Articles de revues : « Heterogenous programming »

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Nowicki, Marek, Magdalena Ryczkowska, Łukasz Gorski, Michał Szynkiewicz et Piotr Bała. « PCJ - a Java Library for Heterogenous Parallel Computing ». WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 21 (23 mars 2022) : 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23205.2022.21.12.

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Marek Nowicki, MagdaWith the wide adoption of the multicore and multiprocessor systems the parallel programming became a very important element of the computer science. The programming of the multicore systems is still complicated and far to be easy. The difficulties are caused, amongst others, by the parallel tools, libraries and programming models which are not easy especially for a nonexperienced programmer. In this paper, we present PCJ - a Java library for parallel programming of heterogeneous multicore systems. The PCJ is adopting Partitioned Global Address Space paradigm which makes programming easy. We present basic functionality pf the PCJ library and its usage for parallelization of selected applications. The scalability of the genetic algorithm implementation is presented. The parallelization of the N-body algorithm implementation with PCJ is also described.

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Soto, Miguel A., Francesco Lelj et Mark J. MacLachlan. « Programming permanent and transient molecular protection via mechanical stoppering ». Chemical Science 10, n^o 44 (2019) : 10422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc03744f.

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Blazewicz, Marek, Steven R. Brandt, Michal Kierzynka, Krzysztof Kurowski, Bogdan Ludwiczak, Jian Tao et Jan Weglarz. « CaKernel – A Parallel Application Programming Framework for Heterogenous Computing Architectures ». Scientific Programming 19, n^o 4 (2011) : 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/457030.

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With the recent advent of new heterogeneous computing architectures there is still a lack of parallel problem solving environments that can help scientists to use easily and efficiently hybrid supercomputers. Many scientific simulations that use structured grids to solve partial differential equations in fact rely on stencil computations. Stencil computations have become crucial in solving many challenging problems in various domains, e.g., engineering or physics. Although many parallel stencil computing approaches have been proposed, in most cases they solve only particular problems. As a result, scientists are struggling when it comes to the subject of implementing a new stencil-based simulation, especially on high performance hybrid supercomputers. In response to the presented need we extend our previous work on a parallel programming framework for CUDA – CaCUDA that now supports OpenCL. We present CaKernel – a tool that simplifies the development of parallel scientific applications on hybrid systems. CaKernel is built on the highly scalable and portable Cactus framework. In the CaKernel framework, Cactus manages the inter-process communication via MPI while CaKernel manages the code running on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and interactions between them. As a non-trivial test case we have developed a 3D CFD code to demonstrate the performance and scalability of the automatically generated code.

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Wiggins, Keenan J., Christopher Scharer et Jeremy M. Boss. « Memory B cells are a heterogenous population regulated by epigenetic programming ». Journal of Immunology 208, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2022) : 112.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.112.13.

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Abstract Memory B cells (MBC) are a heterogenous population that consist of immunoglobin class switched and non-class switched MBC, and these populations can arise via germinal center dependent or independent mechanisms. The timing of MBC development influences the fate outcome of MBC populations. These different populations of MBC are regulated by cell signaling, but it is not clearly defined what epigenetic factors influence MBC differentiation. EZH2 is an important histone methyltransferase that catalyzes H3K27me3 resulting in gene repression. EZH2 has been shown to regulate B cell differentiation into germinal centers and plasma cells; however, it is unknown if EZH2 regulates MBC development. To address this, a knockout model has been established where EZH2 is conditionally deleted using the CD19 and AICDA driven CRE expression. Here we used the influenza PR8 model to ascertain the kinetics of MBC differentiation and formation in the spleen, dLN, and lungs following a live infection in wild-type and EZH2-KO cohorts. Using B cell tetramers, antigen-specific MBC will be analyzed to define the kinetics of MBC development and determine the similarities and differences between the different populations of MBC. Overall, these data define the early kinetics of MBC establishment and the developmental timing that EZH2-dependent H3K27me3 remodeling is required for MBC formation. Supported by NIH/NIAID to CDS (R01 AI148471)

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Harshavardhan, K. S. « Programming in OpenCL and its advantages in a GPU Framework ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n^o 7 (31 juillet 2022) : 3739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45835.

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Abstract: OpenCL is a framework used for building applications that mostly run on heterogenous platforms containing CPUs, GPUs, and DSPs. OpenCL provides an interface for parallel programming that can be used to take advantage of the GPUs high parallel computing power. Programmers who need complete control over the parallelization process and who are required to write portable heterogeneous code mostly use OpenCL. OpenCL views a processing unit as a collection of compute units which in turn are made up work items. According to OpenCL’s workflow and memory hierarchy, each work item is a thread as far in terms of control and memory model. A collection of work items is called a work group which is mapped to a compute unit. The language used to write “compute kernels” is called kernel language. OpenCL uses C/C++ to carry over the kernel computations done on the device. The host code specifies the kernel specifications that is needed for the computation of the device which includes creating buffers, calling kernels, mapping the memory back to CPU from device, etc. OpenCL also has specific optimization techniques that helps improve parallelization while computing on a GPU which results in better performance numbers

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Jankovics, Vince, Michael Garcia Ortiz et Eduardo Alonso. « HetSAGE : Heterogenous Graph Neural Network for Relational Learning (Student Abstract) ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, n^o 18 (18 mai 2021) : 15803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.17898.

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This paper aims to bridge this gap between neuro-symbolic learning (NSL) and graph neural networks (GNN) approaches and provide a comparative study. We argue that the natural evolution of NSL leads to GNNs, while the logic programming foundations of NSL can bring powerful tools to improve the way information is represented and pre-processed for the GNN. In order to make this comparison, we propose HetSAGE, a GNN architecture that can efficiently deal with the resulting heterogeneous graphs that represent typical NSL learning problems. We show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art on 3 NSL tasks: CORA, MUTA188 and MovieLens.

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Widiyanti, Syafira Chika, M. Dachyar et Farizal. « Product Distribution Optimization in Food SMEs with Integer Linear Programming ». MATEC Web of Conferences 248 (2018) : 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824803014.

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Efficient product distribution is a key driver of the overall profitability of a company. The high cost of product distribution in food SMEs is caused by the absence of a proper distribution cost calculation to obtain optimal distribution decisions. This research aims to provide SMEs with a product distribution model with the lowest cost. A Heterogenous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem (HVRP) for SMEs product distribution is modeled in the form of Integer Linear Programming and solved using branch-and-bound algorithm to obtain an optimal route and vehicle assignment with the lowest cost. The result of this research is a model that can be used by SMEs to make daily product distribution decision.

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Beck, Justin, John Harvey, Kristina Kaylen, Corrado Sala, Melinda Urban, Peter Vermeulen, Norman Wilken, Wei Xie, Dan Iliescu et Pratik Mital. « Carnival Optimizes Revenue and Inventory Across Heterogenous Cruise Line Brands ». INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 51, n^o 1 (février 2021) : 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2020.1062.

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Carnival Corporation & plc identified the need for a cutting-edge revenue management system; however, existing solutions from the airline and hospitality industries were not compatible with the idiosyncrasies of the cruise domain. As such, the company partnered with revenue analytics to build a complete revenue and inventory management system to meet its requirements. Yield optimization and demand analytics (YODA) is a system that leverages a unique quadratic programming model to jointly determine cruise prices and allocate cabin inventory to multiple cruises (e.g., 14-day and 7-day lengths) offered simultaneously on a given ship. The optimization inputs come from several machine learning algorithms that predict demand. YODA combines these algorithms with an elasticity model derived from an exponential curve to represent the unique price-sensitivity behavior observed in the cruise industry. The system generates millions of price recommendations each day and has been used to price voyages on 65 Carnival ships, approximately one quarter of the ships in the entire cruise industry, since December 2017. During A/B testing, YODA generated a 1.5%–2.5% incremental uplift in net ticket revenue, which is a significant revenue increase because Carnival was a Fortune 300 company in 2019.

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Lin, Na, Huimin Yang, Ya Li et Xuping Wang. « Scheduling multi-pattern precooling service resources for post-harvest fruits and vegetables using the adaptive large neighborhood search ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2425, n^o 1 (1 février 2023) : 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2425/1/012006.

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Abstract This study focuses on the multi-pattern precooling service resources scheduling (MPPSRS) issue recently derived from the practice of small-scale farming. In this issue, a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles belonging to different service pattens is considered to fulfil precooling requests of farmers in the service time windows. The studied issue is regarded as a variant of heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problem with time windows (HFVRPTW) in which heterogeneous service efficiencies among vehicles are considered. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a characteristic of vehicles’ heterogenous service efficiencies is considered in vehicle routing problems. This new characteristic increases the potential combination ways of nodes in the temporal aspect, which expands the search space of the problem and leads to a more challenging optimization issue. This study formulates the MPPSRS issue using a mixed-integer programming model in which details from the real world are considered. Motivated by the challenge of computational time, an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) metaheuristic is proposed to solve the model. Results obtained from a case study of the apple industry from Luochuan County, China show advantages of using multi-pattern precooling service resources in reducing total operating cost.

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Mini, Darshana Sreedhar. « Satellites of Belonging ». Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 14, n^o 1-2 (28 septembre 2021) : 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01401002.

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Abstract The proliferation of Malayalam satellite television in the Gulf indicates the primacy that Indian nationals from Kerala have attained as a significant televisual demographic. In this paper I locate Malayali diasporic media formations from the late 1990s onward and examine how they contribute to the construction of the ‘Gulf-Malayali’ as a prominent vector for the satellite television industry based in the south Indian state of Kerala. The entertainment industry not only produces content for this demographic, but also works with expatriate Malayali communities on content that empowers them as creators of their own stories. In this paper I examine how stratified audience categories are targeted by satellite television programming. In interrogating the matrices through which regionality, entrepreneurship, ethics and success as migrants are woven into such programming, I track how different agents use varying strategies to showcase heterogenous migrant experiences mediated by class, caste and fluctuations of capital.

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Pereira, Helder, Bruno Ribeiro, Luis Gomes et Zita Vale. « Smart Grid Ecosystem Modeling Using a Novel Framework for Heterogenous Agent Communities ». Sustainability 14, n^o 23 (30 novembre 2022) : 15983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315983.

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The modeling of smart grids using multi-agent systems is a common approach due to the ability to model complex and distributed systems using an agent-based solution. However, the use of a multi-agent system framework can limit the integration of new operation and management models, especially artificial intelligence algorithms. Therefore, this paper presents a study of available open-source multi-agent systems frameworks developed in Python, as it is a growing programming language and is largely used for data analytics and artificial intelligence models. As a consequence of the presented study, the authors proposed a novel open-source multi-agent system framework built for smart grid modeling, entitled Python-based framework for heterogeneous agent communities (PEAK). This framework enables the use of simulation environments but also allows real integration at pilot sites using a real-time clock. To demonstrate the capabilities of the PEAK framework, a novel agent ecosystem based on agent communities is shown and tested. This novel ecosystem, entitled Agent-based ecosystem for Smart Grid modeling (A4SG), takes full advantage of the PEAK framework and enables agent mobility, agent branching, and dynamic agent communities. An energy community of 20 prosumers, of which six have energy storage systems, that can share energy among them, using a peer-to-peer market, is used to test and validate the PEAK and A4SG solutions.

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Made Pradnyana Ambara, Pande Ketut Widiartana et Yohanes Priyo Atmojo. « Implementasi Socket Programming Sebagai Media Sinkronisasi Database Terdistribusi dengan Teknik Multi Master Replication ». Jurnal Sistem dan Informatika (JSI) 14, n^o 2 (4 août 2020) : 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30864/jsi.v14i2.271.

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Dalam sebuah database terdistribusi, database disimpan tersebar di banyak lokasi yang terpisah namun saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Sinkronisasi data pada database terdistribusi yang heterogenous, dengan sumber data yang secara geografis terletak tersebar di beberapa lokasi yang sangat jauh adalah salah satu masalah dalam penerapannya. Sinkronisasi database yang dilakukan dengan cara export file SQL secara manual di sistem sumber, kemudian dikirimkan melalui email untuk di import di sistem tujuan sangat tidak efektif di mana sangat sering terjadi kesalahan pada sisi user dalam export import file-nya. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan solusi atas permasalahan tersebut dengan menerapkan teknik pemrograman socket untuk membangun aplikasi yang berfungsi sebagai media sinkronisasi otomatis pada datatabase terdistribusi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah middleware yang dapat menyinkronkan data pada database terdistribusi menggunakan teknik multi master replication. Teknik ini dapat meningkatkan availability dari database sehingga ketika terjadi kerusakan atau kegagalan pada satu lokasi fisik maka tidak menyebabkan kegagalan keseluruhan sistem pada database. Middleware ini akan membaca setiap perubahan pada database kemudian mengirimkannya melalui komunikasi socket ke aplikasi server. Aplikasi server kemudian akan mem-broadcast perubahan tersebut ke semua client yang terhubung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode waterfall model meliputi pengumpulan data, analisa dan desain sistem serta pembuatan dan uji coba.

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Little, J., D. W. Alling et R. Asofsky. « Induction of differentiation in a B lymphoma X B lymphocyte hybrid line. II. Intraclonal heterogeneity in growth, secretion of IgM, and cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharide. » Journal of Immunology 150, n^o 6 (15 mars 1993) : 2129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.6.2129.

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Abstract Murine B lymphocyte clones have proven to be useful models to study aspects of B lymphocyte growth and development. It had been previously shown that induction of TH2.2 (B lymphoma X B lymphocyte) with LPS resulted in differentiation into IgM-secreting cells (a feature similar to other B cells lines such as BCL1), and secretion of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF. Many transformed and nontransformed lines (including TH2.2) have been shown to generate progeny heterogenous in size and secretion of product when exposed to mitogen. We extend this study to demonstrate heterogeneity in secretion of IgM, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, IL-3, and IL-6 in LPS-induced TH2.2. Clones generated by limiting dilution were heterogenous with respect to size, type, and quantity of product secreted. Microscopic clones ranged from 10 to about 1000 cells in size and could not be grown further; the majority secreted one product (mainly IgM). These clones were very efficient secretors of IgM and probably consist mainly of terminal-secreting cells. Microscopic clones secreting cytokine were also efficient producers. Visible clones from LPS-induced cultures grew to the same size as uninduced clones and were often restricted in secretion of products. Although the majority secreted three of four products (52%), many secreted IgM only or IgM and one cytokine. Although there was a strong tendency for clones to secrete multiple products, almost every secretory phenotype could be found. Amounts of different products secreted were not correlated, suggesting an additional level of independent control of this variable. Restriction of secretion was not due to genetic variation because visible clones originally restricted in secretion almost always produced all products when expanded and retested. These findings indicate that cells of TH2.2 were heterogeneous with respect to growth and secretion in the presence of LPS and were individually programmed for differentiative responses. The programming of cells was not permanent, but subject to dynamic change.

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Neely, Megan Lee, Jesse D. Troy, Gerald T. Gschwind, Gina-Maria Pomann, Steven C. Grambow et Gregory P. Samsa. « Preorientation Curriculum : An Approach for Preparing Students with Heterogenous Backgrounds for Training in a Master of Biostatistics Program ». Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 11, n^o 4 (22 avril 2022) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jct.v11n4p77.

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We describe an innovative preorientation curriculum (POC) for a Master of Biostatistics (MB) program. The goal of the POC is to fill critical skills gaps for students entering the MB program from heterogeneous backgrounds so they are prepared to engage in the program’s rigorous, fast-paced training upon arrival. To achieve this goal, we introduce a structured approach to thinking that forms the foundation of a sound mental map of Biostatistics, which will assist students in their subsequent efforts to master the discipline. Based on constructivist principles, the POC covers mathematical and statistical theory, data analysis methods, programming, and statistical practice through a sequence of instruction that encourages reflection, extension, and connection between topics. The POC is modular, self-paced, and offered online via a cloud-hosted interactive learning management system (LMS). Students are required to complete the curriculum prior to the MB program orientation. We describe the rationale, design, features, and initial evaluation of the POC. Finally, to help programs interested in designing similar curricula, we provide a detailed instruction sequence description of one topic.

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Boucekkine, Raouf, Giorgio Fabbri, Salvatore Federico et Fausto Gozzi. « Geographic environmental Kuznets curves : the optimal growth linear-quadratic case ». Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 14, n^o 1 (2019) : 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018076.

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We solve a linear-quadratic model of a spatio-temporal economy using a polluting one-input technology. Space is continuous and heterogenous: locations differ in productivity, nature self-cleaning technology and environmental awareness. The unique link between locations is transboundary pollution which is modelled as a PDE diffusion equation. The spatio-temporal functional is quadratic in local consumption and linear in pollution. Using a dynamic programming method adapted to our infinite dimensional setting, we solve the associated optimal control problem in closed-form and identify the asymptotic (optimal) spatial distribution of pollution. We show that optimal emissions will decrease at given location if and only if local productivity is larger than a threshold which depends both on the local pollution absorption capacity and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we numerically explore the relationship between the spatial optimal distributions of production and (asymptotic) pollution in order to uncover possible (geographic) environmental Kuznets curve cases.

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Fatrias, Dicky, Nilda Tri Putri, Pri Gustari Akbar et Fidela Andari Fae. « Optimizing coal blending quality through supplier selection and order allocation : A case of cement industry ». MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018) : 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820402005.

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Coal combustion plays an important role in the process of burning raw mix into cement clinker. However, ensuring a uniform coal quality is quite challenging especially when cement producer adopts multi-sourcing system where different suppliers involved to supply coal demand. This research explores the optimal coal blending quality problem in SP Co., as one of the largest cement industry in Indonesia, where the coal is supplied from several suppliers characterized by heterogenous and fluctuated coal quality. In detail, the problem is to select a set of suppliers and to determine optimal order allocation of coal for supplying three cement plants distinguished by certain requirement of coal specification under some realistic constraints such as quality of coal, allocated budget of purchasing and supplier capacity. A linear programming model is proposed to solve the formulated problem and sensitivity analysis is performed to examined the robustness of the model. Using real case data, we demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of our model.

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Padhan, Kartika, Eirini Moysi, Alessandra Noto, Alexander Chassiakos, Khader Ghneim, Maria Maddalena Perra, Sanjana Shah et al. « Acquisition of optimal TFH cell function is defined by specific molecular, positional, and TCR dynamic signatures ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n^o 18 (26 avril 2021) : e2016855118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016855118.

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The development of follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells is a dynamic process resulting in a heterogenous pool of TFH subsets. However, the cellular and molecular determinants of this heterogeneity and the possible mechanistic links between them is not clear. We found that human TFH differentiation is associated with significant changes in phenotypic, chemokine, functional, metabolic and transcriptional profile. Furthermore, this differentiation was associated with distinct positioning to follicular proliferating B cells. Single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) clonotype analysis indicated the transitioning toward PD-1hiCD57hi phenotype. Furthermore, the differentiation of TFH cells was associated with significant reduction in TCR level and drastic changes in immunological synapse formation. TFH synapse lacks a tight cSMAC (central supra molecular activation Cluster) but displays the TCR in peripheral microclusters, which are potentially advantageous in the ability of germinal center (GC) B cells to receive necessary help. Our data reveal significant aspects of human TFH heterogeneity and suggest that the PD-1hiCD57hi TFH cells, in particular, are endowed with distinctive programming and spatial positioning for optimal GC B cell help.

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Wennmann, Jörg T., Jiangbin Fan et Johannes A. Jehle. « Bacsnp : Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Specificities and Frequencies to Identify Genotype Composition in Baculoviruses ». Viruses 12, n^o 6 (9 juin 2020) : 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12060625.

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Natural isolates of baculoviruses (as well as other dsDNA viruses) generally consist of homogenous or heterogenous populations of genotypes. The number and positions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from sequencing data are often used as suitable markers to study their genotypic composition. Identifying and assigning the specificities and frequencies of SNPs from high-throughput genome sequencing data can be very challenging, especially when comparing between several sequenced isolates or samples. In this study, the new tool “bacsnp”, written in R programming langue, was developed as a downstream process, enabling the detection of SNP specificities across several virus isolates. The basis of this analysis is the use of a common, closely related reference to which the sequencing reads of an isolate are mapped. Thereby, the specificities of SNPs are linked and their frequencies can be used to analyze the genetic composition across the sequenced isolate. Here, the downstream process and analysis of detected SNP positions is demonstrated on the example of three baculovirus isolates showing the fast and reliable detection of a mixed sequenced sample.

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Kellaway, Sophie, Paulynn S. Chin, Farnaz Barneh, Constanze Bonifer et Olaf Heidenreich. « t(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia as a Paradigm for the Understanding of Leukemogenesis at the Level of Gene Regulation and Chromatin Programming ». Cells 9, n^o 12 (13 décembre 2020) : 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122681.

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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with multiple sub-types which are defined by different somatic mutations that cause blood cell differentiation to go astray. Mutations occur in genes encoding members of the cellular machinery controlling transcription and chromatin structure, including transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, DNA-methyltransferases, but also signaling molecules that activate inducible transcription factors controlling gene expression and cell growth. Mutant cells in AML patients are unable to differentiate and adopt new identities that are shaped by the original driver mutation and by rewiring their gene regulatory networks into regulatory phenotypes with enhanced fitness. One of the best-studied AML-subtypes is the t(8;21) AML which carries a translocation fusing sequences encoding the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 to the ETO gene. The resulting oncoprotein, RUNX1/ETO has been studied for decades, both at the biochemical but also at the systems biology level. It functions as a dominant-negative version of RUNX1 and interferes with multiple cellular processes associated with myeloid differentiation, growth regulation and genome stability. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of how this protein reprograms normal into malignant cells and how our current knowledge could be harnessed to treat the disease.

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Gautam, Shuva, Luc LeBel et Baburam Rijal. « Integrating Analytical Hierarchical Process and Network Optimization Model to Support Decision-Making on Biomass Terminal Selection ». Forests 13, n^o 11 (11 novembre 2022) : 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111898.

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Forest biomass is an appealing bioenergy feedstock due its renewability, availability and potential to stimulate local economies. It is, however, voluminous, with heterogenous fuel characteristics and uncertainties in its supply. The feasibility of a bioenergy facility is contingent on a secure supply of uniform feedstock; a terminal in the supply chain can be useful in this regard. Biomass can be treated in the terminal to meet quality specifications and stored to overcome seasonality and supply disruptions. Nonetheless, such terminals require a significant capital investment; thus, the decision to use a terminal needs to be made judiciously. The decision process must account for a diverse set of factors that influence the terminal’s effectiveness. These include both quantitative and qualitative factors. The objective of this study is to develop a multi-criteria decision-making framework that takes quantitative and qualitative factors into consideration while selecting a terminal. The framework consists of analytical hierarchy process to analyze qualitative information, and a mixed-integer programming model to evaluate quantitative information including fuel quality (moisture content and thermal value). This hybrid framework was implemented in a case study. It proved to be an effective tool for identifying terminals with the highest potential to generate value for the bioenergy supply chain.

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Солнцева, А. В. « Disorders of Sex Development : New Concepts of Diagnostics and Management in Children ». Педиатрия. Восточная Европа, n^o 2 (24 juillet 2020) : 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.8.2.009.

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Нормальное половое развитие зависит от взаимодействия активирующих и подавляющих факторов в конкретном пространственно-временном паттерне. Нарушения формирования пола (НФП) включают в себя гетерогенную группу врожденных состояний, связанных с атипичным развитием внутренних и наружных половых органов. Они могут быть ассоциированы с изменениями в генах, программировании дифференцировки пола и гормонального статуса. НФП можно разделить на несколько групп, включая хромосомные, гонадные и анатомические аномалии. Генетические инструменты, такие как анализ микрочипов и методы секвенирования следующего поколения, позволили выявить новые генетические варианты среди детей с НФП. Ведение пациента с НФП должно быть индивидуализированным, особенно при решении вопросов, связанных с половым воспитанием, хирургической коррекцией, гормональным лечением и возможностью сохранения фертильности. Normal sex development depends on the precise space-time sequence and coordination of mutually antagonistic activating and repressing factors. Disorders of sex development include a heterogenous group of congenital conditions associated with atypical development of internal and external genitalia. These conditions can be associated with variations in genes, developmental programming, and hormones. Disorders of sex development can be classified into several groups, including chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomic abnormalities. Genetic tools such as microarray analyses and next-generation sequencing techniques let to identify new genetic variants among children with disorders of sex development. Patient management needs to be individualized, especially in decisions related to sex education, surgical interventions, hormone treatment, and potential for fertility preservation.

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Kirgizov, G. V., et I. A. Kirilenko. « Heterogeneous Architectures Programming Library ». Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 30, n^o 4 (2018) : 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2018-30(4)-3.

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Jones, Nicola, Sarah Baird, Bassam Abu Hamad, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Erin Oakley, Manisha Shah, Jude Sajdi et Kathryn M. Yount. « Compounding inequalities : Adolescent psychosocial wellbeing and resilience among refugee and host communities in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic ». PLOS ONE 17, n^o 2 (2 février 2022) : e0261773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261773.

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Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic and associated risk-mitigation strategies have altered the social contexts in which adolescents in low- and middle-income countries live. Little is known, however, about the impacts of the pandemic on displaced populations, and how those impacts differ by gender and life stage. We investigate the extent to which the pandemic has compounded pre-existing social inequalities among adolescents in Jordan, and the role support structures play in promoting resilience. Methods Our analysis leverages longitudinal quantitative survey data and in-depth qualitative interviews, collected before and after the onset of COVID-19, with over 3,000 Syrian refugees, stateless Palestinians and vulnerable Jordanians, living in camps, host communities and informal tented settlements. We utilize mixed-methods analysis combining multivariate regression with deductive qualitative tools to evaluate pandemic impacts and associated policy responses on adolescent wellbeing and mental health, at three and nine months after the pandemic onset. We also explore the role of support systems at individual, household, community, and policy levels. Findings We find the pandemic has resulted in severe economic and service disruptions with far-reaching and heterogenous effects on adolescent wellbeing. Nine months into the pandemic, 19.3% of adolescents in the sample presented with symptoms of moderate-to severe depression, with small signs of improvement (3.2 percentage points [pp], p<0.001). Two thirds of adolescents reported household stress had increased during the pandemic, especially for Syrian adolescents in host communities (10.7pp higher than any other group, p<0.001). Social connectedness was particularly low for girls, who were 13.4 percentage points (p<0.001) more likely than boys to have had no interaction with friends in the past 7 days. Adolescent programming shows signs of being protective, particularly for girls, who were 8.8 percentage points (p<0.01) more likely to have a trusted friend than their peers who were not participating in programming. Conclusions Pre-existing social inequalities among refugee adolescents affected by forced displacement have been compounded during the COVID-19 pandemic, with related disruptions to services and social networks. To achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets to support healthy and empowered development in adolescence and early adulthood requires interventions that target the urgent needs of the most vulnerable adolescents while addressing population-level root causes and determinants of psychosocial wellbeing and resilience for all adolescent girls and boys.

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Viñas, Moisés, Zeki Bozkus et Basilio B. Fraguela. « Exploiting heterogeneous parallelism with the Heterogeneous Programming Library ». Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 73, n^o 12 (décembre 2013) : 1627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2013.07.013.

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Kunzman, David M., et Laxmikant V. Kalé. « Programming Heterogeneous Clusters with Accelerators Using Object-Based Programming ». Scientific Programming 19, n^o 1 (2011) : 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/525717.

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Heterogeneous clusters that include accelerators have become more common in the realm of high performance computing because of the high GFlop/s rates such clusters are capable of achieving. However, heterogeneous clusters are typically considered hard to program as they usually require programmers to interleave architecture-specific code within application code. We have extended the Charm++ programming model and runtime system to support heterogeneous clusters (with host cores that differ in their architecture) that include accelerators. We are currently focusing on clusters that include commodity processors, Cell processors, and Larrabee devices. When our extensions are used to develop code, the resulting code is portable between various homogeneous and heterogeneous clusters that may or may not include accelerators. Using a simple example molecular dynamics (MD) code, we demonstrate our programming model extensions and runtime system modifications on a heterogeneous cluster comprised of Xeon and Cell processors. Even though there is no architecture-specific code in the example MD program, it is able to successfully make use of three core types, each with a different ISA (Xeon, PPE, SPE), three SIMD instruction extensions (SSE, AltiVec/VMX and the SPE's SIMD instructions), and two memory models (cache hierarchies and scratchpad memories) in a single execution. Our programming model extensions abstract away hardware complexities while our runtime system modifications automatically adjust application data to account for architectural differences between the various cores.

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Chatterjee, Ayan, Andreas Prinz, Martin Gerdes et Santiago Martinez. « An Automatic Ontology-Based Approach to Support Logical Representation of Observable and Measurable Data for Healthy Lifestyle Management : Proof-of-Concept Study ». Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, n^o 4 (9 avril 2021) : e24656. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24656.

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Background Lifestyle diseases, because of adverse health behavior, are the foremost cause of death worldwide. An eCoach system may encourage individuals to lead a healthy lifestyle with early health risk prediction, personalized recommendation generation, and goal evaluation. Such an eCoach system needs to collect and transform distributed heterogenous health and wellness data into meaningful information to train an artificially intelligent health risk prediction model. However, it may produce a data compatibility dilemma. Our proposed eHealth ontology can increase interoperability between different heterogeneous networks, provide situation awareness, help in data integration, and discover inferred knowledge. This “proof-of-concept” study will help sensor, questionnaire, and interview data to be more organized for health risk prediction and personalized recommendation generation targeting obesity as a study case. Objective The aim of this study is to develop an OWL-based ontology (UiA eHealth Ontology/UiAeHo) model to annotate personal, physiological, behavioral, and contextual data from heterogeneous sources (sensor, questionnaire, and interview), followed by structuring and standardizing of diverse descriptions to generate meaningful, practical, personalized, and contextual lifestyle recommendations based on the defined rules. Methods We have developed a simulator to collect dummy personal, physiological, behavioral, and contextual data related to artificial participants involved in health monitoring. We have integrated the concepts of “Semantic Sensor Network Ontology” and “Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms” to develop our proposed eHealth ontology. The ontology has been created using Protégé (version 5.x). We have used the Java-based “Jena Framework” (version 3.16) for building a semantic web application that includes resource description framework (RDF) application programming interface (API), OWL API, native tuple store (tuple database), and the SPARQL (Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language) query engine. The logical and structural consistency of the proposed ontology has been evaluated with the “HermiT 1.4.3.x” ontology reasoner available in Protégé 5.x. Results The proposed ontology has been implemented for the study case “obesity.” However, it can be extended further to other lifestyle diseases. “UiA eHealth Ontology” has been constructed using logical axioms, declaration axioms, classes, object properties, and data properties. The ontology can be visualized with “Owl Viz,” and the formal representation has been used to infer a participant’s health status using the “HermiT” reasoner. We have also developed a module for ontology verification that behaves like a rule-based decision support system to predict the probability for health risk, based on the evaluation of the results obtained from SPARQL queries. Furthermore, we discussed the potential lifestyle recommendation generation plan against adverse behavioral risks. Conclusions This study has led to the creation of a meaningful, context-specific ontology to model massive, unintuitive, raw, unstructured observations for health and wellness data (eg, sensors, interviews, questionnaires) and to annotate them with semantic metadata to create a compact, intelligible abstraction for health risk predictions for individualized recommendation generation.

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Sampson, Adrian, Kathryn S. McKinley et Todd Mytkowicz. « Static stages for heterogeneous programming ». Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 1, OOPSLA (12 octobre 2017) : 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3133895.

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Chiang, Chia-Chu. « Implicit heterogeneous and parallel programming ». ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 30, n^o 3 (mai 2005) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1061874.1061887.

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Eckhardt, Jason, Roumen Kaiabachev, Emir Pasalic, Kedar Swadi et Walid Taha. « Implicitly Heterogeneous Multi-Stage Programming ». New Generation Computing 25, n^o 3 (mai 2007) : 305–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00354-007-0020-x.

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Wall, Jeffrey, Coşkun Köse, Nesibe Köse, Taner Okan, Elif Başak Aksoy, Devra Jarvis et Shorna Allred. « The Role of Traditional Livelihood Practices and Local Ethnobotanical Knowledge in Mitigating Chestnut Disease and Pest Severity in Turkey ». Forests 10, n^o 7 (10 juillet 2019) : 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070571.

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The European chestnut population is enduring multiple compounding exotic pest and disease outbreaks across Turkey. The deeply held value of the chestnut species for the Turkish public is reflected in substantial government conservation programming. Chestnut is predominantly found on state land managed by Turkey’s General Directorate of Forestry (GDF), which generally upholds restrictive policies for chestnut-related livelihood practices other than nut collection and beehive placement. Such policies are justified by a government position that human activities and presence is likely to worsen disease dynamics. Conversely, a growing body of research findings testify that small-scale livelihood practices maintain biological diversity and, furthermore, that this traditional maintenance of diversity has been correlated with decreased pathogen pressure within agroecosystems. However, few studies have investigated this phenomenon in the context of agroforestry systems. At a global ecological moment of increasingly pervasive and severe exotic forest pathogen impact, this paper investigates the influence of diverse small-scale livelihood practices and knowledge on chestnut tree health across the highly heterogenous geography of Turkey. We conducted ethnobotanical questionnaires with 96 chestnut-utilizing households, and chestnut tree health evaluations in georeferenced forest areas they identified, throughout Turkey’s Black Sea, Marmara, and Aegean regions. Using data from 1500 trees, we characterized the effects of subsequently recorded environmental, physiological, and anthropogenic factors on tree health using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), multiple factor analysis (MFA), and mixed models. Our results show that the traditional human management of tree physiology and ecology has a significant positive effect on tree health, especially through the acts of grafting and culling as well as the maintenance of diversity. We argue that conceptualizing such livelihood systems as human niche construction and maintenance can help forest management agencies to better understand and conserve valuable landscapes, even in increasingly common periods of severe pathogenic pressure.

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Watts, Gordon. « hep_tables : Heterogeneous Array Programming for HEP ». EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021) : 03061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125103061.

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Array operations are one of the most concise ways of expressing common filtering and simple aggregation operations that are the hallmark of a particle physics analysis: selection, filtering, basic vector operations, and filling histograms. The High Luminosity run of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to start in 2026, will require physicists to regularly skim datasets that are over a PB in size, and repeatedly run over datasets that are 100’s of TB’s – too big to fit in memory. Declarative programming techniques are a way of separating the intent of the physicist from the mechanics of finding the data and using distributed computing to process and make histograms. This paper describes a library that implements a declarative distributed framework based on array programming. This prototype library provides a framework for different sub-systems to cooperate in producing plots via plug-in’s. This prototype has a ServiceX data-delivery sub-system and an awkward array sub-system cooperating to generate requested data or plots. The ServiceX system runs against ATLAS xAOD data and flat ROOT TTree’s and awkward on the columnar data produced by ServiceX.

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Chen, Cheng, Wenxiang Yang, Fang Wang, Dan Zhao, Yang Liu, Liang Deng et Canqun Yang. « Reverse Offload Programming on Heterogeneous Systems ». IEEE Access 7 (2019) : 10787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891740.

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Bisiani, R., et A. Forin. « Multilanguage parallel programming of heterogeneous machines ». IEEE Transactions on Computers 37, n^o 8 (août 1988) : 930–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/12.2245.

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Song, Changxu. « Analysis on Heterogeneous Computing ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2031, n^o 1 (1 septembre 2021) : 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2031/1/012049.

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Abstract In the Internet industry, with the popularization of informatization and the rapid increase in data volume, people have new requirements for storage space. At the same time, computer applications such as artificial intelligence and big data have rapidly increased demand for computing power and diversified application scenarios. Heterogeneous computing has become the focus of research. This article introduces the choice of architecture for heterogeneous computing systems and programming languages for heterogeneous computing. Some typical technologies of heterogeneous computing are illustrated, including data communication and access, task division and mapping between processors. However, this also brings difficulties. The challenges facing hybrid parallel computing, such as programming difficulties, poor portability of the algorithm, complex data access, unbalanced resource load. Studies have shown that there are many ways to improve the status quo and solve problems, including the development of a unified programming method, a good programming model and the integration of storage and computing, intelligent task allocation, as well as the development of better packaging technologies. Finally, the application prospects and broad market prospects of heterogeneous computing systems are prospected. In the next ten years, due to the various advantages of heterogeneous computing systems, innovation in more fields will be stimulated and heterogeneous computing systems will shine in the AI artificial intelligence fields such as smart self-service equipment, smart robots, and smart driving cars. Moreover, this emerging technology will bring new industries and new jobs, thereby driving economic prosperity and social development and even benefiting the entire human society.

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Saha, Bratin, Xiaocheng Zhou, Hu Chen, Ying Gao, Shoumeng Yan, Mohan Rajagopalan, Jesse Fang, Peinan Zhang, Ronny Ronen et Avi Mendelson. « Programming model for a heterogeneous x86 platform ». ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, n^o 6 (28 mai 2009) : 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1543135.1542525.

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Tsoi, Kuen Hung, Anson H. T. Tse, Peter Pietzuch et Wayne Luk. « Programming framework for clusters with heterogeneous accelerators ». ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 38, n^o 4 (14 septembre 2010) : 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1926367.1926377.

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BANSAL, ARVIND K. « A FRAMEWORK FOR HETEROGENEOUS ASSOCIATIVE LOGIC PROGRAMMING ». International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 04, n^o 01n02 (juin 1995) : 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213095000036.

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Associative computation is characterized by seamless intertwining of search-by-content and data parallel computation. The search-by-content paradigm is natural to scalable high performance heterogeneous computing since the use of tagged data avoids the need for explicit addressing mechanisms. In this paper, the author presents an algebra for associative logic programming, an associative resolution scheme, and a generic framework of an associative abstract instruction set. The model is based on the integration of data alignment and the use of two types of bags: data element bags and filter bags of Boolean values to select and restrict computation on data elements. The use of filter bags integrated with data alignment reduces computation and data transfer overhead, and the use of tagged data reduces overhead of preparing data before data transmission. The abstract instruction set has been illustrated by an example. Performance results are presented for a simulation in a homogeneous address space.

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SARC European Project. « Parallel Programming Models for Heterogeneous Multicore Architectures ». IEEE Micro 30, n^o 5 (septembre 2010) : 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2010.94.

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Paulino, Hervé, et Eduardo Marques. « Heterogeneous programming with Single Operation Multiple Data ». Journal of Computer and System Sciences 81, n^o 1 (février 2015) : 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2014.06.021.

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Ejarque, Jorge, Marc Domínguez et Rosa M. Badia. « A hierarchic task-based programming model for distributed heterogeneous computing ». International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 33, n^o 5 (mai 2019) : 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342019845438.

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Distributed computing platforms are evolving to heterogeneous ecosystems with Clusters, Grids and Clouds introducing in its computing nodes, processors with different core architectures, accelerators (i.e. GPUs, FPGAs), as well as different memories and storage devices in order to achieve better performance with lower energy consumption. As a consequence of this heterogeneity, programming applications for these distributed heterogeneous platforms becomes a complex task. Additionally to the complexity of developing an application for distributed platforms, developers must also deal now with the complexity of the different computing devices inside the node. In this article, we present a programming model that aims to facilitate the development and execution of applications in current and future distributed heterogeneous parallel architectures. This programming model is based on the hierarchical composition of the COMP Superscalar and Omp Superscalar programming models that allow developers to implement infrastructure-agnostic applications. The underlying runtime enables applications to adapt to the infrastructure without the need of maintaining different versions of the code. Our programming model proposal has been evaluated on real platforms, in terms of heterogeneous resource usage, performance and adaptation.

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Naresh E. et Vijaya Kumar B.P. « Innovative Approaches in Pair Programming to Enhance the Quality of Software Development ». International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 10, n^o 2 (avril 2018) : 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicthd.2018040104.

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The article tries to shed some light on the impact of human psychology on the effective use of pair programming in the modern Software development lifecycle such as SCRUM, Extreme Programming which are in turn used on heterogeneous software projects. This article also tries to identify that if the authors try to pair people keeping their psychology in mind that pair can come up with code with fewer defects, with efficient code, if the paper tries to pair people randomly without any planning or thinking might create a pair which let aside create inefficient code and lead to be unproductive nature, and even it will create a negative impact on the project and the team. This article introduces a few novel approaches in framing the pairs in pair programming's like known and unknown pairs, coder and reviewer pair and coder and tester pair. Applying the described approaches, an industry can improve the quality of the delivered product and improve the efficiency of software engineers.

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ABEL, ANDREAS. « Implementing a normalizer using sized heterogeneous types ». Journal of Functional Programming 19, n^o 3-4 (juillet 2009) : 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796809007266.

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AbstractIn the simply typed λ-calculus, a hereditary substitution replaces a free variable in a normal formrby another normal formsof typea, removing freshly created redexes on the fly. It can be defined by lexicographic induction onaandr, thus giving rise to a structurally recursive normalizer for the simply typed λ-calculus. We implement hereditary substitutions in a functional programming language with sized heterogeneous inductive types$\Fhat$, arriving at an interpreter whose termination can be tracked by the type system of its host programming language.

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Mccaskey, Alexander, Thien Nguyen, Anthony Santana, Daniel Claudino, Tyler Kharazi et Hal Finkel. « Extending C++ for Heterogeneous Quantum-Classical Computing ». ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing 2, n^o 2 (juillet 2021) : 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462670.

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We present qcor—a language extension to C++ and compiler implementation that enables heterogeneous quantum-classical programming, compilation, and execution in a single-source context. Our work provides a first-of-its-kind C++ compiler enabling high-level quantum kernel (function) expression in a quantum-language agnostic manner, as well as a hardware-agnostic, retargetable compiler workflow targeting a number of physical and virtual quantum computing backends. qcor leverages novel Clang plugin interfaces and builds upon the XACC system-level quantum programming framework to provide a state-of-the-art integration mechanism for quantum-classical compilation that leverages the best from the community at-large. qcor translates quantum kernels ultimately to the XACC intermediate representation, and provides user-extensible hooks for quantum compilation routines like circuit optimization, analysis, and placement. This work details the overall architecture and compiler workflow for qcor, and provides a number of illuminating programming examples demonstrating its utility for near-term variational tasks, quantum algorithm expression, and feed-forward error correction schemes.

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García-Blas, Javier, et Christopher Brown. « High-level programming for heterogeneous and hierarchical parallel systems ». International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 32, n^o 6 (novembre 2018) : 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342018807840.

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High-Level Heterogeneous and Hierarchical Parallel Systems (HLPGPU) aims to bring together researchers and practitioners to present new results and ongoing work on those aspects of high-level programming relevant, or specific to general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPUs) and new architectures. The 2016 HLPGPU symposium was an event co-located with the HiPEAC conference in Prague, Czech Republic. HLPGPU is targeted at high-level parallel techniques, including programming models, libraries and languages, algorithmic skeletons, refactoring tools and techniques for parallel patterns, tools and systems to aid parallel programming, heterogeneous computing, timing analysis and statistical performance models.

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Amela, Ramon, Cristian Ramon-Cortes, Jorge Ejarque, Javier Conejero et Rosa M. Badia. « Executing linear algebra kernels in heterogeneous distributed infrastructures with PyCOMPSs ». Oil & ; Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018047.

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Python is a popular programming language due to the simplicity of its syntax, while still achieving a good performance even being an interpreted language. The adoption from multiple scientific communities has evolved in the emergence of a large number of libraries and modules, which has helped to put Python on the top of the list of the programming languages [1]. Task-based programming has been proposed in the recent years as an alternative parallel programming model. PyCOMPSs follows such approach for Python, and this paper presents its extensions to combine task-based parallelism and thread-level parallelism. Also, we present how PyCOMPSs has been adapted to support heterogeneous architectures, including Xeon Phi and GPUs. Results obtained with linear algebra benchmarks demonstrate that significant performance can be obtained with a few lines of Python.

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Viñas, Moisés, Basilio B. Fraguela, Zeki Bozkus et Diego Andrade. « Improving OpenCL Programmability with the Heterogeneous Programming Library ». Procedia Computer Science 51 (2015) : 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.208.

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Pu, Jing, Steven Bell, Xuan Yang, Jeff Setter, Stephen Richardson, Jonathan Ragan-Kelley et Mark Horowitz. « Programming Heterogeneous Systems from an Image Processing DSL ». ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 14, n^o 3 (6 septembre 2017) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3107953.

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Bodin, Francois, et Stephane Bihan. « Heterogeneous Multicore Parallel Programming for Graphics Processing Units ». Scientific Programming 17, n^o 4 (2009) : 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/784893.

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Hybrid parallel multicore architectures based on graphics processing units (GPUs) can provide tremendous computing power. Current NVIDIA and AMD Graphics Product Group hardware display a peak performance of hundreds of gigaflops. However, exploiting GPUs from existing applications is a difficult task that requires non-portable rewriting of the code. In this paper, we present HMPP, a Heterogeneous Multicore Parallel Programming workbench with compilers, developed by CAPS entreprise, that allows the integration of heterogeneous hardware accelerators in a unintrusive manner while preserving the legacy code.

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ÖNAL, HAYRI, et BRUCE A. McCARL. « Aggregation of heterogeneous firms in mathematical programming models ». European Review of Agricultural Economics 16, n^o 4 (1989) : 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/16.4.499.

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Zhou, Kai, Xi Chen, Zhijiang Shao, Wei Wan et Lorenz T. Biegler. « Heterogeneous parallel method for mixed integer nonlinear programming ». Computers & ; Chemical Engineering 66 (juillet 2014) : 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.11.009.

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