Articles de revues : « Health Damaging Pollutants »

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Singh, Aditya Abha, Rana Eram, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal et Shashi Bhushan Agrawal. « Air Pollution : Sources and its Effects on Humans and Plants ». INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, n^o 01 (6 septembre 2022) : 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.02.

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Pollution of air is among the serious issue that the world is confronting today in developed and developing countries. An escalating numberof automobiles and industries incessantly add toxic gases like SO2, NOx, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Simultaneously,secondary pollutant tropospheric O3 formed by the reactions of primary pollutant is equally hazardous. Suspension of these contaminantsin air leads to damaging effects on human health and plant productivity and results in the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity.Human health issues associated with pollutants in air include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, nervous and reproductive systemdisorders, lowered life expectancy, and mutations. Moreover, air pollutants negatively affect different morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of the plants. Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species that negatively affect various physiological pathways inthe plants inducing their anti-oxidative defense system to counteract oxidative stress. Air pollutants are also accountable for injury tovegetation and losses in crop productivity which is an increased cause of concern. Hence considering the air pollution menace, effectiveregulations, policies, and strategies should be developed for good human health, agricultural production, and food security.

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Peng, Diya. « Connections between air pollution, traffic and respiratory health ». Journal of Sustainability Science and Technology 2, n^o 1 (6 juin 2022) : 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/josst.v2i1.18.

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Air pollution increases the likelihood of developing a variety of health issues, particularly in the field of respiration. Involuntary exposure to traffic-related air pollution affects humans from fetal development to death. Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, ozone, particulate matter 10 (PM10), lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, benzopyrene, and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) are among the lung-damaging substances found in air pollutants. Determining the causal relationship between various major road pollutants and the human respiratory system is a difficult task. In general, it can be concluded that traffic-related pollutants will induce an inflammatory response that will progress based on the variation of humans exposed. The concept of oxidative stress resulting from traffic-related pollutants has also begun to receive extensive research. This gives hope for assisting the human anti-oxidant system in combating the increasingly difficult-to-avoid threat of air pollution.

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Bernerd, Françoise, Thierry Passeron, Isabelle Castiel et Claire Marionnet. « The Damaging Effects of Long UVA (UVA1) Rays : A Major Challenge to Preserve Skin Health and Integrity ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n^o 15 (26 juillet 2022) : 8243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158243.

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Within solar ultraviolet (UV) light, the longest UVA1 wavelengths, with significant and relatively constant levels all year round and large penetration properties, produce effects in all cutaneous layers. Their effects, mediated by numerous endogenous chromophores, primarily involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress is the major mode of action of UVA1, responsible for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA lesions and subsequent intracellular signaling cascades. These molecular changes lead to mutations, apoptosis, dermis remodeling, inflammatory reactions and abnormal immune responses. The altered biological functions contribute to clinical consequences such as hyperpigmentation, inflammation, photoimmunosuppression, sun allergies, photoaging and photocancers. Such harmful impacts have also been reported after the use of UVA1 phototherapy or tanning beds. Furthermore, other external aggressors, such as pollutants and visible light (Vis), were shown to induce independent, cumulative and synergistic effects with UVA1 rays. In this review, we synthetize the biological and clinical effects of UVA1 and the complementary effects of UVA1 with pollutants or Vis. The identified deleterious biological impact of UVA1 contributing to clinical consequences, combined with the predominance of UVA1 rays in solar UV radiation, constitute a solid rational for the need for a broad photoprotection, including UVA1 up to 400 nm.

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Xiao, Bo, Lanyu Ning, Zixiang Lin, Shiyi Wang et Hua Zang. « The Impact of Air Pollution on the Protection of World Cultural Heritage in China ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 16 (17 août 2022) : 10226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610226.

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The damage of air pollution to cultural heritage is widely known. However, the quantitative effects still need to be explored at a holistic level. Different from existing research which focuses on the “model calculation” methods, this paper uses an econometric approach to assess the overall impact of air pollution on the sustainable protection of world cultural heritage in China. Based on the data of the annual monitoring report from 2014 to 2020 released by the China World Cultural Heritage Monitoring Platform, this paper uses the thermal inversion as an instrument variable of air pollution to estimate the overall effects of air pollution on all world cultural heritage sites in China. The results indicate that almost all the air pollutants (except for CO) have significantly negative effects on heritage. The damaging effects of gaseous pollutants including SO2, NO2 and O3 is greater than that of particulate pollutants such as PM2.5 and PM10. Rainfall can exacerbate the worsening effects of gaseous pollutants, but will mitigate the negative effects of particulate pollutants; the windy weather may weaken the negative impact. In addition, environmental regulations from the local government can also alleviate the negative influence of air pollution on heritage protection. This research can provide a more comprehensive environmental prevention policy reference for the protection of world cultural heritage.

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Husainy, Avesahemad SN. « A Glance on Indoor Air Pollutants, their Impacts and Simple Solutions to Avoid Health Related Issues ». Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 7, n^o 4 (22 décembre 2020) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.202009.

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Every coin has two sides. Likewise, as we are progressing towards the era of technology and industrialization; a lot of worst effects are arising as well. Along with the ecosystem, human health is suffering from some adverse issues because of pollution. We have heard about outdoor air pollution but indoor air pollution is even more harmful to human health. It is being observed that Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is getting worse day by day leading to many lung diseases, breathing issues, low birth rate, eye-related diseases, perinatal conditions, etc. Hence these issues have to be considered before getting too late. Indoor air quality varies from regions i.e. in the case of developed countries; cooling-heating appliances, electric devices, petroleum products, etc. are the major contributors to deplete IAQ. While in case of developing countries which have a huge number of rural areas; biomass open fires, traditional cooking systems with direct fire expose or indoor stove, etc. are the major factors behind damaged indoor air quality. Generally, children and aged persons spend most of their time inside the house. These people have low immunity hence they get easily affected by depleted IAQ and face many health-related issues. There is a long list of harmful pollutants like NOX, COX, SOX, organic matter, etc. that play a significant role in damaging air quality. A ventilation system is essential in offices, theatres, malls, homes, etc. but the occupant devices lower the air quality index. Likewise, green-house effects increase the percentage of COX which damages nature and human health as well. All these factors, parameters, adverse effects and solutions are studied in this paper.

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Ogbonna, C. « An overview of the Effect of Biomass in-door-air Pollution on Household Members ». Journal of Epidemiological Society of Nigeria 1 (28 février 2017) : 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jeson.16.

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Worldwide statistics show that 2.4 billion people depend on biomass fuel for cooking and heating. Biomass are plant materials and animal waste used especially as source of fuel. Typically, burned in open fire or inefficient stoves without appropriate ventilation, biomass fuels emit substantial amounts of health damaging pollutants leading to high level of exposure. In developing countries the level is at least 10-20 times higher than World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Women and young children who spend many hours daily near the fire are the most exposed. A growing body of literature implicates in-door air pollution from biomass fuel as a risk factor for the development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Lung cancer in women and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in young children.4-8 About two billion people have no access to modern energy and a billion have it only sporadically. Household members especially women and children in rural settlements collect all kinds of materials that are hazardous for their source of household energy. This is peculiar to the rural populations and more so the poor communities. Biomass fuels are at the low end of the energy ladder in terms of combustion efficiency and cleanliness. Smoke from biomass combustion produces a large number of health damaging air pollutants including inhalable particulate matter, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides, Formaldehyde, Benzene, 1,3 Butadiene, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and many other toxic organic compounds. In developing countries, where large proportions of households rely on biomass fuels for cooking and space heating, concentrations of these air pollutants tend to be highest indoors. The fuels are typically burned in simple, inefficient, and mostly unvented household cook stoves, which, combined with poor ventilation, generate large volumes of smoke indoors. Moreover, cook stoves are typically used for several hours each day at times when people are present indoors, resulting in much higher exposure to air pollutants than from out-door sources. More than three billion people or half the world's populations, cook in their homes using traditional fire and stoves, burning biomass fuels such as woods and crop waste materials. Household members breathe in the toxic fumes from these cooking fires daily.

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Бойко, Оксана Витальевна, Ю. И. Доценко, Н. И. Гудинская, В. И. Бойко, Р. И. Мухамедзянова, Д. М. Козак et Ф. С. Стенькин. « Effect of pollutants on biochemical properties of microorganisms ». Hygiene and sanitation 99, n^o 4 (26 mai 2020) : 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-4-368-378.

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Introduction. The development of different ways of identifying hazard of substances, polluting the environment, that are alternative to routine methods for assessing health of different professional groups of people, as well as to tests on laboratory animals, has been assessed and summarized in a number of papers, and there is a growing volume of actual data on this issue. The analyzing pathogenic properties of microflora, isolated from polluted habitats or changed under the effect of pollutants, allows both assessing the risk of diseases with microbial etiology and identifying the influence of modifying factors on this process. Materials and methods. The research was performed on 150 cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae, exposed to diethanolamine, phenol, sulfuric and nitric acids, taken at the level of their threshold limit value. The same cultures incubated without pollutants were used as a control group. Pathogenic factors were determined with the use of traditional methods, our modified methods (RNAase activity) and standard agents, kits and media. Results. The contact with all the pollutants resulted in a fair increase in adhesive, anti-Ig, lysozyme, anti-lysozyme and RNAase activities of microorganisms, their resistance to antibacterial action of blood serum, as well as to damaging action of lactoferrin. The bacteria increased their ability to synthesize a substance, immunologically similar to human lactoferrin. At the same time, there was a decrease in lipase activity, primarily referred to factors determining the bacterial ability to survive in the environment. Discussion. Therefore, the paper results can be presented as follows: being an independent and holistic section of modern microbiology, bacterial biochemistry unites the issues appeared to be far from each other - changes in factors of pathogenicity and persistence of microorganisms and technogenic changeability of the environment. Being quite urgent today, this problem may become aggravated in the course of further technological progress.

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Boiko, Oksana V., Yu I. Dotsenko, N. I. Gudinskaya, V. I. Boiko, R. I. Mukhamedzyanova, D. M. Kozak et F. S. Stenkin. « Effect of pollutants on biochemical properties of microorganisms ». Hygiene and sanitation 99, n^o 4 (26 mai 2020) : 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-4-368-378.

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Introduction. The development of different ways of identifying hazard of substances, polluting the environment, that are alternative to routine methods for assessing health of different professional groups of people, as well as to tests on laboratory animals, has been assessed and summarized in a number of papers, and there is a growing volume of actual data on this issue. The analyzing pathogenic properties of microflora, isolated from polluted habitats or changed under the effect of pollutants, allows both assessing the risk of diseases with microbial etiology and identifying the influence of modifying factors on this process. Materials and methods. The research was performed on 150 cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae, exposed to diethanolamine, phenol, sulfuric and nitric acids, taken at the level of their threshold limit value. The same cultures incubated without pollutants were used as a control group. Pathogenic factors were determined with the use of traditional methods, our modified methods (RNAase activity) and standard agents, kits and media. Results. The contact with all the pollutants resulted in a fair increase in adhesive, anti-Ig, lysozyme, anti-lysozyme and RNAase activities of microorganisms, their resistance to antibacterial action of blood serum, as well as to damaging action of lactoferrin. The bacteria increased their ability to synthesize a substance, immunologically similar to human lactoferrin. At the same time, there was a decrease in lipase activity, primarily referred to factors determining the bacterial ability to survive in the environment. Discussion. Therefore, the paper results can be presented as follows: being an independent and holistic section of modern microbiology, bacterial biochemistry unites the issues appeared to be far from each other - changes in factors of pathogenicity and persistence of microorganisms and technogenic changeability of the environment. Being quite urgent today, this problem may become aggravated in the course of further technological progress.

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Edwards, Rufus D., Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhang et Yuqing Ma. « Models to predict emissions of health-damaging pollutants and global warming contributions of residential fuel/stove combinations in China ». Chemosphere 50, n^o 2 (janvier 2003) : 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00478-2.

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Varela-Silva, José Antonio, Miguel Ernesto Martínez-Leija, Sandra Teresa Orta-García, Ivan Nelinho Pérez-Maldonado, Jesús Adrián López, Hiram Hernández-López, Roberto González-Amaro, Emma S. Calderón-Aranda, Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez et Mariana Salgado-Bustamante. « Differential Expression of AhR in Peripheral Mononuclear Cells in Response to Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mexican Women ». Toxics 11, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2022) : 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010028.

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The exposure to air pollutants causes significant damage to health, and inefficient cooking and heating practices produce high levels of household air pollution, including a wide range of health-damaging pollutants such as fine particles, carbon monoxide and PAHs. The exposure to PAHs has been associated with the development of neoplastic processes, asthma, genotoxicity, altered neurodevelopment and inflammation. The effects on the induction of proinflammatory cytokines are attributed to the activation of AhR. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the PAHs produce proinflammatory effects are unknown. This study was performed on a group of 41 Mexican women from two rural communities who had stoves inside their houses, used wood as biomass fuel, and, thus, were vulnerable. According to the urinary 1-OHP concentration, the samples were stratified into two groups for determination of the levels of TNF-α, AhR, CYP1B1, miR-125b and miR-155 expression. Our results showed that the CYP1B1, TNF-α, miR-125b and miR-155 expression levels were not statistically different between women with the lowest and highest levels of 1-OHP. Interestingly, high levels of PAHs promoted augmented expression of AhR, which is a protein involved in the modulation of inflammatory pathways in vivo, suggesting that cell signaling of AhR may be implicated in several pathogenesis processes.

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Kapustka, Katarzyna, Dorota Klimecka-Tatar et Gerhard Ziegmann. « The Management and Potential Risk Reductionin the Processing of Rare Earths Elements ». System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, n^o 1 (1 mars 2019) : 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0010.

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AbstractThe rare earth elements (REE) are vital to innovation technologies and society and are important for the industry, especially for high-tech solutions. In the modern world, anumerous applications have been developed using rare earth elements (REE), implying human exposures and raising unclear questions as to REE-associated health effects. Protecting the environment and public health from disadvantageous actions of rare earth elements mining and processing as emerging pollutants is urgently desired to achieve sustainable development. All activities in mining processes like extraction, separation and after recycling of REE elements could create rick to human health and environment. In the paper the role of management in safety aspects during mining and processing of rare earth elements has been highlighted. In the paper, the potential dangerous and damaging effects on the environment and human health have been identified - the potential risk in the processing as well as the possibilities of preventing the occurrence of hazards have been analyzed.

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Alaa Abbass, Rana, Prashant Kumar et Ahmed El-Gendy. « Emissions Control Scenarios for Transport in Greater Cairo ». Toxics 9, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2021) : 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110285.

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Air pollution is a major cause of premature death in Greater Cairo, but studies on emission control are limited. We used local and international data to predict the impact of transport emission control measures on sector parameters including congestion. The International Vehicle Emission model accordingly estimated quantities of criteria, toxic and global warming emissions produced by on-road vehicles. Emissions were estimated for 2019 base case (2019-BC) and projected for 2030 under the ‘do nothing’ scenario (2030-DNS) and five scenarios: fuel subsidy removal (2030-FSR), road expansions (2030-RE), public transport improvements (2030-PTI), inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs (2030-I/MP), and fuel enhancements (2030-FE). The 2030-FSR would reduce emissions by 11.2% versus 2030-DNS. The 2030-RE resulted in an average increase of 37% in emissions compared with 2030-DNS since it induces more traffic. The 2030-PTI provides alternatives to car travel; hence, cars result in an average drop of 32.8% for all emission types compared with 2030-DNS. The 2030-I/MP exhibited reductions in PM10 and toxic pollutants, of 35–54.8% compared with 2030-DNS. The 2030-FE reduced SOx, benzene and N2O emissions by 91.8%, 81% and 39.1%, respectively, compared with 2030-DNS. The 2030-I/MP is most effective in reducing health damaging pollutants while 2030-PTI positively impacts commuters’ lifestyle.

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Zlatev, Zahari, et Ivan Dimov. « Using a Digital Twin to Study the Influence of Climatic Changes on High Ozone Levels in Bulgaria and Europe ». Atmosphere 13, n^o 6 (8 juin 2022) : 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060932.

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High concentration levels of air pollutants may cause damage to plants, animals, and the health of some groups of human beings. Therefore, it is important to investigate different topics related to the high air pollution levels and to find reliable answers to the questions about the possible damages, which might take place when these levels exceed some limits. A few of the numerous questions, the answers of which are highly desirable, are listed below: (a) When are the air pollution levels dangerous? (b) What is the reason for the increased air pollution levels? (c) How can the air pollution levels be decreased? (d) Will the future climate changes result in higher and more dangerous air pollution levels? It is necessary to study carefully many issues connected with the distribution of air pollutants in a given region and with the reasons for the increases of the concentrations to high levels, which might be damaging. In order to do this, it is necessary to develop a Digital Twin of all relevant physical processes in the atmosphere and to use after that this tool in different applications. Such a tool, its name is DIGITAL AIR, has been created. Digital Twins are becoming more and more popular). Many complex problems, arising taking place in very complicated surroundings, can be handled and resolved successfully by applying Digital Twins. The preparation of such a digital tool as well as its practical implementation in the treatment of a special problem, the increase of some potentially dangerous ozone levels, will be discussed and tested in this paper. The Unified Danish Eulerian Model (UNI-DEM) is a very important part of DIGITAL AIR. This mathematical model, UNI-DEM, can be applied in many different studies related to damaging effects caused by high air pollution levels. We shall use it in this paper to get a reliable answer to a very special but extremely important question: will the future climatic changes lead to an increase in the ozone pollution levels in Bulgaria and Europe, which can potentially become dangerous for human health?

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Želježić, Davor, Snježana Herceg Romanić, Darija Klinčić, Marijana Matek Sarić et Judita Grzunov Letinić. « Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants in Placentas Sampled from Women in Croatia and an Evaluation of Their DNA Damaging Potential In Vitro ». Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74, n^o 2 (9 janvier 2018) : 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0503-9.

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Kelly, Frank J. « Vitamins and respiratory disease : antioxidant micronutrients in pulmonary health and disease ». Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, n^o 4 (novembre 2005) : 510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005457.

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The lungs are continually exposed to relatively-high O2 tensions, and as such, in comparison with other organs, they represent a unique tissue for the damaging effects of oxidant attack. At particular times during a lifetime this every day challenge may increase exponentially. The first oxidative insult occurs at birth, when cells are exposed to a sudden 5-fold increase in O2 concentration. Thereafter, the human lung, from infancy through to old age, can be subjected to deleterious oxidative events as a consequence of inhaling environmental pollutants or irritants, succumbing to several pulmonary diseases (including infant and adult respiratory distress syndromes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and cancer) and receiving treatment for these diseases. The present paper will review the concept that consumption of a healthy diet and the consequent ability to establish and then maintain adequate micronutrient antioxidant concentrations in the lung throughout life, and following various oxidative insults, could prevent or reduce the incidence of oxidant-mediated respiratory diseases. Furthermore, the rationale, practicalities and complexities of boosting the antioxidant pool of the respiratory-tract lining fluid in diseases in which oxidative stress is actively involved, by direct application to the lung v. dietary modification, in order to achieve a therapeutic effect will be discussed.

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Patra, R. C., Amiya K. Rautray et D. Swarup. « Oxidative Stress in Lead and Cadmium Toxicity and Its Amelioration ». Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/457327.

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Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role, at least in part, in pathogenesis of many disease conditions and toxicities in animals. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and free radicals beyond the cells intrinsic capacity to neutralize following xenobiotics exposure leads to a state of oxidative stress and resultant damages of lipids, protein, and DNA. Lead and cadmium are the common environmental heavy metal pollutants and have widespread distribution. Both natural and anthropogenic sources including mining, smelting, and other industrial processes are responsible for human and animal exposure. These pollutants, many a times, are copollutants leading to concurrent exposure to living beings and resultant synergistic deleterious health effects. Several mechanisms have been explained for the damaging effects on the body system. Of late, oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the lead- and cadmium-induced pathotoxicity. Several ameliorative measures to counteract the oxidative damage to the body system aftermath or during exposure to these toxicants have been assessed with the use of antioxidants. The present review focuses on mechanism of lead- and cadmium-induced oxidate damages and the ameliorative measures to counteract the oxidative damage and pathotoxicity with the use of supplemented antioxidants for their beneficial effects.

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Benedusi, Mascia, Elena Frigato, Cristiano Bertolucci et Giuseppe Valacchi. « Circadian Deregulation as Possible New Player in Pollution-Induced Tissue Damage ». Atmosphere 12, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2021) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010116.

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Circadian rhythms are 24-h oscillations driven by a hypothalamic master oscillator that entrains peripheral clocks in almost all cells, tissues and organs. Circadian misalignment, triggered by industrialization and modern lifestyles, has been linked to several pathological conditions, with possible impairment of the quality or even the very existence of life. Living organisms are continuously exposed to air pollutants, and among them, ozone or particulate matters (PMs) are considered to be among the most toxic to human health. In particular, exposure to environmental stressors may result not only in pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, but, as it has been demonstrated in the last two decades, the skin can also be affected by pollution. In this context, we hypothesize that chronodistruption can exacerbate cell vulnerability to exogenous damaging agents, and we suggest a possible common mechanism of action in deregulation of the homeostasis of the pulmonary, cardiovascular and cutaneous tissues and in its involvement in the development of pathological conditions.

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Ochs, Soraya de M., Maíra Fasciotti et Annibal D. Pereira Netto. « Analysis of 31 Hydrazones of Carbonyl Compounds by RRLC-UV and RRLC-MS(/MS) : A Comparison of Methods ». Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/890836.

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Aldehydes and ketones are volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted into the atmosphere by a large number of natural and anthropogenic sources. Carbonyl compounds (CC) are atmospheric pollutants with known damaging effects for the human’s health. In this work, the separation of 31 carbonyl compounds (CC) in their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones form was optimized by rapid resolution liquid chromatography in 9 minutes and simultaneously detected by ultraviolet and mass spectrometry with an APCI(−) as ionization source. The mass spectra of hydrazones presented the [M-H]−ions as base peak, but the MS/MS spectra showed fragments related to different structural classes of aldehydes and ketones, representing an important tool to assist structure elucidation of unknown CC in real samples. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) improved the sensitivity and selectivity for the quantitation method. Analytical parameters using both UV and MS (linearity, determination coefficients, detection limits, and sensitivity) were compared. The detection methods are complementary and a powerful analytical tool for the detection and quantitation of CC in complex environmental samples.

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Andi Miarta, Mayang Indah Lestari et Zulkifli. « Waste Anesthetic Gase : A Forgotten Problems ». Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research 1, n^o 1 (20 juin 2020) : 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/jacr.v1i1.198.

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ABSTRACT Waste anesthetic gas (WAG) is a small amount of inhaled anesthetic gas that comes out of the patient’s anesthesia breathing circuit into the envorinment air while the patient is under anesthesia. According to American Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) more than 200.000 healthcare workers especially aneaesthesiologist, surgery nurse, obstetrician and surgeons are at risk of developing work-related disease due to chronic exposure to WAG. Exposure to WAG in short time associated with multiple problems such as headaches, irritability, fatigue, nausea, drowsiness, decrease work efficiency and difficulty with judgment and coordination. While chronic exposure of WAG is associated with genotoxicity, mutagenicity, oxidative stress, fatigue, headache, irritability, nausea, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive and reproductive toxicological effect. Waste anesthetic gases are known as environmental pollutants and will be released from the OR to the outside environment then the substance will reach the atmosphere damaging ozone layer. Exposure to trace WAG in the perioperative environment cannot be eliminated completely, but it can be controlled. Controlling WAG can be achieve by using scavenging system, proper ventilation, airway management, ideal anesthetic choice, maintaining anesthesia machine and equipment, hospital regulation and routine healthcare workers health status examination.

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Pires, Vanessa Leal, Sara C. Novais, Marco F. L. Lemos, Vanessa F. Fonseca et Bernardo Duarte. « Evaluation of Multivariate Biomarker Indexes Application in Ecotoxicity Tests with Marine Diatoms Exposed to Emerging Contaminants ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 9 (25 avril 2021) : 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093878.

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Worldwide anthropogenic activities result in the production and release of potentially damaging toxic pollutants into ecosystems, thereby jeopardizing their health and continuity. Research studies and biomonitoring programs attend to this emerging problematic by applying and developing statistically relevant indexes that integrate complex biomarker response data to provide a holistic approach, reflecting toxically induced alterations at the organism or population level. Ultimately, indexes allow simple result communications, enhancing policy makers understanding, and contributing to better resource and environmental managing policies. In this study three indexes, the integrated biomarker response index (IBR), the bioeffects assessment index (BAI) and principal components analysis (PCA), were evaluated for their sensitivity in revealing toxically induced stress patterns in cells of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under contaminant exposure. The set of biomarkers selected for index construction comprised the anti-oxidant enzymes APX, CAT and SOD, and the lipid peroxidation marker TBARS. Several significant correlations with the applied concentration gradients were noticed for all indexes, although IBR excelled for its reliability in delivering statistically significant dose-response patterns for four out of the five tested compounds.

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Indriyani, Lies, Deniyatno Deniyatno, Sahindomi Bana, Ridwan Adi Surya et Junartin Teke. « ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ANALYSIS IN KENDARI BAY IN TERMS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS : Pb, Cu and Zn ». GeoEco 6, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2020) : 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ge.v6i1.39258.

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Heavy metal is one of the most pollutant loads that endangers the aquatic environment. Not only damaging the aquatic ecosystem, the presence of heavy metals also endangers the human health. This Research aims to determine the levels of heavy metals, especially Pb, Cu and Zn in water and also the sediments inside Kendari Bay waters. To determine the environmental quality of Kendari Bay waters standards, Sampling was carried out at 10 stations and sample analysis was carried out using the AAS method. Data analysis was performed using descriptive methods. The results showed that heavy metals Pb, Cu and Zn in water ranged <0.002 - 0.012 mg / L, for metals ranging from <0.002 - 0.003 mg / L, Cu metals ranged from <0.002 - 0.012 mg / L and Zn metals ranged from <0.002 - 0.003 mg / L, while heavy metals Pb, Cu and Zn in sediments range <0.002 - 0.047 mg / kg, for Pb metals range from 0.052 to 0.047 mg / kg, Cu metals range <0.002 - 0.042 mg / kg and Zn metals range from 0 , 0019 - 0.011 mg / kg. The heavy metal content of Pb, Cu, and Zn in both water and sediment samples has not exceeded the quality standards based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No.51 of 2004 and USEPA.Keywords : kendari bay, heavy metal, Pb, Cu, Zn

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Chi, Qianru, Dongxu Wang, Xueyuan Hu, Shiping Li et Shu Li. « Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Exposure Induces Necroptosis and Promotes Inflammation through the MAPK/NF-κB Pathway in Broiler Spleen ». Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (31 juillet 2019) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8061823.

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the main pollutants in the atmosphere, which is a serious threat to human health. The decomposition of sulfur-containing organics in chicken houses could produce a large amount of H2S, thereby damaging poultry health. In this study, one-day-old broilers were selected and exposed to 4 or 20 ppm of H2S gas (0-3 weeks: 4±0.5 ppm, 4-6 weeks: 20±0.5 ppm). The spleen samples were collected immediately after the chickens were euthanized at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The histopathological and ultrastructural observations showed obvious necrosis characteristics of H2S-exposed spleens. H2S exposure suppressed GSH, CAT, T-AOC, and SOD activities; increased NO, H2O2, and MDA content and iNOS activity; and induced oxidative stress. ATPase activities and the expressions of energy metabolism-related genes were significantly decreased. Also, the expressions of related necroptosis (RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, TAK1, TAB2, and TAB3) were significantly increased, and the MAPK pathway was activated. Besides, H2S exposure activated the NF-κB classical pathway and induced TNF-α and IL-1β release. Taken together, we conclude that H2S exposure induces oxidative stress and energy metabolism dysfunction; evokes necroptosis; activates the MAPK pathway, eventually triggering the NF-κB pathway; and promotes inflammatory response in chicken spleens.

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Ethan, Crystal Jane, Kingsley Katleho Mokoena et Yan Yu. « Air Pollution Status in 10 Mega-Cities in China during the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 6 (19 mars 2021) : 3172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063172.

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Over the past decades, urbanization and industrialization have led to a change in air quality, bringing researchers to a full realization of the damaging effects of human activities on the environment. This study focused on describing air quality during the initial phase of the Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic (since there were fewer anthropogenic activities) in 10 Chinese mega-cities. Using the independent t-test, the means of air quality index (AQI) scores and individual air pollutants concentration during the outbreak were compared with the means before the outbreak. Cohen’s d was estimated to quantify how much difference was observed. Based on the AQI score, the air quality in these 10 cities ranged from excellent (Shenzhen) to light pollution (Xi’an) with 44.8 μg m−3 and 119.7 μg m−3, respectively. In comparison to the 2019 air quality, Guangzhou and Wuhan noted major differences in air quality during the outbreak. Indicators of traffic pollution, particularly NO2, were significantly lower during the outbreak in all cities. Particulate matter pollution varied, with some cities observing lower concentrations and other higher concentrations during the outbreak. There was a significant decrease in air pollution levels during the outbreak. More researchers should observe changes in air quality during peculiar or major events. Implementation of stringent regulation on vehicle use should be considered in mega-cities. Relevant findings should be employed in emphasizing the detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities and support the need for stringent emission control regulations.

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Andi Miarta, Mayang Indah Lestari et Zulkifli. « Waste Anesthetic Gase : A Forgotten Problems ». Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research 1, n^o 1 (9 décembre 2021) : 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/jacr.v1i1.134.

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Waste anesthetic gas (WAG) is a small amount of inhaled anesthetic gas that comes out of the patient’s anesthesia breathing circuit into the envorinment air while the patient is under anesthesia. According to American Occupation Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA) more than 200.000 healthcare workers especially aneaesthesiologist, surgery nurse, obstetrician and surgeons are at risk of developing work-related disease due to chronic exposure to WAG. Exposure to WAG in short time associated with multiple problems such as headaches, irritability, fatigue, nausea, drowsiness, decrease work efficiency and difficulty with judgment and coordination. While chronic exposure of WAG is associated with genotoxicity, mutagenicity, oxidative stress, fatigue, headache, irritability, nausea, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive and reproductive toxicological effect. Waste anesthetic gases are known as environmental pollutants and will be released from the OR to the outside environment then the substance will reach the atmosphere damaging ozone layer. Exposure to trace WAG in the perioperative environment cannot be eliminated completely,but it can be controlled. Controlling WAG can be achieve by using scavenging system, proper ventilation, airway management, ideal anesthetic choice, maintaining anesthesia machine and equipment, hospital regulation and routine healthcare workers health status examination.

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Cerqueira, Joaci Dos Santos, Helder Neves de Albuquerque et Francisco De Assis Salviano de Sousa. « Impact of the functioning of a thermeletry in the bird fauna of the brazilian semiarid ». Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 9, n^o 2 (28 septembre 2017) : 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2018.002.0007.

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The thermoelectric generate a large amount of pollutants, due to the type of fuel used for electric power generation, damaging in this way, the environment, human health, as well as the surrounding biodiversity. Based on this premise, the objective of this work was to identify the bird species present in the surroundings of a thermoelectric. The study was carried out in the surroundings of the Borborema Energética SA Thermoelectric, in the region of the northeast of Brazil, from January to December 2016, where used the technique of observation by transects and use of mist net to capture images of the birds fauna. In the study area, 29 bird species belonging to 10 orders and 21 families were registered. The order with the most representatives was the Passeriformes, and the families were Tyrannidae, followed by Furnariidae. Of the total number of journeys performed during the daytime of the research, the species with the highest observation frequency was Crotophaga ani. On the abundance, more representatives were the species Crotophaga ani, Coragyps atratus and Thlypopsis sordida. In this context, there was a low abundance and diversity of birds fauna in the region, demonstrating a precarious state of conservation and ecological integrity, which may reflect the impacts of industrialization, installation and operation of the thermoelectric in the area.

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Skjøth, Carsten A., Alexander Kurganskiy, Maria Grundström, Małgorzata Werner et Beverley Adams-Groom. « Air Pollution Affecting Pollen Concentrations through Radiative Feedback in the Atmosphere ». Atmosphere 12, n^o 11 (21 octobre 2021) : 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111376.

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Episodes with high air pollution and large amounts of aeroallergens expose sensitive individuals to a health damaging cocktail of atmospheric particles. Particulate matter (PM) affects the radiative balance and atmospheric dynamics, hence affecting concentrations of pollutants. The aim of the study is to estimate feedback between meteorology and particles on concentrations of aeroallergens using an extended version of the atmospheric model WRF-Chem. The extension, originally designed for PM and dust, concerns common aeroallergens. We study a birch pollen episode coinciding with an air pollution event containing Saharan dust (late March to early April 2014), using the model results, pollen records from Southern UK and vertical profiles of meteorological observations. During the episode, increased concentrations of birch pollen were calculated over the European continent, causing plumes transported towards the UK. The arrival of these plumes matched well with observations. The lowest parts of the atmospheric boundary layer demonstrate a vertical profile that favours long distance transport, while the pollen record shows pollen types that typically flower at another time. The model calculations show that feedback between meteorology and particles changes pollen concentrations by ±30% and in some cases up to 100%. The atmospheric conditions favoured meteorological feedback mechanisms that changed long distance transport of air pollution and aeroallergens.

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Prasetyo, Syarif, Sutrisno Anggoro et Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati. « Penurunan Kepadatan Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) di Danau Rawapening dengan Memanfaatkannya sebagai Bahan Dasar Kompos ». Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 23, n^o 1 (2 juin 2021) : 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.23.1.57-62.

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High sedimentation and the entry of organik and inorganik pollutants, especially P and N, have led to the eutrophication of Rawapening Lake waters. These conditions triggered an uncontrolled booming of water hyacinth aquatic weed (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms). The presence of water hyacinth triggers a significant loss of water compared to local weeds through evapotranspiration. The invasion of water hyacinth causes various problems, including depletion of water oxygen content which has an impact on decreasing fish production, damaging natural beauty, and also affecting public health. Many efforts to control water hyacinth in Rawapening Lake have been carried out both physically and by utilizing biological agents. One of the efforts to control the density of water hyacinth in Rawapening Lake is to use it as compost raw material. Water hyacinth contains various elements that are useful for making quality compost, including calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and others. Water hyacinth root contains sulfates and phosphates, the leaves contain carotin and the flowers contain delphinidin-3-diglucosida. The various nutrients contained in water hyacinth make quality compost capable of meeting the nutritional needs of cultivated plants. This article aims to review the use of water hyacinth as a basic material for making compost which is useful for fertilizing agricultural cultivation activities

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Sharpe, Richard M. « Environmental/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 365, n^o 1546 (27 mai 2010) : 1697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0206.

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The high incidence of low sperm counts in young (European) men and evidence for declining sperm counts in recent decades mean that the environmental/lifestyle impact on spermatogenesis is an important health issue. This review assesses potential causes involving adverse effects on testis development in perinatal life (primarily effects on Sertoli cell number), which are probably irreversible, or effects on the process of spermatogenesis in adulthood, which are probably mainly reversible. Several lifestyle-related (obesity, smoking) and environmental (exposure to traffic exhaust fumes, dioxins, combustion products) factors appear to negatively affect both the perinatal and adult testes, emphasizing the importance of environmental/lifestyle impacts throughout the life course. Apart from this, public concern about adverse effects of environmental chemicals (ECs) (pesticides, food additives, persistent pollutants such as DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls) on spermatogenesis in adult men are, in general, not supported by the available data for humans. Where adverse effects of ECs have been shown, they are usually in an occupational setting rather than applying to the general population. In contrast, a modern Western lifestyle (sedentary work/lifestyle, obesity) is potentially damaging to sperm production. Spermatogenesis in normal men is poorly organized and inefficient so that men are poorly placed to cope with environmental/lifestyle insults.

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Daly, Robert, Tarun Narayan, Han Shao, Alan O’Riordan et Pierre Lovera. « Platinum-Based Interdigitated Micro-Electrode Arrays for Reagent-Free Detection of Copper ». Sensors 21, n^o 10 (19 mai 2021) : 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103544.

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Water is a precious resource that is under threat from a number of pressures, including, for example, release of toxic compounds, that can have damaging effect on ecology and human health. The current methods of water quality monitoring are based on sample collection and analysis at dedicated laboratories. Recently, electrochemical-based methods have attracted a lot of attention for environmental sensing owing to their versatility, sensitivity and their ease of integration with cost effective, smart and portable readout systems. In the present work, we report on the fabrication and characterization of platinum-based interdigitated microband electrodes arrays, and their application for trace detection of copper. Using square wave voltammetry after acidification with mineral acids, a limit of detection of 0.8 μg/L was achieved. Copper detection was also undertaken on river water samples and compared with standard analytical techniques. The possibility of controlling the pH at the surface of the sensors—thereby avoiding the necessity to add mineral acids—was investigated. By applying potentials to drive the water splitting reaction at one comb of the sensor’s electrode (the protonator), it was possible to lower the pH in the vicinity of the sensing electrode. Detection of standard copper solutions down to 5 μg/L (ppb) using this technique is reported. This reagent free method of detection opens the way for autonomous, in situ monitoring of pollutants in water bodies.

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Yin, Zhicong, Bufan Cao et Huijun Wang. « Dominant patterns of summer ozone pollution in eastern China and associated atmospheric circulations ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n^o 22 (20 novembre 2019) : 13933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13933-2019.

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Abstract. Surface ozone has been severe during summers in the eastern parts of China, damaging human health and flora and fauna. During 2015–2018, ground-level ozone pollution increased and intensified from south to north. In North China and the Huanghuai region, the O3 concentrations were highest. Two dominant patterns of summer ozone pollution were determined, i.e., a south–north covariant pattern and a south–north differential pattern. The anomalous atmospheric circulations composited for the first pattern manifested as a zonally enhanced East Asian deep trough and as a western Pacific subtropical high, whose western ridge point shifted northward. The local hot, dry air and intense solar radiation enhanced the photochemical reactions to elevate the O3 pollution levels in North China and the Huanghuai region; however, the removal of pollutants was decreased. For the second pattern, the broad positive geopotential height anomalies at high latitudes significantly weakened cold air advection from the north, and those extending to North China resulted in locally high temperatures near the surface. In a different manner, the western Pacific subtropical high transported sufficient water vapor to the Yangtze River Delta and resulted in a locally adverse environment for the formation of surface ozone. In addition, the most dominant pattern in 2017 and 2018 was different from that in previous years, which is investigated as a new feature.

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Saha, Aloke, Pronoy Mukherjee, Koyel Roy, Koushik Sen et Tanmay Sanyal. « A review on phyto-remediation by aquatic macrophytes : A natural promising tool for sustainable management of ecosystem ». International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 27 (30 avril 2022) : 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2022.v27.002.

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Heavy metal pollution is a significant source of pollution in the environment. Heavy metal contamination in aquifers endangers public health and the freshwater and marine ecosystems. Traditional wastewater treatment methods are mainly expensive, ecologically damaging, ineffective, and take much time. Phyto-remediation is a plant-based technique that gained popularity by discovering heavy metal accumulating plants that can accumulate, transport, and consolidate enormous quantities of certain hazardous contaminants. This is a low-cost sustainable evolving technique featuring long-term utility. Several terrestrial and aquatic vegetation have now been examined for their ability to repair polluted soils and streams. Several submerged plants have already been discovered to remove harmful pollutants such as Zn, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb & Hg. The most important part of effective phyto-remediation is selecting and choosing effective plant species. Aquatic macrophytes have high effectiveness for removing chemical contaminates. Watercress, hydrilla, alligator weed, pennywort, duckweed plants, water hyacinth are examples of aquatic macrophytes. Several macrophytes' metal absorption capability and procedures have now been explored or analyzed. Most of these research demonstrated that macrophytes had bioremediation capability. The bioremediation capability of macrophytes can be increased even more by employing novel bioremediation techniques. To demonstrate the extensive application of phyto-remediation, a comprehensive summary assessment of the usage of macrophytes for phyto-remediation is compiled.

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Et al., Ghaidan. « Histological Changes in the Lung and Liver of Mice Treated with Brake Pad Particles ». Baghdad Science Journal 16, n^o 2 (2 juin 2019) : 0306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.16.2.0306.

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In the present study, the effects of brake pad particles of lung and liver histological sections were evaluated for (60) adult male mice. The animals were divided into three groups ( A,B,C) according to the periods of exposure (4, 8, and 12) weeks respectively exposed to brake pad particles in addition to the control groups (F) exposed to fresh air only. A special inhalation chamber designed locally has been used to expose the animals. The exposure to brake pad particles was (2.228) µg/m³ for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for (4,8and12) weeks respectively. The examination in group (A) of the histological sections of the lung showed the thickness of interalveolar septa. Also, a congestion of alveolar capillary was marked indicating pulmonary emphysema. The infiltration of alveolar macrophages showed the engulfed foreign particles (pad particles) within their cytoplasm, and peribronchial fibrosis. Group (B) showed the presence of pad particles (anthracosis), whereas the bronchial tree showed bronchitis with the bronchus-hyperplasia of mucin-producing cells (epithelial hyperplasia). Still another section showed an infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes and focal lobar necrosis. The third group (C), in turn, revealed acute interstitial bronchopneumonia with peribronchial focal necrosis and mild pulmonary edema with alveolar anthracosis. As regards the liver, group (A) showed mild central venous congestion. Group (B), on the other hand, gave acute hepatitis, congestion of the central vein hyaline degeneration and mitotic figure having 2-3 nuclei. Severe congestion of the central vein with vascular amyloid deposition and most of the hepatocytes revealed coagulate necrosis in group (C). These changing tissues increased with increasing the exposure periods and were clearer in group (C) which was exposed for 12 weeks. The continuous exposure to brake pad particles lead to damaging important body organs tissues and effect on human health, these particles can be considered as a type of pollutants added to air pollutants in different cities of Iraq.

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Et al., Ghaidan. « Histological Changes in the Lung and Liver of Mice Treated with Brake Pad Particles ». Baghdad Science Journal 16, n^o 2 (2 juin 2019) : 0306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0306.

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In the present study, the effects of brake pad particles of lung and liver histological sections were evaluated for (60) adult male mice. The animals were divided into three groups ( A,B,C) according to the periods of exposure (4, 8, and 12) weeks respectively exposed to brake pad particles in addition to the control groups (F) exposed to fresh air only. A special inhalation chamber designed locally has been used to expose the animals. The exposure to brake pad particles was (2.228) µg/m³ for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for (4,8and12) weeks respectively. The examination in group (A) of the histological sections of the lung showed the thickness of interalveolar septa. Also, a congestion of alveolar capillary was marked indicating pulmonary emphysema. The infiltration of alveolar macrophages showed the engulfed foreign particles (pad particles) within their cytoplasm, and peribronchial fibrosis. Group (B) showed the presence of pad particles (anthracosis), whereas the bronchial tree showed bronchitis with the bronchus-hyperplasia of mucin-producing cells (epithelial hyperplasia). Still another section showed an infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes and focal lobar necrosis. The third group (C), in turn, revealed acute interstitial bronchopneumonia with peribronchial focal necrosis and mild pulmonary edema with alveolar anthracosis. As regards the liver, group (A) showed mild central venous congestion. Group (B), on the other hand, gave acute hepatitis, congestion of the central vein hyaline degeneration and mitotic figure having 2-3 nuclei. Severe congestion of the central vein with vascular amyloid deposition and most of the hepatocytes revealed coagulate necrosis in group (C). These changing tissues increased with increasing the exposure periods and were clearer in group (C) which was exposed for 12 weeks. The continuous exposure to brake pad particles lead to damaging important body organs tissues and effect on human health, these particles can be considered as a type of pollutants added to air pollutants in different cities of Iraq.

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Salinas, M. Esther. « Ten-day exposure to low doses of ultrafine black carbon induces stress responses and reduces the vitality of human and murine pulmonary cell lines ». Journal of Immunology 198, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2017) : 211.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.211.9.

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Abstract Ultrafine particulates (UFP) are emitted into urban air by combustion processes, commonly via vehicular emissions. These respirable particles can induce a series of immune responses contributing to higher incidences of allergy-related asthma. It is unclear how cells that are in direct contact with these inhaled materials are affected. Our project aims to elucidate the effects of ultrafine carbonaceous particle exposure to human and murine pulmonary cells. We surmise that prolonged treatments of ultrafine black carbon (UBC) directly contribute to lung irritation. In vitro studies were conducted using UBC treatments after a 10-day incubation period. Viability data has shown that the different concentrations of UBC used were mostly non-toxic and generally altered cellular function displaying an inverse dose-dependent manner. Biochemical assays indicated decreased metabolic activity; no significant negative effect on viability was observed in the epithelial cell lines. In the macrophages/monocytes, no damaging physiological activity and no compromising effects on cellular vitality were displayed. The induction of oxidative stress was also assessed using confocal microscopy showing a high number of ROS with increasing UBC concentrations, yet no marked trends were noticed upon conducting mitochondrial de-polarization assays via flow cytometry. This regimen demonstrates that various concentrations of UBC treatments affect mammalian cell function distinctly. In summation, this study suggests that carbonaceous pollutants negatively impact intracellular functionality and overall cellular health. Our findings may potentially provide treatments for allergy-induced asthma upon chronic exposure to ambient nanocarbon.

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Sridevi, Veluru, Husam Talib Hamzah, Nabil Majd Alawi, D. Divya Teja, Venkata Rao Poiba, Bandi Spandana et Husam Salah Mahdi. « HALDANE KINETIC STUDY ON BIODEGRADATION OF PHENOL -A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ». International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 11, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2023) : 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v11.i1.2023.4993.

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The chemical moreover petroleum industries are responsible for the production of a diverse range of organic contaminants that are extremely hazardous. As a result, these industries have contributed to the accumulation of damaging impacts on the surrounding environment. These companies' waste water typically contains aromatic organic chemicals, which are notoriously difficult to degrade through natural processes and, as a result, are found to be pervasive in the environment. Being the straightforward units for an extensive variety of organic substances, In industries such as oil refining, production of phenol and the various derivatives of it, pharmaceuticals, productions of resins, textile dyes, paints, disinfectants, petrochemicals, and paper mills, phenol and its derivatives are used, and as a result, The effluents produced by these industries often contain phenol as well as derivatives of phenol. The existence of phenolic compounds in water systems is associated with significant increases in the likelihood of adverse health effects being experienced by both human beings and other organisms. In light of this, the elimination of such potentially hazardous substances has garnered a significant amount of focus in recent decades. The removal of phenolic pollutants from aquatic environments by biodegradation is a technique that is both environmentally friendly and economical. For the purpose of optimising procedure process, building bioreactor systems, and scaling up microbial wastewater treatment procedures to fulfil the requirements of the effluent quality standard, having an understanding of the kinetics of microbial growth and biodegradation is absolutely essential. The current study concentrates on a number of different research publications on Haldane kinetic models, which are utilised to Describe the processes involved in the growth of microbes on phenol.

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Tunde, Ogundele Lasun, Okunlola Oluyemi Adewole, Mohannad Alobid, István Szűcs et Yacouba Kassouri. « Sources and Sectoral Trend Analysis of CO2 Emissions Data in Nigeria Using a Modified Mann-Kendall and Change Point Detection Approaches ». Energies 15, n^o 3 (21 janvier 2022) : 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030766.

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In Nigeria, the high dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation and utilization in various sectors of the economy has resulted in the emission of a large quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is one of the criteria gaseous pollutants that is frequently encountered in the environment. The high quantity of CO2 has adverse implications on human health and serious damaging effects on the environment. In this study, multi-decade (1971–2014) CO2-emissions data for Nigeria were obtained from the World Development Indicator (WDI). The data were disaggregated into various emission sources: gaseous fuel consumption (GFC), liquid fuel consumption (LFC), solid fuel consumption (SFC), transport (TRA), electricity and heat production (EHP), residential buildings and commercial and public services (RSCPS), manufacturing industries and construction (MINC), and other sectors excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (OSEC). The analysis was conducted for a sectorial trend using a rank-based non-parametric modified Mann–Kendall (MK) statistical approach and a change point detection method. The results showed that the CO2 emissions from TRA were significantly high, followed by LFC. The GFC, LFC, EHP, and OSEC had a positive Sen’s slope, while SFC, TRA, and MINC had a negative Sen’s slope. The trend analysis indicated multiple changes for TRA and OSEC, while other sources had a change point at a particular year. These results are useful for knowledge of CO2-emission sources in Nigeria and for future understanding of the trend of its emission for proper environmental planning. The severe effects of CO2 on the atmospheric environment of Nigeria may be worsened in the future due to some major sources such as transportation services and electricity generation that are inevitable for enviable standard of living in an urban setting.

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Pugliese, S. C., J. G. Murphy, J. A. Geddes et J. M. Wang. « The impacts of precursor reduction and meteorology on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, n^o 7 (22 avril 2014) : 10209–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-10209-2014.

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Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major component of photochemical smog and is a known human health hazard as well as a damaging factor for vegetation. Its precursor compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have a variety of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and exhibit non-linear effects on ozone production. As an update to previous studies on ground-level ozone in the GTA, we present an analysis of NO2, VOC and O3 data from federal and provincial governmental monitoring sites in the GTA from 2000–2012. We show that over the study period, summertime 24 h VOC reactivity and NO2 midday (11:00–15:00) concentrations at all sites decreased significantly; since 2000, all sites experienced a decrease in NO2 of 28–62% and in measured VOC reactivity of at least 53–71%. Comparing 2002/2003 to 2011/2012, the summed reactivity of OH towards NO2 and a suite of measured VOCs decreased from 8.6 to 4.6 s−1. Ratios of reactive VOC pairs indicate that the effective OH concentration experienced by primary pollutants in the GTA has increased significantly over the study period. Despite the continuous decrease in precursor levels, ozone concentrations are not following the same pattern at all stations; it was found that the Canada-Wide Standard for ozone continues to be exceeded at all monitoring stations. Additionally, while the years 2008–2011 had consistently lower ozone levels than previous years, 2012 experienced one of the highest recorded summertime ozone concentrations and a large number of smog episodes. We demonstrate that these high ozone observations in 2012 may be a result of the number of days with high solar radiation, the number of stagnant periods and the transport of high ozone levels from upwind regions.

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Pugliese, S. C., J. G. Murphy, J. A. Geddes et J. M. Wang. « The impacts of precursor reduction and meteorology on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, n^o 15 (15 août 2014) : 8197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8197-2014.

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Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major component of photochemical smog and is a known human health hazard, as well as a damaging factor for vegetation. Its precursor compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have a variety of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and exhibit non-linear effects on ozone production. As an update to previous studies on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), we present an analysis of NO2, VOC and O3 data from federal and provincial governmental monitoring sites in the GTA from 2000 to 2012. We show that, over the study period, summertime 24 h VOC reactivity and NO2 midday (11:00–15:00) concentrations at all sites decreased significantly; since 2000, all sites experienced a decrease in NO2 of 28–62% and in measured VOC reactivity of at least 53–71%. Comparing 2002–2003 to 2011–2012, the summed reactivity of OH towards NO2 and a suite of measured VOCs decreased from 8.6 to 4.6 s−1. Ratios of reactive VOC pairs indicate that the effective OH concentration experienced by primary pollutants in the GTA has increased significantly over the study period. Despite the continuous decrease in precursor levels, ozone concentrations are not following the same pattern at all stations; it was found that the Canada-wide Standard for ozone continues to be exceeded at all monitoring stations. Additionally, while the years 2008–2011 had consistently lower ozone levels than previous years, 2012 experienced one of the highest recorded summertime ozone concentrations and a large number of smog episodes. We demonstrate that these high ozone observations in 2012 may be a result of the number of days with high solar radiation, the number of stagnant periods and the transport of high ozone levels from upwind regions.

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Vasileva, Tanya. « Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Metal Index (MI) of the groundwater in the Mesta River Basin, SW Bulgaria ». Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 81, n^o 2 (2020) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2020.81.2.1.

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Ground waters may undergo a process of contamination in various ways, but the presence and amount of heavy metals in them can be indicative of their purity and usage. Apart from that, the heavy metals are among the most widely spread pollutants in nature, and their presence in groundwater indicates the existence of natural or anthropogenic sources of contamination. Ground waters polluted with heavy metals can also be very toxic and harmful to human health, and very damaging to the environment as well. In this article, the concentrations of eight toxic heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Al, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr) were analyzed in the ground waters of the Mesta River Basin. A number of data for the concentrations of those heavy metals were used in order to calculate the following two indices describing groundwater purity: the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), and the Metal Index (MI). Both indices describe the overall quality of groundwater in direct relationship to the sum total of heavy metal concentrations. On one hand, minimal concentrations of heavy metals are necessary for the faultless functioning of organisms and indispensable to various biochemical processes, but on the other hand, in high concentrations, they might lead to dysfunctions in the cells of healthy organisms, and problems within their enzyme system. And these effects are entirely dependent upon the nature of the heavy metals involved. The research carried out so far shows that, according to HPI, about 65% of the shallow ground waters in the Mesta River Basin can be classified as being of excellent quality. The values obtained for the HPI are in the range of 3 to 64 (id est under the critical value of 100), or the groundwater is not contaminated with heavy metals. The MI varies within the range of 0.3 to 2.6, and therefore the groundwater from the zones with active water exchange can be characterized as being of slight to medium poor quality (41%), and the groundwater within Class II (or classified as pure with values of MI between 0.3 and 1.0) comprise approximately 59% of the overall catchment area.

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Liu, Yu, Ke Zhu, Rong-Lin Li, Yang Song et Zhi-Jiang Zhang. « Air Pollution Impairs Subjective Happiness by Damaging Their Health ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 19 (30 septembre 2021) : 10319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910319.

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Background: The impact of air pollution on residents’ happiness remains unclear and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We aimed to examine the direct effect of air pollution on residents’ happiness and indirect effect through mediating their health. Methods: Based on the 2017 China Comprehensive Social Survey Data (CGSS), data on happiness were retrieved from 11,997 residents in 28 provinces in China. An ordered-probit model was used to examine the effect of air pollution on residents’ happiness and health, respectively. A stepwise regression was used to derive the direct effect of air pollution on residents’ happiness and indirect effect from health impairment attributable to air pollution. Results: Air pollution was associated with lower levels of health (coef. −0.190, 95% CI −0.212, −0.167, p < 0.001), while health was positively associated with happiness (coef. 0.215, 95% CI 0.196, 0.234, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis methods showed that air pollution impacted residents’ happiness directly and indirectly: the percent of total effect that was mediated through health was 36.97%, and the ratio of indirect to direct effect was 0.5864. Conclusions: Health plays a major mediating role in the relation between air pollution and residents’ happiness. In order to alleviate the impact of air pollution on residents’ happiness, future strategies should focus on health promotion besides reducing air pollutant emission.

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Petro, Lucia M., Revocatus Machunda, Siza Tumbo et Thomas Kivevele. « Theoretical and Experimental Performance Analysis of a Novel Domestic Biogas Burner ». Journal of Energy 2020 (16 septembre 2020) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8813254.

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The inefficient indoor burning of fuelwood on traditional cookstoves generates pollutants, primarily carbon monoxide and many other human health-damaging emissions. It is from this risk that it is necessary to have an immediate shift to alternative cleaner fuel sources. Biogas, which is among the biofuels from biomass, is one of the resources that play a considerable part in a more diverse and sustainable global energy mix. For domestic purposes in rural areas of Tanzania, biogas provides a better option that can supplement the use of fossil fuels such as wood, charcoal, and kerosene, which is nonrenewable. However, the low efficiency experienced in the locally made biogas burners hinders the large-scale use of biogas among the population in the country. With the locally made burners, the users of biogas for the domestic application face problems including heat loss and high gas consumption which affects the whole cooking process. It is against this backdrop that the current study objectives incline on designing and improving the efficiency of the locally manufactured burners to achieve the uniform flow of fuel in the mixing chamber, which will result to the consistent heat distribution around the cooking pot. The optimization of the burner was done by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) through varying the number of flame portholes and air holes as well as the size of the jet before fabrication. The increased efficiency of the burner has also contributed by the addition of the fuel distributor. The results showed that the optimum hole diameter of the jet was 2.5 mm and that of the manifold was 100 mm. The currently developed biogas burner was tested and compared with the other two locally made burners. The water boiling test (WBT) on these three burners showed that the developed burner has a thermal efficiency of 67.01% against 54.61% and 58.82% of the Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology (CARMATEC) and Simgas, respectively. Additionally, the fuel consumption of the developed burner was 736 g/L as compared to 920 g/L for CARMARTEC and 833 g/L for that of Simgas. The developed burner and its corresponding cookstove are both environmentally friendly and economical for household utilization in Tanzania and other developing countries.

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Rooney, Brigitte, Ran Zhao, Yuan Wang, Kelvin H. Bates, Ajay Pillarisetti, Sumit Sharma, Seema Kundu et al. « Impacts of household sources on air pollution at village and regional scales in India ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n^o 11 (11 juin 2019) : 7719–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7719-2019.

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Abstract. Approximately 3 billion people worldwide cook with solid fuels, such as wood, charcoal, and agricultural residues. These fuels, also used for residential heating, are often combusted in inefficient devices, producing carbonaceous emissions. Between 2.6 and 3.8 million premature deaths occur as a result of exposure to fine particulate matter from the resulting household air pollution (Health Effects Institute, 2018a; World Health Organization, 2018). Household air pollution also contributes to ambient air pollution; the magnitude of this contribution is uncertain. Here, we simulate the distribution of the two major health-damaging outdoor air pollutants (PM2.5 and O3) using state-of-the-science emissions databases and atmospheric chemical transport models to estimate the impact of household combustion on ambient air quality in India. The present study focuses on New Delhi and the SOMAARTH Demographic, Development, and Environmental Surveillance Site (DDESS) in the Palwal District of Haryana, located about 80 km south of New Delhi. The DDESS covers an approximate population of 200 000 within 52 villages. The emissions inventory used in the present study was prepared based on a national inventory in India (Sharma et al., 2015, 2016), an updated residential sector inventory prepared at the University of Illinois, updated cookstove emissions factors from Fleming et al. (2018b), and PM2.5 speciation from cooking fires from Jayarathne et al. (2018). Simulation of regional air quality was carried out using the US Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) in conjunction with the Weather Research and Forecasting modeling system (WRF) to simulate the meteorological inputs for CMAQ, and the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to generate concentrations on the boundary of the computational domain. Comparisons between observed and simulated O3 and PM2.5 levels are carried out to assess overall airborne levels and to estimate the contribution of household cooking emissions. Observed and predicted ozone levels over New Delhi during September 2015, December 2015, and September 2016 routinely exceeded the 8 h Indian standard of 100 µg m−3, and, on occasion, exceeded 180 µg m−3. PM2.5 levels are predicted over the SOMAARTH headquarters (September 2015 and September 2016), Bajada Pahari (a village in the surveillance site; September 2015, December 2015, and September 2016), and New Delhi (September 2015, December 2015, and September 2016). The predicted fractional impact of residential emissions on anthropogenic PM2.5 levels varies from about 0.27 in SOMAARTH HQ and Bajada Pahari to about 0.10 in New Delhi. The predicted secondary organic portion of PM2.5 produced by household emissions ranges from 16 % to 80 %. Predicted levels of secondary organic PM2.5 during the periods studied at the four locations averaged about 30 µg m−3, representing approximately 30 % and 20 % of total PM2.5 levels in the rural and urban stations, respectively.

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Chaudhary, Bhupendra, et Ansh Chaudhary. « Noise pollution : it’s time to noise about ». International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, n^o 7 (22 juin 2020) : 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20202570.

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Carrying the reputation of silent killer of 21st century, ‘Noise’ a modern day pollutant is defined as an unpleasant, disharmonic and undesired acoustic signal. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated it dimensions and warned that 10% of the population is exposed to both short and long term health related issues due to noise. Whilst facing the conflict between development and human health, the noise favors the present day industrialization and urbanization. The harmful effect of noise may start from intrauterine life and continues till old age. Noise of more than 85-95dB affects both the fetus and neonates by damaging the cochlear hair cell and results in high frequency hearing loss. At times prematurity, low birth rate and birth defects are also associated with exposure to high dB noise.

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Lu, Jihong, Lilan Jin, Lu Deng, Yixiao Pan, Hai Wang, Yiping Ren, Doug Stevenson, Chang Liu et Mark Bartlett. « Primary Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Botanical Extract-Based Blend in a Haze Infected Cell Model ». Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 mai 2020) : 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_065.

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Abstract Objectives Exposure to air pollution has been associated with throat discomfort, cough, pulmonary disease, and even lung cancer. We developed a botanical extract-based blend with the goal of ameliorating some of the adverse effects of airborne pollutants. This blend consisted of broccoli seed (BS, Brasssica oleracea) extract, Luo Han Guo (LH G, Siraitia grovenorii) extract, and Honeysuckle Flower Bud (HFB, Lonicera japonica) extract. BS extract is rich in Sulforaphane glucosinolate and is reported to promote healthy inflammatory balance as well as to regulate oxidative stress and DNA-damaging substances. LHG has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of pharyngitis, pharyngeal pain, as well as an antitussive remedy in China. HFB is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in East Asia as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. Methods In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this putative airborne pollutant defense blend, human alveolar basal epithelial cells in adenocarcinoma (A549) were treated by exposing total culture medium (TCMed, to 0.02 mg/mL of haze particles (HP). Gene expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, INF-γ, and cell tight junction proteins were detected by qPCR at 0.5, 1, 2, and 6H when treated with 0.02 mg/mL HP TCMed alone (group H), 0.02 mg/mL HP TCMed + 5 mg/mL of LHG + HFB blend (LHG: HFB 1:10) +0.01 mg/mL of L-sulforaphane (group HT). Results We found that gene expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in HT at 1, 2, and 6 H treatment as compared to the F group. Gene expression of tight junction protein OCLN and ZO-1, which is a scaffolding protein, were significantly increased in HT as compared to the F group. Conclusions This botanical extract blend regulates inflammatory factors and balances cell transmembrane stability in a primary cell haze infection model and therefore may be useful as a preventive formulation to help alleviate the adverse effects of airborne pollutants. Funding Sources Nu Skin Enterprises.

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Teng, Chuanfeng, Jianbo Jia, Zhiping Wang et Bing Yan. « Oral Co-Exposures to zinc oxide nanoparticles and CdCl2 induced maternal-fetal pollutant transfer and embryotoxicity by damaging placental barriers ». Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 189 (février 2020) : 109956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109956.

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Zorina, I. G. « PRENOSOLOGICAL NEURO-PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ». Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 67, n^o 7 (10 juillet 2012) : 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i7.337.

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Environmental factor is one of the most accurate indicators of determining the health of the population, especially in childhood and adolescence. A significant increase in the amount of data on the status of school health and the environment are the most precise and correct, in view of causation, to evaluate an individual's health at prenosological level in the presence of a specialized database of automated systems. The aim of our study ― the study of fundamental interactions and patterns of environmental factors in general and neuropsychiatric disease in schoolchildren of the city of Chelyabinsk. Revealed that among the multi-pollutant air Chelyabinsk first and second rank positions are occupied by selectively harmful to the central nervous system (lead, arsenic, manganese), or have complex adverse effects on the central nervous system, combined with damaging effects on the respiratory and cardio- vascular, urogenital system and blood forming organs, involving the immune mechanism (chromium compounds, lead, arsenic, carbon monoxide and manganese).

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Song, Su Jeong, Soo-Wang Hyun, Tae Gu Lee, Bongkyun Park, Kyuhyung Jo, Ik Soo Lee et Chan-Sik Kim. « Topical Application of Liriope platyphylla Extract Attenuates Dry Eye Syndrome Induced by Particulate Matter ». Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (14 décembre 2019) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1429548.

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Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollutant that poses a risk to human health. In the ocular system, PM causes or aggravates dry eye syndrome (DES) by damaging the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Liriope platyphylla has been used traditionally as an expectorant, antitussive agent, and tonic in Korea. However, the effects of Liriope platyphylla extract (LPE) on PM-induced ocular damage have not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo protective effect of LPE against PM-induced DES in rats. Topical administration of LPE attenuated the PM-induced decrease in tear volume and reduced corneal epithelial irregularity and damage. LPE also protected against PM-induced disruption of the corneal mucin-4 layer and reduction in the conjunctival goblet cell density. These findings suggest that LPE has protective effects against PM-induced DES.

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Apostol, Liviu, et Nicolae Ilie. « Thermal Hazards in Cold Semester of the Year in the Mountain Area of Moldova River (Sector Between Vama and the Springs of Moldova River) ». Present Environment and Sustainable Development 9, n^o 1 (1 mai 2015) : 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2015-0019.

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Abstract During the cold semester , most representative of climate risks are the thermal ones, specifically, on the base of a depression area, apprearance of thermal inversions. Amid this feature mentioned, the coldest temperatures were recorded in the lowlands,in the hearth's depression,as the municipe Câmpulung Moldovenesc, here being registered and the lowest temperature from the area studied,-31.7°C. All these thermal inversions that occur in transitional periods (spring and autumn) are producing the early frosts,late respectively, these being the most damaging for local agriculture. This stability of the atmosphere, in conjunction with cold air, which is garrisoned on the’s hearth depression, leads to atmospheric pollution with pollutants, resulting from transport and heating, because we are talking about an area in woodland, and consequently, wood is the main source of heating, especially in outlying areas of the city Câmpulung Moldovenesc,where court houses predominate, with their own heating systems.

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Kuruppuarachchi, Lakshika Nishadhi, Ashok Kumar et Matthew Franchetti. « A Comparison of Major Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tools ». Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, n^o 1 (11 mars 2017) : 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i1.10914.

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The concept of Environmental Justice (EJ) has evolved in United Sates for more than 30 years. Since then most empirical studies have shown that low-income and minority neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards. Across the world, communities are struggling to protect their land, air, water, forests, and their livelihoods from damaging projects and activities with heavy environmental and social impacts. A Number of tools already exist to identify and map those areas with potential environmental justice concerns. This paper presents a comparison of the three major EJ tools; EJSCREEN (version 2016), CalEnviroScreen 2.0, EJ Atlas and their methodologies. There are some common parameters across these tools in presenting Environmental Justice and in identifying environmentally burdened communities, socially burdened communities, or both. Environmental burdens can include any environmental pollutant, hazard or disadvantage that compromises the health of a community. The tools are expected to help in understanding and studying the distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, decision making for disadvantaged communities in certain areas and in setting up environmental policies and planning.

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Limaye, Vijay, Wolfgang Schöpp et Markus Amann. « Applying Integrated Exposure-Response Functions to PM2.5 Pollution in India ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 1 (26 décembre 2018) : 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010060.

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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, diameter ≤2.5 μm) is implicated as the most health-damaging air pollutant. Large cohort studies of chronic exposure to PM2.5 and mortality risk are largely confined to areas with low to moderate ambient PM2.5 concentrations and posit log-linear exposure-response functions. However, levels of PM2.5 in developing countries such as India are typically much higher, causing unknown health effects. Integrated exposure-response functions for high PM2.5 exposures encompassing risk estimates from ambient air, secondhand smoke, and active smoking exposures have been posited. We apply these functions to estimate the future cause-specific mortality risks associated with population-weighted ambient PM2.5 exposures in India in 2030 using Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model projections. The loss in statistical life expectancy (SLE) is calculated based on risk estimates and baseline mortality rates. Losses in SLE are aggregated and weighted using national age-adjusted, cause-specific mortality rates. 2030 PM2.5 pollution in India reaches an annual mean of 74 μg/m3, nearly eight times the corresponding World Health Organization air quality guideline. The national average loss in SLE is 32.5 months (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 29.7–35.2, regional range: 8.5–42.0), compared to an average of 53.7 months (95% CI: 46.3–61.1) using methods currently applied in GAINS. Results indicate wide regional variation in health impacts, and these methods may still underestimate the total health burden caused by PM2.5 exposures due to model assumptions on minimum age thresholds of pollution effects and a limited subset of health endpoints analyzed. Application of the revised exposure-response functions suggests that the most polluted areas in India will reap major health benefits only with substantial improvements in air quality.

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