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Ruben, Aarne. « The “unknown voice” in Western history since Socrates ». Semiotica 2017, no 215 (1 mars 2017) : 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0032.
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AbstractSocrates remains one of the most prominent paternal figures of Western dialogism and phonocentric paradigm; the man who stirred up the dialectic imaginations of his days. In Plato’s Socratic dialogues, his inner voice (daimonion) sounds as a last-instance statement to cast the light on the final solution of the conversation. In the context of antiquity and following cultural tradition, Socrates was the only hearer of warning signals from inside. The rest of the voices were urging (voices of the imaginable cursed souls, saints, angels, etc.). There was no need for a “personal” dictating voice when a divine dictation was already present. According to Charles Peirce’s classification, a “voice without evident source” or a voice from the head is a dicent indexical legisign.
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STANSFIELD, CHARLES W. « A History of Dictation in Foreign Language Teaching and Testing ». Modern Language Journal 69, no 2 (juin 1985) : 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1985.tb01926.x.
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van der Louw, Theo. « The Dictation of the Septuagint Version ». Journal for the Study of Judaism 39, no 2 (2008) : 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006308x252786.
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AbstractIn Antiquity, original writing, copying and translating took place through dictation. It is likely that (parts of) the Septuagint was (were) committed to writing in that way. Traditions concerning the translation of Buddhist Sutras into Chinese help us to picture that process. The hypothesis that someone recited the Hebrew text, one translated orally and one or more scribes wrote the translation down contributes to LXX research. It explains (1) characteristic features of the Septuagint noted by Soisalon-Soininen, and (2) phonetic errors on both the Hebrew and the Greek sides. (3) It is compatible with the notion that learned scribes were involved but it lends no support to the "targumic origin" theory.
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Callanan, Frank. « 'Clerical Dictation' : Reflections on the Catholic Church and the Parnell Split ». Archivium Hibernicum 45 (1990) : 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25487499.
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Greer, R. Douglas, Lynn Yaun et Grant Gautreaux. « Novel Dictation and Intraverbal Responses as a Function of a Multiple Exemplar Instructional History ». Analysis of Verbal Behavior 21, no 1 (avril 2005) : 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03393012.
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Zumalt, Joseph R. « Voice Recognition Technology : Has It Come of Age ? » Information Technology and Libraries 24, no 4 (1 décembre 2005) : 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v24i4.3382.
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<span>Voice recognition software allows computer users to bypass their keyboards and use their voices to enter text. While the library literature is somewhat silent about voice recognition technology, the medical and legal communities have reported some success using it. Voice recognition software was tested for dictation accuracy and usability within an agriculture library at the University of Illinois. Dragon NaturallySpeaking 8.0 was found to be more accurate than speech recognition within Microsoft Office 2003. Helpful Web sites and a short history regarding this breakthrough technology are included.</span>
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Kerr, Ian J. « The Transfer of Railway Technologies and Afro-Asian Labor Processes within the British Empire ». HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 12, no 1 (1 septembre 2018) : 31–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2018-0003.
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Abstract The transfer of railway technology within the British Empire, and particularly to India provides the focus for this paper that explores—conceptually, historiographically and substantively—what was transferred and how that transfer took place. Drawing upon the large-scale technical system literature and labor history the paper highlights various kinds and levels of transfer agents working through, albeit in an often-contested fashion, Afro-Asian labor processes as central components within the transfer process when railway construction was involved. Railway construction is then counterpoised to railway operation where the transfer process exhibited greater British dictation and adherence to British practice.
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Kemp, Kathryn W. « “The Dictograph Hears All” : An Example of Surveillance Technology in the Progressive Era ». Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 6, no 4 (octobre 2007) : 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778140000222x.
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During the first decade of the twentieth century, Kelley M. Turner of New York invented a telephone apparatus of very high sound sensitivity, which he called the “Dictograph.” (It should not be confused with the Dictaphone, a device used to record dictation.) Although his original idea was for a communications system with a great variety of applications, the Dictograph ultimately became one of the earliest electric eavesdropping devices, used by both police and private investigators. As such, the Dictograph played a part in some notable criminal prosecutions and was used in antiunion activity. It continued to be used in this way until it was rendered obsolescent by other technologies. The emergence of the preferred applications of the Dictograph illuminates aspects of the sociology of technology, such as the concept of “acoustic space.” It also raised issues related to the ethics and law of clandestine listening.
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Deol, Jeevan. « Sūrdās : poet and text in the Sikh tradition ». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63, no 2 (janvier 2000) : 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00007175.
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Pre-twentieth century Sikh tradition says that Bhāī Gurdās, the scribe of Guru Arjanās text of the Adi Granth, was troubled by a major doubt as he wrote the words the Guru dictated to him: faced with poems attributed to figures like Kabīr and Nāmdev (collectively known as bhagats in the tradition), Gurdās began to wonder whether Guru Arjan was not composing the poems himself and ascribing them to the bhagats. Realizing what was troubling Bhāī Gurdās, the Guru instructed the scribe to rise early the next morning and wait outside the tent where the dictation of the Granth took place every day. When he did, Gurdās was surprised to see the Guru conversing with a number of the ībhagats in ‘spiritual form’. The bhagats, it turned out, came to the tent every morning to ensure that their compositions were included in Guru Arjan's Granth. Gurdās was suitably impressed by the display and acknowledged without further question the authenticity of their compositions.
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Cotton, James. « ‘We are nearer the East than the other states’ : Frederic Jones of Queensland, the first official from Australia in Shanghai ». Queensland Review 27, no 1 (juin 2020) : 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2020.3.
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AbstractFrederic Jones became the Queensland Commercial Agent in the Far East in 1904. He worked assiduously to extend Queensland’s trade with Asia, often pursuing a vigorously competitive approach in his dealings with the other states. Based in Shanghai from 1906, he became the first official from Australia to serve in China. He persuaded the Commonwealth government to authorise him to provide visiting Chinese merchants and travellers with documentation that would allow them to enter without undergoing the dictation test. Foreseeing the potential for trade complementarity between Queensland and China, after his appointment concluded in December 1907 he remained in business in Shanghai.
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Davis, Edward B., et Michael Hunter. « The Making of Robert Boyle' s fRee Enquiry Into the Vulgarly Receiv'd nOtion of Nature (1686) ». Early Science and Medicine 1, no 2 (1996) : 204–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338296x00024.
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AbstractThis study throws new light on the composition of Boyle's Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Receiv'd Notion of Nature (1686); it also draws more general conclusions about Boyle's methods as an author and his links with his context. Its basis is a careful study of the extant manuscript drafts for the work, and their relationship with the published editions. Section 2 describes Boyle's characteristic method of composition from the late 1650s onwards, involving the dictation of discrete sections of text to amanuenses; it also assesses the effect this had on the structure and presentation of Boyle's writings. Section 3 considers the published text section by section and indicates which parts were written when; it also surveys unpublished draft material relating to the work. Section 4 places the work in context, considering the intellectual threats that Boyle sought to confront in it, both when he initially composed it in the 1660s and when he rewrote it c. 1680. It thus anchors him more precisely than hitherto in the intellectual debates of his day.
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Pasqualina, Stephen. « Bringing Home the Picture : Mark Twain's Anti-Imperialism as Visual Mediation ». Mark Twain Annual 19, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 40–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/marktwaij.19.1.0040.
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Abstract This essay examines Twain's anti-imperialism as a theory and method of visual mediation. In so doing, the essay reveals the degree to which Twain appropriated methods of colonial visual culture to formulate his critiques of imperialism, and it reconsiders the relationship between Twain's anti-imperialism and his late embrace of a mechanistic, determinist philosophy of history and of human nature. The essay brings together a wide range of Twain's late work—including Following the Equator, King Leopold's Soliloquy, “To the Person Sitting in Darkness,” What Is Man?, “The United States of Lyncherdom,” and Twain's autobiographical dictation on the Moro Crater Massacre—to consolidate a theory and method of “bringing home the picture” from Twain's wide-ranging experiments in visual mediation. The essay argues that Twain's primary contributions to anti-imperialist thought lie principally in the mediational strategies he developed to transmute geopolitical abstractions into immediate images.
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Lambert, David. « How the “Torah of Moses” Became Revelation ». Journal for the Study of Judaism 47, no 1 (18 février 2016) : 22–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340440.
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Noting that, in the Hebrew Bible, law, but not narrative, is attributed to Moses, this paper argues that the notion of the “Torah of Moses” as revealed literature, word for word dictation to Moses, is to be traced to a late Second Temple construction of the Pentateuch as apocalypse. The move is evident in the Book of Jubilees, who introduces his work with a detailed account of revelation at Sinai that includes his own work, the “Divisions of the Times,” an apocalypse, but not the “Torah of Moses.” However, as Jubilees overlaps with Genesis in great measure and, it is argued, refrains from alluding to the Pentateuch throughout, the claim would seem to be that the “Divisions of the Times” actually preceded the Pentateuch as one of its sources. The implications of this view for understanding Rewritten Bible and interpretation in the late Second Temple period are considered.
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Cobb, P. W., M. Kofstad et C. Bealer. « Effects of implementing an electronic system for the collection of patient reported symptoms on clinic note transcription length ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no 18_suppl (20 juin 2007) : 17035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.17035.
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17035 Background: Recent advances in information technology have made the goal of incorporating patient-reported symptoms possible. Initial studies have examined the validity of these systems but no systematic work has been done to examine the impact on overall practice efficiency. The PACE (Patient Assessment, Care, and Education) System captures patient-reported symptoms, quality of life, social and family history changes, and other clinical data at every office visit. The PACE System includes the Patient Care Monitor (PCM), a standardized, comprehensive assessment of a patient's condition that allows for a self-reported review of systems (ROS) via a wireless, touch screen computer tablet. The purpose of this study was to determine if implementation of the PCM had an impact on total transcription length. Methods: The study utilized a retrospective within subjects control design comparing transcription length by physicians practicing both with and without the PCM. The PACE System was implemented in October 2004 in a main outpatient oncology site in Billings, MT (PACE site). The analysis compared transcription length by physicians who practice in the Billings office where the PACE system was available, and also in four sites in Montana and Wyoming where the PACE system was not available during the same time period (January to October 2006). All available, consecutive physician notes were analyzed from eligible physicians during the analysis period. Results: Four physicians met inclusion criteria and 8,150 notes were analyzed. The average number of dictation words at PCM sites was 406.7 as compared to 485.5 at non- PCM sites (a 16% reduction). The average number of dictation lines at the PCM sites was 54.0 as compared to 58.5 at non-PCM sites (an 8% reduction). Conclusions: Increases in the use of information technology in outpatient oncology necessitate increased understanding of the validity and utility of these systems. This study of the PACE system suggests that there may be an efficiency benefit by implementing patient self-reporting systems. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Chimbi, Godsend Tawanda, et Loyiso C. Jita. « Searching for learners’ voices : Teachers’ struggle to align pedagogical-reform policy with instructional practice ». Journal of Pedagogy 12, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jped-2021-0010.
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Abstract Globally, pedagogical reform policy seeks to give space to learners’ voices. But teachers often struggle to engage learners in knowledge construction, deconstruction and reconstruction; as advocated by official curriculum reform policy. Aligning classroom practice to pedagogical-reform policy remains an uphill struggle for most teachers. This article examines Zimbabwean teachers’ efforts to align teaching methods to new curriculum policy which seeks to engage learners in classroom discourse. Using a qualitative multiple-case study and the theoretical lens of sensemaking, a case study of History teachers assessed how they were implementing new pedagogical prescriptions. Data gathered from the document analysis, interviews and 47 lesson observations suggest that, although participants made efforts to open up a space for learners’ voices, they often drifted towards teacher-centred practice. Some participants complained that the unavailability of technology‑based instructional resources, recommended in the new reform policy, made them resort to rote pedagogy. Others believed that teacher didacticism and the dictation of notes were inevitable in History instruction. The use of learner‑centric approaches (as advocated by policy) appeared to be just a drop in the ocean. This study recommends pedagogical reorientation for teachers if learners’ voices are to be heard and large-scale instructional reforms are to be successfully enacted at classroom level.
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Varesio, Costanza, Martina Paola Zanaboni, Elisa Carlotta Salmin, Chiara Totaro, Martina Totaro, Elena Ballante, Ludovica Pasca, Pierangelo Veggiotti et Valentina De Giorgis. « Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes : Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes 5 Years after Remission ». Diagnostics 10, no 11 (10 novembre 2020) : 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110931.
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Although specific neuropsychological deficits have been recognized during the active phase of epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (ECTS), the natural cognitive and neuropsychological history after remission has not been elucidated so far. We evaluated the natural cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes five years after disease remission and investigated possible predictors of long-term outcome among socio-demographic and electro-clinical variables. We performed an observational cross-sectional study. Electro-clinical characteristics during the active phase of epilepsy, as well as antiepileptic treatment and premorbid neurodevelopmental concerns were reviewed for 70 patients. At least five years after epilepsy remission, all patients were contacted, and 46 completed a structured questionnaire about patients’ current education and academic skills, general health, and parents’ socio-economic status. Among them, 23 patients underwent an ad hoc cognitive and neuropsychological protocol and emotional-behavioral assessment. Chi-square tests and t-tests were carried out to define the role of putative predictors of neuropsychological outcomes. Mean cognitive and neuropsychological performances appeared to be overall adequate, except for the dictation. Positive family history for epilepsy (p = 0.01769) and familial socioeconomic status (mother’s schooling (p = 0.04169), father’s schooling (p = 0.01939), mother’s income (p = 0.0262), father’s income (p = 0.01331)) were identified as predictors of outcomes. Our data suggest that ECTS with typical electro-clinical features depicts an overall preserved cognitive and neuropsychological long-term outcome. We suggest particular attention should be paid to patients with socio-economic disadvantage and familial history of epilepsy, as they may experience worse neurocognitive post-morbid performances.
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Kanevsky, Dimitri, Sara Basson, Alexander Faisman, Leonid Rachevsky, Alex Zlatsin et Sarah Conrod. « Speech transformation solutions ». Distributed Cognition 14, no 2 (21 septembre 2006) : 411–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.14.2.16kan.
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This paper outlines the background development of “intelligent” technologies such as speech recognition. Despite significant progress in the development of these technologies, they still fall short in many areas, and rapid advances in areas such as dictation are actually stalled. In this paper we have proposed semi-automatic solutions — smart integration of human and intelligent efforts. One such technique involves improvement to the speech recognition editing interface, thereby reducing the perception of errors to the viewer. Other techniques that are described in the paper are batch enrollment, which allows the user to reduce the amount of time required for enrollment, and content spotting, which can be used for applications that have repeated content flow, such as movies or museum tours. The paper also suggests a general concept of distributive training of speech recognition systems that is based on data collection across a network.
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Nyak Mustakim. « الثقافة العربية الإسلامية في تعليم اللغة العربية لأغراض دينية ». JURNAL AL-IHDA : Media Ilmiah Bahasa Arab 8, no 1 (20 juillet 2020) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58645/alihda.v8i1.80.
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Arabic language and Islamic culture have a very close relationship, in its development the Arabic language become characterizes of islamic culture, and Islamic culture is not regardless of the religion of Islam, therefore the motivation of Arabic language learning is for religious purposes, to study and deepen Islamic studies from Arabic langguage resources like Quran and hadith and turast books. The purpose of this study is to uncover the importence of Islamic culture in arabic learning for religius purpose, and how to present the islamic culture in arabic learning. This study used a library research with qualitative descriptive approach, the data collection in this study is from the books, articel which is directly related to the topic. The results of this study show that input of islamic culture in arabic learning is very importent to understand the relationship between Arabic language and Islamicscience. Delivery of cultural aspects in arabic learning can bedone through language skills, reading, conversation, grammatical rules, literary texts, dictation and calligraphy, in which the topics and examples are derived from Qur'anic texts and hadiths, or from the biographies of the righteous and the Great, or Islamic history, morality and honorable conduct, or Islamic literary texts.
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Stewart, Garrett. « Organic Reformations in Richard Powers's The Overstory ». Daedalus 150, no 01 (octobre 2020) : 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01840.
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Richard Powers takes the literary concept of “organic form” to new exploratory lengths–and satellite heights–in his latest ecofiction. In particular, the novelist who has proselytized voice-recognition software for the dictation of novelistic prose offers with that advice an unexpected leverage on the structuring “understory” (the botanical term) for his Pulitzer Prize–winning novel The Overstory (2018). In both textual phonetics and mapped thematic links, marked patterns of recurrence are to prose, here as elsewhere, what rhyme and meter are to poetry. In a novel that seeks to attune us to the secret “semaphores” of forest life, such elicited traces of nonhuman signaling articulate a vital terrestrial network evoked through a scale of decoded pattern that, in developing its own stylistic echosystem, answers to the environing field of narrative action, and forest activism, across eight different biographical plotlines in the novel's convergent cast of characters.
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Omura, Izumi. « Re-examining the authorship of the Feuerbach chapter in The German Ideology on the basis of a hypothesis of dictation ». European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25, no 5 (3 septembre 2018) : 808–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2018.1523940.
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Georgieva, Veselina, Daniela Hristova et Tanya Srebreva. « TOUR OPERATOR PROJECT ». Education and Technologies Journal 11, no 2 (1 août 2020) : 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.202.2377.
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Project work provides active participation of students, covering activities with an emphasis on independent work and the combination of different information sources. The end result is creating your own product. Students from the third grade of „Alexander Georgiev-Kodzhakafaliyata“ Primary School did Project „Tour Operator“, which integrates the subjects Local History, Information Technology and Computer Modeling. In order to complete their tourist offers, student must have a wide range of knowledge and skills. The teams study cultural and historical sites along a certain tourist route. They visit the exhibitions of Regional Historical Museum-Burgas to gather information according to pre-set criteria. For the purpose of the project different methods and means are used such as: dictation; surplus information method; search for information on the Internet (text and images) by keywords. The design of the offers requires the teams to apply knowledge and skills related to entering and formatting text in a word processing program, inserting an image. For each offer the students calculate the prices for visiting in two variants, and in order to intrigue their future clients, they make a virtual walk in Burgas in Scratch. The indirect result is related to positive emotions and attitudes in students, with the formation of social experience.
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Fiszer, Józef M. « Niemcy i Francja w Unii Europejskiej po brexicie ». Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no 26 (28 septembre 2018) : 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2018.26.03.
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There is no doubt that Brexit is an unprecedented event in the history of European integration and the European Union (EU). It will certainly be a turning point not only in the history of the EU but also in Germany and France. It will affect their place and role in the new international order that is currently being shaped. Today, however, it is very difficult to present an accurate diagnosis, and even more difficult to predict the future of the EU, Europe and the whole world after Brexit. Currently, the opinions of researchers and experts on this subject are divided. Many fear that Brexit will be the beginning of the end of the EU and that it will lead to so-called diversified integration and then to its disintegration. Others believe that Brexit, nolens volens, may accelerate the EU’s modernisation process. This will require the adoption of a new revision treaty. This treaty will be developed under the dictation of Germany and France, which are the most influential countries in the EU.The purpose of this article is to answer a few questions, particularly what role Germany and France can and will play in the EU after Brexit. Will these countries again become the driving force in the process of European integration and the EU’s modernisation, or will they remain passive and contribute to the break-up of the EU? Moreover, the author intends to show the opportunities and threats for the EU without the United Kingdom, which counterbalanced the influence of Germany and France in Europe.
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Whitworth, Michael H. « Steven Meyer. Irresistible Dictation : Gertrude Stein and the Correlations of Writing and Science. xxiii + 450 pp., illus., notes, bibl., index. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2001. $55 (cloth). » Isis 94, no 3 (septembre 2003) : 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380664.
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Kocaballi, Ahmet Baki, Enrico Coiera, Huong Ly Tong, Sarah J. White, Juan C. Quiroz, Fahimeh Rezazadegan, Simon Willcock et Liliana Laranjo. « A network model of activities in primary care consultations ». Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 26, no 10 (22 avril 2019) : 1074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz046.
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Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to characterize the dynamic structure of primary care consultations by identifying typical activities and their inter-relationships to inform the design of automated approaches to clinical documentation using natural language processing and summarization methods. Materials and Methods This is an observational study in Australian general practice involving 31 consultations with 4 primary care physicians. Consultations were audio-recorded, and computer interactions were recorded using screen capture. Physical interactions in consultation rooms were noted by observers. Brief interviews were conducted after consultations. Conversational transcripts were analyzed to identify different activities and their speech content as well as verbal cues signaling activity transitions. An activity transition analysis was then undertaken to generate a network of activities and transitions. Results Observed activity classes followed those described in well-known primary care consultation models. Activities were often fragmented across consultations, did not flow necessarily in a defined order, and the flow between activities was nonlinear. Modeling activities as a network revealed that discussing a patient’s present complaint was the most central activity and was highly connected to medical history taking, physical examination, and assessment, forming a highly interrelated bundle. Family history, allergy, and investigation discussions were less connected suggesting less dependency on other activities. Clear verbal signs were often identifiable at transitions between activities. Discussion Primary care consultations do not appear to follow a classic linear model of defined information seeking activities; rather, they are fragmented, highly interdependent, and can be reactively triggered. Conclusion The nonlinearity of activities has significant implications for the design of automated information capture. Whereas dictation systems generate literal translation of speech into text, speech-based clinical summary systems will need to link disparate information fragments, merge their content, and abstract coherent information summaries.
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Gręźlikowski, Janusz. « Czym był dla Kościoła Sobór Trydencki (1545-1563) ? : (refleksje w 440-tą rocznicę od zakończenia obrad) ». Prawo Kanoniczne 46, no 3-4 (20 décembre 2003) : 171–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2003.46.3-4.07.
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In the history of canon law, as well as like in history of many other forms and aspects of ecclesiastical life, Trident Council (1545-1563) was of a great importance. Renovation work initiated by Council, thought as remedy for crisis situation intensified by reformation outbreak, was without any doubts a turning point not only in history of church legislation, but also in the history of Church itself. For hundred and forty years from ending of the conference of Trident Council is an occasion for discerning reflection over the role and importance of votes of that significant and grave event in the history of the Church, which was a great gift of the Spirit presented to the Church in hard times of XVIth century and turning point that started big, needed and salutary reform and renovation of the Church. Trident formed and changed the visage of Catholic Church more than any other ordinary Council except of The Und Vatican Council. The other Councils, despite their significance, influenced only specific areas of Church life, impressing their impact on them. It set a new direction and shape to the whole historical epoch. It was this Council that formed „catholic confession Church”, it gave him an order and shape in doctrinal and disciplinary area. Legal resolutions of the Council had first of all reformative character. Besides passing the resolutions, which had fundamental importance for Church’s work, as residency dictation, ban of benefices accumulation, establishing the clerical seminary, enforcing the obligatory legal form of marriages contracting or reform of religious law, the Council implemented all line of improvements and institutions started by Apostolic Capital.
The great gift of the Spirit, reforms and renovation presented to the Church of the half of XVIth century in resolutions of Trident Council was to release comprehensive trend of assimilation by individual countries, nations, church’s provinces and dioceses the basic decrees and resolution, which were taken by Council’s fathers. Before everything else, situation that the Church winded up in required all that, because Church was from one side menaced by developing reformation, from the other side it was afflicted by crisis of its structures and institutions, collapse of discipline of priesthood and declining religious life. This situation forced to take on changes and reforms programmed by the Tridentinum and which concern widely understood religious renovation referring to priesthood and secular congregation, as well as Church structures themselves. In the same time, the point was both to correct recognition of totality of Council’s reformatory resolutions and to definitely implement them and enforce into life of mentioned church units.
Acceptance of Trident resolutions meant the beginning of reforms on many areas of church and religious life. So no wonder, that efforts of popes from the end of XVIth century and the subsequent centuries were directed to propagate a conviction in Church’s consciousness, that Tridentinum should be recognized as not only the ultimate principle of faith, but also as rule of church discipline. Norms established earlier were integrated, specified and updated by Trident becoming a significant motor of further legislative activity of legislators in the Church. On the Council, foundations for development of modern canon law and its application in the Church were also set. Hereof, taking this all into consideration we can state, that this Council is a beginning of a new epoch for history of canon law. Its resolutions explained and determined dogmatic matters, strengthened organization and discipline in the Church, gave a new impulse to maintain shaken internal cohesion of the Church and created convenient conditions to take up offensive priestly action on wider scale. Thus they had significant impact on four centuries of life, activity and history of the church.
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Eichmeyer, Jennifer N., Dan Sayam Zuckerman, Thomas M. Beck, Nicolas Camilo, Patty Sproat et Christa Burnham. « The value of a genetic counselor for patient identification. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no 34_suppl (1 décembre 2012) : 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.97.
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97 Background: Advances in genetics are rapidly changing cancer care and requiring institutions to maximize the unique skills of genetics professionals. The identification of genetic syndromes is vital for prevention and management of families with high cancer risks. Despite this high risk patients and families who qualify for genetic counseling are not referred; this is due to increasing responsibilities on physicians. Genetic counselors could be utilized to review new oncology charts to improve identification. Methods: A genetics assessment tool developed by NCI Community Cancer Centers Program generated baseline measurements of 2010 tumor registry data of patients meeting NCCN guidelines for genetics evaluation. A weekly list of new oncology patients was provided to a genetic counselor who reviewed each H&P dictation focusing on the pathology, age, and family history sections. The genetic counselor notified the oncologist by email or through the EMR system, and the physician discussed genetic counseling with patient or approved the order. Post implementation of the chart review program was measured using 2011 tumor registry data. Results: In 2010 58% of total applicable patients were offered a genetics evaluation. In 2011 this improved to 70%. Based on disease type: 69% (breast), 59% (colon), 29% (ovary), and 20% (uterine) were offered a genetics evaluation in 2010. In 2011 these numbers were 76% (breast), 64% (colon), 91% (ovary), and 20% (uterine). Over a 10-month period a total of 122 patients were identified through the chart review program by the genetic counselor. Three of these were confirmed to have a genetic mutation for one of the hereditary cancer syndromes. An average week included review of 73 charts for 10 medical oncologists, 4 radiation oncologists, 4 pediatric oncologists, which generated 60 to 80 minutes of work weekly for the counselor. Conclusions: This program improved patient identification and allowed physicians to become more aware of opportunities for genetic consultation that led to a streamlined referral process and allowed more applicable patients to receive counseling and testing. Project funded in whole or part with Federal Funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Contract No. HHSN261200800001E.
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Zurovac, Mirko. « The law of force in the order of violence ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no 116-117 (2004) : 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0417063z.
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The author starts this discussion with the statement that the idea about the so-called "new world order" represents nothing new in the history of imperialist West, implying the plundering and enslaving character of western civilization, in spite of its many achievements with lasting significance for the human race. Today, the West builds its power on the development of science and technology. Science became the most productive force of contemporary mankind which enabled an impetus for a through restructuring of the world, and along with it a thorough change of man?s existence on Earth. Today, in the misuse of science and technology, some states ? industrially and economically developed ? find an efficient means to realize their imperialist goals. In the first part of the paper, the author describes and interprets methods and procedures used by the imperialist West in its attempt to rearrange the world according to the clich? of its plundering dictation. The imperialist West applied all these methods and procedures in the disintegration of the state community of the Yugoslav nations which was known in the entire world and singled out as an example of a multinational and multicultural community. The second part of the paper is dedicated to that topic; there, the author describes the idea and the way of realization of the monstrous plan whose goal was to destroy our country as the only guarantee of the survival of our nation in these regions. The socalled International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia should be placed in this context to understand the real goal of its foundation and the manner of its work. The goal of its foundation was and is basically twofold: 1) to ensure at least a kind of illusionary legitimity of these lies for the world public and thus conceal the crimes these countries did to the Serbian nation and 2) to force the Serbian nation to accept the most shameful form of capitulation which directly leads to the state of its enslavement. At the end, the author draws necessary conclusions which stem from such policy of the imperialist West and warns to the possible tragic consequences for the entire freedom-loving mankind.
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Harris, James. « Was Stalin a Weak Dictator ? » Journal of Modern History 75, no 2 (juin 2003) : 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380142.
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Healy, Maureen. « Dictator in a dumpster : Thoughts on history and garbage ». Rethinking History 3, no 1 (mars 1999) : 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642529908596334.
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Rees, Tim. « Franco : Anatomy of a Dictator, by Enrique Moradiellos ». English Historical Review 135, no 574 (juin 2020) : 732–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceaa122.
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Brel-Fournier, Yuliya, et Minion K. C. Morrison. « The Predicament of Europe’s ‘Last Dictator’ ». International Area Studies Review 24, no 3 (30 mai 2021) : 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22338659211018326.
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Belarusian citizens elected their first president in 1994. More than 20 years later, in October 2015, the same person triumphantly won the fifth consecutive presidential election. In August 2020, President Lukashenko’s attempt to get re-elected for the sixth time ended in months’ long mass protests against the electoral fraud, unspeakable violence used by the riot police against peaceful protesters and the deepest political crisis in the modern history of Belarus. This article analyzes how and why the first democratically elected Belarusian president attained this long-serving status. It suggests that his political longevity was conditioned by a specific social contract with the society that was sustained for many years. In light of the recent events, it is obvious that the contract is breached with the regime no longer living up to the bargain with the Belarusian people. As a result, the citizens seem unwilling to maintain their obligation for loyalty. We analyze the escalating daily price for maintaining the status quo and conclude considering the possible implications of this broken pact for the future of Belarus.
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Paludan, P. S. « "Dictator Lincoln" : Surveying Lincoln and the Constitution ». OAH Magazine of History 21, no 1 (1 janvier 2007) : 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/21.1.8.
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Thompson, Mark R. « The Specter of Neo-Authoritarianism in the Philippines ». Current History 115, no 782 (1 septembre 2016) : 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2016.115.782.220.
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Tukhbatullin, Farid, et Marjorie Farquharson. « Diary : After the Dictator ». Index on Censorship 36, no 2 (mai 2007) : 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220701333164.
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Wade, Owen. « The Treatment of a Dictator ». Journal of Medical Biography 11, no 2 (mai 2003) : 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200301100216.
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In 1973 Mr Richard Hughes, who was working on the third novel of his trilogy on the rise of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler, came to see me regarding a document, some 300 pages long, on the medical treatment given by Dr Theodore Morell to Hitler. The document had been obtained at the Nuremberg war trials. My original report to Hughes on the content of this document is reproduced here.
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Burgos, Claudio Hernandez. « Enrique Moradiellos, Franco : Anatomy of a Dictator ». European History Quarterly 48, no 4 (octobre 2018) : 757–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691418805350r.
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Burgos, Claudio Hernández. « Enrique Moradiellos, Franco : Anatomy of a Dictator ». European History Quarterly 49, no 2 (avril 2019) : 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691419839585t.
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Roth, Ulrike. « WAS CAMILLUS RIGHT ? ROMAN HISTORY AND NARRATOLOGICAL STRATEGY IN LIVY 5.49.2 ». Classical Quarterly 70, no 1 (mai 2020) : 212–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838820000385.
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This article deals with one particular aspect of Livy's narrative of the Gallic Sack of Rome, told in Book 5, and traditionally placed in 390 b.c.—namely the issue over the validity of the ransom agreement struck by the Romans with the Gauls. The broader context is well known—and needs only brief reiteration here. When the Gauls march on Rome, the Romans give battle at the river Allia, leading to a resounding Gallic victory. Most of the Romans flee the battlefield and then the city, except for a small group of both old and young, male and female, who hold out on the Capitoline Hill. That hill is subsequently put under siege by the Gauls. Following several months of beleaguerment, both sides are depicted as severely worn out by hunger and fighting. It is important for present purposes to stress that, when the Gauls stood at the gates and besieged the city, one of Rome's greatest heroes, Marcus Furius Camillus, was noticeably absent. Camillus was in neighbouring Ardea, some fifty miles south of Rome, training an army of Roman soldiers to challenge the Gallic invaders after his recent recall from exile and appointment to the dictatorship. But before Camillus’ return to Rome, the besieged Romans surrendered and agreed a ransom with the Gauls in order to liberate their city. The continuation of the story as given in Livy is equally well known. Camillus arrives in the middle of the ransom exchange, asking for the exchange to be stopped. Unsurprisingly, the Gauls are not keen on following Camillus’ orders, and insist on the ransom. Consequently, Camillus challenges the agreement between Romans and Gauls on a constitutional basis; the agreement was reached with a lesser magistrate after Camillus’ appointment to the dictatorship (5.49.2): cum illi renitentes pactos dicerent sese, negat eam pactionem ratam esse quae postquam ipse dictator creatus esset iniussu suo ab inferioris iuris magistratu facta esset, denuntiatque Gallis ut se ad proelium expediant.When they, resisting, said that they had come to an agreement, he [Camillus] denied that an agreement was valid which, after he himself had been made dictator, had been concluded by a magistrate of lower status without his instructions, and he announced to the Gauls that they should prepare themselves for battle.The constitutional argument has often been repeated by modern scholars. Ogilvie comments that ‘(t)he dictatorship was held to put all other magistracies into suspension.’ Feldherr notes similarly that, ‘(o)nce Camillus has been appointed dictator, his imperium supersedes that of the lesser magistrates who negotiated the surrender.’ And to explain why the Gauls nevertheless entered into negotiations in Camillus’ absence, Ross observes that ‘the Gauls, of course, could hardly have known either of Camillus’ appointment as dictator or of the fact that the dictatorship superseded all other magistracies.’
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John Rath, R. « The Dollfuß Ministry : The Democratic Prelude ». Austrian History Yearbook 29, no 1 (janvier 1998) : 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800014843.
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The typical dictator of the interwar period was, like Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, already a convinced fascist or authoritarian when he first came to power. This was not the case in Austria, where Engelbert Dollfuß, the semifascist dictator of 1934, was seemingly a genuine democrat when he was appointed chancellor in May 1932. Even his appointment was accidental. Had the Social Democrats accepted Ignaz Seipel's and Karl Buresch's overtures in 1931 to join the Christian Socials in a coalition government, Dollfuß might never have become chancellor. And had they not rejected a second effort by Buresch in April 1932 and demanded new elections, democratic government in Austria would have been strengthened rather than weakened.
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Kročanová, Dagmar. « Changes of Power and Coups D´État in Július Barč-Ivan’s Plays Diktátor [Dictator], Neznámy [The Unknown] and Veža [The Tower] ». Slovenske divadlo /The Slovak Theatre 66, no 2 (1 juin 2018) : 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sd-2018-0010.
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Abstract The paper discusses three lesser known and less frequently staged plays written by Július Barč-Ivan (1909 – 1953), namely Diktátor (Dictator), Neznámy (The Unknown), and Veža (The Tower). Dictator was supposed to be premiered at the Slovak National Theatre in 1937, but it was removed from the repertoire due to censorship. The Unknown was staged and published as a book in Turčiansky Sv. Martin in 1944. The Tower was premiered at the National Theatre, Košice in 1947, and published a year later. All three plays deal with politics and power, as well as with changes of authority and leadership in different historical settings. In order to discuss Barč-Ivan’s perception of the changes of power in history, the paper analyzes motives of social upheavals, coups d’état, and changes of leadership, as well as the portrayal of authorities, leaders, and the masses as dramatis personae in these three plays. It also discusses repartees and dialogues in the respective plays, wishing to show changes in Barč-Ivan’s elaboration of the theme between 1937 and 1947. The paper argues that Barč-Ivan gradually abandons the idea of eternal peace that was a key concept in his play Dictator; and in his play The Tower, he states that “the principle of love” can be only preserved by its counterpart – violence. Whereas in The Unknown the power was shaken but preserved, in both Dictator and The Tower a paradoxical replacement of original contrasting principles happened; and the opponents of the power ended up using the methods they originally rejected. The paper also claims that all three Barč-Ivan’s plays were an alternative to ideologies and politics of the era. They expressed historical pessimism based on a religious concept of history. Barč-Ivan believes that noble ideas inevitably remain contradictory to historical development: if they were applied successfully in societies, they would actually mean the end of history.
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Pargeter, Alison. « The Libyan Unraveling ». Current History 117, no 803 (1 décembre 2018) : 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2018.117.803.363.
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Restrepo Forero, Olga, et Diego Becerra Ardua. « ‘Lectio, disputatio, dictatio’ en el nombre de la ciencia : una polémica evolucionista en Colombia ». Historia Crítica, no 10 (janvier 1995) : 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit10.1995.04.
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Raudsepp, Anu. « Vaimse vastupanu püüded okupatsioonivõimudele Hugo Raudsepa 1940. aastate komöödiates ». Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 172, no 2 (31 décembre 2020) : 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2020.2.02.
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In the 1940s, the totalitarian occupying regimes of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union implemented the strictest control and ideological guidance of intellectual and spiritual life of all time in Estonia. Essentially, the mechanisms and results of control are known. Cultural life was subjected to strict pre-censorship and post-publication censorship, and in the Soviet era also to thematic dictation.
The intellectual and spiritual resistance of Estonians in those years, in other words their refusal to accept the ruling ideology, has been studied very little. The most widespread way of putting up intellectual and spiritual resistance was to remain silent, in other words to avoid creating works that were agreeable to the authorities. Selective silence, that is the selection of one’s points of emphasis, and splitting, in other words writing for oneself works that one keeps in one’s drawer while at the same time writing for publication in print, are also placed in this category. Recording actual history in diaries through the eyes of contemporaries of events, reading intellectually and spiritually enjoyable literature, and other such actions were ways of putting up intellectual and spiritual resistance.
The main objective of this study is to ascertain in historical context the attempts to put up intellectual and spiritual resistance in the comedies from the 1940s by Hugo Raudsepp (1883–1952), one of the most outstanding Estonian playwrights of the 20th century. Ideologically speaking, dramatic literature was clearly one of the most vulnerable branches of literature. It was created for public presentation in theatres, after all, for which reason authors had to be particularly careful in their wording. On the other hand, plays provided both authors and directors with opportunities to conceal messages between the lines. For this reason, theatre became exceedingly popular in Estonia by the final decades of the Soviet era. The ridicule and mocking of the Soviet regime were especially enjoyed.
The subjugation of Estonian intellectual and spiritual life to the ideological requirements of the occupying regime was launched at the time of pre-war Stalinism (1940–1941). Its aim was to rear Soviet-minded people who would help to justify, fortify and enhance the Soviet regime. The systematic control of the activities of creative persons and the working out of dictates and regulations were nevertheless not yet completed during the first year of Soviet rule. Many outstanding cultural figures remained silent or earned a living by translating texts. At that time, Hugo Raudsepp wrote the non-political novel Viimne eurooplane [The Last European], which is noteworthy to this day, while his plays from the period of independent Estonian statehood were not staged in theatres.
Starting with the German occupation (1941–1944), the point of departure for Hugo Raudsepp was writing between the lines in his comedies in order to get both readers and theatregoers to think and to give them strength of soul. In 1943, he wrote the comedy Vaheliku vapustused [Interspatial Jolts], which has later been styled as a masterpiece. He concealed numerous signs between the lines of this play referring to the fate of a small people, in other words Estonia, between its great neighbouring powers the Soviet Union and Germany. Performances of this play were soon banned. Performances in theatres of all other plays by Hugo Raudsepp were similarly banned, with one exception.
During post-war Stalinism in 1944–51, the sovietisation of Estonian cultural life resumed. Hugo Raudsepp did not initially write on topical Soviet themes, rather he sought subject matter from earlier times. His first play from that period entitled Rotid [Rats] (1946) was about the German occupation during the Second World War and it ridiculed the occupying Germans. Raudsepp also skilfully wove messages supporting Estonian cultural identity into the play. The play was staged in the Estonia Theatre but was soon banned.
Raudsepp’s second play from that period, Tagatipu Tiisenoosen (1946), earned first prize at the state comedy competition in that same year. The action in the play was set in the period of Estonian National Awakening at the end of the 19th century. It ridiculed Baltic Germans and the behaviour of parvenu Estonians. Similarly to his previous play, he demonstrated nationalist mentality in this comedy by way of nationalist songs. It is noteworthy that by the summer of 1947, Tagatipu Tiisenoosen had also reached expatriate Estonians and it was staged with an altered title as the only Stalinist- era play from Soviet Estonia in Canada (1952), Australia (1954) and Sweden (1956).
The thematic precepts imposed on Estonian writers and the mechanism for ensuring that those precepts were followed became even stricter starting in 1947. Raudsepp wrote his next 7 plays on required Soviet subject matter: post-war land reform (Tillereinu peremehed [The Owners of Tillereinu], 1947), monetary reform (Noorsulane Ilmar [Ilmar the Young Farmhand], 1948), kolkhozes (Küpsuseksam [Matriculation Exam] and Lasteaed [Kindergarten], 1949, Mineviku köidikuis [In the Fetters of the Past] (1950) and his so-called Viimane näidend [Last Play], 1950 or 1951), and the beginning of the Soviet regime in Estonia in 1940 (Pööripäevad Kikerpillis [Solstices in Kikerpill], 1949). Hugo Raudsepp skilfully wove words of wisdom for Estonians on surviving under foreign rule through the mouths of his characters, or discreetly laughed about Soviet reality in a way that the censors did not grasp.
Post-war cultural policy culminated with the 8th Plenum of the Estonian Communist (Bolshevist) Party (EC(B)P) Central Committee on 21–26 March 1950, where among other things, the EC(B)P Central Committee Bureau was accused of allowing the exaltation of the superiority of Western European science and culture. Cultural figures were branded bourgeois nationalists and they faced serious ordeals. The fate of the great figure of Estonian dramatic literature was very harsh. Hugo Raudsepp was depicted as a ‘fascist henchman’ in 1950. He was expelled from the Estonian Writers’ Union and was deprived of his personal pension. He was arrested on 11 May 1951. Opposition to the Soviet regime was stressed in the charges presented to him. His play Vaheliku vapustused, which the German occupying regime had banned, and his only play that was allowed at that time, Lipud tormis [Flags in the Storm], were named as the primary evidence supporting the charges. Hugo Raudsepp was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in the autumn of 1951. He hoped to the last possible moment that he would be allowed to serve his sentence in Estonia. Unfortunately, on 18 February 1952 he was sent by train from Tallinn to Narva and on 19 February on to Leningrad. From there his journey took him to Vjatka, Kirov and finally Irkutsk oblast. This great man’s health was poor, and he soon died on 15 September 1952.
Very few new literary works appeared in the 1940s. The historical nadir is altogether seen in post-war book production in the era of Stalinism. Estonian theatre was similarly in a most difficult situation due to censorship, shortage of repertoire, scarcity of funding, and layoffs and sackings of theatre personnel. Nowadays the survival of theatre at the time, regardless of difficult times, is appreciated, and actors are recognised for preserving Estonian identity and uniting the people.
Hugo Raudsepp’s role as a playwright in supporting intellectual and spiritual resistance to foreign authorities has to be recognised on the basis of his occupation-era comedies. Hugo Raudsepp was one of the most productive authors of his day, writing a total of 11 plays in 1943–51. According to the assessment of scholars of literature, he never once rose with these works to the leading-edge level of his previous works. It was impossible to create masterpieces that would become classics in that time of strict ideological precepts and the monitoring of their observance. Taking into consideration the extremely restricted creative conditions, his works were still masterpieces of their time. As Hugo Raudsepp’s oeuvre demonstrates, spirit still managed to cleverly trump power regardless of censorship and official precepts. The denunciation of Stalin’s personality cult in 1956 once again opened the door to the theatre for Hugo Raudsepp’s best comedies from Estonia’s era of independent statehood. The witticism and laughter of Hugo Raudsepp’s comedies gave people renewed strength of soul.
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Sieder, Rachel. « Dictating Democracy : Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution ». Hispanic American Historical Review 83, no 2 (1 mai 2003) : 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-83-2-421.
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Bosworth, R. J. B., et Carl Ipsen. « Dictating Demography : The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy ». American Historical Review 103, no 4 (octobre 1998) : 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651281.
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Takhbatullin, Farid. « Rukhnamania : Fantasies of a Dictator ». Index on Censorship 35, no 3 (août 2006) : 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220600882147.
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DiMaggio, Kenneth, et Carl Antonucci. « The Dictator Stays in the Picture : The Forgotten History of a Controversial Mural ». International Journal of the Image 4, no 2 (2014) : 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2154-8560/cgp/v04i02/44101.
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Thornborrow, Joanna. « Dictating to the mob : the history of the BBC advisory committee on spoken English ». Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41, no 9 (4 décembre 2019) : 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1661202.
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Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan. « The lex Valeria and Sulla’s empowerment as dictator (82-79 BCE) ». Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 15, no 1 (2004) : 37–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ccgg.2004.858.
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Alonso, Alexandra Délano. « The Rebels Who Fought Mexican and US Oppression ». Current History 122, no 841 (1 février 2023) : 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.841.78.
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In 2022, Mexico commemorated the centenary of the death of Ricardo Flores Magón, whose work with his brothers as newspaper publishers and leaders of a political movement helped bring about the fall of a Mexican dictator. Their cross-border activities also challenged white supremacy in the United States.