Thèses : « History – methods »

1

Pragya, Samani Pratibha. « Prekṣā meditation : history and methods ». Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2017. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24340/.

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This study is an attempt to trace the history and development of prekṣā-dhyāna (perception meditation), developed in the last quarter of the twentieth century by Ācārya Mahāprajña (1920-2010), the tenth ācārya of the Jaina Śvetāmbara Terāpanth sect. Prekṣā-dhyāna represents a new synthesis of ancient Jaina ascetic techniques, classical ritualistic meditative elements, and modern science, aimed at an audience that is global and inclusive of Jainas and non-Jainas alike. The argument of the thesis is that prekṣā-dhyāna is an expression of Jaina modernism that has a firm foothold in the world of international meditative practices. The study uses textual sources to provide a historical overview of the Jaina meditative tradition in an area that has not yet been explored. It examines the theory and practice of prekṣā-dhyāna in detail. It demonstrates that Mahāprajña's construction of the prekṣā-dhyāna system integrates seven distinct sources: (i) Jaina textual accounts of meditative practices (ii) elements of Hindu yoga systems (iii) elements of Buddhist vipassanā meditation (iv) Āyurvedic concepts (v) Astronomical elements (vi) modern science and (vii) reflections on his own experiences and explorations. Finally, twentieth century Jaina meditative systems other than prekṣā-dhyāna, newly developed by mendicants from the Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka and Sthānakavāsī traditions have been examined and their similarities and differences vis-à-vis prekṣā-dhyāna investigated. The reasons for the current proliferation of these new systems of meditation in the Jaina tradition have also been examined. This thesis demonstrates that Mahāprajña's innovative use of scientific concepts, which was not previously incorporated within Jaina meditation systems, is unique and represents an important step towards Jaina modernism.

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Tjia, Dewi. « Statistical Methods for History Matching of Hydrological Model ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/57347.

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Four history matching methods were used to calibrate the parameters of the LUCICAT model for three catchments in Western Australia. The methods used were ant colony optimization (ACOR and DACOR), Robust Parameter Estimation and Gauss Levenberg Marquadt. These methods were applied directly and indirectly, and in the latter case multidimensional Kriging and artificial neural networks were used to build proxy models for LUCICAT. All HM methods performed favourably well.

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Siregar, Mulya E. « Time series analysis of mortgage choice : history, theory, and methods / ». The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487953567772079.

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Ying, PuLe, et LingZhi Fan. « Methods For Test Case Prioritization Based On Test Case Execution History ». Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14785.

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Motivation: Test case prioritization can prioritize test cases, optimize the test execution, save time and cost. There are many different methods for test case prioritization, test case prioritization method based on test case execution history is one kind of them. Based on the test case execution history, it’s easier to increase the rate of fault detection, hence we want to do a study about test case prioritization methods based on the test case execution history. Meanwhile, executing the feasible methods to compare the effectiveness of them. For the motivation of the thesis may be regarded as an example for experiencing approach for comparing test case prioritizations based on test case execution history, or as a study case for identifying the suitable methods to use and help improve the effectiveness of the testing process. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to look for a suitable test case prioritization method that can support risk based testing, in which test case execution history is employed as the key criterion of evaluation. For this research, there are three main objectives. First, explore and summarize methods of test case prioritization based on test case history. Next, identify what are differences among the test case prioritization methods. Finally, execute the methods which we selected, and compare the effectiveness of methods. Methods: To achieve the first and the second study objectives, a systematic literature review has been conducted using Kitchenham guidelines. To achieve the third study objective, an experiment was conducted following Wohlin guidelines. Results: In our thesis: 1) We conducted a systematic literature review and selected 15 relevant literatures. We extracted data of the literatures and then we synthesized the data. We found that the methods have different kinds of inputs, test levels, maturity levels, validation and "automated testing or manual testing". 2) We selected two feasible methods from those 15 literatures, Method 1 is Adaptive test-case prioritization and Method 2 is Similarity-based test quality metric. We executed the methods within 17 test suites. Comparing the result of two methods and non-prioritization, the mean Average Percentage of Defects Found (APFD) of Adaptive test-case prioritization execution result (86.9%) is significantly higher than non-prioritization (51.5%) and Similarity-based test quality metric (47.5%), it means that the Adaptive test-case prioritization has higher effectiveness. Conclusion: In our thesis, existing test case prioritization methods based on test case execution history are extracted and listed out through systematic literature review. The summary of them and the description of differences can be available in the thesis. The 15 relevant literatures and the synthesized data may be as a guideline for relevant software researchers or testers. We did the statistical test for the experimental result, we can see two different test case prioritization methods have different effectiveness.

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Nicholson, George. « Statistical methods for inferring human population history from multi-locus genetic data ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275404.

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Stewart, Catherine Helen. « Multilevel modelling of event history data : comparing methods appropriate for large datasets ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2007/.

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Abstract When analysing medical or public health datasets, it may often be of interest to measure the time until a particular pre-defined event occurs, such as death from some disease. As it is known that the health status of individuals living within the same area tends to be more similar than for individuals from different areas, event times of individuals from the same area may be correlated. As a result, multilevel models must be used to account for the clustering of individuals within the same geographical location. When the outcome is time until some event, multilevel event history models must be used. Although software does exist for fitting multilevel event history models, such as MLwiN, computational requirements mean that the use of these models is limited for large datasets. For example, to fit the proportional hazards model (PHM), the most commonly used event history model for modelling the effect of risk factors on event times, in MLwiN a Poisson model is fitted to a person-period dataset. The person-period dataset is created by rearranging the original dataset so that each individual has a line of data corresponding to every risk set they survive until either censoring or the event of interest occurs. When time is treated as a continuous variable so that each risk set corresponds to a distinct event time, as is the case for the PHM, the size of the person-period dataset can be very large. This presents a problem for those working in public health as datasets used for measuring and monitoring public health are typically large. Furthermore, individuals may be followed-up for a long period of time and this can also contribute to a large person-period dataset. A further complication is that interest may be in modelling a rare event, resulting in a high proportion of censored observations. This can also be problematic when estimating multilevel event history models. Since multilevel event history models are important in public health, the aim of this thesis is to develop these models so they can be fitted to large datasets considering, in particular, datasets with long periods of follow-up and rare events. Two datasets are used throughout the thesis to investigate three possible alternatives to fitting the multilevel proportional hazards model in MLwiN in order to overcome the problems discussed. The first is a moderately-sized Scottish dataset, which will be the main focus of the thesis, and is used as a ‘training dataset’ to explore the limitations of existing software packages for fitting multilevel event history models and also for investigating alternative methods. The second dataset, from Sweden, is used to test the effectiveness of each alternative method when fitted to a much larger dataset. The adequacy of the alternative methods are assessed on the following criteria: how effective they are at reducing the size of the person-period dataset, how similar parameter estimates obtained from using methods are compared to the PHM and how easy they are to implement. The first alternative method involves defining discrete-time risk sets and then estimating discrete-time hazard models via multilevel logistic regression models fitted to a person-period dataset. The second alternative method involves aggregating the data of individuals within the same higher-level units who have the same values for the covariates in a particular model. Aggregating the data like this means that one line of data is used to represent all such individuals since these individuals are at risk of experiencing the event of interest at the same time. This method is termed ‘grouping according to covariates’. Both continuous-time and discrete-time event history models can be fitted to the aggregated person-period dataset. The ‘grouping according to covariates’ method and the first method, which involves defining discrete-time risk sets, are both implemented in MLwiN and pseudo-likelihood methods of estimation are used. The third and final method to be considered, however, involves fitting Bayesian event history (frailty) models and using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods of estimation. These models are fitted in WinBUGS, a software package specially designed to make practical MCMC methods available to applied statisticians. In WinBUGS, an additive frailty model is adopted and a Weibull distribution is assumed for the survivor function. Methodological findings were that the discrete-time method led to a successful reduction in the continuous-time person-period dataset; however, it was necessary to experiment with the length of time intervals in order to have the widest interval without influencing parameter estimates. The grouping according to covariates method worked best when there were, on average, a larger number of individuals per higher-level unit, there were few risk factors in the model and little or none of the risk factors were continuous. The Bayesian method could be favourable as no data expansion is required to fit the Weibull model in WinBUGS and time is treated as a continuous variable. However, models took a much longer time to run using MCMC methods of estimation as opposed to likelihood methods. This thesis showed that it was possible to use a re-parameterised version of the Weibull model, as well as a variance expansion technique, to overcome slow convergence by reducing correlation in the Markov chains. This may be a more efficient way to reduce computing time than running further iterations.

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Baso, Giacomo. « Toward a Universal Model for the Mass Accretion History of Dark Matter Halos in Cosmological Simulations ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425859.

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It is now well established that a large percentage of the energy density of the universe is in the form of non-baryonic dark matter, a still unidentified type of matter that does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation. At the present time, most of the dark matter is virialized in large structures called ‘halos’ which formed via hierarchical clustering, a series of subsequent mergers of smaller halos originating from the growth of the perturbations of the density field of the early universe. The study of this tree of mergers, and of its main branch, is of primary importance in understanding the properties of halos at the present time. The primary tools for the study of the evolution of structures in the non-linear regime are large numerical simulations, that evolve some suitable initial conditions by numerical integration of the gravity equations. We will present our set of simulations, partly developed in the context of this work. By exploiting the large statistic and dynamical range provided, we will present our refinement and expansion of a previous model for the mass accretion history of the halos, greatly expanding its applicability. In particular, our model will allow us to characterize both the median mass accretion history as well as the full halo-to-halo distribution, and we will discuss some applications. Studying the scatter of the distribution, we will present a preliminary analysis of the percentile distributions of mass accretion histories. Despite non-conclusive results, we will provide a characterization that can be useful in checking the validity of methods to generate synthetic merger trees. We will argue for the universality of the model, which allows us to apply our results to massive neutrino cosmologies. Multiple experiments in recent years confirmed the existence of flavor oscillations in the propagation of neutrino fluxes, a phenomenon usually interpreted as the effect of a nonzero mass for the neutrinos together with a mixing of the flavor and mass eigenstates. The presence of non-zero neutrino masses has severe cosmological implications, causing in particular a slowdown in the growth and evolution of the structures on small scales. We will illustrate how to modify our model to account for these effects.
È ormai ben accettato che una grande percentuale della densità di energia dell’universo è sotto forma di materia oscura non barionica, un tipo ancora identificato di materia che non emette o interagisce con la radiazione elettromagnetica. Attualmente, la maggior parte della materia oscura è virializzata in grandi strutture chiamate ‘aloni’ formatisi tramite clustering gerarchico, una serie di fusioni successive di aloni più piccoli originatisi dalla crescita delle perturbazioni del campo di densità dell’universo primordiale. Lo studio di questo albero di fusioni, e del suo ramo principale, è di primaria importanza per la comprensione delle proprietà degli aloni al tempo attuale. Gli strumenti principali per lo studio dell’evoluzione delle strutture in regime non lineare sono grandi simulazioni numeriche, che evolvono opportune condizioni iniziali per integrazione numerica delle equazioni della gravità. Presenteremo il nostro set di simulazioni, in parte sviluppate nel contesto di questo lavoro. Sfruttando l’ampia statistica e gamma dinamica fornita, presenteremo il nostro raffinamento ed espansione di un modello precedente per la storia di accrescimento di massa degli aloni, ampliando notevolmente la sua applicabilità. In particolare, il nostro modello ci permette di caratterizzare sia la storia di formazione mediana sia la distribuzione completa degli aloni, e ne discuteremo qualche applicazione. Studiando lo scatter della distribuzione, presenteremo un’analisi preliminare delle distribuzioni percentili delle storie di accrescimento di massa. Nonostante i risultati non siano conclusivi, forniremo una caratterizzazione che può risultare utile per controllare la validità di metodi per generare alberi di fusioni sintetici. Discuteremo dell’universalità del modello, che ci permette di applicare i nostri risultati a cosmologie di neutrini massivi. Diversi esperimenti negli ultimi anni hanno confermato l’esistenza di oscillazioni di sapore nella propagazione di flussi di neutrini, un fenomeno di solito interpretato come l’effetto di una massa non nulla per i neutrini insieme ad un mixing degli autostati di sapore e di massa. La presenza di masse non nulle dei neutrini ha grandi implicazioni cosmologiche, provocando in particolare un rallentamento della crescita e dell’evoluzione delle strutture su piccola scala. Illustreremo come modificare il nostro modello per tenere conto di questi effetti.

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Kolodyazhny, V. M. « Atomic Functions : the History of the Formation, Development and Practical Application ». Thesis, NTU "KhPI", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/24749.

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Atomic functions are infinitely differentiable compactly supported solutions of functional differential equations of a special type. After the first successful building of the functions performed by VL Rvachev and VA Rvachev in the 70s of the previous century, different classes of the atomic functions of one and several variables were studied, which have found application in the solution of various problems of mathematical analysis and mathematical modeling of practical problems. Generalization of atomic functions to the case of several variables associated with the expansion of their possible application to solving boundary value problems in partial derivatives had been considered, in particular, and the development of new methods for the numerical solution of such tasks. Mathematical tools based on atomic functions of several variables have the necessary properties of universality and locality, to be requested in the practice of numerical solutions of boundary value problems. The study of functional differential equations, which are used for their formation other differential operators, fo rexample, Laplace, Helmholtz, biharmonic operators et al., leads to the construction of the special form of atomic functions. The atomic functions form the classes radial basis functions that allow you to develop on their basis meshless scheme of solving boundary value problems. In comparison with the known radial basis functions atomic radial basis functions have advantages, namely, are infinitely smooth, satisfy the functional-differential equation, effectively computable, have explicit formulas for the calculation of the Fourier transform.

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Lipson, Mark (Mark Israel). « New statistical genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89873.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics, 2014.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 165-173).
In the last few decades, the study of human history has been fundamentally changed by our ability to detect the signatures left within our genomes by adaptations, migrations, population size changes, and other processes. Rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology have now made it possible to interrogate these signals at unprecedented levels of detail, but extracting more complex information about the past from patterns of genetic variation requires new and more sophisticated models. This thesis presents a suite of sensitive and efficient statistical tools for learning about human history and evolution from large-scale genetic data. We focus first on the problem of admixture inference and describe two new methods for determining the dates, sources, and proportions of ancestral mixtures between diverged populations. These methods have already been applied to a number of important historical questions, in particular that of tracing the course of the Austronesian expansion in Southeast Asia. We also report a new approach for estimating the human mutation rate, a fundamental parameter in evolutionary genetics, and provide evidence that it is higher than has been proposed in recent pedigree-based studies.
by Mark Lipson.
Ph. D.

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Hutahaean, Junko Jhonson Juntianus. « Multi-objective methods for history matching, uncertainty prediction and optimisation in reservoir modelling ». Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3308.

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Robust decision-making and reliable forecasting uncertainty are the two key factors to the success of modern reservoir development and management. The reason is straightforward: signi1cant capital investments are involved (i.e. hundreds of millions of dollars or more) by an incomplete understanding of the oil and gas reservoirs developed. Hence, wellinformed decision-making with a good knowledge of the reservoir has always been a critical component in the risk-based oil and gas industry. The research in this thesis focuses on developing solutions for robust decision-making and reliable forecasting using multi-objective methods to history matching and reservoir development optimisation within a Bayesian approach for uncertainty quanti1cation. The multi-objective approach on history matching can 1nd an ensemble of diverse set and good matched models. This diverse set of good matched models is essential for reliable and yet realistic uncertainty prediction of future 1eld behaviours. Additionally, the models from multi-objective history matching also can be used in the reservoir development optimisation to obtain robust decision under uncertainty. Several challenges in the framework of multi-objective history matching, uncertainty quanti1cation and optimisation have been identi1ed and investigated in this thesis. These challenges include: (1) impact of the uncertainty in the model parameterisation on the forecast reliability; (2) history matching e6ciency in case of many matched-criteria and the way they can be grouped into multiple objectives; (3) the problem with a high number of objectives; and (4) reservoir development optimisation under uncertainty. The thesis proposes solutions for each of the challenges mentioned above through extensive studies on both synthetic and real 1eld cases supported by rigour statistical evaluations. The opportunity o:ered by multi-objective to generate an ensemble of a diverse set of good matched models has been explored to handle the 1rst challenge. A novel technique on how to group and select the objective grouping properly for multi-objective history matching has been proposed to address the second challenge. A recently proposed manyobjective optimisation algorithm has been applied to cope with the third challenge. Finally, a new workflow for reservoir development optimisation under uncertainty to obtain robust and reliable uncertainty estimation in the optimisation forecast is proposed.

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Morrow, S. F. « Motives and methods of the London Missionary Society in Northern Rhodesia 1887-1941 ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332471.

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Lawrence, Nathaniel Jo-Walker. « Fire History of an Acidic Barrens Complex : A Methods Assessment of Fire Return Intervals ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99958.

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Fire-scarred trees provide an important source of data and direct evidence for understanding past fires and vegetation dynamics. Although dendrochronological fire scar records provide fine-scale temporal and spatial resolution, limitations exist in the development, analysis, and interpretation of these fire history datasets. In order to assess these limitations, we applied a systematic gridded sampling scheme to a 4-hectare study area located in the Ridge and Valley Province of northeastern Pennsylvania. We mapped and described a total of 155 fire-scarred trees within a 50-meter resolution grid, noting the species, health status, and basal scar orientation for each tree. Additionally, we cut a full or partial cross section from 58 fire-scarred pitch pine (Pinus rigida) for the purpose of assessing multiple "filtering" techniques and for the development of a fire interval simulation model. The simulation model randomly selected trees from each grid cell to estimate fire return intervals at multiple spatial scales. Our results indicate that fire return intervals are dependent upon the definition of "recorder" years and influenced by various filtering methods, including minimum number and minimum percentage of trees scarred. For example, the number and length of fire intervals was greater when years prior to the initial scar were considered "non-recording" vs. "recording" and when a percentage scarred filter was applied. The simulation model provides an additional range of fire interval estimations that can be used by land managers to guide forest restoration and fire management objectives.
Master of Science

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Burgess, Sarah Elisabeth. « Membrane transport studies : novel methods, model systems and thermodynamics ». Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2005. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6121/.

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The work in this thesis shows that it is possible to design a diffusion cell which will allow access to the flux and lag time of a permeant without the need for invasive sampling and that this novel cell is both sensitive and reproducible. It was also shown that the cell could be used in conjunction with both simple model membranes and more complex biological membranes, namely the epidermis. From the data achieved from the cell it was possible to derive a series of equations which allowed access to thermodynamic parameters such as ?H, ?G and ?S. An extension of this calculational approach revealed that manipulation of the van’t Hoff isochore, under the condition where enthalpy is constant over the temperature range, it should be possible to calculate the partition coefficient. Ultimately these parameters can be used in the description of structure activity relationships. The systems described in this thesis are of a complex biological nature consequently the returned data reflect this complexity. In order to utilise the data to their full potential some method for dealing with this complexity was sought. One approach widely discussed in the literature is that of chemometric analysis or soft modelling. Initial studies into the use of chemometric analysis proved positive for the data presented in this thesis, and suggested that formulation contributions from components with close absorbance maxima could be separated.

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Alqhtani, Manal. « Methods for accurate evaluation of population abundance from ecological data ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8740/.

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An accurate evaluation of total population density is required in many ecological and biological field. To protect crops from pest attacks, the population density of pests must be evaluated adequately. Accurate information obtained as a result of trapping in ecological monitoring is beneficial for decision-making purposes when implementing a control action. In pest monitoring, a classic technique of evaluating density based on a statistical method may result in poor accuracy. Accuracy can be optimised by applying alternative numerical integration methods to the problem. We explain how insufficient information regarding population density negatively affects the accuracy of estimation. Consequently, a coarse grid problem arises where the numerical integration methods are no longer valid. The evaluation of integration error is now a random variable and the probabilistic approach is used, due to the uncertainty in sampling data. In this thesis several population models have been considered to explain that the value of correlation coefficient on a coarse sampling grid is lost even if the true value is close to one. Phenomenon of ghost synchronization has been observed when the value of correlation coefficient on a coarse sampling grid is close to one but in reality the dynamics are not correlated.

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Fearnley, Andrew. « Methods to madness : race, knowledge, and American psychiatry, 1880-2000 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610655.

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Zoino, Jayson Jon. « Field Methods, Sampling Strategies, Historical Documents, and Data Redundancy| A Study of Historic Tenant Farmsteads in Leflore County, Mississippi ». Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10640045.

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Historic tenant farmsteads are often thought to be redundant archaeological resources because of their limited temporal range and function which acts to limit the diversity of their archaeological assemblages. However, work has not been done that confirms this equivalence, and archaeologists often write off tenant farmsteads as being too modern or too disturbed to warrant investigation. This is a problematic approach as tenant farmsteads are quickly eroding from the American landscape and a representative sample of sites need to be investigated and preserved before they’re gone. This thesis tests different sampling strategies and field methods that may allow for the efficient investigation of tenant farmsteads without jeopardizing historical knowledge. The results show that the sites studied in this thesis are in fact redundant and a number of different methods can be used to investigate them in a much more efficient manner.

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Napier, Christopher John. « Researching accounting changes in a period of change : theories and methods of accounting history ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436916.

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Demetriou, P. A. « An exhibition of hidden stories : investigating methods of staging and performing oral history archives ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701830.

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Kresak, Adam M. « The Technological History of Immunohistochemical Methods and Applications in Clinical Cancer Diagnosis and Research ». Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1531755545522738.

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Heidari, Leila. « History-matching of petroleum reservoir models by the ensemble Kalman filter and parameterization methods ». Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00581082.

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Le calage historique permet l'intégration de données acquises après la production dans la construction de modèles de réservoir. Le filtre de Kalman d'ensemble (EnKF) est une méthode d'assimilation (ou calage historique) séquentielle capable d'intégrer les données mesurées dès qu'ils sont obtenus. Ce travail est basé sur l'application de l' EnKF pour le calage historique et est divisé en deux sections principales. La première section traite l'application de la EnKF à plusieurs cas d'études afin de mieux comprendre les avantages et les inconvénients de la méthode. Ces cas d'étude incluent deux cas d'étude synthétiques (un simple et un plutôt complexe), un modèle de faciès et un modèle de réservoir réel. Dans la plupart des cas, la méthode a réussi à reproduire les données mesurées. Les problèmes rencontrés sont expliqués et des solutions possibles sont proposées. La seconde partie traite deux nouveaux algorithmes proposé en combinant l'EnKF avec deux méthodes de paramétrisation: méthode des points pilotes et méthode de déformation graduelle, permettant la préservation les propriétés statistiques de l'ordre de deux (moyenne et covariance). Les deux algorithmes développés sont appliqués au cas d'étude synthétique simple : la première méthode peut réussir avec un nombre suffisant et un bon positionnement des points pilotes. Pour la déformation graduelle, l'application peut réussir si l'ensemble de fond est assez grand
History-matching enables integration of data acquired after the production in the reservoir model building workflow. Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is a sequential assimilation or history-matching method capable of integrating the measured data as soon as they are obtained. This work is based on the EnKF application for History-matching purposes and is divided into two main sections. First section deals with the application of the EnKF to several case studies in order to better understand the merits and shortcomings of the method. These case studies include two synthetic case studies (a simple one and a rather complex one), a Facies model and a real reservoir model. In most cases the method is successful in reproducing the measured data. The encountered problems are explained and possible solutions are proposed. Second section deals with two newly proposed algorithms combining the EnKF with two parameterization methods: pilot point method and gradual deformation method, which are capable of preserving second order statistical properties (mean and covariance). Both developed algorithms are applied to the simple synthetic case study. For the pilot point method, the application was successful through an adequate number and proper positioning of pilot points. In case of the gradual deformation, the application can be successful provided the background ensemble is large enough. For both cases, some improvement scenarios are proposed and further applications to more complex scenarios are recommended

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Himes, Alisha N. « An Historical Analysis of the Perception of Pain & ; Pain Management Methods from 1800-1945 ». Walsh University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=walsh1587571133744558.

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Watkins, Mark N. « Technology and the history-social science framework ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1055.

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MacDonald, Alexander M. « Decorated Vitrolite pigmented structural glass : its development, applications, and methods of production, 1907-1958 ». Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1327783.

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Pigmented structural glass started being produced in the early years of the twentieth century, reached its height in popularity during the 1930's, and was no longer produced by 1960s. Vitrolite was one of the most popular brands of pigmented structural glass, It was first used as a white glass background for decalcomania advertisements and as cladding in areas were sanitation was desired. Several types of applied decoration were developed for Vitrolite that helped to expand it's applications in building beyond sanitary applications. These types of decoration include painted, sand-blasted, inlaid, laminated, agate, and surface textured designs. Decorated Vitrolite was commonly used on store fronts, in signage, and for restaurant interiors and lobbies. All decorated Vitrolite was completed in the Vitrolite factory prior to shipping to customers. The processes of creating the various types of ornamentation, how they developed, and their applications are the focus of this thesis.
Department of Architecture

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EIRite, Kimberly Ann, Laura Ann Stanley, Randi Dawn Seligson et Deborah Ann Trautner. « An integrated approach to teaching history in the middle schools ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1196.

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Niese, Derrick A. « PELTASTS AND JAVELINEERS IN CLASSICAL GREEK WARFARE : ROLES, TACTICS, AND FIGHTING METHODS ». Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1334275977.

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Lo, Wen-Tzu. « A comparative study of the guitar and the Chinese lute-pipa : an overview of their origins, construction, and techniques ». Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1117658.

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This dissertation is a comparative study of the classical guitar and the Pipa. One of the most popular plucked string instruments in the Western Hemisphere is the guitar and in the East, the Chinese pipa. The guitar and the pipa are the distant relatives and both share many commonalities in their history, technique, and construction. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the origins of the instruments, to show the similarities and dissimilarities of construction, and to compare the techniques used for both instruments.The study consists of six chapters. Chapter I presents introductory information as well as the purpose, significance, procedures, and delimitation of the study. Chapter II, a review of related literature, provides a brief description and evaluation of important sources utilized. Chapter III presents a brief history of the classical guitar and the Chinese pipa. Chapter IV provides an overview of the construction in which related to tone production itself of the guitar and the pipa. Chapter V gives a thorough discussion of the techniques used in both instruments. This chapter is further subdivided into four sections: Tone production, Right hand technique, Left hand technique, and "Special" techniques with regard to the use of timbre.By making comparisons between the guitar and the pipa, composers, performers, and luthiers would benefit. By learning the musical possibilities of each instrument, composers could expand the repertoire of each by borrowing their respective musical characteristics. Performers could improve both their techniques as well as add techniques to enhance their own musicality. Finally, luthiers would be able to experiment with their methods of building and perhaps produce higher quality instruments. The author hopes that the findings of this study, therefore, will not only add to musical knowledge in a global society, but also encourage further study.
School of Music

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Carlsson, Emma. « "Som vilken sagoberättelse som helst" : Fem lärare berättar om sin historieundervisning i mångkulturella klassrum ». Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, Samhällsstudier och didaktik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36388.

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Samhället och skolan är idag en mångkulturell plats och i vissa klassrum har mer än hälften av eleverna utländsk bakgrund. Det finns en motsättning mellan det mångkulturella klassrummet och fokuseringen på den svenska historien i kursplanen i historia för årskurs 4–6. Identitetsutvecklingen kan försvåras för elever med utländsk bakgrund i och med att de inte får lära sig om sitt ursprung i skolan. Studiens syfte har därför varit att undersöka hur lärare anpassar undervisningen för att möta elevers identitetsutveckling utifrån elevernas etniska och kulturella bakgrund. Studien har en hermeneutisk teoretiska ansats. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem lärare som undervisar historia i årskurs 4–6 framkom det att lärarna främst anpassar arbetssätt efter elevernas språkliga svårigheter och inte deras bakgrund. Lärarna ser dock elevernas olikheter som en stor tillgång i undervisningen.
Today both society and school is a multicultural meeting place and in some classrooms more than half of the students have a foreign background. There is a divergence between the multicultural classroom and the focus on the Swedish history in the syllabus in history. The identity development can be hampered for students with foreign background if they don’t get to learn about their origin in school. The aim of this study has therefore been to examine how teachers adapt their teaching to meet pupils’ identity development based on the pupils’ ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The theoretical approach of the study is hermeneutic. Trough semi structured interviews with five teachers that teach history in grade 4–6 emerged that the teachers mainly adapt their teaching methods due to the pupils’ linguistic difficulties and they don’t adapt the content due to the students’ background. Though the teachers see the pupils’ differences as an access in the teaching.

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Boydell, Christine. « Marion Dorn : a study of the working methods of the female professional textile designer in the 1920s and 1930s ». Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317295.

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Lian, Duan. « Bayesian methods for inverse problems ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4000e98-7d56-4274-8210-a22b04be436c.

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This thesis describes two novel Bayesian methods: the Iterative Ensemble Square Filter (IEnSRF) and the Warp Ensemble Square Root Filter (WEnSRF) for solving the barcode detection problem, the deconvolution problem in well testing and the history matching problem of facies patterns. For the barcode detection problem, at the expanse of overestimating the posterior uncertainty, the IEnSRF efficiently achieves successful detections with very challenging real barcode images which the other considered methods and commercial software fail to detect. It also performs reliable detection on low-resolution images under poor ambient light conditions. For the deconvolution problem in well testing, the IEnSRF is capable of quantifying estimation uncertainty, incorporating the cumulative production data and estimating the initial pressure, which were thought to be unachievable in the existing well testing literature. The estimation results for the considered real benchmark data using the IEnSRF significantly outperform the existing methods in the commercial software. The WEnSRF is utilised for solving the history matching problem of facies patterns. Through the warping transformation, the WEnSRF performs adjustment on the reservoir features directly and is thus superior in estimating the large-scale complicated facies patterns. It is able to provide accurate estimates of the reservoir properties robustly and efficiently with reasonably reliable prior reservoir structural information.

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Morris, Lesley. « Combining Environmental History and Soil Phytolith Analysis at the City of Rocks National Reserve : Developing New Methods in Historical Ecology ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/35.

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Historical ecology is an emerging and interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain the changes in ecosystems over time through a synthesis of information derived from human records and biological data. The methods in historical ecology cover a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. However, methods for the more recent past (about 200 years) are largely limited to the human archive and dendrochronological evidence which can be subject to human bias, limited in spatial extent or not appropriate for non-forested systems. There is a need to explore new methods by which biological data can be used to understand historic vegetation and disturbance regimes over the recent past especially in arid ecosystem types. Soil phytolith analysis has the potential to provide much needed information regarding historical conditions in both areas. Phytoliths are structures formed in plants through deposition and accumulation of silica within and around cell walls that are released from plants and preserved in sediments long after death and decay of plant material. The City of Rocks National Reserve in southern Idaho was an excellent place to develop new methods in historical ecology because the human records of historic environmental conditions were so rich. There were two overarching and interconnected objectives for this dissertation research. The first was to reconstruct an ecological history of the City of Rocks National Reserve from the period of overland emigration to present. The second objective was to explore the utility of soil phytolith analysis for inferring vegetation and disturbance regime change over the recent past by testing its sensitivity to record known changes. I employed modern analogue studies, a multi-core approach and detailed core analysis to test for known changes through analysis of extraction weights, relative abundance of phytolith assemblages, microscopic charcoal and burned (darkened) phytoliths. My results showed that this combination of history and soil phytolith analysis would be a useful approach for inferring vegetation changes (e.g. increases in introduced grasses) and disturbances (e.g. fire) in ecological histories.

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Hedman, Jörgen. « ...de bultades till bättring : till frågan om Sveriges kristnande ». Thesis, Gotland University, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-585.

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The written sources concerning the process of christianization in Sweden has for a long time been limited to two main texts, Rimberts vita of St. Ansgarius and Adam of Bremen´s History of the bishops of Hamburg. This is due to a rigid source criticism in the beginning of the 20th century, which put other material – in particular the norse sagas – out of consideration. The last twenty years however, new questions have been raised concerning the christianization, partly because of new archaeological findings, new interpretations of the significance of runic stones and the recent debate about the formation of the Swedish medieval kingdom. The subject has been discussed from many different angles, and with a lot of scholarly effort.

This text raises the question whether the christianization of Sweden was a peaceful or violent process, and investigates the possibility of answering the question through an analysis of all the relevant written material available and in the light of recent archaeological findings. There are several methodological problems pertaining to written material from the early middle ages which are raised and discussed. The sources are initially presented from a critical viewpoint, and then the material is analyzed with a matrix construed from the categories Wortmission, Tatmission, and Schwertmission, each with subdivisions drawn from the texts. The author contends that the source material conclusively supports that the christianization was a violent process and also a fairly rapid one.

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Johansson, Ellinor. « Gymnasieelevers förståelse och upplevelser av Förintelsen i historieundervisningen ». Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-67326.

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This study focus is on pupils historical understanding of the Holocaust. The main purpose and question in this study is to answer what types of work methods and materials pupils used in Holocaust education in historical class. The method used is an survey on 136 high school’s pupils in Sweden for receiving a better understanding of what historical use of Holocaust pupils meet in historical class. The analyze of the material from the survey focused on four out of seven historical uses based on the historian Klas-Göran Karlsson’s typology on the uses of history, those are ideological, moral, political-educational and scientific use. The theory is used for analysing how pupils encounter the holocaust in the historical classroom. Results from the survey show that pupils meet a variation of historical information and facts is used throw how and what pupils work with the Holocaust. All four of the historical use of history could be seen in the results, but above all the scientific use and the ideological use. The scientific use of the Holocaust focuses on factors and relationship between causal factor and outcome. The ideological use of the Holocaust focuses on the understanding of democratic and human values. The study reveals that no historical use is dominant in the different classes, that means the individual meeting whit information about the Holocaust and pupil has an important value in what type of understanding and historical use the pupil have of the Holocaust.

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Fisher, Jeffrey R. « A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Compulsory Education ». Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1479928029160014.

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Brook, Simon Richard. « Industrial playwriting : forms, strategies, and methods for creative production ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/30137/1/Simon_Brook_Thesis.pdf.

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This study, in its exploration of the attached play scripts and their method of development, evaluates the forms, strategies, and methods of an organised model of formalised playwriting. Through the examination, reflection and reaction to a perceived crisis in playwriting in the Australian theatre sector, the notion of Industrial Playwriting is arrived at: a practice whereby plays are designed and constructed, and where the process of writing becomes central to the efficient creation of new work and the improvement of the writer’s skill and knowledge base. Using a practice-led methodology and action research the study examines a system of play construction appropriate to and addressing the challenges of the contemporary Australian theatre sector. Specifically, using the action research methodology known as design-based research a conceptual framework was constructed to form the basis of the notion of Industrial Playwriting. From this two plays were constructed using a case study method and the process recorded and used to create a practical, step-by-step system of Industrial Playwriting. In the creative practice of manufacturing a single authored play, and then a group-devised play, Industrial Playwriting was tested and found to also offer a valid alternative approach to playwriting in the training of new and even emerging playwrights. Finally, it offered insight into how Industrial Playwriting could be used to greatly facilitate theatre companies’ ongoing need to have access to new writers and new Australian works, and how it might form the basis of a cost effective writer development model. This study of the methods of formalised writing as a means to confront some of the challenges of the Australian theatre sector, the practice of playwriting and the history associated with it, makes an original and important contribution to contemporary playwriting practice.

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Brook, Simon Richard. « Industrial playwriting : forms, strategies, and methods for creative production ». Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/30137/.

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This study, in its exploration of the attached play scripts and their method of development, evaluates the forms, strategies, and methods of an organised model of formalised playwriting. Through the examination, reflection and reaction to a perceived crisis in playwriting in the Australian theatre sector, the notion of Industrial Playwriting is arrived at: a practice whereby plays are designed and constructed, and where the process of writing becomes central to the efficient creation of new work and the improvement of the writer’s skill and knowledge base. Using a practice-led methodology and action research the study examines a system of play construction appropriate to and addressing the challenges of the contemporary Australian theatre sector. Specifically, using the action research methodology known as design-based research a conceptual framework was constructed to form the basis of the notion of Industrial Playwriting. From this two plays were constructed using a case study method and the process recorded and used to create a practical, step-by-step system of Industrial Playwriting. In the creative practice of manufacturing a single authored play, and then a group-devised play, Industrial Playwriting was tested and found to also offer a valid alternative approach to playwriting in the training of new and even emerging playwrights. Finally, it offered insight into how Industrial Playwriting could be used to greatly facilitate theatre companies’ ongoing need to have access to new writers and new Australian works, and how it might form the basis of a cost effective writer development model. This study of the methods of formalised writing as a means to confront some of the challenges of the Australian theatre sector, the practice of playwriting and the history associated with it, makes an original and important contribution to contemporary playwriting practice.

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Hieber, Nathaniel Paul. « Changes on the Horizon : The Evolution of Transportation Methods and Infrastructure in the American Southwest, 1870-1920 ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1619098201581259.

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Pecotte, de Gonzalez Brenda C. « The farm worker story| The cylical life of seasonal, domestic farm workers in San Luis, Arizona from history to habitus ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1537194.

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The farm workers who diligently tend and harvest the US fields and produce is a major component of the agriculture industry. This research explores the current issues and challenges that domestic, seasonal farm workers face through the lenses of embodiment and habitus theory. Narratives and insights from interviews were integrated with current literature to present a complete picture of the cyclical life of the domestic farm worker in San Luis, Arizona. This thesis argues that farm work is a unique profession which has left its mark on the body and the behavior. Those in the border region have added agency due to the opportunities the border presents. As this research highlights, additional attention and research is needed to redesign policies and initiatives to adequately assist and provide for a population that provides so much.

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Paris, Lisa. « Visual arts history and visual arts criticism : Applications in middle schooling ». Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1999. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1240.

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Visual arts history and criticism occupy central positions in visual arts curriculum statements in Western Australia. This status is sustained by the belief that the study of visual arts history and criticism actively contributes to the education of the student as a "whole person". In reality however, rather than attending to the holistic education of students, the application of visual arts history and criticism in Western Australian schools tends to be pragmatic and instrumental - visual arts teachers often use visual art works as "learning aids" because they don't have time, interest or experience in dealing with visual arts works in any other way. While visual arts history and criticism offer the student a valuable life-skill worth acquiring for the contribution they could make to the student's autonomy and personal welfare, this understanding often seems a foreign concept for many classroom teachers. The difference between theorists' and teachers' understandings of the place and purpose of visual arts history and criticism provides an important area of inquiry requiring urgent attention. This research makes a foray into this domain with the purpose of shedding light on the content and methods used by middle school visual arts teachers and their students' perceptions of the content and methods. A qualitative descriptive study was selected for the research taking the form of semi-structured interviews with six teachers. An interview guide was used and transcripts deriving from this methodology were coded by way of reference to the original research questions and classifications which emanated from emergent themes. The teacher interviews were complemented by a questionnaire administered to one class of students from each of the six schools. Participating teachers were selected through a stratified sampling technique. Analysis of data was undertaken from a qualitative stance in the case of interview participants. Narrative-style reporting of interview content was employed to facilitate accurate representation of the teachers' perceptions of visual arts history and criticism at the middle school level. A quantitative analysis of students' questionnaires provided triangulation of methodology, ensuring greater levels of validity than would be afforded by qualitative methods alone. With pressure being applied by the impending implementation of the Curriculum Framework for Kindergarten to Year 12 Education in Western Australian Schools (1998) for the formal inclusion of Arts Responses (aesthetics, art criticism) and Arts in Society (art history), a pressing need exists for clear information about current professional practice. Findings indicated that a misalignment appears to exist between theoretical assumptions embedded in documentation supporting the implementation of the Framework and actual classroom teaching practice. The implications of such misalignment, albeit illustrated on a small scale, are that the initiatives of the Framework may not be sustainable in the longer term, precisely because they are built upon invalid assumptions about what teachers actually do. Whilst the size of the sample and scope of the research limits the generalisability of findings, this first foray may provide impetus for a more comprehensive and evaluative study at a later date.

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Abendstern, M. « Expression and control, a study of working class leisure and gender 1918-1939 : A case study of Rochdale using oral history methods ». Thesis, University of Essex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371855.

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Whitworth, Andrew William. « Conservation value, biodiversity value and methods of assessment in regenerating and human disturbed tropical forest ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7426/.

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Although the value of primary forests for biodiversity conservation is well known, the potential biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating forests remains controversial. Many factors likely contribute to this, including: 1. the variable ages of regenerating forests being studied (often dominated by relatively young regenerating forests); 2. the potential for confounding on-going human disturbance (such as logging and hunting); 3. the relatively low number of multi-taxa studies; 4. the lack of studies that directly compare different historic disturbances within the same location; 5. contrasting patterns from different survey methodologies and the paucity of knowledge on the impacts across different vertical levels of rainforest biodiversity (often due to a lack of suitable methodologies available to assess them). We also know relatively little as to how biodiversity is affected by major current impacts, such as unmarked rainforest roads, which contribute to this degradation of habitat and fragmentation. This thesis explores the potential biodiversity value of regenerating rainforests under the best of scenarios and seeks to understand more about the impact of current human disturbance to biodiversity; data comes from case studies from the Manu and Sumaco Biosphere Reserves in the Western Amazon. Specifically, I compare overall biodiversity and conservation value of a best case regenerating rainforest site with a selection of well-studied primary forest sites and with predicted species lists for the region; including a focus on species of key conservation concern. I then investigate the biodiversity of the same study site in reference to different types of historic anthropogenic disturbance. Following this I investigate the impacts to biodiversity from an unmarked rainforest road. In order to understand more about the differential effects of habitat disturbance on arboreal diversity I directly assess how patterns of butterfly biodiversity vary between three vertical strata. Although assessments within the canopy have been made for birds, invertebrates and bats, very few studies have successfully targeted arboreal mammals. I therefore investigate the potential of camera traps for inventorying arboreal mammal species in comparison with traditional methodologies. Finally, in order to investigate the possibility that different survey methodologies might identify different biodiversity patterns in habitat disturbance assessments, I investigate whether two different but commonly used survey methodologies used to assess amphibians, indicate the same or different responses of amphibian biodiversity to historic habitat change by people. The regenerating rainforest study site contained high levels of species richness; both in terms of alpha diversity found in nearby primary forest areas (87% ±3.5) and in terms of predicted primary forest diversity from the region (83% ±6.7). This included 89% (39 out of 44) of the species of high conservation concern predicted for the Manu region. Faunal species richness in once completely cleared regenerating forest was on average 13% (±9.8) lower than historically selectively logged forest. The presence of the small unmarked road significantly altered levels of faunal biodiversity for three taxa, up to and potentially beyond 350m into the forest interior. Most notably, the impact on biodiversity extended to at least 32% of the whole reserve area. The assessment of butterflies across strata showed that different vertical zones within the same rainforest responded differently in areas with different historic human disturbance. A comparison between forest regenerating after selective logging and forest regenerating after complete clearance, showed that there was a 17% greater reduction in canopy species richness in the historically cleared forest compared with the terrestrial community. Comparing arboreal camera traps with traditional ground-based techniques suggests that camera traps are an effective tool for inventorying secretive arboreal rainforest mammal communities and detect a higher number of cryptic species. Finally, the two survey methodologies used to assess amphibian communities identified contrasting biodiversity patterns in a human modified rainforest; one indicated biodiversity differences between forests with different human disturbance histories, whereas the other suggested no differences between forest disturbance types. Overall, in this thesis I find that the conservation and biodiversity value of regenerating and human disturbed tropical forest can potentially contribute to rainforest biodiversity conservation, particularly in the best of circumstances. I also highlight the importance of utilising appropriate study methodologies that to investigate these three-dimensional habitats, and contribute to the development of methodologies to do so. However, care should be taken when using different survey methodologies, which can provide contrasting biodiversity patterns in response to human disturbance.

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Coleman, Jessica. « Applying Geoarchaeological Methods on an Iron Age site : Part two of a two-part study discussing Archaeological Prospection for Ytings, Gotland ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185792.

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Geoarchaeology has had a long history within archaeology around the world, but not so much so in Gotlandic archaeology. This study is aimed at drawing attention to this by using magnetic susceptibility (MS) and phosphate (P) analysis of an Iron Age site at Ytings, Gotland. This is where a small silver hoard was discovered in 1888, and in 2009 a geophysical survey was done, via metal detector, and concluded with the theory of there being a workshop in the southern field and a farmstead in the north (ArkeoDok, 2011). The first part of this study discussed predictive modeling and whether or not the information available at the time would be enough to generate a reliable model (Coleman, 2016). The first study concluded with not being able to do so since the only discrete data available was from the metal detecting survey, which when used alone is not the most reliable instrument for archaeological prospection (Coleman, 2016). This led to this current study, which is the second part of a two-part study of Ytings. This study is aimed at using geoarchaeological methods for archaeological prospection to illustrate the benefits and need for these types of studies on Gotland, by comparing the MS and P results with the 2015 excavation report.

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Magnello, Eileen. « Karl Pearson : evolutionary biology and the emergence of a modern theory of statistics (1884-1936) ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e3fe747f-3879-42f6-80b0-f50016460dc2.

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This thesis examines the development of modern statistical theory and its emergence as a highly specialised mathematical discipline at the end of the nineteenth century. The statistical work of the mathematician and statistician Karl Pearson (1857-1936), who almost singularly created the modern theory of statistics, is the focus of the thesis. The impact of the statistical and experimental work of the Darwinian zoologist W.F.R. Weldon (1860-1906), on the emergence and construction of Pearsonian statistical innovation, is central to the arguments developed in this thesis. Contributions to the Pearsonian corpus from such statisticians as Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845-1926), Francis Galton (1822-1911), and George Udny Yule (1871- 1951) are also addressed. The scope of the thesis does not involve a detailed account of every technical contribution that Pearson made to statistics. Instead, it provides a unifying assessment of Pearson's most seminal and innovative contributions to modern statistical theory devised in the Biometric School, at University College London, from 1892 to 1903. An assessment of Pearson's statistical contributions also entails a comprehensive examination of the two separate methodologies he developed in the Drapers' Biometric Laboratory (from 1903 to 1933) and in the Galton Eugenics Laboratory (from 1907 to 1933). This thesis arises, in part, from a desire to reassess the state of the historiography of Pearsonian statistics over the course of the last half century. Some of the earliest work on Pearson came from his former students who emphasised his achievements as a statistician usually from the perspective of the state of the discipline in their tune. The conventional view has presumed that Pearson's relationship with Galton and thus to Gallon's work on simple correlation, simple regression, inheritance and eugenics provided the impetus to Pearson's own statistical work. This approach, which focuses on a part of Pearson's statistical work, has provided minimal insight into the complexity of the totality of Pearsonian statistics. Another approach, derived from the sociology of knowledge in the 1970s, espoused this conventional view and linked Pearson's statistical work to eugenics by placing his work in a wider context of social and political ideologies. This has usually entailed frequent recourse to Pearson's social and political views vis-a-vis his popular writings on eugenics. This approach, whilst indicating the political and social dimensions of science, has produced a rather mono-causal or uni-dimensional view of history. The crucial question of the relation between his technical contributions and his ideology in the construction of his statistical methods has not yet been adequately considered. This thesis argues that the impetus to Pearson's earliest statistical work was given by his efforts to tackle the problems of asymmetrical biological distributions (arising from Weldon's dimorphic distribution of the female shore crab in the Bay of Naples). Furthermore, it argues that the fundamental developments and construction of Pearsonian statistics arose from the Darwinian biological concepts at the centre of Weldon's statistical and experimental work on marine organisms in Naples and in Plymouth. Charles Darwin's recognition that species comprised different sets of 'statistical' populations (rather than consisting of 'types' or 'essences') led to a reconceptualisation of statistical populations by Pearson and Weldon which, in turn, led to their attempts to find a statistical resolution of the pre-Darwinian Aristotelian essentialistic concept of species. Pearson's statistical developments thus involved a greater consideration of speciation and of Darwin's theory of natural selection than hitherto considered. This has, therefore, entailed a reconstruction of the totality of Pearsonian statistics to identify the mathematical and biological developments that underpinned his work and to determine other sources of influence in this development. Pearson's writings are voluminous: as principal author he published more than 540 papers and books of which 361 are statistical. The other publications include 67 literary and historical writings, 49 eugenics publications, 36 pure mathematics and physics papers and 27 reports on university matters. He also published at least 111 letters, notes and book reviews. His collected papers and letters at University College London consist of 235 boxes of family papers, scientific manuscripts and 14,000 letters. One of the most extensive sets of letters in the collection are those of W.F.R. Weldon and his wife, Florence Joy Weldon, which consists of nearly 1,000 pieces of correspondence. No published work on Pearson to date has properly utilised the correspondence between Pearson and the Weldons. Particular emphasis has been given to this collection as these letters indicate (in tandem with Pearson's Gresham lectures and the seminal statistical published papers) that Pearson's earliest statistical work started in 1892 (rather than 1895-1896) and that Weldon's influence and work during these years was decisive in the development and advancement of Pearsonian statistics. The approach adopted in this thesis is essentially that of an intellectual biography which is thematic and is broadly chronological. This approach has been adopted to make greater use of primary sources in an attempt to provide a more historically sensitive interpretation of Pearson's work than has been used previously. It has thus been possible to examine these three (as yet unexamined) key Pearsonian developments: (1) his earliest statistical work (from 1892 to 1895), (2) his joint biometrical projects with Weldon (from 1898-1906) and a shift in the focus of research in the Drapers' Biometric Laboratory following Weldon's death in 1906 and (3) the later work in the twentieth century when he established the two laboratories which were underpinned by two separate methodologies. The arguments, which follow a chronological progression, have been built around Darwin's ideas of biological variation, 'statistical' populations, his theory of natural selection and Galton's law of ancestral inheritance. The first two chapters provide background material to the arguments developed in the thesis. Weldon's use of correlation (for the identification of species) in 1889 is examined in Chaper III. It is argued, that Pearson's analysis of Weldon's dimorphic distribution led to their work on speciation which led on to Pearson's earliest innovative statistical work. Weldon's most productive research with Pearson, discussed in Chapter IV, came to fruition when he showed empirical evidence of natural selection by detecting disturbances (or deviations) in the distribution from normality as a consequence of differential mortality rates. This research enabled Pearson to further develop his theory of frequency distributions. The central part of the thesis broadens out to examine further issues not adequately examined. Galton's statistical approach to heredity is addressed in Chapter V, and it is shown that Galton adumbrated Pearson's work on multiple correlation and multiple regression with his law of ancestral heredity. This work, in conjunction with Weldon's work on natural selection, led to Pearson's introduction of the use of determinantal matrix algebra into statistical theory in 1896: this (much neglected) development was pivotal in the professionalisation of the emerging discipline of mathematical statistics. Pearson's work on goodness of fit testing provided the machinery for reconstructing his most comprehensive statistical work which spanned four decades and encompassed his entire working life as a statistician. Thus, a greater part of Pearsonian statistics has been examined than in previous studies.

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Fahlgren, Isak. « Brattsystemets upplösning i Sverige : En ”mixed methods” studie om Brattsystemets påverkan på nykterhetstillståndet innan och efter upplösningen mellan 1953–1958 i Växjö ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97854.

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The purpose of this paper is the investigate the effect of the abolition of the Swedish restriction system against alcohol abuse on a national and local level. It has been of intreset to examine how Växjö handled the restricion system and how they experienced the abolition of the Swedish restriction system against alcohol. The investigation examined the years 1953 and 1955 to represent the alcohol consumptions during the restriction system and the years 1956 and 1958 to represant the effects after the abolition of the restriction system. The study includes a a discussion on how the restrictions affected the alcohol consumptions through examining the sobriety board and the local news paper from the years 1953-1958 in Växjö. With both source material the investigation is strengthened. This paper has found that the removal of the restriction system of alcohol has reduced the amount of drunkness offenses due to the opportunity of buying beer. The inhabitants recieved more freedom with the restrictions gone and that required more responsibility to drink in moderation.

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Hedberg, Lundblad Louise, et Anna Lund. « Comparison of Fatigue Life Evaluation Methods ». Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298345.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate a selected set of fatigue life calculation methods and evaluate if they are suitable for fatigue life estimation of truck components at Scania. Failure due to fatigue can be cause by road induced vibrations, which is an inevitable phenomenon trucks are exposed to. By estimating when and where these components will fail, they can be designed to reduce the amount of failure per vehicle. Three types of fatigue life calculation methods, namely equivalent stress methods, critical plane methods and spectral methods, have been evaluated. These are methods for calculating fatigue life in both the time domain and the frequency domain. The chosen calculation methods have been evaluated based on their sensitivity to input parameters, their accuracy on predicting fatigue life and their ability to find the critical areas where the components are most likely to fail. The methods have also been compared to a method already implemented at Scania. To evaluate the methods, two different components were used. The first component was designed to give a multiaxial stress state and the other was a real truck component where fatigue data had been collected from a shake rig test at Scania. It was found that all investigated methods were successful in finding critical areas where failure will occur. However, the resulting estimated fatigue life had a very low accuracy. To draw any conclusions about the accuracy of the fatigue life estimations, a model that better reflects the dynamics of the real truck component is needed. Therefore, the conclusion is that the chosen methods can be used for finding critical areas in a component but not to determine the absolute time to failure for the model used. However, the method already implemented at Scania was equally successful in finding the critical areas and it has a much shorter computational time than the methods in the time domain. Since it is already implemented and used, the Scania method is recommended for the purpose of finding the critical areas of a component. A sensitivity study was conducted in order to investigate the influence of a variation of material parameters on the fatigue life calculated with the different methods. This study showed that the SN-curve parameters are important for the resulting fatigue life of methods that consider the endurance limit, and, therefore, that the choice of SN-curve is important. Since the road induced vibrations in this study caused load signals where the majority of the cycles were found below the endurance limit, methods that account for the endurance limit have to be used for calculations on components experiencing similar conditions. Furthermore, it was found that the resulting stress signal from the FE-analysis using input data from the shake rig test was non-Gaussian, this makes the results from all the chosen frequency domain methods invalid. To use these methods, they need to be extended to consider non-Gaussian signals.
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka ett antal utvalda metoder för utmattningsberäkning och utvärdera om dessa är lämpliga för att uppskatta livslängden på lastbilskomponenter hos Scania. Haveri på grund av utmattning kan orsakas av vibrationer från vägen, ett fenomen som påverkar komponenter på lastbilar. Genom att uppskatta när och var dessa komponenter går sönder kan de konstrueras för att minska antalet haverier. Olika typer av metoder för utmattningsberäkning i både tidsdomänen och frekvensdomänen har utvärderats. Dessa inkluderade ekvivalenta spännings-metoder, kritiska plan-metoder samt spektrala metoder. Metoderna har utvärderats med avseende på deras känslighet för variation i materialparametrar, hur den beräknade livslängden skiljer sig mot verkliga tester och hur bra de är på att hitta de kritiska områdena på en lastbilskomponent. Detta har även jämförts mot en beräkningsmetod som redan används på Scania. Två olika komponenter användes för att utvärdera metoderna. En av komponenterna var designad för att ge ett multiaxiellt spänningstillstånd och en var en riktig lastbilskomponent med data uppmätt från ett skaktest på Scania. Alla studerade metoder fann de kritiska områdena där utmattningsbrott riskerar att uppstå. Däremot visade det sig att beräkningsmetoderna inte lyckades estimera livslängder som låg i närheten av de som uppmättes under testet i skakriggen. En mer verklighetsnära modell vilken bättre motsvarar de dynamiska egenskaperna av systemet behövs för att kunna dra en slutsats om modellernas träffsäkerhet gällande estimeringen av livslängden. För ändamålet att hitta kritiska områden rekommenderas metoden som redan används hos Scania, eftersom denna var lika framgångsrik att hitta dessa, men gjorde det på en avsevärt kortare tid. Därutöver identifierades att spänningssignalen från FE-analysen, där indata från skakriggen användes, inte var gaussisk. Detta innebär att signalen inte uppfyller kraven för de spektrala metoderna och därmed att resultaten från beräkningarna på lastbilskomponenten inte går att använda för att dra några slutsatser. Känslighetsanalysen visade att de metoder som tar hänsyn till utmattningsgränsen är känsliga för ändringar i SN-parametrar. Detta beror på att många cykler, för det studerade lastfallet, låg nära utmattningsgränsen och att antalet cykler som ingick i beräkningarna därför påverkades stort av SN-parametrarna. Eftersom de vibrationer som uppstår då lastbilar framförs på vägar kan ge upphov till många cykler med amplituder nära utmattningsgränsen bör endast metoder som kan ta hänsyn till utmattningsgränsen användas vid dessa fall.

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Chan, Victor. « A Necessary Evil : Livy's Cyclical History and the Metus Hostilis ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1369.

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This thesis aims to discern whether cyclical history can be appropriately applied to the Ab Urbe Condita, and from these findings discern Livy's authorial implications for the contemporary political program. This process is conducted by analyzing exempla , as well as constructing a new definition of metus hostilis. Doing so allows for the detection of patterns, that when imprinted upon the existing formulaic model, examines whether the metus hostilis enhances the case for Livy writing the AUC with cyclical intent. Based on this analysis, the implications for contemporary Rome are clear in that the narrative insinuates the Augustan regime's necessity.

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Li, Ning. « Computer methods for the study of Han4-Z14 : an intelligent approach to the computing of Chinese writing history ». Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358744.

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Al-Shahrani, Mobarak Saeed N. Hamdan. « History teaching methods and students' attainments and attitudes in the first year of secondary schooling in Saudi Arabia ». Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1126/.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the position of history teaching in Saudi Arabia, where history teachers focus mainly on the didactic method. A further purpose is to explore students' attitudes to learning and the teaching process, their thinking skills, problem solving and independent learning. A large survey was conducted to explore students' attainments, attitudes toward history and their ability to think critically. The survey study consisted of 351 student from the first year of the secondary schools. Further, an experimental study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the inquiry method and the traditional method on students' achievements in history and their critical thinking ability and attitudes towards history in the first year of the secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. The experimental study consisted of two groups: the experimental group included 31 students and the control group included 62 students of one secondary school. The thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the research issues. Chapter 2 reviews the literature in order to outline the implications of the inquiry and traditional methods and their effectiveness in studying history and in improving motivation and the critical thinking. Chapter 3 describes some features of the educational system of Saudi Arabia in order to provide a broad context within which the research may be evaluated. Chapter 4 describes the procedures for data collection. These consisted of two main parts: (1) sampling and (2) choice of methods. Chapter 5 outlines the findings of the data analysis. The data are described and analysed using frequencies, percentages and the Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests. These findings are then commented upon and interpreted. Chapter 6 includes a general discussion,c ritiques of the strengthsa nd weaknesseso f the study and some recommendations and suggestions for further studies in the future. The main findings of this study were that students have strong positive attitudes toward history and history teachers. They viewed history as an important subject. They enjoyed using different learning styles and using different resources. Further, students in the experimental group achieved higher scores than students in the control group in some of the test items.

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Tabibian, Mahmoud. « Natural gas stability and thermal history of the Arbuckle Reservoir, Western Arkoma Basin / ». Access abstract and link to full text, 1993. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9318178.

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Hildreth-Blue, Cynthia. « Enlivening California's sixth grade history/social sciences curriculum with historical fiction ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/562.

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Mazibuko, Edmund Z. « The mediation of teaching through central curriculum controls : Four case studies of history teaching in year 12 in Western Australia ». Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1995. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1573.

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The work of scholars on pedagogical content knowledge has drawn attention to the importance of mastery of subject matter. Good teachers are able to make clever transitions between their knowledge of content and their pedagogy. The examples of these transitions in the literature usually assume that teachers have a large measure of control over the content: lessons are exploratory and concerned with understanding the deeper meanings and fundamental concepts that underpin the discipline base. The reality of most classrooms is otherwise; teachers are guided by syllabus statements, textbooks and end of year examinations. Sequence and pace of instruction are often implicitly or explicitly controlled. Teachers are required to make choices: either teach towards the examination or teach for deeper understanding and jeopardise the completion of the examinable content. The purpose of this study was to examine how experienced Year 12 history teachers in Western Australia managed the tension between content coverage and teaching for deeper understanding of the subject matter. To examine this question, four experienced history teachers in four high schools in Perth, Western Australia took part in the study. These teachers were observed teaching history in Year 12 during the 1994 school year and they were also interviewed on aspects of their teaching, the syllabus and the TEE examination. The students in these classrooms were also interviewed during the data collection period. The stories of these teachers are presented in four case studies. Evidence from this study indicates that the experienced Year 12 teachers have learned to make compromises in the way they teach and manage content coverage in such a way that they are able to achieve high levels of examination performance while maintaining a focus on conceptual learning. The teachers managed this balancing act by (a) representing high examination performance and conceptual understanding of the subject matter as a single objective rather than as two objectives in opposition, (b) ensuring that students had a broad conceptual understanding of the key issues contained in the examination syllabus so that the students could independently construct answers to the kinds of questions contained in examinations and (c) selectively emphasising and teaching in depth some parts of the syllabus though the whole syllabus was covered at least superficially. Though the teachers would have preferred more personal control over the selection of content and assessment procedures, they nevertheless saw the external examination to have merit; however, as this study has demonstrated, the external examination is clearly a fallible means of student evaluation.

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