Thèses sur le sujet « Heterocyclic Carbene »
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Ellul, Charles. « Trimetallic N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538279.
Texte intégralHippolyte, Laura. « New syntheses of N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS148.pdf.
Texte intégralOver the past decade, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have drawn considerable interest in the field of materials chemistry. Indeed, this relatively new class of ligands forms strong bonds with a wide range of metals and their structures and electronic properties can be tuned “at-will” through organic synthesis. This strong bond is of particular interest for gold nanoparticles. Indeed, gold nanoparticles have many potential applications, for example in sensors, catalysis or medicine, but those potential applications are sometimes hindered by a lack of stability of the surface ligand. A few syntheses of NHC-stabilized gold nanoparticles have already been described in the literature but each presents their own set of drawbacks. This thesis work has focused on the development of new syntheses of NHC-stabilized gold nanoparticles. First, by revisiting a literature procedure starting from imidazolium salts, we managed to develop a one-pot synthesis starting only from commercially available AuCl, NaBH4 and easily synthesized imidazolium salts. A totally new synthesis was developed using NHC-boranes, which are stable Lewis adducts. Here, we reported for the first time their use as a 2-in-1 reagent, able to reduce the metallic precursor and provide the nanoparticles stabilizing ligands. Finally, we are the first to report a synthesis of gold nanoparticles stabilized by mesoionic carbenes (MIC). MICs are a sub-class of NHCs synthesized by well-known “click-chemistry”, which present unique electronic properties. Throughout this work, special care was taken to characterize the nanoparticles, notably by XPS
Casely, Ian J. « Electropositive metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3873.
Texte intégralRodden, Mark. « Alkoxide functionalised N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423306.
Texte intégralWilliamson, Craig. « Imidazolylidenes in N-heterocyclic carbene organo-catalysis ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440601.
Texte intégralTulloch, Arran Alexander Dickon. « Novel mixed donor N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249941.
Texte intégralBemowski, Ross David. « Novel N-heterocyclic dicarbene ligands and molybdenum and dimolybdenum N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1291.
Texte intégralZhang, Pinglu. « Cyclodextrin-(N-Heterocyclic Carbene)-Metal Complexes for Cavity-Dependent Catalysis ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066380/document.
Texte intégralCyclodextrin (CD)-NHC-Metal complexes (NHC=N-Heterocyclic Carbene), including the AgI, CuI and AuI complexes were synthesized. A structural study showed that the metal was inside the cavity, and induced by C-H…M, C-H…X and π…X interactions. Variations on α-, β-, γ-CD cavities and NHC derivatives (midazole, benzimidazole, triazole) were studied. When the size of the cavity increased, these interactions decreased. Furthermore, stronger σ-donating effects lead to stronger interactions. CD-Cu complexes showed good activity in catalytic hydroboration of alkynes. The selectivity is depending on the size of the cavity of the catalyst. α-CD copper complex gives linear hydroboration products, while β-CD copper complex yields the branched isomers. The CD-Cu species potentially involved in the catalytic cycle were studied, two different mechanisms were thus proposed. In the α-CD-Cu complex catalyzed reactions, the catalytic process takes place outside the cavity; while a bigger cavity β-CD permits the catalysis to take place inside the cavity. Furthermore, the gold complexes also show different enantioselectivity and regioselectivity in cycloisomerization using different cavity-based catalysts. Catalytic results evidenced the selectivity of a catalytic reaction is dependent on the cavity of the CD-NHC-metal complexes
Maluenda, Borderas Irene. « (N-heterocyclic carbene) : metal catalysed carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76274/.
Texte intégralSirokman, Gergely. « (N-heterocyclic-carbene)Copper(I)-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation using carbon dioxide ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39584.
Texte intégralVita.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis presents work towards the development of a new catalytic C-C bond forming reaction. Alkynes and olefins insert into [(IPr)CuH]2 (IPr = N,N-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-imidazol-2-ylidene) to give copper vinyl and copper alkyl complexes. These copper complexes insert CO2 into the Cu-C bond to form copper acrylate and copper carboxylate complexes. Acrylic and carboxylic acids can be isolated by hydrolysis. A catalytic cycle based on (IPr)copper(I) was developed. Alkynes undergo reductive carboxylation to give acrylic acids in moderate yields. Unexpected interactions between several components of the catalytic system led to a number of side reaction, most importantly between [(IPr)CuH]2 and the product silyl acrylate. The use of silylcarbonate salts to desylilate the product enhanced yield. In addition, silylcarbonates can also serve as a source of CO2.
by Gergely Sirokman.
Ph.D.
Ling, Xiang. « N-heterocyclic carbenes coated nanocrystals and supracrystals ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066334/document.
Texte intégralNanomaterials have received extraordinary attention owing to their unique properties, strongly associated to their nanoscale dimensions. In particular, noble metal (Au, Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit particular mechanical, electronic, optical and magnetic properties and present a high potential for developing applications in many domains with important societal impacts. Due to their higher stability by comparison with other metal-based nanoparticles, Au NPs have been extensively investigated for research in nanotechnology. In the last decades, N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as an essential class of neutral ligands in organometallic chemistry. NHCs are characterized by their high synthetic flexibility, their specific geometry, and a very strong metalCcarbene bond in metal complexes. All these properties have been widely studied and exploited for applications in homogeneous catalysis and for the development of biologically active complexes. By comparison, the use of NHCs in nanomaterials remains largely unexplored. In this work, the potential of NHC ligands in the field of nanomaterials, as coating agents for gold nanocrystals synthesis, stabilization and self-assembly into supracrystals has been explored. First, well-defined silver and gold–NHC complexes with different well-known NHC ligands are investigated for their relevance to generate stable nanocrystals (NCs) under reductive conditions with a good control of nanocrystals size. We demonstrate that both Au and Ag NCs can be formed by reduction of metal-NHC complexes with amine-boranes. The efficiency of the process and the average size and size distribution of the nanocrystals markedly depends on the structure of the NHC ligand. However, we demonstrate in this part that different pathways are involved to generate nanocrystals from Au or Ag precursors, as a specific reaction is observed between Ag-NHCs and thiols leading to the formation of silver thiolates whereas the corresponding Au-NHCs remain unchanged
Reddy, Y. S. V. « Enantioselective construction of six - membered heterocycles and carbocycles using N - heterocyclic carbene (NHC) - organocatalysis ». Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2016. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2079.
Texte intégralCollinson, John Michael. « Immobilised N-heterocyclic carbene metal complexes in catalysis ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/42227.
Texte intégralBourghida, Ahmed. « Heterocyclic ring synthesis using alkylidene carbene insertion reactions ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247946.
Texte intégralChardon, Edith. « N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes : toward innovative anticancer agents ». Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6265.
Texte intégralAmong the existing anticancer agents, cisplatin or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), represents the most known and commonly used chemotherapeutic drug worldwide highlighting the potential of metals in medicinal chemistry. However, its clinical effectiveness is also accompanied by severe side toxicities and cell-resistance mechanisms. These therapeutic limitations have encouraged the development of substitutes to cisplatin and have led to the discovery of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of several late transition metals as new anticancer agents with similar to higher in vitro activities than cisplatin. In this context, the present project dealt with the synthesis and the study of novel cytotoxic NHC complexes of some transition metals (mainly platinum). Two simple, reproducible and modular synthetic routes were developed for the easy functionalization post-complexation of NHC derivatives using (a) ruthenium-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition and (b) ligand substitution. In order to improve the efficacy and selectivity of the NHC complexes, we have extended these strategies of functionalization to the attachment of biologically interesting moieties such as targeting agents, hydrosoluble groups and fluorescent dyes. In vitro cytotoxic activities of these newly synthesized complexes were measured against a wide variety of cancerous cells. The majority of the compounds demonstrated higher activities than the benchmark cisplatin and some were selective toward tumoral cells. These promising early-stage results offer new perspectives in cancer therapy while giving alternatives to the biomedical limitations of cisplatin
Robinson, William J. III. « Development of Tetrathiafulvalene Fused N-Heterocyclic Carbene Compounds ». Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1610382201476554.
Texte intégralSerre, Veronique. « Synthesis of new N-heterocyclic carbene metal complexes ». Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34833.
Texte intégralHodgson, Richard. « Novel chiral di-N-heterocyclic carbene and hybrid phosphine-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application to transition metal mediated asymmetric catalysis ». Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423839.
Texte intégralMartínez, Lombardía Alberto. « Heterogenized n-heterocyclic carbene metal complexes for selective catalysis ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386577.
Texte intégralLa presente tesis doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de catalizadores que permitan llevar a cabo procesos sintéticos de manera más eficiente y sostenible. Se presentan dos nuevas familias de catalizadores soportados, ambas pertenecientes al grupo de complejos organometálicos moleculares inmovilizados sobre un soporte sólido. La primera familia incluye complejos de Pd con ligandos carbeno N-heterocíclico monodentados de gran impedimento estérico, inmovilizados sobre óxidos inorgánicos, como sílicas, alúmina u òxido de titanio. Esta familia de catalizadores se aplicó en dos tipos de reacciones: i) reacciones de acoplamiento C-C y ii) semireducción de alquinos. Entre las reacciones de acoplamiento mencionadas, los complejos de [Pd(NHC)] inmovilizados se aplicaron en las reacciones de Suzuki, Heck y Sonogashira, y se evaluaron en base a su actividad, selectividad y reciclabilidad. Además, en el caso de las reacciones de Suzuki y Sonogashira, estos catalizadores también se aplicaron en condiciones de flujo continuo. La aplicación de esta familia de catalizadores en la semireducción selectiva de alquinos se llevó a cabo utilizando dos metodologías diferentes: utilizando hidrógeno molecular, o bien utilizando el sistema trietilamina/ácido fórmico como dador de H (condiciones de transferencia de hidrógeno). La segunda familia de catalizadores soportados contempla complejos de Rh(I) estabilizados con ligandos bidentados de tipo carbeno N-heterocíclico, con quiralidad axial, y funcionalizados con un grupo pireno. La inmovilización de estos complejos de Rh sobre la superficie de nanotubos de carbono "multi-walled" tuvo lugar mediante interacciones de tipo "pi-pi stacking" entre la superficie de los nanotubos y el grupo pireno presente en el ligando. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación de estos complejos de Rh en varios procesos catalíticos.
The present PhD thesis aims at contributing to the development of more efficient and sustainable synthetic processes through catalysis. In this regard, two families of new solid-supported catalysts are presented. Both families belong to the group of molecularly defined organometallic complexes immobilized onto a solid support. The first family includes Pd complexes of sterically hindered monodentate N-Heterocylic Carbene ligands supported onto inorganic oxide materials, namely silicas, alumina and titania. This family of catalysts was applied in two types of reactions: i) C-C cross-couplings and ii) semireduction of alkynes. Among cross-coupling reactions, the supported [Pd(NHC)] complexes could be applied in Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira couplings and their performance was assessed in terms of activity, selectivity and reusability. For the Suzuki and Sonogashira couplings, the catalysts were also appied under continuous flow conditions. The application of this family of catalysts in the selective reduction of alkynes was carried out following two different methodologies: using hydrogen gas, or using triethylamine/formic acid as the H-donor system (transfer hydrogenation conditions). The second family of solid-supported catalysts features Rh(I) complexes bearing axially chiral bidentate N-Heterocyclic carbene ligands functionalized with a pyrene moiety. Immobilization of these Rh complexes onto the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was achieved by means of "pi-pi stacking interactions" between the surface of the nanotubes and the pyrene moiety present in the ligand. Results obtained from the application of these complexes as catalysts in various reactions are presented.
Charra, Valentine. « Coordination of multidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands to nickel ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF019/document.
Texte intégralThe purpose of this work was the synthesis of bis-NHC (N-Heterocyclic carbene) ligands, theformation of the corresponding silver(I), copper(I) and nickel(II) complexes and the assessment ofthe catalytic activity of the bis-NHC nickel(II) complexes in ethylene oligomerization. A series of new bis-NHC silver(I) and copper(I) complexes was synthesized. Five different synthetic routes were tested for the formation of nickel(II) bis-NHC complexes. The most significant results were obtained by transmetalation from the silver(I) iodide or bromide complexes
Arentsen, Katherine. « Application of palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes in catalysis ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430951.
Texte intégralNewman, Christopher P. « Phenylpyridine and N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of platinum (II) ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425555.
Texte intégralMartin, Thomas Antony. « Unravelling the photochemistry of organometallic N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547630.
Texte intégralMarr, Isobel Helen. « Synthesis and reactivity of scandium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17970.
Texte intégralDurmus, Semih. « Silver(I) and Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes ». University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1165247084.
Texte intégralFraser, Roan. « Fischer and N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of chromium(0) ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31504.
Texte intégralDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Chemistry
MSc
Unrestricted
Pretorius, René. « Fischer and N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of tungsten(0) ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31515.
Texte intégralDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Chemistry
MSc
Unrestricted
Sprick, Reiner Sebastian. « Polytriarylamines containing fused ring and heterocyclic structures prepared using N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of palladium ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/polytriarylamines-containing-fused-ring-and-heterocyclic-structures-prepared-using-nheterocyclic-carbene-complexes-of-palladium(c09188eb-490b-452c-945a-22979f58c76d).html.
Texte intégralWang, Yinli. « Development of A New Heterocycle Forming Reaction and Kinetic Resolution with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes ». Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232320.
Texte intégralPanzner, Matthew John. « SILVER N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENES AND SUBSTITUTED CYCLOTRIPHOSPHAZENES ». University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1164744266.
Texte intégralGermeroth, Anne Inger. « Reactivity of electropositive f-block metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9519.
Texte intégralFyfe, Andrew Alston. « d- and f-metal alkoxy-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15862.
Texte intégralTurner, Zoe Rose. « Small molecule activation using electropositive metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8210.
Texte intégralTeasdale, Christopher William Thomas. « Novel N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for use in supported catalysis ». Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2953/.
Texte intégralLi, Kai, et 李凯. « Photoluminescent organoplatinum (II) complexes containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50533915.
Texte intégralpublished_or_final_version
Chemistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
Geraghty, Paul Bythell. « Studies towards the synthesis of fused N-Heterocyclic carbene precursors ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8197.
Texte intégralRose, Marcus, Andreas Notzon, Maja Heitbaum, Georg Nickerl, Silvia Paasch, Eike Brunner, Frank Glorius et Stefan Kaskel. « N-Heterocyclic carbene containing element organic frameworks as heterogeneous organocatalysts ». Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-138636.
Texte intégralDieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
Marshall, Colin. « The synthesis of chiral C2-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene complexes ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248633.
Texte intégralDavies, Caroline. « Trans-dihydride complexes of ruthenium bearing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665402.
Texte intégralDaly, Christopher Gary. « Applications of amido-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in bifunctional catalysis ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27800.
Texte intégralDiebolt, Olivier. « N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in palladium and iridium organometallic chemistry ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2126.
Texte intégralTitcomb, Lisa Rae. « Novel palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as catalysts for aminations ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395012.
Texte intégralDupuy, Stéphanie. « N-heterocyclic carbene gold hydroxide complexes as bond activation reagents ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6613.
Texte intégralRose, Marcus, Andreas Notzon, Maja Heitbaum, Georg Nickerl, Silvia Paasch, Eike Brunner, Frank Glorius et Stefan Kaskel. « N-Heterocyclic carbene containing element organic frameworks as heterogeneous organocatalysts ». Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27766.
Texte intégralDieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
Tomar, Pooja. « N-heterocyclic carbene derivatives for the activation of sulfur fluorides ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22932.
Texte intégralThe metal-free activation of the greenhouse gas SF6 using electron-rich N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) furnished 2,2-difluoroimidazolines or 2,2-difluoroimidazolidines and 2- thio derivatives of the NHC precursors. The NHCs can reduce SF4 as well to give same products. A complete degradation of an another greenhouse gas SF5CF3 also gave 2,2- difluoro- and 2-thio- derivatives along with the 2-fluoro-2-trifluoromethyl- derivative of the NHC precursors. The 1,3-dimesityl-2,2-difluoroimidazolidine [SIMes(F)2] was taken as an exemplary substrate to be applied in deoxyfluorination reactions and acyl fluorination of aldehydes via aldehydic C(sp2)–H bond activation. Additionally, the activation of SF6 and the fluorination of 1-octanol into 1-fluorooctane can be coupled in a one-pot process. Furthermore, trifluoromethylation of Me3SiCl and arenes was observed with the 1,3-dimesityl-2-fluoro-2- trifluoromethylimidazolidine [SIMes(F)(CF3)]. SIMes(F)2 was also used for the fluorination of complex [(SIMes)AlMe3] to synthesize the NHC stabilized Al(III) fluoride [(SIMes)Al(F)(Me)2]. Various alternative reaction routes have been developed to synthesize the NHC stabilized Al(III) fluorides [(SIMes)Al(F)(Me)2] and [(SIMes)Al(F)3] through the fluorination of [(SIMes)AlMe3] with SF4, SF6 and Me3SnF. The complex [(SIMes)Al(F)3] was successfully employed for a F/Cl exchange reaction by treating it with Me3SiCl to yield [(SIMes)Al(Cl)3] and Me3SiF.
Truscott, Byron John. « N-heterocyclic carbene rhodium(I) and iridium(I) hydroxide complexes ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7049.
Texte intégralPaine, Belinda Marie. « Ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes : C-H activation and catalysis ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2005. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425799.
Texte intégralSolinas, Gavino <1984>. « N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes of rhodium : structures, dynamics and catalysis ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5637/1/solinas_gavino_tesi.pdf.
Texte intégralSolinas, Gavino <1984>. « N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes of rhodium : structures, dynamics and catalysis ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5637/.
Texte intégralPatra, A. « N-heterocyclic carbene-organocatalyzed umpolung of aldehydes and imines for new synthetic transformations ». Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2017. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/4272.
Texte intégral