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1
Center for Hospital and Healthcar Administration History. et Hospital Research and Educational Trust., dir. Guide to historical collections in hospital healthcare administration. Chicago, Ill. (840 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 60611) : American Hospital Association Resource Center, 1990.
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Center for Hospital and Healthcare Administration History. et American Hospital Association. Resource Center., dir. Guide to historical collections in hospital and healthcare administration. Chicago, Illinois : American Hospital Association Resource Center, 1990.
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Beck, M., et S. Melo. Quality Management and Managerialism in Healthcare : A Critical Historical Survey. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2014.
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Beck, Matthias, et Sara Melo. Quality Management and Managerialism in Healthcare : A Critical Historical Survey. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2014.
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Beck, Matthias, et Sara Melo. Quality Management and Managerialism in Healthcare : A Critical Historical Survey. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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Myers, Bill. Eli (Interpretive Studies in Healthcare and the Human Sciences). Zondervan Publishing Company, 2000.
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Lipscomb, Jane A. Hazards for Healthcare Workers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0037.
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This chapter describes occupational hazards for healthcare workers. The chapter focuses on biological hazards, chemical hazards, physical hazards, safety and ergonomic hazards, violence, psychosocial and organizational factors, and health consequences associated with changes in the organization and financing of healthcare. The nature and magnitude of various problems is described. The chapter includes specific prevention and control measures for addressing biological hazards, chemical hazards, ionizing radiation, safety hazards, ergonomic hazards, musculoskeletal disorders, violence, and psychosocial hazards. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of historical and recent policy initiatives, including federal and state laws, regulations and guidelines, developed and implemented to protect healthcare workers from recognized hazards.
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Stacy, Meaghan, et Charlie A. Davidson, dir. Recovering the US Mental Healthcare System. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108951760.
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Decades of research show that psychosocial treatments are effective for psychosis, yet they remain unimplemented as the American healthcare system relies primarily on pharmacological solutions instead. This book reviews the history and current state of research to provide a more nuanced understanding of the evidence for and barriers to psychosocial care for psychosis. It addresses a wide range of mental health research and multi-professional practice domains from historical, personal, societal, professional, and systems perspectives. The varied perspectives presented illustrate factors that limit support for recovery in SMI and psychosis as well as real hope for recovering the US mental healthcare system. With contributions of experts by training and by experience, this book represents an essential resource for students, practitioners and researchers.
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Shorter, Edward, et Susan E. Bélanger. Teaching History of Medicine/Healthcare in Residency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190849900.003.0009.
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The history of medicine has an important role to play in a medical humanities program. Those who lead the history portion of such programs should see their role as building bridges from history to medical practice. One often distinguishes between the “art” and the “science” of medicine. Both are important today, and the art of medicine comes into play in particular in managing patients who have symptoms without lesions. Here there are clear historical lessons, and such greats as William Osler at Johns Hopkins University thought of history as providing guidance in the therapeutic use of the doctor-patient relationship. These lessons are still relevant today: History can open the eyes of medical students and residents to ways of interacting with patients that they do not otherwise learn about.
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Healthcare in Wales : An historical miscellany : a collection of papers in celebration of the National Health Service in the new millennium. [Cardiff] : University Hospital of Wales, League of Friends, 2000.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher et Sarah Gibbings, dir. Navigating research methods : evidence-based medicine (EBM). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0005.
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This chapter defines evidence based medicine (EBM) and discusses the rationale behind it. It provides a brief historical overview of the evolution of EBM. It discusses the importance of clinical and healthcare research in continuing to strengthen the evidence base for clinical and healthcare practices.
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Butticè, Claudio. Universal Health Care. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216030775.
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This accessibly written book explains universal healthcare; the many forms it can take; and the issues, debates, and historical context underpinning the continued struggle for its implementation in the United States. Universal healthcare may be defined as any healthcare system that ensures at least basic coverage to most, if not all, citizens of a country. Although it may be implemented in many ways, universal healthcare has been widely accepted by international humanitarian organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) as the best way to ensure the universal human right to health. So why is the United States the only industrialized country without universal healthcare? What are the political, social, and economic factors that have prevented its successful introduction? Universal Healthcare explores what universal healthcare is, the many forms it can take—using examples from countries around the world—and the tumultuous history of attempts to implement a system of universal healthcare in the United States. Part II delves into the contentious issues and debates surrounding adoption of universal healthcare in the United States. Lastly, Part III provides a variety of useful materials, including case studies, a timeline of critical events, a glossary, and a directory of resources.
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Shaw, Greg M. The Healthcare Debate. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400662485.
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With the debate over health care consuming the nation, this timely book looks at the evolution of healthcare policy in the United States throughout its history. Concise, authoritative, and unbiased, The Healthcare Debate provides meaningful context for thinking about one of the most controversial public policy issues the United States faces. It traces the evolution of the argument over the government's role in healthcare financing and delivery since the early 1800s, with an emphasis on the major reform efforts since the mid-20th century. Following the complex dynamics of public health policy across U.S. history, The Healthcare Debate brings together a wide range of voices on the subject—presidents, policymakers, reformers, lobbyists, and everyday citizens. Each of its eight chronologically organized chapters focuses on the battle over government involvement in healthcare in a specific era, drawing on historic documents and the latest retrospective research. With President Obama making healthcare reform his top domestic priority in his first year in office, this remarkable new book could not be more timely.
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Collins, Simon, Tim Horn, Loon Gangte, Emmanuel Trenado et Vuyiseka Dubula. HIV Advocacy. Sous la direction de Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding et Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0010.
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Community responses to the AIDS crisis have changed traditional approaches to medicine, healthcare, health systems, and research. Earlier approaches were rooted in widespread discrimination against key affected populations who were already socially marginalized. The background of community responses, first in the United States and then in other regions, each has a special history. This chapter provides an overview of historical community responses to HIV and is written by activists from the United States, India, South Africa and Western Europe. Examples of key projects include the role of peer advocacy and treatment literacy, which have enabled people living with HIV to learn more about HIV and treatment, adherence, treatment choice, drug resistance, and pipeline research for better drugs in the future. The outcome of this advocacy is that people living with HIV have been empowered to take an active role in their healthcare. HIV advocacy also provides an example of how the international activism that has changed the face of global healthcare is rooted in similar principles developed by early HIV-positive activists and is just as relevant today.
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Segal, David. Materials for the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804079.001.0001.
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The book is a general text that shows how materials can contribute to solving problems facing nations in the 21st century. It is illustrated with diverse applications and highlights the potential of existing materials for everyday life, healthcare and the economies of nations. There are 13 chapters and a glossary of 500 materials with their descriptions, historical development, their use or potential use and a range of references. Specific areas include synthetic polymers (e.g. nylon), natural polymers (e.g. proteins, cellulose) and the role of materials in the development of digital computers and in healthcare. Solid-state lighting, energy supplies in the 21st century, disruptive technologies and intellectual property, in particular patents, are discussed. The book concludes by asking how the 21st century will be characterised. Will it be the Silicon Age, Genomic Age or New Polymer Age, as examples?
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman et Jørn Braa. Strengthening Healthcare Systems and Health Information Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0010.
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Establishment of health information systems has been a central objective of health sector reform in nearly all LMICs over the last two to three decades. Historically, reform processes have taken introduction of health information systems as inhertently strengthening health sector performance. But today it is more appropriate to talk of health sector strengthening as co-evolving with health information systems strengthening, each reinforcing the performance and reform agendas of the other. The need to build synergies is heightened as there are a multitude of global and national health reform processes underway, like those assoicated with the sustainable development goals or with universal health coverage and each of these have expanded informational needs, requiring robust, flexible, and evolving health information systems. An understanding of the challenges faced by efforts at health systems strengthening helps provide meaningful inputs into health information systems design and vice versa. Such an understanding will enrich public health informatics as an academic discipline, as an area of practice, and as a policy domain.
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Kirton, Carl. Nursing Support. Sous la direction de Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding et Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0040.
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Nurses are an integral part of the interdisciplinary team caring for patients with HIV/AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic nurses have provided care across the healthcare spectrum, serving as care coordinators, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse practitioners. To competently care for people with HIV or AIDS, nurses have to provide care that is advanced and specialized. Nurses working in the field of HIV or AIDS care require advanced knowledge of virology and infectious disease to address the clinical needs of persons with HIV-related illness. This chapter describes the historical engagement of nurses in the epidemic and the nursing strategies that support interprofessional work. It addresses the key aspects of nursing care of the HIV-infected adult throughout the spectrum of HIV illness. The chapter focuses on the nurse’s role in minimizing risk, preventing HIV transmission, caring for persons with HIV, helping individuals to cope with illness, and negotiating the healthcare system.
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Lal, Mira. Clinically significant mind–body interactions : evolutionary history of the scientific basis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0001.
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Mind-body interactions enshrined in the psychosomatic approach, encompass the psyche (mind) and the soma (body). They can result in obstetric and gynaecological disease conditions with clinically significant morbidity. Relevant psychosomatic understanding facilitates appropriate management. Chapter 1 discusses the anatomical, physiological, and pathological basis of clinical psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology, explores ancient medical practices throughout Asia and Europe, the change in approaches since the seventeenth century, and the future of psychosomatic medicine. Tracing medical history from ancient times shows the importance of time-tested methods of physical and mental assessments of patients by using good clinical observation, and appropriate knowledge for treating illnesses. Records of the clinical practices of Hippocrates, Soranus, and William Osler retell the medical philosophy, and ethics behind promoting healing of the body that could also involve restoring a healthy mind. By analysing the historical context of psychosomatic medicine, Chapter 1 brings into focus the rationale behind developing psychosomatic awareness in healthcare, and the fundamentals and basis of related healthcare. It introduces key aspects of psychosomatic medicine that feature in current practice, such as understanding the neuroendrocrinological milieu, which regulates the physiological changes from puberty to the menopause, and generates emotions, behaviour patterns or pain either generalised or specific, as when in labour. Psychosomatic issues will challenge futuristic clinicians' managing women's diseases.
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Fernandes, Valdir, et Arlindo Philippi Jr. Sustainability Sciences. Sous la direction de Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.30.
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The concept of sustainability refers to the human awakening about the finite nature of natural resources. Occurring as a political and social process, sustainability placed on development agendas the discussion about the limitations on the biosphere to sustain economic growth; access to basic conditions of universal healthcare and education; and the threat posed to ancient cultural traditions. This process led to the creation of an interdisciplinary research field with transdisciplinary impacts. This chapter, “Sustainability Sciences: Political and Epistemological Approaches,” discusses the challenges of knowledge production in this field as well as its historical development alongside environmental and political issues. The discussion is established from the historical development of environmental issues and the international political movement that culminated in the perspective of sustainability; of the evolution of sustainability as a scientific research field; and finally from the political and epistemological aspects that shape the sustainability sciences.
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Lipkin, Mack. The history of communication skills knowledge and training. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0001.
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This chapter provides historical overview of communication skills knowledge in cancer care. Topics discussed include the role communication plays in classical accounts of medicine, medical education, the Lipkin model, American Academy on Communication in Healthcare, and Cancer Research Campaign Studies in the United Kingdom. Most of the history of communication skills knowledge and teaching derives from work and studies done in general medicine, or further afield, rather than in cancer care. This chapter includes such material because much of our communication knowledge and skill is generic, crosses specific applications and content areas like cancer care, and because the most useful conceptual frameworks and approaches began elsewhere and have only partially been rendered cancer specific.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher et Sarah Gibbings, dir. Research : why and how ? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0001.
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This chapter sets the scene of the book and provides a rationale for why research should be done. It begins with a definition of research and continues with a brief historical overview of medical research. The pivotal role of research in everyday medical practice is explained. The key databases containing published peer-reviewed articles related to clinical medicine and healthcare are detailed. The three major goals of research (description, explanation and prediction) are outlined. This chapter further focuses on the principles of the scientific method, its characteristics and main steps. Several classifications of the types of research are also presented. Bradford-Hill's proposed criteria for causality are also outlined. The hierarchy of research evidence and the corresponding levels of recommendations are also presented.
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Oberlander, Jonathan. Medicare. Sous la direction de Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan et Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.010.
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Medicare is America’s federal health insurance program for the elderly and younger adults with permanent disabilities. It provides a crucial safety net, assuring access to medical care for nearly 50 million persons. As the baby boomers retire, Medicare’s enrollment will swell in coming decades, and the rising costs of medical care will also push up program spending. Medicare is the subject of intense partisan and ideological conflict over how to change the program to cope with these challenges. It is also ensnared in broader debates over the welfare state and healthcare reform. This chapter traces Medicare’s historical development, explains how the program works, explores the politics of Medicare reform and discusses possible futures for a program that is a foundation of American social policy.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley et Fiona P. Gaughran. Physical morbidities and schizophrenia : more than a chance co-occurrence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0001.
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This chapter addresses the historical–social divide between physical and mental illness, and explores the drivers behind this. Ill-informed attitudes about mental illness, stigma, and fear all contributed to the rise of asylums and placing people with disorders such as schizophrenia away from society in general. While some aspects of institutional care could be seen as well intentioned, the physical health of inmates was often compromised, with overcrowding and poor standards of hygiene and poor diet leaving people vulnerable to a range of health problems which contributed to a low life expectancy. Even with de-institutionalization, the poor standard of general healthcare and early death continue. A concerted set of actions is required to address this serious state of affairs.
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Smith M.D., Larry N., Parente Ph.D., Stephen T. Medicine's Journey Through Ignorance, Bigotry, Poverty, and Politics To America's Uninsured : Historically Based Solutions for Today's Healthcare Problems. Larry N.\Smith,#M.D., 2012.
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Baron, Alan, John Hassard, Fiona Cheetham et Sudi Sharifi. Hospices, Communities, and Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813958.003.0004.
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In any discussion about culture, image, and identity in an organizational setting it is important to understand something of the wider social, political, and historical context. This chapter sets the scene for the primary research in the case study Hospice by giving the reader an insight into the development of the modern hospice movement and how this history contextualizes the positioning and perceptions of the hospice in society and the wider healthcare economy. In so doing, the chapter discusses, inter alia: the work of the founder of the modern hospice movement, Dame Cicely Saunders; the opening of the first hospice of the modern era, St Christopher’s Hospice in London in 1967; the notion of hospice as a ‘community’ of care; and the continued association of hospices and patients with a cancer diagnosis.
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Baron, Alan, John Hassard, Fiona Cheetham et Sudi Sharifi. Introducing the Study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813958.003.0001.
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The chapter explains how the main aim of this book is to examine the culture of a ‘compassionate organization’—an English hospice—through the eyes of its members. The investigation is related to its social and historical context and, from these data, some conclusions are suggested about the relationship between organizational culture, identity, and image. Many previous studies have examined these fundamental elements within formal (frequently private and public sector) work organizations, but none has done so within the singular (third sector) setting of a hospice—which deals with issues of care and compassion, death and dying on a daily basis. The examination of these aspects of organizational life within such a unique social institution has allowed the authors to analyse the many and varied relationships between the case Hospice and its stakeholders, including staff and volunteers, those within the wider healthcare community, and members of the general public.
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Zorea, Aharon W. Birth Control. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400619243.
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Intended as a reference tool for college students, this book examines the origins of and controversies associated with birth control in the United States. Issues regarding access to, education about, and practice of birth control have played a pivotal role in religious, social, and political conflicts throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 21st century, controversies surrounding birth control remain at the forefront of current political debates over topics as varied as women's rights, social welfare initiatives, federal healthcare funding, consumer protection and physician liability, and informed consent. Birth Control provides a historical background of premodern practices, describes birth control in the 19th–20th centuries, and discusses all currently available types of contraceptive systems, including both artificial and natural methods. The treatment of contemporary public debates on birth control addresses questions posed on practical, ethical, religious, and moral grounds, presented respectfully and in a balanced fashion.
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McDougall, Jennifer Fecio, et Martha Gorman. Euthanasia. 2e éd. ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400648151.
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This timely work is a balanced overview of end-of-life issues related to euthanasia and assisted suicide. Except for the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, there are no U.S. laws that allow physicians to assist patients in hastening death. Many who support physician-assisted suicide ask, “Why not?” After all, the Netherlands permits both euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, and polls suggest that many Americans want that choice available to them. Euthanasia: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition explores that question through a balanced, thoughtful discussion of the legal, medical, and spiritual components of end-of-life questions. What are the potential pitfalls of legalizing assisted suicide? How can the expenses of a lingering death impact an uninsured family? How would physician-assisted suicide impact healthcare costs? Through its objective exploration of these issues, as well as its historical and international perspective, this volume helps readers answer the difficult questions related to the end of life.
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Fackler, Martin, et Yoichi Funabashi, dir. Reinventing Japan. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216006763.
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Highly readable yet deeply researched, this book serves as an essential guide to the many ways in which Japan has risen to become one of the world's most creative and innovative societies. During its so-called Lost Decades, Japan has quietly reinvented itself from a nation with an economy playing catch-up into a global leader in innovation and creativity, one whose “soft power” extends from postmodern architecture to pluripotent stem cells. Written by a dozen experts in their fields, including architect Kengo Kuma, designer of Tokyo's 2020 Olympic stadium, this book describes Japan’s contributions to the world in fields ranging from fashion and pop culture to development aid and historical reconciliation. In addition, it demonstrates how Japan has led efforts to contend with several social and economic challenges facing the entire developed world, including demographic aging, rising healthcare costs, and wasteful consumption. Using these accomplishments as evidence, it argues that, in an era of questions surrounding the capability of American leadership, the time has come for Japan to step into a new role as a purveyor of models and values better suited to today's multipolar and diverse world.
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Waller, John C. Health and Wellness in 19th-Century America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400662287.
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This book provides a comprehensive description of what being sick and receiving “medical care” was like in 19th-century America, allowing modern readers to truly appreciate the scale of the improvements in healthcare theory and practice. Health and Wellness in 19th-Century America covers a period of dramatic change in the United States by examining our changing understanding of the nature of the disease burden, the increasing size of the nation, and our conceptions of sickness and health. With topics ranging from the unsanitary tenements of New York’s Five Points, the field hospitals of the Civil War, and to the laboratories of Johns Hopkins Medical School, author John C. Waller reveals a complex picture of tradition, discovery, innovation, and occasional spectacular success. This book draws upon an extensive literature to document sickness and wellness in environments like rural homesteads, urban East-coast slums, and the hastily built cities of the West. It provides a fascinating historical examination of a century in which Americans made giant strides in understanding disease yet also clung to traditional methods and ideas, charting how U.S. medical science gradually transformed from being a backwater to a world leader in the field.
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Immergut, Ellen M., Karen M. Anderson, Camilla Devitt et Tamara Popic, dir. Health Politics in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860525.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Health Politics in Europe: A Handbook is a work of reference that provides historical background and up-to-date information and analysis on health politics and health systems throughout Europe. In particular, it captures developments that have taken place since the end of the Cold War, a turning point for many European health systems, with most post-communist transition countries privatizing their state-run health systems, and many Western European health systems experimenting with new public management and other market-oriented health reforms. Following three introductory, stage-setting chapters, the handbook offers country cases divided into seven regional sections, each of which begins with a short regional outlook chapter that highlights the region’s common characteristics and divergent paths taken by the separate countries, including comparative data on health system financing, healthcare access, and the political salience of health. Each regional section contains at least one detailed main case, followed by shorter treatments of the other countries in the region. Country chapters comprise an historical overview focusing on the country’s progression through a series of political regimes and the consequences of this history for the health system; an overview of the institutions and functioning of the contemporary health system; and a political narrative tracing the politics of health policy since 1989. This political narrative, the core of each country case, examines key health reforms in order to understand the political motivations and dynamics behind them and their impact on public opinion and political legitimacy. The handbook’s systematic structure makes it useful for country-specific, cross-national, and topical research and analysis.
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Ledger, Alison. Developing New Posts in Music Therapy. Sous la direction de Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.18.
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Many music therapists join an organization as the first employee in the role, and consequently are the first music therapist that many of their new colleagues will have met. This chapter provides information about the challenges of introducing music therapy to established workplaces, securing funding and resources, gaining acceptance from interprofessional team members, and determining a role for music therapy. The ways in which music therapy can become an integral part of a healthcare or education organization are explored. Published accounts indicate that the development of music therapy posts can be facilitated or restricted by a range of complex forces, such as historical factors, power dynamics, organizational cultures, and a music therapist’s relationships with other workers. From the sparse information available about music therapy start up, it is not possible to establish clear causal links between influential factors. It is likely that successful start-up depends on a complex range of context-based factors, and the key to gaining entry in one practice setting may not necessarily open the door in another. Furthermore, the development of new posts may be influenced by power dynamics within the organization, and a music therapist’s relationships with other workers. Literature that describes how music therapists have navigated this complexity are reviewed and discussed.
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Hutchinson, Dale L. American Health and Wellness in Archaeology and History. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069142.001.0001.
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In this book, Dale Hutchinson traces the history of American health care and well-being from the colonial era to the present, drawing on evidence from material culture and historical documents to offer insights into the long-standing tension between traditional and institutionalized cures, as well as the emergence of the country’s unique brand of medical consumerism. Hutchinson outlines three major trends that have influenced the course of American medicine—the convergence of different ancestral traditions, the formalization of the medical industry, and the rise of individual choice. He discusses how health challenges in the emergent nation led to increased numbers of healthcare specialists, and how in turn the developing prestige and lucrative nature of the medical profession caused widespread public distrust. Depicting the Civil War as a turning point in attitudes about health, Hutchinson demonstrates how sanitation and hygiene became important emphases of domestic life in the postbellum period. He also describes subsequent trends in self-care. Throughout, Hutchinson incorporates lessons learned from artifacts such as medical tools and the packaging of tonics, pills, salves, and other curatives. Looking back on this history from the perspective of the contemporary landscape of health care and wellness in the United States, Hutchinson points out that weaknesses in the system that became apparent amid the COVID-19 pandemic were the result of changes that have been unfolding since the founding of the nation.
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Rushing, Sara. The Virtues of Vulnerability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197516645.001.0001.
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There are many locations, relationships, and experiences through which we learn what it means to be a citizen. Contemporary healthcare—or “the clinic”—is one of those sites. Being drawn into the complex “medical-legal-policy-insurance nexus” as a patient entails all sorts of learning, including, it is argued here, political learning. When we are subjected as a patient, frequently through a discourse of “choice and control,” or “patient autonomy,” what do we learn? What happens when the promise of a certain kind of autonomy is accompanied by demands for a certain kind of humility? What do we learn about agency and self-determination, as well as trust, self-knowledge, dependence, and resistance under such conditions of acute vulnerability? This book explores these questions on a journey through medicalized encounters with giving birth, navigating death and dying, and seeking treatment for life-altering mental illness (here post-traumatic stress disorder among veterans). While the body has always posed a problem for Western thought, and has been treated as an obstacle to freedom and independence and something our rational capacity must master and control, this book aims to counter that intellectual-historical and political tendency by asking how we might reimagine the political potential of embodiment, or make space for considering “the virtues of vulnerability.” In particular, the book offers a novel conception of democratic citizen-subjectivity, grounded in an ethical disposition of humility-informed-relational-autonomy.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., et Z. John Lu. Pharmaceutical Prices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a detailed examination of pharmaceutical pricing strategies in the United States. It points out that pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of total healthcare spending has historically been quite low in comparison to that of hospitalization and physician services. It identifies several common measures of pharmaceutical prices, and highlights the difference in conclusions reached based on different measures. It offers a critical review of several models used to explain pharmaceutical price behavior, which are grouped into three major categories: market structure models, R&D cost-based models, and product quality or value based models. The chapter concludes that prices of brand-name drugs in the United States are largely driven by product quality attributes, not cost of R&D. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of generic entry on price.
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Rogula, Tomasz G., Philip R. Schauer et Tammy Fouse, dir. Prevention and Management of Complications in Bariatric Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book focuses on prevention and management of complications in bariatric surgery. The book will serve as a practical guide for healthcare providers, including bariatric and general surgeons, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, cardiologists, gastroenterologists, anesthesiologists, psychologists, and dietitians. Chapters describing surgical management of complications should be of special interest to emergency department doctors and surgeons. The book covers most aspects of typical and atypical problems and can be used as a study guide for fellows, residents, and medical students. The text provides a comprehensive overview in four sections: 1. Standards and guidelines for perioperative care of the bariatric patient. 2. Perioperative complications. 3. Procedure-specific complications. 4. Economic and legal considerations. The 40 chapters were written by top experts in bariatric and metabolic surgery, including the faculty of the renowned Cleveland Clinic. Many chapters include high-quality illustrations and surgical case photographs. The discussions emphasize preoperative risk optimization, medical and psychological evaluation, and risk-scoring systems, including preoperative risk assessment tools developed as a result of extensive research involving thousands of patients. Attention is paid to very-high-risk patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A special section includes guidelines for appropriate operating room set-up as well as for anesthesia and recovery issues. Management of intestinal failure after bariatric surgery, including intestinal transplantation, is a unique contribution of this book. Common, historical, and new bariatric procedures are described in detail from the perspective of management of their specific complications. Postoperative complications, including infection, thromboembolism, nutritional deficiencies, and endocrinologic problems are addressed. Practical guidelines for medicolegal issues are also presented.
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Denis, Jean-Louis, Sabrina Germain, Catherine Régis et Gianluca Veronesi. Medical Doctors in Health Reforms. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352150.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Medical doctors play a crucial role in the allocation and use of resources in health care systems. They shape capacities to renew policy orientations and innovate models of care. However, little attention has been paid to their specific role in health reforms. This book explores this aspect by looking at the role of the medical profession in health reforms in two mature welfare states with publicly-funded healthcare systems (PFHS): Canada and England. Specifically, the book investigates the multifaceted and paradoxical situation where a dominant profession – medicine – faces increasing pressures to become an active player and an ally in major policy efforts and system-wide reforms driven by governments. The conceptual underpinning of this work builds on the contribution of various areas of studies, namely the sociology of professions, studies on professions and organisations and law. The analysis investigates reformative processes from the inception of both PFHS and identifies the role of the medical profession in policy formulation. The focus is predominantly on the role of organised medicine (unions, professional associations and colleges) with their political struggles to promote and advance medical values and interests in a context where governments aim to transform health care systems. Empirically, the book builds on a socio-historical and institutional narrative of health care reforms and on the role played by the medical profession in both countries. The book offers insights into the government's ability to drive change in the health care system and to engage medical doctors as partners in health reforms.
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Varier, M. R. Raghava. A Brief History of Āyurveda. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121082.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For over two and a half millennia Āyurveda was the mainstream healthcare programme in the Indian subcontinent. However, what was once seen as indispensable, is now often officially described as ‘alternative medicine’. Moreover, there seems to be a lack of proper understanding of the specific culture from which Āyurveda emerged. This is because existing works on the subject have mostly been mere compilations of Āyurvedic practices and focused on classical texts. This book studies the stages of development in the system of Āyurveda and its practice from proto-historic times until British colonization. Using original Pāli and Sanskrit works, archaeological artefacts, as well as oft-neglected medieval epigraphic documents, M. R. Raghava Varier highlights how centuries of privileging Western knowledge has resulted in the sidelining of indigenous learning—a process that accelerated with the advent of colonialism. Further, he makes use of Jain and Buddhist sources to question the assumption that Āyurveda is a purely Hindu or Brahmanical system, thus providing a historiographical frame for conceptually establishing the notion of Āyurveda.
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Eichengreen, Barry, Asmaa El-Ganainy, Rui Esteves et Kris James Mitchener. In Defense of Public Debt. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577899.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Public debts have exploded to levels unprecedented in recent history as governments responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. These rising levels of debt prompted apocalyptic warnings about the dangers of heavy debts—about the drag they will place on economic growth and the burden they impose on future generations. This book adds the other side of the equation: drawing on history, the authors provide a defense of public debt. Their account shows that the ability of governments to borrow has played a critical role in meeting emergencies, from wars and pandemics to economic and financial crises, as well as in funding essential public goods and services such as transportation, education, and healthcare. In these ways, the capacity to issue debt has been integral to state building. Transactions in public debt securities have also contributed to developing private financial markets and, through this channel, to economic growth. None of this is to deny that debt problems, debt crises, and debt defaults occur. But these dramatic events, which attract much attention, are not the entire story. In Defense of Public Debt redresses the balance. The book develops its arguments historically, recounting two millennia of public debt experience. It deploys a comprehensive database to identify the factors behind rising public debts and the circumstances under which high debts are successfully reduced. Finally, it brings the story up to date, describing the role of public debt in managing, from 2020 onward, the COVID-19 pandemic and suggesting a way forward once governments, now more heavily indebted than before, finally emerge from the crisis.
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Sangeetha, V., et S. Kevin Andrews. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks. Magestic Technology Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47716/mts/978-93-92090-24-0.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a defining force in the current era, shaping the contours of technology and deeply permeating our everyday lives. From autonomous vehicles to predictive analytics and personalized recommendations, AI continues to revolutionize various facets of human existence, progressively becoming the invisible hand guiding our decisions. Simultaneously, its growing influence necessitates the need for a nuanced understanding of AI, thereby providing the impetus for this book, “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks.” This book aims to equip its readers with a comprehensive understanding of AI and its subsets, machine learning and deep learning, with a particular emphasis on neural networks. It is designed for novices venturing into the field, as well as experienced learners who desire to solidify their knowledge base or delve deeper into advanced topics. In Chapter 1, we provide a thorough introduction to the world of AI, exploring its definition, historical trajectory, and categories. We delve into the applications of AI, and underscore the ethical implications associated with its proliferation. Chapter 2 introduces machine learning, elucidating its types and basic algorithms. We examine the practical applications of machine learning and delve into challenges such as overfitting, underfitting, and model validation. Deep learning and neural networks, an integral part of AI, form the crux of Chapter 3. We provide a lucid introduction to deep learning, describe the structure of neural networks, and explore forward and backward propagation. This chapter also delves into the specifics of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). In Chapter 4, we outline the steps to train neural networks, including data preprocessing, cost functions, gradient descent, and various optimizers. We also delve into regularization techniques and methods for evaluating a neural network model. Chapter 5 focuses on specialized topics in neural networks such as autoencoders, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), and Neural Architecture Search (NAS). In Chapter 6, we illustrate the practical applications of neural networks, examining their role in computer vision, natural language processing, predictive analytics, autonomous vehicles, and the healthcare industry. Chapter 7 gazes into the future of AI and neural networks. It discusses the current challenges in these fields, emerging trends, and future ethical considerations. It also examines the potential impacts of AI and neural networks on society. Finally, Chapter 8 concludes the book with a recap of key learnings, implications for readers, and resources for further study. This book aims not only to provide a robust theoretical foundation but also to kindle a sense of curiosity and excitement about the endless possibilities AI and neural networks offer. The journ
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Eyre, Harris A., Michael Berk, Helen Lavretsky et Charles Reynolds, dir. Convergence Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197506271.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The world is in the throes of a global health, economic, and mental health crisis with severe physical, societal, and economic ramifications. Modern mental health problems are characterized by their complexity, multisystemic nature, and broad societal impact, making them poorly suited to siloed approaches of thinking and innovation. To solve the unprecedented complexities and challenges associated with the current global crisis, a paradigm shift is needed. Convergence science integrates knowledge, tools, and thought strategies from various fields and is the focal point where novel insights arise. In the context of mental health, convergence involves integration of scientists, clinicians, bioinformaticists, global health experts, engineers, technology entrepreneurs, medical educators, caregivers, and patients; synergy between government, academia, and industry is also vital. A convergence mental health approach will lead to improved outcomes for patients and healthcare systems. Predicate examples of convergence science in adjacent fields to mental health provide a model for the path forward. Further, within the field of mental health, there are examples of convergence science currently in action that include early-stage companies, neuroscience initiatives, public health projects, and unconventional funding mechanisms. The world has a historic opportunity to leverage convergence science to lead to a new era of innovation and progress in global mental health. Contributions for this book come from authors affiliated with the Milken Institute, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the National Academies of Science, Medicine and Engineering, Stanford University, and Harvard University. This book is written for practitioners and leaders in mental health innovation, including clinicians, researchers, policymakers, investors, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists.
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Essential facts about Covid-19 : the disease, the responses, and an uncertain future. For South African learners, teachers, and the general public. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0072.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The first cases of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were identified toward the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, this virus spread to everywhere in the world. By now no country has been spared the devastation from the loss of lives from the disease (Covid-19) and the economic and social impacts of responses to mitigate the impact of the virus. Our lives in South Africa have been turned upside down as we try to make the best of this bad situation. The 2020 school year was disrupted with closure and then reopening in a phased approach, as stipulated by the Department of Education. This booklet is a collective effort by academics who are Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) and other invited scholars to help you appreciate some of the basic scientific facts that you need to know in order to understand the present crisis and the various options available to respond to it. We emphasise that the threat of infectious diseases is not an entirely new phenomenon that has sprung onto the stage out of nowhere. Infectious diseases and pandemics have been with us for centuries, in fact much longer. Scientists have warned us for years of the need to prepare for the next pandemic. Progress in medicine in the course of the 20th century has been formidable. Childhood mortality has greatly decreased almost everywhere in the world, thanks mainly, but not only, to the many vaccines that have been developed. Effective drugs now exist for many deadly diseases for which there were once no cures. For many of us, this progress has generated a false sense of security. It has caused us to believe that the likes of the 1918 ‘Spanish flu’ pandemic, which caused some 50 million deaths around the world within a span of a few months, could not be repeated in some form in today’s modern world. The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us that as new cures for old diseases are discovered, new diseases come along for which we are unprepared. And every hundred or so years one of these diseases wreaks havoc on the world and interferes severely with our usual ways of going about our lives. Today’s world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, through trade, migrations, and rapid air travel. This globalisation makes it easier for epidemics to spread, somewhat offsetting the power of modern medicine. In this booklet we have endeavoured to provide an historical perspective, and to enrich your knowledge with some of the basics of medicine, viruses, and epidemiology. Beyond the immediate Covid-19 crisis, South Africa faces a number of other major health challenges: highly unequal access to quality healthcare, widespread tuberculosis, HIV infection causing AIDS, a high prevalence of mental illness, and a low life expectancy, compared to what is possible with today’s medicine. It is essential that you, as young people, also learn about the nature of these new challenges, so that you may contribute to finding future solutions.