFjACegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fjikm.unsri.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fjikm%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F399%2Fpdf&usg=AOvVaw29QAdaCsOoTMQSSOqPIVCw[6] Ayun LL, Pawenang ET. Hubungan antara Faktor Lingkungan Fisik dan Perilaku dengan Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sekaran, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Kota Semarang. Public Heal Perspect J [Internet]. 2017;2(1):97–104. Available from: https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/phpj/article/viewFile/11002/6680[7] Sari TW, Putri R. Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk 3M Plus terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Puskesmas Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru: Studi Kasus Kontrol. J Epidemiol Kesehat Indones [Internet]. 2019;3(2):55–60. Available from: http://journal.fkm.ui.ac.id/epid/article/view/1781[8] Vannavong N, Seidu R, Stenström T-A, Dada N, Overgaard HJ. Effects of Socio-demographic Characteristics and Household Water Management on Aedes aegypti Production in Suburban and Rural Villages in Laos and Thailand. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10.[9] Saleh M, Aeni S, Gafur A, Basri S. Hubungan Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN) dengan Keberadaan Jentik Nyamuk Aedes aegypti di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pancana Kab. Barru. Higiene [Internet]. 2018;4(2):93–8. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234747865.pdf[10] Sitepu FY, Nasution H, Supriyadi T, Depari E. Epidemiological and Entomological Investigation of Dengue Fever Outbreak in South Nias District North Sumatera Province Indonesia 2016. Outbreak, Surveillance, Investig Response. 2018;11(3):8–12.[11] Rosmal F, Rosidah I. Hubungan Faktor Resiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Padat Dengan Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kelurahan Hegarsari Kecamatan Pataruman Kota Banjar. J Kesehat Komunitas Indones [Internet]. 2019;15(1):23–34. Available from: http://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/jkki/article/viewFile/986/785[12] He P, Chen L, Shao L, Zhang H, Lü F. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill: A source of microplastics? Evidence of Microplastics in Landfill Leachate. Water Res [Internet]. 2019;159:38–45. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541930377X[13] Harsono S, Nisaa A. Metode Biokontrol Ikan Cupang (Betta splendens) Sebagai Pengendali Vektor Penyakit DBD di Kartasura Kabupaten Sukoharjo. J Manaj Inf dan Adm Kesehat. 2019;2(2):38–43.[14] Sarwar M. Control of Dengue Carrier Aedes Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae by Larvivorous Fishes and Putting It into Practice Within Water Bodies. Int J Prev Med Res [Internet]. 2015;1(4):232–7. Available from: http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ijpmr[15] Hartati AT, Rusmartini T, Ismawati. Uji Kemampuan Ikan Manfish (Pterophyllum altum), Ikan Cupang (Betta splendens), dan Ikan Cere (Gambusia affinis) Sebagai Predator Larva Aedes aegypti dalam Upaya Penanggulangan DBD. Pros Pendidik Dr Unisba. 2016;2(2).[16] Ishak H, Aisyah AS, Mallongi A, Astuti RDP. Risk factors and Fogging Effectiveness of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidence in the Pontap Public Health Center area in Palopo City, Indonesia_. Enferm Clin [Internet]. 2020;30:294–7. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342113828_Risk_factors_and_fogging_effectiveness_of_dengue_hemorrhagic_fever_incidence_in_the_Pontap_Public_Health_Center_area_in_Palopo_City_Indonesia[17] Bowman LR, Donegan S, McCall PJ. Is Dengue Vector Control Deficient in Effectiveness or Evidence?: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2016;10(3). Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004551[18] Farich A, Perdana AA. Efektifitas Penanaman Tanaman Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) Terhadap Indikator Maya Index DBD di Kabupaten Pringsewu, Lampung. J Dunia Kesmas [Internet]. 2019;8(4). Available from: http://ejurnalmalahayati.ac.id/index.php/duniakesmas/article/view/190-198/pdf[19] Erlia D, Darusman F, Darma GCE. Pembuatan Briket Penghalau Nyamuk (Repellent) dari Daun Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) dan Evaluasinya. Farmasi [Internet]. 2016;2(2). Available from: http://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/farmasi/article/view/4706[20] Misni N, Nor ZM, Ahmad R. New Candidates For Plant Based Repellents Against Aedes Aegypti. J Am Mosq Control Assoc [Internet]. 2016;32(2):117–123. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303887327_New_Candidates_for_Plant-Based_Repellents_Against_Aedes_aegypti[21] Priesley F, Reza M, Rusjdi SR. Hubungan Perilaku Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk dengan Menutup, Menguras dan Mendaur Ulang Plus (PSN M Plus) terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Kelurahan Andalas. J Kesehat Andalas [Internet]. 2018;7(1):124–30. Available from: http://jurnal.fk.unand.ac.id/index.php/jka/article/view/790/64622. Liu J, Tian X, Deng Y, Du Z, Liang T, Hao Y, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Dengue Virus Infection in Guangdong Province: A Community-Based Case-Control Study. Int Environ Res Public Heal [Internet]. 2019;16. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6406885/[23] Husna I, Putri DF, Triwahyuni T, Kencana GB. Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Way Kandis Bandar Lampung Tahun 2020. J Anal Kesehat [Internet]. 2020;9(1):9–16. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiAt8WG17DsAhUBA3IKHZ1qCXYQFjAKegQIChAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id%2Findex.php%2FJANALISKES%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2111%2F1109&usg=AOvVaw3JEApbZPpsukTr9HHVeBEN[24] Ramadhani F, Yudhastuti R, Widati S. Consciousness Stage Implementation of Mosquito Nest Eradication (MNE) of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Heal Notions [Internet]. 2017;1(3). Available from: http://heanoti.com/index.php/hn/article/view/hn1305[25] Saied KG, Al-Taiar A, Altaire A, Alqadsi A, Alariqi EF, Hassaan M. Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practices Regarding Dengue Fever in Rural Areas of Yemen. Int Health [Internet]. 2015;7:420–5. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/inthealth/article/7/6/420/2458785[26] Wong LP, Shakir SMM, Atefi N, AbuBakar S. Factors Affecting Dengue Prevention Practices: Nationwide Survey of the Malaysian Public. PLoS One. 2015;[27] Elsinga J, Schmidt M, Lizarazo EF, Vincenti-Gonzalez MF, Velasco-Salas ZI, Arias L, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventive Practices Regarding Dengue in Maracay, Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(1):195–203.[28] Rakhmani AN, Limpanont Y, Kaewkungwal J, Okanurak K. Factors Associated with Dengue Prevention Behaviour in Lowokwaru, Malang, Indonesia: a Cross-sectional Study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2018;18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5948848/pdf/12889_2018_Article_5553.pdf e same time, used of container lid had no significance value, so that was being expelled from model of multivariate analysis. Based on this result, it can be predicted that respondent who not drained water container, not used repellent, not kept larva-eating fish, and not manage unused stuff will suffer DHF.Keywords : drained container, repellent, larvivorous fish, manage unused stuff, DHF

Resumen: Las declaraciones efectuadas en los últimos años por los diputados del Partido Popular Pablo Casado y Rafael Hernando tratando de menospreciar, cuando no de insultar, a las víctimas del franquismo, han levantado ampollas en la red social Twitter. En el presente artículo vamos a tratar de estudiar estas declaraciones, sobre todo las vertidas en las redes a través de los medios de comunicación y las correspondientes reacciones que han suscitado entre los usuarios de esta red social. El tratamiento va a ser eminentemente periodístico y pretende abarcar dos grandes campos. El primero partiría del supuesto de que las afirmaciones de los diputados pudieran considerarse opinión, por lo que trataríamos de confirmar tal hipótesis mediante la comprobación de los enunciados propios de este tipo de periodismo y su relación con otro campo limítrofe como es la manipulación. En el segundo campo de análisis trataríamos de delimitar las palabras de los dos políticos de acuerdo a las reglas de la información e interpretación periodísticas con el objetivo de comprobar si la información contenida en ellas se ajusta a la realidad, y de si la posible interpretación se efectúa utilizando unos criterios de actuación objetivos, o por el contrario no se respeta ninguno de los pasos lógicos que deben guiar todo proceso interpretativo periodístico que pretenda ajustarse a unos mínimos estándares éticos. Naturalmente, la opinión es libre, y desde este punto de vista, y descendiendo a los casos concretos, es perfectamente legítimo manifestar que las víctimas no merecen ninguna subvención. Otra cosa es verter afirmaciones enmascaradas bajo esa supuesta libertad de opinión. Por ejemplo diciendo que los descendientes de las víctimas solo se han movido cuando ha habido subvenciones.Palabras clave: Partido Popular, Pablo Casado, Rafael Hernando, Twitter.Abstract: The statements made in recent years by deputies of the Popular Party Pablo Casado and Rafael Hernando trying to belittle, if not insult, the victims of Francoism, have raised blisters on the social network Twitter. In the present article, we will try to study these statements, especially those expressed in the networks through the media and the corresponding reactions that have aroused among the users of this social network. The treatment will be eminently journalistic and aims to cover two large fields. The first one assumes that the statements of the deputies could be considered opinion, so we try to confirm this hypothesis by checking the statements of this type of journalism and its relationship with a boundary field such as manipulation. In the second field of analysis we would try to delimit the words of the two politicians according to the rules of journalistic information and interpretation in order to verify if the information contained in them is true and if the possible interpretation is It does so using objective criteria of performance, or on the contrary, it does not respect any of the logical steps that should guide any journalistic interpretive process that tries to conform to some minimum ethical standards. Naturally, opinion is free, and from this point of view, and descending to concrete cases, it is perfectly legitimate to state that the victims do not deserve any subsidy. It is another thing to shed masked claims under that supposed freedom of opinion. For example, the descendants of the victims have only moved when there have been subsidies.Keywords: Partido Popular, Pablo Casado, Rafael Hernando, Twitter.

The purpose of this study was to explore Vietnamese educators’ perspectives regarding the feasibility of implementing a U.S. Regional Accreditation standard (“Institutional Effectiveness”) in the current Vietnamese higher education accreditation standards. An Institutional Effectiveness (IE) Process (Strategic Planning-Planning and Assessment- Operational Planning) and Assessment Cycle (Program Learning Outcomes-Curriculum Map-Assessment Methods-Data Collection-Actions for Improvement) served as the conceptual framework for this study. The qualitative research design involved interviews with seven Vietnamese educators who work in centers for accreditation and offices of quality assurance in Vietnamese universities. Findings indicated that all participants supported the implementation of an IE standard and Assessment Cycle in Vietnamese higher education accreditation. Findings also stated that currently the IE Process and Assessment Cycle are not fully implemented in Vietnam higher education accreditation. The Vietnamese higher education institutions (HEIs) did not have a supportive culture of strategic planning due to centralized management by the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET). Moreover, most universities were only familiar with the first two steps in the Assessment Cycle. Based on the research findings, recommendations for the implementation of IE process and Assessment Cycle are made for MOET, Centers for Accreditation and Vietnamese HEIs. Keywords Vietnamese Higher Education Accreditation, Institutional Effectiveness, U.S. Regional Accreditation, outcome assessment, accountability and transparency References [1] Hayden M & Lam Q T (2010). Vietnam’s higher Education System. Reforming higher education in Vietnam: Challenges and Priorities. 15-31.[2] Pham, Duy. (2014). Vietnam: New legislation and future possibilities. International Higher Education. 74. 27-28.[3] Nguyen, Kim. D, Oliver, D.E., & Priddy, L.E. (2009). Criteria for accreditation in Vietnam's higher education: Focus on input or outcome? Quality in Higher Education. 15 (1). 123-134.[4] Nguyen, Thi Khanh Trinh (2013). The strengths of Vietnam Higher Education accreditation standards. Conference proceeding on Quality assurance standards for higher education in Vietnam: Implementation issues and solutions. 48-56[5] Nguyen, Huu Cuong, Evers, C & Marshall, C (2017). Accreditation of Viet Nam’s Higher Education: Achievements and Challenges after a Dozen Years of Development. Quality Assurance in Education. 25 (4), 475-488. [6] Center of Educational Accreditation (2014). [The establishment of center of accreditation in VNU-HCM]. Retrieved from http://cea.vnuhcm.edu.vn/quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-trung-tam-kdclgd-dhqg-hcm_p1_1-1_2-1_3-617_4-76_9-2_11-10_12-1_13-11.html[7] Nguyen, Duc Chinh. (2013). The Vietnamese set of quality assurance standards for higher education: Issues and Solutions. Conference proceeding on Quality assurance standards for higher education in Vietnam: Implementation issues and solutions. 91-97. [8] Do, Huong Lan (2013). Mot so de xuat nham hoan thien cac tieu chuan danh gia chat luong giao duc cua truong Dai Hoc Viet Nam tren co so nghien cuu so sanh bo tieu chuan danh gia cua Viet Nam va Lien Bang Nga. Conference proceeding on Quality assurance standards for higher education in Vietnam: Implementation issues and solutions. MOET project. Code: B2012-08-12], 165-178[9] Le, Duc Ngoc & Sai, Cong Hong (2013). Assessing the inappropriateness of the set of quality assurance standards for higher education in Vietnam and the reasons. Conference proceeding on Quality assurance standards for higher education in Vietnam: Implementation issues and solutions. 143-157. [10] Vo, Sy Manh (2013). Some shortcomings in the Vietnam set of quality assurance standards. Conference proceeding on Quality assurance standards for higher education in Vietnam: Implementation issues and solutions. 158-164.[11] Suskie, L. (2009). Assessing student learning. A common sense guide (2nd Ed.). Jossey-Bass: A Wiley Imprint. [12] Eaton, J. (2007). Institutions, accreditors, and the federal government, redefining their “appropriate relationship.” Change, 39(5), 16-23.[13] Suskie, L. (2015). Five dimensions of quality: A common sense guide to accreditation and accountability. Jossey-Bass: A Wiley Brand [14] Gaston, P.L. (2014). Higher education accreditation: How it’s changing, why it must. Sterling, VA: Stylus.[15] Banta, T. W. (2004). Hallmarks of effective outcomes assessment. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.[16] Anderson, H. M., Moore, D. L., Anaya, G., & Bird, E. (2005). Student learning outcomes assessment: A component of program assessment. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 69(2), 256-268[17] Ewell, P. T. (2009, November). Assessment, accountability, and improvement: Revisiting the tension (NILOA Occasional Paper No.1). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois and Indiana University, National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.[18] Prochnow, M. E. (2011). On reaching proficiency: A case study of outcomes assessment success at a California community college. (Dissertations). California State University, Fresno. (Order No. 3473418). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/895096456?accountid=7098. (895096456). [19] Hoefer, M.T. (2015, July). The ABCs of institutional effectiveness. Pre-conference workshop at SACSCOC Summer Institute, Orlando, Florida. [20] Allen, M (2004). Assessing academic programs in higher education. Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Company, INC.[21] Glesne, C. (2011). Becoming qualitative researchers: An Introduction (4th Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon[22] Merriam, S (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publications.[23] Grbich, C. (2013). Qualitative data analysis an introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications VNU-HN- College of Economics, 2017[24] Middaugh, M. F. (2007). Creating a culture of evidence: Academic accountability at the institutional level. New Directions for Higher Education, (140), 15-28. doi:10.1002/he.277[25] Voluntary System of Accountability (VSA). About the VSA. Retrieved from http://www.voluntarysystem.org/[26] Silver, K. (2018). Getting Started with Strategic Planning. HLC Annual Conference. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved at http://download.hlcommission.org/annualconference/2018/AC18_ProgramBook_INF.pdf[27] Powell, B. and Tedder, W. (2018). Linking Assessment, Planning and Budgeting for Resource Allocation Decisions. HLC Annual Conference. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved at http://download.hlcommission.org/annualconference/2018/AC18_ProgramBook_INF.pdf

Babies and toddlers are amassing huge followings on social media, achieving microcelebrity status, and raking in five figure sums. In East Asia, many of these lucrative “micro­-microcelebrities” rise to fame by inheriting exposure and proximate microcelebrification from their social media Influencer mothers. Through self-branding techniques, Influencer mothers’ portrayals of their young’ children’s lives “as lived” are the canvas on which (baby) products and services are marketed to readers as “advertorials”. In turning to investigate this budding phenomenon, I draw on ethnographic case studies in Singapore to outline the career trajectory of these young children (under 4yo) including their social media presence, branding strategies, and engagement with their followers. The chapter closes with a brief discussion on some ethical considerations of such young children’s labour in the social media age.Influencer MothersTheresa Senft first coined the term “microcelebrity” in her work Camgirls as a burgeoning online trend, wherein people attempt to gain popularity by employing digital media technologies, such as videos, blogs, and social media. She describes microcelebrities as “non-actors as performers” whose narratives take place “without overt manipulation”, and who are “more ‘real’ than television personalities with ‘perfect hair, perfect friends and perfect lives’” (Senft 16), foregrounding their active response to their communities in the ways that maintain open channels of feedback on social media to engage with their following.Influencers – a vernacular industry term albeit inspired by Katz & Lazarsfeld’s notion of “personal influence” that predates Internet culture – are one type of microcelebrity; they are everyday, ordinary Internet users who accumulate a relatively large following on blogs and social media through the textual and visual narration of their personal lives and lifestyles, engage with their following in “digital” and “physical” spaces, and monetize their following by integrating “advertorials” into their blog or social media posts and making physical appearances at events. A pastiche of “advertisement” and “editorial”, advertorials in the Influencer industry are highly personalized, opinion-laden promotions of products/services that Influencers personally experience and endorse for a fee. Influencers in Singapore often brand themselves as having “relatability”, or the ability to persuade their followers to identify with them (Abidin). They do so by make consciously visible the backstage (Goffman) of the usually “inaccessible”, “personal”, and “private” aspects of mundane, everyday life to curate personae that feel “authentic” to fans (Marwick 114), and more accessible than traditional celebrity (Senft 16).Historically, the Influencer industry in Singapore can be traced back to the early beginnings of the “blogshop” industry from the mid-2000s and the “commercial blogging” industry. Influencers are predominantly young women, and market products and services from diverse industries, although the most popular have been fashion, beauty, F&B, travel, and electronics. Most prominent Influencers are contracted to management agencies who broker deals in exchange for commission and assist in the production of their vlogs. Since then, the industry has grown, matured, and expanded so rapidly that Influencers developed emergent models of advertorials, with the earliest cohorts moving into different life stages and monetizing several other aspects of their personal lives such as the “micro-microcelebrity” of their young children. What this paper provides is an important analysis of the genesis and normative practices of micro-microcelebrity commerce in Singapore from its earliest years, and future research trajectories in this field.Micro-Microcelebrity and Proximate MicrocelebrificationI define micro-microcelebrities as the children of Influencers who have themselves become proximate microcelebrities, having derived exposure and fame from their prominent Influencer mothers, usually through a more prolific, deliberate, and commercial form of what Blum-Ross defines as “sharenting”: the act of parents sharing images and stores about their children in digital spaces such as social networking sites and blogs. Marwick (116-117), drawing from Rojek’s work on types of celebrity – distinguishes between two types of microcelebrity: “ascribed microcelebrity” where the online personality is made recognizable through the “production of celebrity media” such as paparazzi shots and user-produced online memes, or “achieved microcelebrity” where users engage in “self-presentation strateg[ies]”, such as fostering the illusion of intimacy with fans, maintaining a persona, and selective disclosure about oneself.Micro-microcelebrities lie somewhere between the two: In a process I term “proximate microcelebrification”, micro-microcelebrities themselves inherit celebrity through the preemptive and continuous exposure from their Influencer mothers, many beginning even during the pre-birth pregnancy stages in the form of ultrasound scans, as a form of “achieved microcelebrity”. Influencer mothers whose “presentational strategies” (cf. Marshall, “Promotion” 45) are successful enough (as will be addressed later) gain traction among followers, who in turn further popularize the micro-microcelebrity by setting up fan accounts, tribute sites, and gossip forums through which fame is heightened in a feedback loop as a model of “ascribed microcelebrity”.Here, however, I refrain from conceptualizing these young stars as “micro-Influencers” for unlike Influencers, these children do not yet curate their self-presentation to command the attention of followers, but instead are used, framed, and appropriated by their mothers for advertorials. In other words, Influencer mothers “curate [micro-microcelebrities’] identities into being” (Leaver, “Birth”). Following this, many aspects of their micro-microcelebrities become rapidly commodified and commercialized, with advertisers clamoring to endorse anything from maternity hospital stays to nappy cream.Although children of mommybloggers have the prospect to become micro-microcelebrities, both groups are conceptually distinct. Friedman (200-201) argues that among mommybloggers arose a tension between those who adopt “the raw authenticity of nonmonetized blogging”, documenting the “unglamorous minutiae” of their daily lives and a “more authentic view of motherhood” and those who use mommyblogs “primarily as a source of extra income rather than as a site for memoir”, focusing on “parent-centered products” (cf. Mom Bloggers Club).In contrast, micro-microcelebrities and their digital presence are deliberately commercial, framed and staged by Influencer mothers in order to maximize their advertorial potential, and are often postured to market even non-baby/parenting products such as fast food and vehicles (see later). Because of the overt commerce, it is unclear if micro-microcelebrity displays constitute “intimate surveillance”, an “almost always well-intentioned surveillance of young people by parents” (Leaver, “Born” 4). Furthermore, children are generally peripheral to mommybloggers whose own parenting narratives take precedence as a way to connect with fellow mothers, while micro-microcelebrities are the primary feature whose everyday lives and digital presence enrapture followers.MethodologyThe analysis presented is informed by my original fieldwork with 125 Influencers and related actors among whom I conducted a mixture of physical and digital personal interviews, participant observation, web archaeology, and archival research between December 2011 and October 2014. However, the material presented here is based on my digital participant observation of publicly accessible and intentionally-public digital presence of the first four highly successful micro-microcelebrities in Singapore: “Baby Dash” (b.2013) is the son of Influencer xiaxue, “#HeYurou” (b.2011) is the niece of Influencer bongqiuqiu, “#BabyElroyE” (b.2014) is the son of Influencer ohsofickle, and “@MereGoRound” (b.2015) is the daughter of Influencer bongqiuqiu.The microcelebrity/social media handles of these children take different forms, following the platform on which their parent/aunt has exposed them on the most. Baby Dash appears in all of xiaxue’s digital platforms under a variety of over 30 indexical, ironic, or humourous hashtags (Leaver, “Birth”) including “#pointylipped”, #pineappledash”, and “#面包脸” (trans. “bread face”); “#HeYurou” appears on bongqiuqiu’s Instagram and Twitter; “#BabyElroyE” appears on ohsofickle’s Instagram and blog, and is the central figure of his mother’s new YouTube channel; and “@MereGoRound” appears on all of bongqiuqiu’s digital platforms but also has her own Instagram account and dedicated YouTube channel. The images reproduced here are screenshot from Influencer mothers’ highly public social media: xiaxue, bongqiuqiu, and ohsofickle boast 593k, 277k, and 124k followers on Instagram and 263k, 41k, and 17k followers on Twitter respectively at the time of writing.Anticipation and Digital EstatesIn an exclusive front-pager (Figure 1) on the day of his induced birth, it was announced that Baby Dash had already received up to SGD25,000 worth of endorsement deals brokered by his Influencer mother, xiaxue. As the first micro-microcelebrity in his cohort (his mother was among the pioneer Influencers), Baby Dash’s Caesarean section was even filmed and posted on xiaxue’s YouTube channel in three parts (Figure 2). xiaxue had announced her pregnancy on her blog while in her second trimester, following which she consistently posted mirror selfies of her baby bump.Figure 1 & 2, screenshot April 2013 from ‹instagram.com/xiaxue›In her successful attempt at generating anticipation, the “bump” itself seemed to garner its own following on Twitter and Instagram, with many followers discussing how the Influencer dressed “it”, and how “it” was evolving over the weeks. One follower even compiled a collage of xiaxue’s “bump” chronologically and gifted it to the Influencer as an art image via Twitter on the day she delivered Baby Dash (Figure 3 & 4). Followers also frequently speculated and bantered about how her baby would look, and mused about how much they were going to adore him. Figure 3 & 4, screenshot March 2013 from ‹twitter.com/xiaxue› While Lupton (42) has conceptualized the sharing of images that precede birth as a “rite of passage”, Influencer mothers who publish sonograms deliberately do so in order to claim digital estates for their to-be micro-microcelebrities in the form of “reserved” social media handles, blog URLs, and unique hashtags for self-branding. For instance, at the 3-month mark of her pregnancy, Influencer bongqiuqiu debuted her baby’s dedicated hashtag, “#MereGoRound” in a birth announcement on her on Instagram account. Shortly after, she started an Instagram account, “@MereGoRound”, for her baby, who amassed over 5.5k followers prior to her birth. Figure 5 & 6, screenshot March 2015 from instagram.com/meregoround and instagram.com/bongqiuqiuThe debut picture features a heavily pregnant belly shot of bongqiuqiu (Figure 5), creating much anticipation for the arrival of a new micro-microcelebrity: in the six months leading up to her birth, various family, friends, and fans shared Instagram images of their gifts and welcome party for @MereGoRound, and followers shared congratulations and fan art on the dedicated Instagram hashtag. During this time, bongqiuqiu also frequently updated followers on her pregnancy progress, not without advertising her (presumably sponsored) gynecologist and hospital stay in her pregnancy diaries (Figure 6) – like Baby Dash, even as a foetus @MereGoRound was accumulating advertorials. Presently at six months old, @MereGoRound boasts almost 40k followers on Instagram on which embedded in the narrative of her growth are sponsored products and services from various advertisers.Non-Baby-Related AdvertorialsPrior to her pregnancy, Influencer bongqiuqiu hopped onto the micro-microcelebrity bandwagon in the wake of Baby Dash’s birth, by using her niece “#HeYurou” in her advertorials. Many Influencers attempt to naturalize their advertorials by composing their post as if recounting a family event. With reference to a child, parent, or partner, they may muse or quip about a product being used or an experience being shared in a bid to mask the distinction between their personal and commercial material. bongqiuqiu frequently posted personal, non-sponsored images engaging in daily mundane activities under the dedicated hashtag “#HeYurou”.However, this was occasionally interspersed with pictures of her niece holding on to various products including storybooks (Figure 8) and shopping bags (Figure 9). At first glance, this might have seemed like any mundane daily update the Influencer often posts. However, a close inspection reveals the caption bearing sponsor hashtags, tags, and campaign information. For instance, one Instagram post shows #HeYurou casually holding on to and staring at a burger in KFC wrapping (Figure 7), but when read in tandem with bongqiuqiu’s other KFC-related posts published over a span of a few months, it becomes clear that #HeYurou was in fact advertising for KFC. Figure 7, 8, 9, screenshot December 2014 from ‹instagram.com/bongqiuqiu›Elsewhere, Baby Dash was incorporated into xiaxue’s car sponsorship with over 20 large decals of one of his viral photos – dubbed “pineapple Dash” among followers – plastered all over her vehicle (Figure 10). Followers who spot the car in public are encouraged to photograph and upload the image using its dedicated hashtag, “#xiaxuecar” as part of the Influencer’s car sponsorship – an engagement scarcely related to her young child. Since then, xiaxue has speculated producing offshoots of “pineapple Dash” products including smartphone casings. Figure 10, screenshot December 2014 from ‹instagram.com/xiaxue›Follower EngagementSponsors regularly organize fan meet-and-greets headlined by micro-microcelebrities in order to attract potential customers. Photo opportunities and the chance to see Baby Dash “in the flesh” frequently front press and promotional material of marketing campaigns. Elsewhere on social media, several Baby Dash fan and tribute accounts have also emerged on Instagram, reposting images and related media of the micro-microcelebrity with overt adoration, no doubt encouraged by xiaxue, who began crowdsourcing captions for Baby Dash’s photos.Influencer ohsofickle postures #BabyElroyE’s follower engagement in a more subtle way. In her YouTube channel that debut in the month of her baby’s birth, ohsofickle produces video diaries of being a young, single, mother who is raising a child (Figure 11). In each episode, #BabyElroyE is the main feature whose daily activities are documented, and while there is some advertising embedded, ohsofickle’s approach on YouTube is much less overt than others as it features much more non-monetized personal content (Figure 12). Her blog serves as a backchannel to her vlogs, in which she recounts her struggles with motherhood and explicitly solicits the advice of mothers. However, owing to her young age (she became an Influencer at 17 and gave birth at 24), many of her followers are teenagers and young women who respond to her solicitations by gushing over #BabyElroyE’s images on Instagram. Figure 11 & 12, screenshot September 2015 from ‹instagram.com/ohsofickle›PrivacyAs noted by Holloway et al. (23), children like micro-microcelebrities will be among the first cohorts to inherit “digital profiles” of their “whole lifetime” as a “work in progress”, from parents who habitually underestimate or discount the privacy and long term effects of publicizing information about their children at the time of posting. This matters in a climate where social media platforms can amend privacy policies without user consent (23), and is even more pressing for micro-microcelebrities whose followers store, republish, and recirculate information in fan networks, resulting in digital footprints with persistence, replicability, scalability, searchability (boyd), and extended longevity in public circulation which can be attributed back to the children indefinitely (Leaver, “Ends”).Despite minimum age restrictions and recent concerns with “digital kidnapping” where users steal images of other young children to be re-posted as their own (Whigham), some social media platforms rarely police the proliferation of accounts set up by parents on behalf of their underage children prominently displaying their legal names and life histories, citing differing jurisdictions in various countries (Facebook; Instagram), while others claim to disable accounts if users report an “incorrect birth date” (cf. Google for YouTube). In Singapore, the Media Development Authority (MDA) which governs all print and digital media has no firm regulations for this but suggests that the age of consent is 16 judging by their recommendation to parents with children aged below 16 to subscribe to Internet filtering services (Media Development Authority, “Regulatory” 1). Moreover, current initiatives have been focused on how parents can impart digital literacy to their children (Media Development Authority, “Empowered”; Media Literacy Council) as opposed to educating parents about the digital footprints they may be unwittingly leaving about their children.The digital lives of micro-microcelebrities pose new layers of concern given their publicness and deliberate publicity, specifically hinged on making visible the usually inaccessible, private aspects of everyday life (Marshall, “Persona” 5).Scholars note that celebrities are individuals for whom speculation of their private lives takes precedence over their actual public role or career (Geraghty 100-101; Turner 8). However, the personae of Influencers and their young children are shaped by ambiguously blurring the boundaries of privacy and publicness in order to bait followers’ attention, such that privacy and publicness are defined by being broadcast, circulated, and publicized (Warner 414). In other words, the publicness of micro-microcelebrities is premised on the extent of the intentional publicity rather than simply being in the public domain (Marwick 223-231, emphasis mine).Among Influencers privacy concerns have aroused awareness but not action – Baby Dash’s Influencer mother admitted in a national radio interview that he has received a death threat via Instagram but feels that her child is unlikely to be actually attacked (Channel News Asia) – because privacy is a commodity that is manipulated and performed to advance their micro-microcelebrities’ careers. As pioneer micro-microcelebrities are all under 2-years-old at present, future research warrants investigating “child-centred definitions” (Third et al.) of the transition in which they come of age, grow an awareness of their digital presence, respond to their Influencer mothers’ actions, and potentially take over their accounts.Young LabourThe Ministry of Manpower (MOM) in Singapore, which regulates the employment of children and young persons, states that children under the age of 13 may not legally work in non-industrial or industrial settings (Ministry of Manpower). However, the same document later ambiguously states underaged children who do work can only do so under strict work limits (Ministry of Manpower). Elsewhere (Chan), it is noted that national labour statistics have thus far only focused on those above the age of 15, thus neglecting a true reflection of underaged labour in Singapore. This is despite the prominence of micro-microcelebrities who are put in front of (video) cameras to build social media content. Additionally, the work of micro-microcelebrities on digital platforms has not yet been formally recognized as labour, and is not regulated by any authority including Influencer management firms, clients, the MDA, and the MOM. Brief snippets from my ethnographic fieldwork with Influencer management agencies in Singapore similarly reveal that micro-microcelebrities’ labour engagements and control of their earnings are entirely at their parents’ discretion.As models and actors, micro-microcelebrities are one form of entertainment workers who if between the ages of 15 days and 18 years in the state of California are required to obtain an Entertainment Work Permit to be gainfully employed, adhering to strict work, schooling, and rest hour quotas (Department of Industrial Relations). Furthermore, the Californian Coogan Law affirms that earnings by these minors are their own property and not their parents’, although they are not old enough to legally control their finances and rely on the state to govern their earnings with a legal guardian (Screen Actors Guild). However, this similarly excludes underaged children and micro-microcelebrities engaged in creative digital ecologies. Future research should look into safeguards and instruments among young child entertainers, especially for micro-micrcocelebrities’ among whom commercial work and personal documentation is not always distinct, and are in fact deliberately intertwined in order to better engage with followers for relatabilityGrowing Up BrandedIn the wake of moral panics over excessive surveillance technologies, children’s safety on the Internet, and data retention concerns, micro-microcelebrities and their Influencer mothers stand out for their deliberately personal and overtly commercial approach towards self-documenting, self-presenting, and self-publicizing from the moment of conception. As these debut micro-microcelebrities grow older and inherit digital publics, personae, and careers, future research should focus on the transition of their ownership, engagement, and reactions to a branded childhood in which babies were postured for an initimate public.ReferencesAbidin, Crystal. “Communicative Intimacies: Influencers and Perceived Interconnectedness.” Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, & Technology. Forthcoming, Nov 2015.Aiello, Marianne. “Mommy Blog Banner Ads Get Results.” Healthcare Marketing Advisor 17 Nov. 2010. HealthLeaders Media. 16 Aug. 2015 ‹http://healthleadersmedia.com/content/MAR-259215/Mommy-Blog-Banner-Ads-Get-Results›.Azzarone, Stephanie. “When Consumers Report: Mommy Blogging Your Way to Success.” Playthings 18 Feb. 2009. 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“As the old technologies become automatic and invisible, we find ourselves more concerned with fighting or embracing what’s new”—Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels: The Stage of Literacy Technologies What constitutes a computer, as we have come to expect it? Are they necessarily monolithic “beige boxes”, connected to computer monitors, sitting on computer desks, located in computer rooms or computer labs? In order for a device to be considered a true computer, does it need to have a keyboard and mouse? If this were 1991 or earlier, our collective perception of what computers are and are not would largely be framed by this “beige box” model: computers are stationary, slab-like, and heavy, and their natural habitats must be in rooms specifically designated for that purpose. In 1992, when Apple introduced the first PowerBook, our perception began to change. Certainly there had been other portable computers prior to that, such as the Osborne 1, but these were more luggable than portable, weighing just slightly less than a typical sewing machine. The PowerBook and subsequent waves of laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and so-called smart phones from numerous other companies have steadily forced us to rethink and redefine what a computer is and is not, how we interact with them, and the manner in which these tools might be used in the classroom. However, this reconceptualization of computers is far from over, and is in fact steadily evolving as new devices are introduced, adopted, and subsequently adapted for uses beyond of their original purpose. Pat Crowe’s Book Reader project, for example, has morphed Nintendo’s GameBoy and GameBoy Advance into a viable electronic book platform, complete with images, sound, and multi-language support. (Crowe, 2003) His goal was to take this existing technology previously framed only within the context of proprietary adolescent entertainment, and repurpose it for open, flexible uses typically associated with learning and literacy. Similar efforts are underway to repurpose Microsoft’s Xbox, perhaps the ultimate symbol of “closed” technology given Microsoft’s propensity for proprietary code, in order to make it a viable platform for Open Source Software (OSS). However, these efforts are not forgone conclusions, and are in fact typical of the ongoing battle over who controls the technology we own in our homes, and how open source solutions are often at odds with a largely proprietary world. In late 2001, Microsoft launched the Xbox with a multimillion dollar publicity drive featuring events, commercials, live models, and statements claiming this new console gaming platform would “change video games the way MTV changed music”. (Chan, 2001) The Xbox launched with the following technical specifications: 733mhz Pentium III 64mb RAM, 8 or 10gb internal hard disk drive CD/DVD ROM drive (speed unknown) Nvidia graphics processor, with HDTV support 4 USB 1.1 ports (adapter required), AC3 audio 10/100 ethernet port, Optional 56k modem (TechTV, 2001) While current computers dwarf these specifications in virtually all areas now, for 2001 these were roughly on par with many desktop systems. The retail price at the time was $299, but steadily dropped to nearly half that with additional price cuts anticipated. Based on these features, the preponderance of “off the shelf” parts and components used, and the relatively reasonable price, numerous programmers quickly became interested in seeing it if was possible to run Linux and additional OSS on the Xbox. In each case, the goal has been similar: exceed the original purpose of the Xbox, to determine if and how well it might be used for basic computing tasks. If these attempts prove to be successful, the Xbox could allow institutions to dramatically increase the student-to-computer ratio in select environments, or allow individuals who could not otherwise afford a computer to instead buy and Xbox, download and install Linux, and use this new device to write, create, and innovate . This drive to literally and metaphorically “open” the Xbox comes from many directions. Such efforts include Andrew Huang’s self-published “Hacking the Xbox” book in which, under the auspices of reverse engineering, Huang analyzes the architecture of the Xbox, detailing step-by-step instructions for flashing the ROM, upgrading the hard drive and/or RAM, and generally prepping the device for use as an information appliance. Additional initiatives include Lindows CEO Michael Robertson’s $200,000 prize to encourage Linux development on the Xbox, and the Xbox Linux Project at SourceForge. What is Linux? Linux is an alternative operating system initially developed in 1991 by Linus Benedict Torvalds. Linux was based off a derivative of the MINIX operating system, which in turn was a derivative of UNIX. (Hasan 2003) Linux is currently available for Intel-based systems that would normally run versions of Windows, PowerPC-based systems that would normally run Apple’s Mac OS, and a host of other handheld, cell phone, or so-called “embedded” systems. Linux distributions are based almost exclusively on open source software, graphic user interfaces, and middleware components. While there are commercial Linux distributions available, these mainly just package the freely available operating system with bundled technical support, manuals, some exclusive or proprietary commercial applications, and related services. Anyone can still download and install numerous Linux distributions at no cost, provided they do not need technical support beyond the community / enthusiast level. Typical Linux distributions come with open source web browsers, word processors and related productivity applications (such as those found in OpenOffice.org), and related tools for accessing email, organizing schedules and contacts, etc. Certain Linux distributions are more or less designed for network administrators, system engineers, and similar “power users” somewhat distanced from that of our students. However, several distributions including Lycoris, Mandrake, LindowsOS, and other are specifically tailored as regular, desktop operating systems, with regular, everyday computer users in mind. As Linux has no draconian “product activation key” method of authentication, or digital rights management-laden features associated with installation and implementation on typical desktop and laptop systems, Linux is becoming an ideal choice both individually and institutionally. It still faces an uphill battle in terms of achieving widespread acceptance as a desktop operating system. As Finnie points out in Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream: “to attract users, you need ease of installation, ease of device configuration, and intuitive, full-featured desktop user controls. It’s all coming, but slowly. With each new version, desktop Linux comes closer to entering the mainstream. It’s anyone’s guess as to when critical mass will be reached, but you can feel the inevitability: There’s pent-up demand for something different.” (Finnie 2003) Linux is already spreading rapidly in numerous capacities, in numerous countries. Linux has “taken hold wherever computer users desire freedom, and wherever there is demand for inexpensive software.” Reports from technology research company IDG indicate that roughly a third of computers in Central and South America run Linux. Several countries, including Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, have all but mandated that state-owned institutions adopt open source software whenever possible to “give their people the tools and education to compete with the rest of the world.” (Hills 2001) The Goal Less than a year after Microsoft introduced the The Xbox, the Xbox Linux project formed. The Xbox Linux Project has a goal of developing and distributing Linux for the Xbox gaming console, “so that it can be used for many tasks that Microsoft don’t want you to be able to do. ...as a desktop computer, for email and browsing the web from your TV, as a (web) server” (Xbox Linux Project 2002). Since the Linux operating system is open source, meaning it can freely be tinkered with and distributed, those who opt to download and install Linux on their Xbox can do so with relatively little overhead in terms of cost or time. Additionally, Linux itself looks very “windows-like”, making for fairly low learning curve. To help increase overall awareness of this project and assist in diffusing it, the Xbox Linux Project offers step-by-step installation instructions, with the end result being a system capable of using common peripherals such as a keyboard and mouse, scanner, printer, a “webcam and a DVD burner, connected to a VGA monitor; 100% compatible with a standard Linux PC, all PC (USB) hardware and PC software that works with Linux.” (Xbox Linux Project 2002) Such a system could have tremendous potential for technology literacy. Pairing an Xbox with Linux and OpenOffice.org, for example, would provide our students essentially the same capability any of them would expect from a regular desktop computer. They could send and receive email, communicate using instant messaging IRC, or newsgroup clients, and browse Internet sites just as they normally would. In fact, the overall browsing experience for Linux users is substantially better than that for most Windows users. Internet Explorer, the default browser on all systems running Windows-base operating systems, lacks basic features standard in virtually all competing browsers. Native blocking of “pop-up” advertisements is still not yet possible in Internet Explorer without the aid of a third-party utility. Tabbed browsing, which involves the ability to easily open and sort through multiple Web pages in the same window, often with a single mouse click, is also missing from Internet Explorer. The same can be said for a robust download manager, “find as you type”, and a variety of additional features. Mozilla, Netscape, Firefox, Konqueror, and essentially all other OSS browsers for Linux have these features. Of course, most of these browsers are also available for Windows, but Internet Explorer is still considered the standard browser for the platform. If the Xbox Linux Project becomes widely diffused, our students could edit and save Microsoft Word files in OpenOffice.org’s Writer program, and do the same with PowerPoint and Excel files in similar OpenOffice.org components. They could access instructor comments originally created in Microsoft Word documents, and in turn could add their own comments and send the documents back to their instructors. They could even perform many functions not yet capable in Microsoft Office, including saving files in PDF or Flash format without needing Adobe’s Acrobat product or Macromedia’s Flash Studio MX. Additionally, by way of this project, the Xbox can also serve as “a Linux server for HTTP/FTP/SMB/NFS, serving data such as MP3/MPEG4/DivX, or a router, or both; without a monitor or keyboard or mouse connected.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) In a very real sense, our students could use these inexpensive systems previously framed only within the context of entertainment, for educational purposes typically associated with computer-mediated learning. Problems: Control and Access The existing rhetoric of technological control surrounding current and emerging technologies appears to be stifling many of these efforts before they can even be brought to the public. This rhetoric of control is largely typified by overly-restrictive digital rights management (DRM) schemes antithetical to education, and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Combined,both are currently being used as technical and legal clubs against these efforts. Microsoft, for example, has taken a dim view of any efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, who has repeatedly referred to Linux as a cancer and has equated OSS as being un-American, stated, “Given the way the economic model works - and that is a subsidy followed, essentially, by fees for every piece of software sold - our license framework has to do that.” (Becker 2003) Since the Xbox is based on a subsidy model, meaning that Microsoft actually sells the hardware at a loss and instead generates revenue off software sales, Ballmer launched a series of concerted legal attacks against the Xbox Linux Project and similar efforts. In 2002, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft simultaneously sued Lik Sang, Inc., a Hong Kong-based company that produces programmable cartridges and “mod chips” for the PlayStation II, Xbox, and Game Cube. Nintendo states that its company alone loses over $650 million each year due to piracy of their console gaming titles, which typically originate in China, Paraguay, and Mexico. (GameIndustry.biz) Currently, many attempts to “mod” the Xbox required the use of such chips. As Lik Sang is one of the only suppliers, initial efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux slowed considerably. Despite that fact that such chips can still be ordered and shipped here by less conventional means, it does not change that fact that the chips themselves would be illegal in the U.S. due to the anticircumvention clause in the DMCA itself, which is designed specifically to protect any DRM-wrapped content, regardless of context. The Xbox Linux Project then attempted to get Microsoft to officially sanction their efforts. They were not only rebuffed, but Microsoft then opted to hire programmers specifically to create technological countermeasures for the Xbox, to defeat additional attempts at installing OSS on it. Undeterred, the Xbox Linux Project eventually arrived at a method of installing and booting Linux without the use of mod chips, and have taken a more defiant tone now with Microsoft regarding their circumvention efforts. (Lettice 2002) They state that “Microsoft does not want you to use the Xbox as a Linux computer, therefore it has some anti-Linux-protection built in, but it can be circumvented easily, so that an Xbox can be used as what it is: an IBM PC.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) Problems: Learning Curves and Usability In spite of the difficulties imposed by the combined technological and legal attacks on this project, it has succeeded at infiltrating this closed system with OSS. It has done so beyond the mere prototype level, too, as evidenced by the Xbox Linux Project now having both complete, step-by-step instructions available for users to modify their own Xbox systems, and an alternate plan catering to those who have the interest in modifying their systems, but not the time or technical inclinations. Specifically, this option involves users mailing their Xbox systems to community volunteers within the Xbox Linux Project, and basically having these volunteers perform the necessary software preparation or actually do the full Linux installation for them, free of charge (presumably not including shipping). This particular aspect of the project, dubbed “Users Help Users”, appears to be fairly new. Yet, it already lists over sixty volunteers capable and willing to perform this service, since “Many users don’t have the possibility, expertise or hardware” to perform these modifications. Amazingly enough, in some cases these volunteers are barely out of junior high school. One such volunteer stipulates that those seeking his assistance keep in mind that he is “just 14” and that when performing these modifications he “...will not always be finished by the next day”. (Steil 2003) In addition to this interesting if somewhat unusual level of community-driven support, there are currently several Linux-based options available for the Xbox. The two that are perhaps the most developed are GentooX, which is based of the popular Gentoo Linux distribution, and Ed’s Debian, based off the Debian GNU / Linux distribution. Both Gentoo and Debian are “seasoned” distributions that have been available for some time now, though Daniel Robbins, Chief Architect of Gentoo, refers to the product as actually being a “metadistribution” of Linux, due to its high degree of adaptability and configurability. (Gentoo 2004) Specifically, the Robbins asserts that Gentoo is capable of being “customized for just about any application or need. ...an ideal secure server, development workstation, professional desktop, gaming system, embedded solution or something else—whatever you need it to be.” (Robbins 2004) He further states that the whole point of Gentoo is to provide a better, more usable Linux experience than that found in many other distributions. Robbins states that: “The goal of Gentoo is to design tools and systems that allow a user to do their work pleasantly and efficiently as possible, as they see fit. Our tools should be a joy to use, and should help the user to appreciate the richness of the Linux and free software community, and the flexibility of free software. ...Put another way, the Gentoo philosophy is to create better tools. When a tool is doing its job perfectly, you might not even be very aware of its presence, because it does not interfere and make its presence known, nor does it force you to interact with it when you don’t want it to. The tool serves the user rather than the user serving the tool.” (Robbins 2004) There is also a so-called “live CD” Linux distribution suitable for the Xbox, called dyne:bolic, and an in-progress release of Slackware Linux, as well. According to the Xbox Linux Project, the only difference between the standard releases of these distributions and their Xbox counterparts is that “...the install process – and naturally the bootloader, the kernel and the kernel modules – are all customized for the Xbox.” (Xbox Linux Project, 2003) Of course, even if Gentoo is as user-friendly as Robbins purports, even if the Linux kernel itself has become significantly more robust and efficient, and even if Microsoft again drops the retail price of the Xbox, is this really a feasible solution in the classroom? Does the Xbox Linux Project have an army of 14 year olds willing to modify dozens, perhaps hundreds of these systems for use in secondary schools and higher education? Of course not. If such an institutional rollout were to be undertaken, it would require significant support from not only faculty, but Department Chairs, Deans, IT staff, and quite possible Chief Information Officers. Disk images would need to be customized for each institution to reflect their respective needs, ranging from setting specific home pages on web browsers, to bookmarks, to custom back-up and / or disk re-imaging scripts, to network authentication. This would be no small task. Yet, the steps mentioned above are essentially no different than what would be required of any IT staff when creating a new disk image for a computer lab, be it one for a Windows-based system or a Mac OS X-based one. The primary difference would be Linux itself—nothing more, nothing less. The institutional difficulties in undertaking such an effort would likely be encountered prior to even purchasing a single Xbox, in that they would involve the same difficulties associated with any new hardware or software initiative: staffing, budget, and support. If the institutional in question is either unwilling or unable to address these three factors, it would not matter if the Xbox itself was as free as Linux. An Open Future, or a Closed one? It is unclear how far the Xbox Linux Project will be allowed to go in their efforts to invade an essentially a proprietary system with OSS. Unlike Sony, which has made deliberate steps to commercialize similar efforts for their PlayStation 2 console, Microsoft appears resolute in fighting OSS on the Xbox by any means necessary. They will continue to crack down on any companies selling so-called mod chips, and will continue to employ technological protections to keep the Xbox “closed”. Despite clear evidence to the contrary, in all likelihood Microsoft continue to equate any OSS efforts directed at the Xbox with piracy-related motivations. Additionally, Microsoft’s successor to the Xbox would likely include additional anticircumvention technologies incorporated into it that could set the Xbox Linux Project back by months, years, or could stop it cold. Of course, it is difficult to say with any degree of certainty how this “Xbox 2” (perhaps a more appropriate name might be “Nextbox”) will impact this project. Regardless of how this device evolves, there can be little doubt of the value of Linux, OpenOffice.org, and other OSS to teaching and learning with technology. This value exists not only in terms of price, but in increased freedom from policies and technologies of control. New Linux distributions from Gentoo, Mandrake, Lycoris, Lindows, and other companies are just now starting to focus their efforts on Linux as user-friendly, easy to use desktop operating systems, rather than just server or “techno-geek” environments suitable for advanced programmers and computer operators. While metaphorically opening the Xbox may not be for everyone, and may not be a suitable computing solution for all, I believe we as educators must promote and encourage such efforts whenever possible. I suggest this because I believe we need to exercise our professional influence and ultimately shape the future of technology literacy, either individually as faculty and collectively as departments, colleges, or institutions. Moran and Fitzsimmons-Hunter argue this very point in Writing Teachers, Schools, Access, and Change. One of their fundamental provisions they use to define “access” asserts that there must be a willingness for teachers and students to “fight for the technologies that they need to pursue their goals for their own teaching and learning.” (Taylor / Ward 160) Regardless of whether or not this debate is grounded in the “beige boxes” of the past, or the Xboxes of the present, much is at stake. Private corporations should not be in a position to control the manner in which we use legally-purchased technologies, regardless of whether or not these technologies are then repurposed for literacy uses. I believe the exigency associated with this control, and the ongoing evolution of what is and is not a computer, dictates that we assert ourselves more actively into this discussion. We must take steps to provide our students with the best possible computer-mediated learning experience, however seemingly unorthodox the technological means might be, so that they may think critically, communicate effectively, and participate actively in society and in their future careers. About the Author Paul Cesarini is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Visual Communication & Technology Education, Bowling Green State University, Ohio Email: pcesari@bgnet.bgsu.edu Works Cited http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/debian.php>.Baron, Denis. “From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literacy Technologies.” Passions Pedagogies and 21st Century Technologies. Hawisher, Gail E., and Cynthia L. Selfe, Eds. Utah: Utah State University Press, 1999. 15 – 33. Becker, David. “Ballmer: Mod Chips Threaten Xbox”. News.com. 21 Oct 2002. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-962797.php>. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-978957.html?tag=nl>. http://archive.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/08/13/020813hnchina.xml>. http://www.neoseeker.com/news/story/1062/>. http://www.bookreader.co.uk>.Finni, Scott. “Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream”. TechWeb. 8 Apr 2003. http://www.techweb.com/tech/software/20030408_software. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/29439.html http://gentoox.shallax.com/. http://ragib.hypermart.net/linux/. http://www.itworld.com/Comp/2362/LWD010424latinlinux/pfindex.html. http://www.xbox-linux.sourceforge.net. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/27487.html. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/26078.html. http://www.us.playstation.com/peripherals.aspx?id=SCPH-97047. http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3356862,00.html. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,61984,00.html. http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/about.xml http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/philosophy.xml http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2869075,00.html. http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/usershelpusers.html http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/fun.games/12/16/gamers.liksang/. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Cesarini, Paul. "“Opening” the Xbox" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>. APA Style Cesarini, P. (2004, Jul1). “Opening” the Xbox. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>

Departing from the serials crisis, this paper seeks to point out the areas of conflict, which are dominated by three principal agents: the scientific community, publishing houses and libraries. In order to facilitate interaction between these agents the open access movement has been formed, which receives considerable support from the librarianship. Abutted to the Anglo-American university presses, it has been postulated in the scientific community that German universities engage in publishing activities too. The focal point of this work is - apart from an assessment of the current situation and an overview of the Anglo-American university presses - a critical account of the German university press. On the basis of qualitative interviews different publishing houses are critically assessed in terms of their services offered. In a short excursus this paper describes subject-related publishing activities in the context of the open access movement. In conclusion this paper will expound the problems of German university presses – and formulate an outlook as to what may be the future course of the industry.

The study aims to see whether there are differences in the nature and patterns of computer usage for communicating research between disciplines in the social sciences in Brazil and, if so, whether they can be related to factors which can affect the process of communication. The theory embedded in the research model states that pressures that accompany the introduction of information technologies into a university environment are significant factors in the use of such technologies. These pressures produce differences in the communication process itself. Furthermore, there may also be a relationship between individual factors and the use of IT for communication. The research data were collected via a survey using two instruments. Firstly, mailed questionnaires were sent to 760 academic researchers in sociology and economics in Brazil, working in post-graduate programmes. A response rate of 64.1 percent was achieved. Secondly, 36 interviews were carried out with a sample of the most productive researchers in the two subjects studied. The interview sample included both respondents and non-respondents to the questionnaire. A small sample of 11 British academic researchers was included in the interview survey, in order to allow comparisons and see whether Brazilian academics lag behind IT front-runners. Data collected revealed that there is an impact of computer usage on the scholarly communication process, especially in terms of informal communication. Such an impact can be related to changes in the social interactions that underlie knowledge creation among researchers, and also relates to differences in patterns and processes of computer usage between the chosen disciplines. Formal communication has experienced a gradually growing impact by electronic media on the well-established print environment, with the likely co-existence of the two media for some time to come. The results obtained showed that Brazilian researchers do not lag behind the British ones. Not many differences, but most similarities were found between economists and sociologists in both Brazil and the UK.

Largest publishers and biggest libraries around the world have treated the long-term preservation of scientific e