Articles de revues : « Harbors – Great Britain – Environmental aspects »

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Singh, Veer Inder, Rahul Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Kumar et Sadique Saqulain. « Pharmacological aspects & ; medicinal uses of Trigonella foenum-graecum : A Current Review ». International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2021) : 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i4.2204.

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Globally a large number of people are affected by acute and chronic diseases resulting in high morbidity and mortality rate. A huge amount of pharmaceutical drugs are being manufactured on a daily basis to combat these diseases. But due to their high cost and deleterious effects, it becomes critically important to state emphasis on finding an alternative way to manage these long term conditions. Medicinal herbs could provide a good source of dietary supplement combined with existing therapies. Many scientific studies have demonstrated that medicinal plants and herbs have the potential for the treatment of many serious infections and many disorders. Out of these herbs, Fenugreek is recognized as an oldest herb with great medicinal potential. Fenugreek harbors many essential macronutrients and micronutrients along with trace elements. Numerous chemical constituents present in fenugreek highlights a variety of pharmacological activity such as anti-glycemic activity, anti-oxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory effects, hypocholesterolemic activity and many more. This article explores the diverse active compounds and potential pharmacological applications of Trigonella foenum-graecum also known as fenugreek. It also focuses on the medicinal significance and health impact of taking fenugreek in our day to day nutrition.

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Rizzetto, Mauro, Pam J. Crabtree et Umberto Albarella. « Livestock Changes at the Beginning and End of the Roman Period in Britain : Issues of Acculturation, Adaptation, and ‘Improvement’ ». European Journal of Archaeology 20, n^o 3 (27 mars 2017) : 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.13.

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This article reviews aspects of the development of animal husbandry in Roman Britain, focusing in particular on the Iron Age/Roman and Roman/early medieval transitions. By analysing the two chronological extremes of the period of Roman influence in Britain we try to identify the core characteristics of Romano-British husbandry by using case studies, in particular from south-eastern Britain, investigated from the perspective of the butchery and morphometric evidence they provide. Our aim is to demonstrate the great dynamism of Romano-British animal husbandry, with substantial changes in livestock management occurring at the beginning, the end, and during the period under study. It is suggested that such changes are the product of interactions between different cultural and social traditions, which can be associated with indigenous and external influences, but also numerous other causes, ranging from ethnic origins to environmental, geographic, political, and economic factors.

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Yu, Bao, Jianmei Wang et Ya Li. « Environmental Aspects of the European Experience in Landscape Planning ». Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.1.28.

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Understanding all the possibilities of environmentally oriented landscape planning will contribute to the effective environmental planning of the territory and nature management in general. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to investigate the experience of the European countries towards the introduction of an effective system of environmentally oriented landscape planning and improvement of territories, as well as their protection. For this purpose, it is necessary to comprehensively study the strengths and weaknesses of existing developments in the field of environmentally oriented landscape planning in Europe. An analysis of the best practices of environmentally oriented landscape planning in such countries as Great Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, etc. has been conducted. The findings allowed to state that the effectiveness of development and implementation of substantial planning for landscape design depends not only on the volume and depth of research, but to a very large extent from their reasonable and productive organisation. The paper summarises that in environmentally oriented landscape planning, it is first necessary to determine the reasons for planning. Before choosing the object and territory of planning, it is necessary to find out: who are the potential customers and investors – their goals and motivation; what are the problem situations and conflicts in nature management in the area; what is the practical use of the results of landscape planning; the purpose of the territory, including cartographic; the availability of source information, and more. And then make decisions regarding the stages of landscape planning, taking into account the environmental component and, accordingly, the implementation of the idea of landscape planning.

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Łakomy-Chłosta, Agnieszka. « Działalność wydawnicza i graficzna Wiener Werkstätte jako przejaw ruchu artystycznego Arts and Crafts w europejskiej kulturze pierwszej połowy XX w. » Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia ad Bibliothecarum Scientiam Pertinentia 20 (29 mars 2023) : 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811861.20.13.

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At the end of the 19th century, an artistic movement called Arts and Crafts emerged in Great Britain. Its premises were eagerly accepted both in other European countries and abroad, e.g., in the United States. One of the examples of workshops that identified with the ideas of this movement was the Wiener Werkstätte (Vienna Workshop). They were founded in Vienna in 1903 by Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser. They produced beautiful utilitarian objects designed by artists and made by high-class craftsmen. One of the aspects of Wiener Werkstätte’s activity regarded issuing publications and related graphic designs. The article discusses this area of the studio’s operation, pointing to examples of individual products.

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Andreeva, Galina. « THE MAGNA CARTA AS A LEGAL ACT, A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ARTIFACT AND AN OBJECT OF FINE ART ». Herald of Culturology, n^o 2 (2022) : 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/hoc/2022.02.09.

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The article gives a comprehensive description of the Magna Carta of 1215 in the totality of three aspects as a legal act, a cultural and historical artifact and an object of fine art. The author proceeds from the fact that the originality of each of the aspects reinforces and strengthens the rest, giving special uniqueness to the Magna Carta of 1215 and turning it into an important element of modern culture. To analyze each of the aspects, the corresponding scientific method is used: comparativistic, formal-logical, source-research, retrospective, semiotic, etc. The characterization of the Magna Carta of 1215 as a legal act reflects its place in the legal system of Great Britain as part of the country's constitution. At the same time, special attention is paid to the ambiguous situation of its adoption. The article shows that this is a legal instrument that has had a huge impact on the formation of modern ideas about the constitutional system around the world, especially with regard to human rights. Considered as a cultural and historical artifact, the Great Charter of Liberties has a whole set of features that give it special value and make the preserved specimens unique. The circumstances associated with its adoption, the materials and ink used at that time to produce official documents, the methods of authenticating the document and other historical and cultural features of the four surviving copies of the Magna Carta of 1215 make it an interesting object of historical and cultural research. As an object of fine art, the Great Charter of Liberties was embodied both in serious monumental works and in caricatures; both in the works of artists and sculptors creating works of elitist art, and in works related to mass culture. The latter is illustrated by examples of images on clothing and vector Internet culture.

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Harrison, R. T. « The Incidence and Nature of Redundancy in the Northern Ireland Shipbuilding Industry 1972 – 1983 ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 18, n^o 9 (septembre 1986) : 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a181225.

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The severity of the recession in Britain in the late 1970s and 1980s has stimulated considerable interest in the analysis of the spatial and sectoral incidence of redundancy. In this paper two separate approaches to this topic are identified. In the labour-market – manpower analysis approach detailed empirical case studies were used to assess the local labour-market impact of specific major redundancies. More recently, aggregate official data have been used to investigate the sectoral and spatial incidence of recession in Great Britain. This paper extends this second approach by analysing, for the first time, some aspects of the incidence of redundancy in Northern Ireland. It is argued that trends in the level and incidence of redundancy are strongly affected by sectoral influences, and the analysis is concentrated in particular on the examination of redundancies in the regional shipbuilding industry between 1972 and 1983. It is concluded that redundancies in this sector differ from those elsewhere in the regional economy in terms of both nature and timing: shipbuilding redundancies affected predominantly older and male workers and peaked two or three years later than redundancies in other sectors. This pattern can be related to changes in the external market conditions facing the industry in the late 1970s, and to the specific corporate response of Harland and Wolff plc to these in the 1980s.

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Kamolov, Bakhtiyor Kh, et Saodat U. Sulaymonova. « ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN SOURCES ON THE FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ». CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2021) : 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-11-07.

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The formation of a positive attitude to environmental awareness in the individual, the study of the population's demand for environmental knowledge is one of the most important issues of the leading countries today. The theoretical analysis shows that the following aspects are a priority in the practice of leading foreign countries in the field: In developed countries such as the United States, Great Britain, France, Finland, Norway, Japan, the issue of environmental education for children from primary school age is considered. Education is an effective tool in the fight against poverty, saving lives and improving the quality of life. In countries south of South Asia and the Sahara, three out of four students fail to reach 5 th grade. The low level of quality and efficiency in schools, which are unable to meet the needs of many students who are not mastering in the primary school, is causing problems in the world of education. The article focuses on the systematic analysis and teaching methods of subjects taught in primary school in developed countries, and recommendations for the application of modern methodological approaches in the lower grades of secondary schools in the country.

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Kozin, S. V. « Society in the period of COVID–19. Review of the collective monograph “Pandemic COVID-19 : challenges, consequences, counteraction” (edited by A.V. Torkunov, S.V. Ryazantsev, V.K. Levashov) ». Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 28, n^o 3 (14 septembre 2022) : 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2022-28-3-306-319.

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The article presents the author's views on the new collective monograph “The COVID-19 pandemic: challenges, consequences, counteraction” (Moscow: “Aspect Press”, 2021), which claims to provide almost comprehensive coverage and generalization of foreign and domestic theoretical and practical thought, information devoted to the study of the emergence and further development of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the world. A comparative analysis of sociological studies (for example: Great Britain, Italy, Russia, USA) devoted to measuring the social opinion of the population regarding the consequences of COVID-19 is extremely valuable. In general, the collective monograph published will tell the reader on its pages about the genesis of the development of world pandemics that have left their bright mark, about the prevailing socio-political and economic aspects during COVID-19, about existing measures of state assistance to the population and much more. Within the framework of this review, the content of all five chapters of the collective monograph was briefly highlighted, in addition, the author of the article selectively highlighted and supplemented the most controversial and even overlooked by the authors of the work significant aspects. In conclusion, it is concluded that this scientific academic work is aimed at a wide range of readers.

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Khudaykulov, Feruzbek. « OBJECTIVE SIGNS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES AND THEIR FEATURES : ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS ». Jurisprudence 1, n^o 6 (15 décembre 2021) : 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.6./dvdi7179.

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In this article, such research methods were widely used as logical, systemic, comparative legal. In particular, the article explains in detail such concepts as in the sphere of environmental, general environmental crimes and special environmental crimes crime, gives the opinions of scientists about the signs of a crime, such signs as the social dangers of a crime, illegality, delinquency and inevitability of punishment. It also highlights the necessary signs of a crime, the opinions expressed by scientists in the theory of criminal law about these signs, and then the elements of the corpus delicti and the objective signs of the corpus delicti that characterize these elements are consistently described. This reflects the views and ideas of not only scholars of the Romano-Germanic legal family, but also scholars of the Anglo-Saxon legal family. In addition, the main attention in this article is paid to theoretical and practical problems related to the criminal-legal value of the subjective and objective signs of a crime and its specific criminal-legal aspects, as well as the necessary and optional signs of the corpus delicti of some crimes listed in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. At the same time, the criminal legislation of the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Japan and the Russian Federation is analyzed, in connection with which specific proposals and recommendations have been developed for improving the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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Venherska, Natalia, et Ruslana Vorona. « SMARTIZATION AND DECARBONIZATION OF UKRAINIAN METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES AS DIRECTIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ». INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, n^o 3 (2023) : 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2023.3.5.

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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the innovative development of metallurgical enterprises based on smartization and decarbonization in the conditions of European integration. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods of economic research were used in the process of conducting the research, in particular: a systematic approach – for highlighting the theoretical aspects of the digital economy, the Internet of Things, eco-modernization and “green” corporate culture; analysis – to reveal the processes of digitization, smartization and decarbonization in the metallurgical industry; interdisciplinary – for considering the problem of innovative development of the metallurgical industry; abstract and logical – when making theoretical generalizations and forming conclusions. Findings. The theoretical aspects of the digital economy, the Internet of Things, eco-modernization and “green” corporate culture are highlighted. The trends of smartization and decarbonization of international and Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises are shown. The trends, problems and needs of the metallurgical industry in the conditions of European integration are highlighted. Enterprises of the metallurgical industry need eco-modernization, “greening” of production and “green” culture, finding investments for decarbonization, increasing competitiveness on an innovative basis, and adapting to the requirements of the European Green Deal. It is proposed to ensure technological development thanks to investments in smart technologies and “green” innovations through investment partnerships with EU countries and Great Britain. It is important to build an innovative HR management system and “green” corporate culture, which affects the improvement of the environmental efficiency of the enterprise. Originality. Possible directions of the metallurgical industry enterprises transformation to a new level of technological development are proposed: 1) investments in smart technologies and “green” innovations through investment partnerships with EU countries and Great Britain; 2) studying the best European practices of transition to green production, taking into account adaptation to Ukrainian conditions; 3) formation of innovative corporate culture through cultural digital transformations and “green” culture at enterprises. Practical value. The proposed recommendations can be used for the strategic directions improvement of metallurgical enterprises development in the conditions of smartization and decarbonization of production. Key words: metallurgical enterprise, smartization, decarbonization, innovative corporate culture, green values, European integration.

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Salamakha, Maryana, Iryna Semeriak, Larysa Solohub, Olha Vynnyk et Iryna Bodnar. « The discourse of American and British political interviews ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 13, n^o 73 (30 janvier 2024) : 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.73.01.13.

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The aim is to conduct a comparative analysis of the political discourse of Great Britain and the United States, in particular the study of the speech style of the leaders, the context and the role of the media in the formation of public opinion. Methods. The study employs the method of analysis of lexical units, the linguistic method of field structures, and the method of stylistic analysis of markers. Standard methods of mathematical statistics were used, as well as Cronbach’s alpha to check the reliability of the research methods. Conclusions. The study reveals the importance of the media’s role in political discourse, especially in the dissemination of political interviews and their public perception. A comparison of UK and US political discourse reveals both similarities and differences in the communication of political leaders, and helps analyse each country’s response to common challenges and issues. Prospects. Further research could focus on gendered aspects of political speech, including the analysis of the gender’s role in shaping political discourse and identifying gender stereotypes.

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Neilson, I. D. « Vehicle Safety—a Review for 1993 ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, n^o 2 (avril 1993) : 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_169_02.

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The decreases in road accident casualties in Great Britain and other European countries should not obscure the likelihood that numbers will increase in the long term unless vehicle speeds are reduced at potential danger spots. There is also the need to take whatever safety measures are available. The Thirteenth International Experimental Safety Vehicles Conference in Paris at the end of 1991 provided an opportunity to review the technical progress that has recently been made towards improved vehicle safety measures. This paper attempts to review much of the work presented to the conference and to suggest the best way forward for many aspects of vehicle safety. These range from accident studies to developments in vehicle control and handling, protection for the legs of motorcyclists, the opportunity for introducing measures to protect pedestrians and the latest advances in the protection for car occupants. Overall the need is seen to develop vehicle safety measures rapidly to permit the introduction of environmental restrictions on vehicle fuel consumption and design without cancelling the advances being made in casualty reduction.

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Navickaitė, Marija. « UŽSIENIO LIETUVIŲ KORESPONDENCIJA NELEGALIOJE LIETUVIŲ SPAUDOJE XIX A. PABAIGOJE – 1904 METAIS ». Res Humanitariae 30 (29 décembre 2022) : 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rh.v30i0.2464.

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At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Lithuanians who had left for Western Europe and the United States were confronted with a new, modern world, where numerous diaspora centres with a press and organisations formed, and everyday life went on, relations with foreigners developed, and social activities evolved. Conflicts of a religious nature also arose, and the search for a national identity, political differentiation and other processes developed. These aspects of the new life were reflected in various forms in Lithuania as well, one of which was correspondence in the public sphere, in the press. The correspondence not only provided knowledge about Lithuanians in various countries, but also painted a picture of the diaspora and the environment in which they lived. The purpose of this paper is to find out what kind and content of correspondence by Lithuanians who emigrated to the West is found in the illegal Lithuanian press published in Lithuania Minor until 1904, and what trends in the new modern life are revealed in the content of communication from the USA, Great Britain and France.

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Riabovol, Liliia, et Yana Tytska. « Current issues of modern higher education : International-legal experience ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, n^o 66 (30 juillet 2023) : 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.66.06.26.

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New realities pose challenges to higher education institutions and force them to choose consumer demand. Such a situation encourages higher education institutions to constantly improve the educational services provided and increase their level of competitiveness, and therefore take into account foreign experience. With this in mind, it is significant to analyze the international legal experience of reforming higher education, as well as current issues of modern higher education. The purpose of the work is to characterize the current state of higher education in foreign countries and to identify key trends and problematic issues in this field. The research methodology includes such methods as the induction method, the deduction method, the comparative method, the system method, the relativistic method, and the axiological method. As a conclusion of the conducted research, the tasks and main problematic aspects of the regulation of higher education are defined. The state and aspects of state regulation of the activities of higher education institutions of the leading countries of the world, in particular in the USA, Great Britain, Finland, Denmark, Germany, and other countries, were studied. Problematic issues of regulation of higher education are singled out, in particular the issue of decentralization, in particular, attention is paid to the role of scientific research and financial support of the own research base of higher education institutions. As a result, the key areas that can be used to transform the higher education system of Ukraine and implement better foreign experiences have been determined.

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Bowes, Alison, Alison Dawson et Rosalie Ashworth. « Time for care : exploring time use by carers of older people ». Ageing and Society 40, n^o 8 (29 mars 2019) : 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000205.

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AbstractThe paper focuses on temporal aspects of informal caring for older people. Limitations of large-scale surveys in capturing such data are noted and time-use methodology, despite its own limitations, is proposed as a promising alternative. Adopting a critical perspective on time that includes carers’ own conceptualisations, we report the findings of a qualitative study of carers’ time use. Sixty-two interviews with carers, male/female, co-resident/not co-resident, employed/not employed, and located across Great Britain were conducted. Analysis considered people's own diverse and ambiguous views of their care activities. Carers’ accounts of their time revealed non-linear experiences and a sense of being permanently on call. Interviewees often travelled distances to engage in support activities with or for older people. Changes over time were pervasive, increasing or reducing care requirements. Unanticipated events could precipitate radical changes in time use. Managing time, exercising temporal agency, was particularly apparent in accounts of care, employment, other family responsibilities and choices about friendship. Measurement of carers’ time use which draws on the conceptual foundation of carers’ own perspectives on time may provide more effective quantitative understanding of the temporal aspects of caring. It should not pre-define time, must grasp a variety of tasks, take account of intermittent activity, incorporate the 24–7 experience of many carers and demonstrate how caring time interacts with other time.

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Lanskoy, Grigorii. « Fundamental and applied aspects of geopolitical studies in USA and their influence on contemporary practice of international relations ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 16, n^o 2 (2023) : 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2023.203.

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Paper is devoted to methodology and content of geopolitical studies realizing in United States of America. In their complex are analyzing historical and political studies of theoretical and practical type oriented to analysis of forms and directions of expansion and governance of different territories by state power institutions. In quality of examples having from point of contemporary development of international relations evident actuality in paper are selected monographs and articles devoted to external policy of Russian Empire in period of second half of 19th and beginning of 20th century. In content of these historiographical sources were precisely presented basic and partially stereotype forms of attraction by American authors of tendencies of development of other countries with mobilizational type of transformation and traditional for studies of these authors strategies forecasting of political and in large meaning social evolution of these countries. In quality of fundamental aspects diversified in these scientific and partly journalistic works in paper are presented points about global backwardness, forced and in this occasion temporary overcoming of existing evolutionary problems and final impossibility of successful concurrence of Russia and other countries with catching type of development with United States of America, Great Britain and mostly industrially developing states of continental Europe. To applied aspects of geopolitical studies realizing in USA in paper were referred interpretations of concrete historical events projected and presented in them and also their choice and systematization. This definition of studying object is conditioned by methodological connection between scientific analysis of facts and from one part by development of international relations and from other part by realizing by many authors decision of task of explaining external political strategy of state on base of ideologically determined historiographical discourse caused from one part by development of international relations and from other part by specific features of expert social mind.

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RUDA, Tatyana. « INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF APPLICATION OF THE COMMON TRANSIT PROCEDURE ». Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 312, n^o 6(2) (29 décembre 2022) : 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-312-6(2)-8.

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The article is devoted to the study of international experience in the implementation of joint transit. The purpose of the article is to study the main aspects of the international experience of applying the joint transit procedure. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: induction and deduction, theoretical generalization, abstraction, dialectical cognition – when studying scientific sources and researching theoretical aspects of the implementation of the joint transit procedure, determining the categorical apparatus of the investigated issues; abstract-logical – for summarizing theoretical propositions, forming conclusions and proposals on the topic of research. The article analyzes the process of transit system development in the EU. The regulatory and legal framework that ensures the normalization of joint transit issues in European countries is given. The essence and features of the application of transit systems in the EU have been determined. A comparative analysis of union and joint transit, which is used in the EU, was carried out. The experience of joint transit implementation was analyzed using the examples of Georgia, Great Britain, Serbia and Turkey. The advantages of countries joining the Convention on the common transit procedure are given, as well as the conditions for applying the common transit procedure are outlined. The peculiarities of the implementation of the joint transit procedure in each of the studied countries were analyzed. The essence, content and functionality of the electronic transit system (NCTS), which each of the countries implemented in practical activity, is revealed. The features of the exchange of customs information provided by the NCTS and the security aspects of its preservation within the system are analyzed. The specifics of joint transit and the functional burden on each of the participants in such customs legal relations have been determined. Special attention is paid to the analysis of qualitative changes in the service component of customs activity, achieved as a result of the application of NCTS.

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Horoshko, Valentyna, Yehor Nazymko et Yurii Pavliutin. « CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION : PROBLEMATIC ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ISSUES, WAYS OF REFORMING ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-48-52.

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The subject of the study is the coverage of problematic issues and ways of reforming the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine in the context of European integration. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is a dialectical method of scientific knowledge, through the application of this method the legal, functional, organizational and procedural aspects of methodological approaches to the understanding of problematic issues are considered and the ways of reforming the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine in the context of European integration are considered. The results of the article analyze the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine and the legislation of the countries of the European Union. When analyzing the French criminal procedure, two main features can be identified, which distinguish it from the Anglo-Saxon legal system and are criticized by experts from Great Britain and the United States. In France judges are vested with considerable powers. The first feature of French criminal procedure is the institution of preliminary interrogation of the accused by the presiding judge. The judge verifies the sufficiency of the evidence for a conviction. Conclusion. So, based on the above, it is possible to conclude that the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine was created in the spirit of democratic values, but some of its norms need to be reformed in order to improve the mechanism of protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of an individual. The practical experience of France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Great Britain is relevant. The shortcomings of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine are highlighted. The prospects for their reform are outlined and amendments to the current legislation in the context of European integration are proposed. Prospects for further research: a) the study of the experience of individual foreign countries in the context of the improvement of criminal procedural norms; b) analysis of the possibility of harmonization of criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine with the norms of the European Union; c) development of an effective mechanism of relations between the subjects of criminal proceedings. The issue of the relevance and admissibility of evidence is also important. Articles 87-89 of the CPC of Ukraine establish the grounds and procedure for declaring evidence inadmissible. However, judicial practice shows a large number of criminal proceedings against public persons, which the court had to terminate due to the lack of evidence, due to the inadmissibility or improper nature of the evidence. The authors believe that the legislative regulation of the process of collecting evidence in the UK is a positive experience for Ukraine.

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Zolotar, A. S. « USING THE GLOBALIZATION EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD'S LEADING COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN UKRAINE ». National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, n^o 1(57) (31 mai 2023) : 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2023.1(57).280830.

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In this scientific article, the author examines modern trends in the development of intellectual potential and protection of intellectual property based on the globalization experience of the world's leading countries – the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and France. The author focuses on the fact that their positive experience can be used by Ukraine, because the intellectual potential and the system of protection of intellectual rights in our country in the conditions of globalization and dynamic development of information technologies are exposed to much greater risks and threats, and the current legislation has long since not covered the necessary spectrum legal regulation of intellectual property relations. In particular, the experience of the USA can be useful in the formation of reliable legislative regulation, the creation of an effective Strategy for the development of Ukrainian intellectual property for the coming years, the establishment of stricter responsibility and control over the observance of intellectual property rights. The benefit of Great Britain's experience can be obtained if we go the way of establishing partnership and cooperation of our country in the investigated area, as well as establishing a tougher penalty for violations in this area. It is also appropriate to borrow the conceptual foundations of combating crime in the field of intellectual property, to develop plans for its prevention and countermeasures. The German experience will be useful in the following aspects: borrowing the desire for reliable and simple legislation, establishing an open type of relations between the state in the form of its authorized bodies that conduct their activities in the field of intellectual property, with citizens (right holders) in the information field, increasing educational and innovative level of development of the population of Ukraine. The use of Swedish experience may take place when borrowing Swedish technologies for the protection of intellectual property, in particular, the use of blockchain technology. The French practice of dynamic and innovative updating of legislative acts can be useful in the process of revising and modernizing the national legislation of Ukraine.

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Rutkiewicz, Krzysztof, et Angelika Pruchnicka. « STATE AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SECTORS AND IN RURAL AREAS IN RESPECT OF THE COMPETITION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE YEARS 2004-2015 ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n^o 3 (22 août 2017) : 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3257.

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The aim of the study is to discuss the legal and economic aspects of granting of state aid in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and in rural areas in the light of the EU competition policy in the years 2004-2015. The methods of deduction, descriptive, critical-cognitive and comparative analysis of statistical data (derived from Eurostat database) on the value and structure of state aid for sectoral targets in the EU-28, were used. State aid in the EU is the instrument aimed at achieving the objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy, which strengthens the competitiveness and profitability of all agricultural branches, promotes the sustainable forest management and territorial development of rural areas, stimulating the actions in the field of climate and energy efficiency. The greatest beneficiaries of state aid in the agricultural sector in the years 2004- 2015 were: France (16%), Germany (12%), Finland (10%), Italy (9%), Spain (8%), Poland (7%), Great Britain (6%) and Netherlands (5%). In the structure of state aid in the EU-28 Member States, tax exemptions were the predominant use (14%), followed by investments in agricultural holdings (13.6%), support to the livestock sector (8%), animal disease control (6%), agricultural and livestock insurance contributions (5.4%), technical support (5%), forestry support (4.8%), aid for research & development & innovation (4.7%), adverse weather events (4%), public expenditures for environmental protection and compensations for natural disasters and other exceptional occurrences (3.5% each).

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MILLER, CAROLINE L. « Research in urban history : a review of recent theses ». Urban History 33, n^o 2 (août 2006) : 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926806003828.

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In keeping with past experiences, 2005 produced a rich range of 70 theses that address urban history topics. Equally, as in past years, the topics the theses address are marked by diversity that itself is reflective of the nature of the urban experience. As usual the theses reviewed here are drawn from the Index of Theses located at http://www.theses.com/, which now also features Irish theses, and Dissertations International located at http://wwwli.umi.com/dissertations. This year's crop of theses has proved somewhat easier to categorize than has been the case in previous years and has seen the emergence of some new topics. In particular there is a noticeable interest in what might be called the urban environment and its functioning, which leads to interest in the infrastructural aspects of the city. This is not a new agenda for urban historians but it does also reflect the growth of environmental history and seems to represent an intersection of the two areas. It is also a consequence of the dominance of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in urban history, which of itself tends to bring infrastructure to the historian's notice. Another interesting area of study that is emerging as the result of the opening of Soviet era archives is that of city planning, reconstruction and history in the former Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries. Theses from American universities continued to predominate with 68 per cent being drawn from their institutions. The proportion from Great Britain dropped to 21 per cent but the percentage from other countries, predominantly Canadian universities, increased to 11 per cent. The earlier production of this article may be the reason for the reduction in the British proportion rather than a real decline in numbers. There were noticeable clusters of theses coming from Stanford University (7.6 per cent of the total), with the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University each producing 6.1 per cent of the theses produced. In Britain there was a small cluster that emerged from the Open University and among the ‘other’ group, Toronto University was the only institution to produce more than one thesis.

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MacKenzie, John M. « Lusaka : New Capital and the Imperial Garden City Movement ». Britain and the World 16, n^o 2 (septembre 2023) : 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2023.0404.

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The colonial Garden City Movement represents the culmination of a whole sequence of relationships between botany and imperialism that had developed from the seventeenth century onwards, but particularly in the Victorian era. Botany was central to the transnationality of imperialism and botanical exploration while plant collecting fed into many Victorian phenomena in Britain which also had their colonial counterparts. These were intended to alleviate the social, environmental and medical evils of industrialism, providing a closer interaction between the rural and the urban. They included the creation of green belts, the founding of model villages, the emergence of municipal public parks and botanical gardens, and finally the garden city movement. By these means it was intended that industrial (and sometimes rural) workers should experience a healthier lifestyle, as well as a social uplift which would mitigate class conflict while also providing rational recreation. In the export of garden city ideas to the British Empire, there were additionally significant colonial precedents in street tree planting and in the beautification movement of the Victorian era and early twentieth century. This article specifically focuses upon the translation of aspects of this garden city movement and of these other influences into the creation of the new capital of Lusaka in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) in the twentieth century and the manner in which a great diversity of both indigenous and exotic plants were used to express the idealistic characteristics of this urban development while also reflecting the social and racial norms inherent in the colonial relationship.

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Butovskaya, Marina L., Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Elena Z. Godina, Kaushik S. Bose, Mariya V. Dobrovol'skaya, Andrei I. Kozlov, Mariya B. Mednikova, Irina A. Khomiakova, Anastasiya T. Agdzhoyan et Taisiya A. Syutkina. « The review of the IX International scientific conference, dedicated to the memory of academicians V.P. Alexeev and T.I. Alexeeva ». Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), n^o 4 (21 novembre 2022) : 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.4.137-149.

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IX International Scientific Conference dedicated to the memory of academicians V.P. Alexeev and T.I.Alexeeva, was held in Moscow from October 17th to October 20th, 2022. This time, the leading organizer of the event was the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the Russian Academy of Sciences, although as in the previous Alexeevsky readings, the Scientific Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology named after D.N. Anuchin Moscow State University and the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences were actively involved in it’s organization. Despite the fact that this time all presentations were held online, it should be noted that the quality of papers, as well as the activity of the participants of the event, turned out to be at the highest level. 90 papers were presented by 120 authors from Russia, Armenia, Belarus, India, Poland, Mongolia and Great Britain. Russian speakers represented scientific institutions from Moscow, Krasnodar region, Nizhny Novgorod, Kemerovo, Tyumen and Rostov regions, Volgograd, Ufa, Magadan, Pskov and St.Petersburg. At the opening of the conference, the names of the winners of the V.P Alexeev and T.I.Alexeeva Award in the field of interdisciplinary research in archaeology and anthropology in 2022 were announced. They were DSci Balabanova Aria Afanasievna and PhD Pererva Evgeny Vladimirovich. We sincerely congratulate our Volgograd colleagues and wish them new discoveries and scientific achievements. The topics of the meeting reflected the main modern trends in biological anthropology and related disciplines and included the Russian-Indian roundtable “Children’s Growth and Health”, conducted in English, as well as the sections “Human Evolution and Behavior: Modern Approaches and Perspectives”, “Modern Problems in Applied Anthropology”, “Adaptation Processes in the Indigenous People from the Modern Human Populations”, “Sports Anthropology”, “Modern Issues of the Ethnogenesis of Ancient Populations”, “Factors of the Population Variability – New Approaches and Perspectives of Research”, “Bioarchaeological Reconstruction – Perspectives and Limits of the Method”, “Paleoecological Aspects of Human Studies in the Context of Modern Biogeochemical Research”, “Demography as a tool for analyzing the stress resistance of a population in the past and present”.

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Stepanov, Evgeniy G., Vadim T. Kaibyshev, Lyayla M. Masyagutova et Guzyal R. Sadrtdinova. « Working conditions and health status of school workers (literature review) ». Hygiene and sanitation 103, n^o 2 (15 mars 2024) : 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-141-146.

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In recent years, the range of publications concerning the high likelihood of teachers developing syndromes of professional burnout and professional destruction has been increasingly expanding. This trend is almost equally characteristic of most countries over the world: from Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia in Europe to China, Japan in Asia and Nigeria in Africa, and, over the last decade, in Russia. In other words, the problem under consideration is global in nature and depends little on the level of economic development of the country and its ethno-geographical characteristics. Purpose of work. Study foreign and domestic scientific literature directly related to the problems of creating working conditions and their impact on the health in education workers. The presented review is based on the publications of a number of domestic and foreign studies. The literature search was carried out using the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RSCI. A total of forty two publications were analyzed for the period from 2001 to 2022. A systematic analysis of the world scientific literature was conducted on the management of events aimed at assessing the working conditions and health in teachers. The study examined various aspects related to the provision of medical care to education workers. After evaluating the results of the study, it became clear that there is some discrepancy between reports in the field of psychology and hygiene. In the first group of works devoted to the psychological aspect, insufficient attention is paid to the study of working conditions and their impact on the health of teachers, despite the widespread prevalence of professional burnout syndrome among the teaching community. At the same time, in the second group of studies devoted to hygienic aspects, the role of psychosocial factors influencing the health of teachers is not sufficiently addressed. Conclusion. In general, the analysis of the characteristics of working conditions and health of pedagogical workers allows concluding this topic to be relevant and in demand in the scientific world. It also highlights the need for further research and development in this area to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of related diseases.

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Devara, Evan, Maret Priyanta et Yulinda Adharani. « INOVASI PENDEKATAN BERBASIS RISIKO DALAM PERSETUJUAN LINGKUNGAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA ». LITRA : Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Tata Ruang, dan Agraria 1, n^o 1 (13 septembre 2021) : 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/litra.v1i1.641.

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ABSTRAK Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, Perizinan Lingkungan telah diubah menjadi Persetujuan Lingkungan yang berarti berbentuk persetujuan atau rekomendasi dari Pemerintah. Perubahan tersebut berdampak pada regulasi sektor lingkungan, ditambah lagi terdapat perubahan konsep bahwa perizinan lingkungan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis risiko. Di sisi lain, perubahan tersebut merupakan suatu inovasi yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah untuk menyederhanakan regulasi untuk meningkatkan perekonomian nasional. Konsep Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko merupakan hal baru di Indonesia. Pendekatan tersebut sebelumnya telah diterapkan di berbagai negara seperti Inggris dan Kanada. Pendekatan Berbasis risiko dalam melakukan kegiatan usaha memperhitungkan berbagai aspek seperti, kesehatan, lingkungan, potensi, serta ancaman yang akan dihadapi. Konsep Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko tidak menggantikan amdal melainkan sebagai pelengkap dalam melakukan setiap perhitungan dalam kegiatan usaha. Implementasi pendekatan berbasis risiko dalam persetujuan lingkungan harus diperhatikan baik dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan hingga pengawasan, sehingga kegiatan usaha yang memiliki risiko dapat dicegah dan dikendalikan. Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja diharapkan dapat memberikan keseimbangan antara pembangunan ekonomi dan kesehatan lingkungan. Kata kunci: Cipta Kerja; Perizinan; Risiko; Lingkungan ABSTRACT On the Job Creation Law, Environmental Permit changed bcome an Environmental Agreement. Environmental Agreement agreed or recommended by the centra government or regional government. The alteration has impact on the regulatons, especially in environmental sector, furthermore environmental agreement use a new approach as known as Risk Based Approach. On the otherside, the new approach become an inovation by the Government to simplified many regulaton that exist to increase economic growth. Risk Based Approach is a new concept in Indonesia. The approach is also used by Great Britain and Canada. Risk Based Approach is a tool for identifying a risk based on many aspects such as, environmental aspect, health aspect (public health care, human health, environmental health etc), strength and threat from the business activity. Risk based on environmental study called ‘Environmental Risk Assessment'. The environmental risk assessment didn't remove the environmental impact assessment but as complementary. The Implication on Risk Based Approach on the Environmental Agreement must be considered from the planning phase, implementation and monitoring, so any business activity that have a risk are under control. Risk Based Approach on the Job Creation Law are expected to bring the equality between economic growth and environmental health. Keywords: Environment; Job Creation; Permit; Risk

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SOSNOVA, Miroslava. « ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND MODERN CONCEPT OF THE FUTURE TEACHERS TRAINING ». Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section : Pedagogical Sciences 12 (2022) : 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2522-1477-2022-12-117-125.

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The article examines the analysis of historical experience and the modern concept of the future teachers training based on the examples of research on various aspects of teacher education in Ukraine and foreign countries: Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. It is noted that the main element in the content of pedagogical education is the theoretical and practical component in the preparation of the future teacher. The teacher of the 21st century is declared the bearer of social change. Orientation of society towards European standards and values, the best world traditions, require corresponding systemic changes in the field of education as well. The cornerstone of such changes is the improvement of the quality of the educational process in educational institutions, and therefore the quality of teacher training. The author presents the concept of the future teachers training based on the experience of European standards. The progressive achievements of countries that demonstrate a high level of professional training of teachers, in accordance with world standards are of significant scientific interest; they have rich historical traditions of education, which contributes to their leading role in the field of science and education at the regional and global levels; they have accumulated considerable experience in the field of professional training of teachers in new socio-cultural conditions. The key features of the professional training of teachers in the studied foreign countries at the beginning of the 21st century are substantiated: the expansion of the pedagogical practice component in the training of teachers; availability of several alternative ways of teachers training; creation of continuous professional development systems; updating the content of professional teacher training programs; transfer of professional development programs; strengthening of selection rules for pedagogical speciality; delegation of powers regarding certification and professional development. The author notes that the training of a modern teacher must meet the requirements related to innovative activities, the modelling of the structure of such activities of the future teacher is needed, which forms the readiness to perceive, develop or use of the latest educational programs, technologies and does not affect his professional position. No matter how time, values and trends change, a master teacher will always be in demand. Key words: future teacher, foreign experience, concept of training, personally oriented pedagogy, innovative activity.

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NETTEN, ANN, ROBIN DARTON, ANDREW BEBBINGTON et PAMELA BROWN. « Residential or nursing home care ? The appropriateness of placement decisions ». Ageing and Society 21, n^o 1 (janvier 2001) : 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0100808x.

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Routinely-collected statistics show considerable variation between local authorities in Great Britain, in the proportions of supported residents placed in nursing and residential care. This raises the question of whether this is due to variations in demand (the type of resident approaching authorities), supply (the level and type of provision available for local authorities to purchase), or policy (in terms of eligibility criteria or interpretations of need at field level). Data were used from a national longitudinal survey of individuals admitted to publicly-funded residential and nursing home care. Information was collected from 18 local authorities on a cohort of 2,544 local authority supported residents who had been admitted to residential and nursing home care. The paper examines the pattern of admissions, the characteristics of people admitted and the relationship between these characteristics and admissions to residential or nursing home care. Characteristics of the individual explained the placement of over 80 per cent of admissions. Supply factors were statistically significant but did not improve the explanatory power of the model. Survival among those admitted to a type of care that was not predicted by the model, suggested that some unmeasured aspects of prognosis may account for some of the residual variation in placements. Overall, the results indicate a reasonably high level of consistency between authorities in nursing home placement decisions. This suggests that either there is considerable variation in the types of individual approaching local authorities or, more likely, that some authorities are more successful in maintaining people for longer at home than others. In addition to maintaining people at home to a higher level of dependency, prevention of admission to residential care is likely to be associated with: interventions that address carer support, safety issues among people who are deaf, and motivation.

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Saher, Liudmyla, Tatjana Tambovceva et Radoslaw Miskiewicz. « Research Progress and Knowledge Structure of Inclusive Growth : A Bibliometric Analysis ». Virtual Economics 4, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2021) : 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34021/ve.2021.04.04(1).

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Environmental and socio-political challenges of today show that traditional models of economic growth and valuation methods, which are based primarily on financial profitability, are not always optimal, but the concept of inclusive growth is gaining popularity. In January 2018, the Inclusive Growth and Development Index was presented at the 48th World Economic Forum in Davos. But the relatively new concept of inclusive growth and its economic meaning remains insufficiently studied and needs further research. Accordingly, the paper aims at providing a bibliometric overview to determine the current state of scientific production in "inclusive growth". Scopus Database was selected as the primary data source. The scientific literature was searched based on the titles, abstracts, and author keywords with the following search strategy: "inclusive growth". A time span of 10 years was set, and thus, only literature published from 2012 to 2021 was included. To obtain a more comprehensive analysis VOSviewer 1.6.16 software was used for mapping and visualizing bibliometric networks of scientific publications. A study of the geographical affiliation of researchers in this area showed that the most significant number of publications was published by scientists from the USA, India, Great Britain, China, South Africa, Australia, Spain, Italy, Canada, and Germany. The average growth rate of publications in this field is the highest among scientists in Spain, Italy, and China. The interest in the topic is constantly growing. As a result of a bibliometric analysis of 2000 publications indexed by the Scopus database from 2012 to 2021, devoted to the issues of inclusive growth, 8 clusters were identified: environmental problems, role, and opportunities of stakeholders in increasing inclusive growth, population movement under the influence of micro-and macro-environmental factors to achieve sustainable development goals, inequality, analysis of economic and population development factors in the context of achieving sustainable development goals, inclusive growth essence, and parameters, poverty. The issues of regional aspects and mechanisms for attaining inclusive growth goals, as well as issues of regulating and ensuring stakeholders' interests, including issues of communication and promotion of inclusive growth paradigm, risk assessment of implementing inclusive economic principles, and formalization of impact factors remain unexplored.

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KARPENKO, Lidiia. « DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR PROVIDING THE STATE GUARANTEES OF POPULATION MEDICAL SERVICE : FOREIGN PRACTICE ». Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 302, n^o 1 (janvier 2022) : 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-302-1-48.

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Scientific research consists of substantiation and development of conceptual foundations and recommendations for the development of a financial mechanism for providing state guarantees of medical care to the population based on foreign practice. The paper substantiates the relevance of building an effective financial mechanism for ensuring state guarantees of medical care for the population for the Ukrainian medical sphere is: the need to reform the healthcare system in Ukraine; changing the paradigm of financing the medical industry; financing of the medical industry is experiencing critical problems; catastrophic situation in ensuring the provision of specialized and highly specialized inpatient care; imperfection of mechanisms for ensuring financing of the health care system of Ukraine. In this work, the author examines in detail the features of the three main models of healthcare at the global level, classifies the healthcare systems of leading countries according to three main models, systematizes in tabular form the practice of six countries – Israel, Sweden, France, the USA, Great Britain Germany, in which these models received the most bright embodiment. The aim of the work consist of studding the general principles of financing models and organization of the health care system in the coordinates of globalization changes and European integration; analysis and characterization of the financial mechanism that provides state guarantees in the field of medical care Applied aspects are based on the systematization of the instrumental base for modelling the financial mechanism for providing state guarantees of medical care to the population, taking into account foreign experience. In the work, the author analyzed the calculations of the ratio of costs and indicators of the effectiveness of the health care system in 2020, the analytical dependence of average life expectancy on per capita expenditures in the health sector, % of GDP. The analysis carried out on the selected research issues provides a conceptual basis for the formation of an effective financial mechanism for budget policy in Ukraine to ensure state guarantees of medical care for the population; forms a platform for the development of macroeconomic stabilization policy. The prospects for further research are the improvement of the issues of the mechanism for the effective functioning of the public sector and the implementation of integrated management analysis.

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Khomenko, Liliia, Olena Chygryn, Kateryna Shevchenko, Yuriy Bilan et Ihor Ponomarenko. « CARBON NEUTRALITY OF UKRAINE BY 2050 ». Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, n^o 4 (2022) : 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.4-16.

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The article presents the research results on some aspects of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. Carbon neutrality is a challenge for the whole world. In 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a historical maximum. The work aims to study the features of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. The tasks of the work are the analysis of the components of the transition to low-carbon development, analysis of the consumption of fossil fuels, and activities related to the preservation of forests, natural steppe, and meadow ecosystems. Interest in carbon neutrality issues grows yearly, with a particularly in 2021-2022. Most articles on carbon neutrality were published by scientists from China, the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, and Pakistan. They are mainly devoted to carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, renewable energy, energy consumption, financial development, co-integration, dioxin emissions, etc. Positive trends regarding the achievement of carbon neutrality have been identified: the supply of natural gas, coal, and peat has decreased, while the supply of renewable energy sources has increased; the share of coal and peat decreased by 26.4%, and the percentage of energy produced from renewable sources increased to 6.6%; the use of coal and peat decreased by 8.5%, natural gas by 5%, and biofuels increased by 16%; the share of biofuel use increased to 5.8%. Expenditures for environmental protection increased by 88.5%, for preserving biodiversity and habitat - by 3.6 times, and costs for air protection and climate change problems - by 2.5 times. The share of expenditures on the protection of biodiversity and habitat increased to 3.2%, and costs on atmospheric air protection and climate change problems to 19.3%. Negative trends that restrain the development of a carbon-neutral economy were also revealed: a low share of renewable sources in the structure of supply and use. Thus, the percentage of biofuel in aggregate use remains low - only 5.8% in 2020. The area of forest loss is increasing, and the area of forest regeneration has decreased by 36%. The area of reforestation remained at the same level, but the area of afforestation decreased ten times during 2010-2020.

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Rybina, Olena I., Nataliia E. Letunovska et Aleksandra Kuzior. « Socially responsible marketing as a way to increase the competitiveness of business entities ». Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, n^o 1 (2020) : 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.07.

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With the development of a market economy, there are problems of balancing the interests of all participants in production, consumers, and society as a whole. This arouses interest in the concept of socially responsible marketing, which allows companies to focus on sustainable development and social values in solving business problems. The purpose of the article is to study the implementation of the concept of socially responsible marketing by business entities. The article considers the main aspects of the concept of socially responsible marketing, its importance for businesses. Related areas of research related to socially responsible marketing are identified based on bibliometric analysis of articles published in the Scopus database from 2010 to 2019 using VOSviewer software. It was found that the largest number of publications on the subject is available in the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Australia. The basic principles of socially responsible marketing are grouped and its characteristic features are singled out. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of its basic tools. The tools of socially responsible marketing are broader than classical marketing and include marketing; consumer research; study of social and environmental consequences of production; consumption of manufactured goods and services. The authors noted that with traditional analytical methods in implementing the concept of socially responsible marketing, given the strategic direction of modern marketing, it is necessary to use multidimensional methods of analysis: SPACE-analysis, PEST-analysis, ETOM-analysis, QUEST-analysis, SNW-analysis, SWOT analysis, KPI analysis. The key features of the introduction of socially responsible marketing at the enterprises of Ukraine are analyzed. The paper substantiates that socially responsible marketing is a concept of marketing management, according to which the company's goal is to determine its own needs, needs and interests of target markets and meet them more effectively than competitors, ways to maintain or improve the welfare of both consumers and society in general. Keywords: marketing, principles of socially responsible marketing, socially responsible marketing, sustainable development.

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Lovas, Dóra. « Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II ». Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.

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<p>The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p>

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FEDOROVA, N. V., et S. YU SAVIN. « PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE RESISTANCE OF FACILITIES EXPERIENCED TO LOCALIZED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE - AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW ». Building and reconstruction 95, n^o 3 (2021) : 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2021-95-3-76-108.

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During the entire life cycle, the facilities are experienced to force and environmental actions of various nature and intensity. In some cases, such influences can lead to a loss of the bearing capacity of the structural elements of a building, which in turn can lead to a disproportionate failure of the entire structural system. Such phenomenon was called progressive collapse. Major accidents at facilities, such as the collapse of a section of the Ronan Point high-rise residential building (London, 1968), the Sampoong department store (Seoul, 1995), the Transvaal Park pavement (Moscow, 2004), the World Trade Center (New York, 2011) and others, clearly demonstrated the urgency of this problem. In this regard, the regulatory documents of the USA, Great Britain, EU, China, Australia, Russia and other countries established requirements for the need to calculate structural systems of buildings for resist to progressive collapse after sudden localized structural damage. However, the steady increase in the number of new publications on the problem of progressive collapse observed in the world scientific literature indicates that the results of such studies do not yet provide exhaustive answers to all questions related to this phenomenon. In this regard, the proposed review article is aimed at systematizing, generalizing and analyzing new research results on resistance to progressive collapse of facilities, identifying new trends and proposing new research directions and tasks to improve the level of structural safety of design solutions for buildings and structures. In order to achieve this goal, the following aspects were considered: the nature of the impacts leading to progressive collapse; features of modeling the progressive collapse of structural systems of buildings and structures; mechanisms of resistance to progressive collapse and criteria for evaluation of a progressive collapse resistance. Particular attention in the scientific review is paid to the analysis of works related to a new direction of research in the area under consideration, associated with the assessment of the bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed elements of structural systems, the effect on their resistance to progressive collapse of the parameters of the loading mode, degradation of material properties and the topology of the structural system. The significance of the proposed scientific review is that, along with the well-known and new results presented in the English-language scientific literature, it summarizes and analyzes the original approaches, methods and research results published in Russian-language scientific publications, primarily included in the RSCI Web of Science.

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Khomenko, Liliia, Olena Chygryn, Cetin Bektas et Andriy Iskakov. « Carbon Neutrality of Ukraine as a Determinant of Green Development ». Economic Herald of SHEI USUCT 17, n^o 1 (2023) : 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/2415-3974-2022-17-1-122-127.

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The article presents the research results on some aspects of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. Carbon neutrality is a challenge for the whole world. In 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a historical maximum. The work aims to study the features of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. The tasks of the work are the analysis of the components of the transition to low-carbon development, analysis of the consumption of fossil fuels, and activities related to the preservation of forests, natural steppe, and meadow ecosystems. Interest in carbon neutrality issues grows yearly, with a particularly in 2021–2022. Most articles on carbon neutrality were published by scientists from China, the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, and Pakistan. They are mainly devoted to carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, renewable energy, energy consumption, financial development, co-integration, dioxin emissions, etc. Positive trends regarding the achievement of carbon neutrality have been identified: the supply of natural gas, coal, and peat has decreased, while the supply of renewable energy sources has increased; the share of coal and peat decreased by 26.4%, and the percentage of energy produced from renewable sources increased to 6.6%; the use of coal and peat decreased by 8.5%, natural gas by 5%, and biofuels increased by 16%; the share of biofuel use increased to 5.8%. Expenditures for environmental protection increased by 88.5%, for preserving biodiversity and habitat – by 3.6 times, and costs for air protection and climate change problems – by 2.5 times. The share of expenditures on the protection of biodiversity and habitat increased to 3.2%, and costs on atmospheric air protection and climate change problems to 19.3%. Negative trends that restrain the development of a carbon-neutral economy were also revealed: a low share of renewable sources in the structure of supply and use. Thus, the percentage of biofuel in aggregate use remains low – only 5.8% in 2020. The area of forest loss is increasing, and the area of forest regeneration has decreased by 36%. The area of reforestation remained at the same level, but the area of afforestation decreased ten times during 2010–2020. The scientific novelty consists in the development of theoretical foundations for the identification of regularities in the formation of the energy transformation theory, which differs from the existing ones using bibliometric (VOSviewer v. 1.6.13) analysis.

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Dulger, Volodymyr, Serhii Baranov et Ivan Khozlu. « THE INSTITUTE OF CITIZEN APPEALS AS AN ACTIVE MECHANISM FOR THE PROTECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC HUMAN RIGHTS ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-65-71.

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The institute of appeal of citizens to state authorities as an effective mechanism of implementation of socio-economic human rights and freedoms is studied. Attention is drawn to the fact that human rights are the highest social value and determine the degree of political, economic, cultural and other human freedoms. The authors established that the state must be accountable to the individual for its activities, in this regard, ensuring human rights and freedoms is the main responsibility of the state, but all this is possible subject to the principle of the rule of law, which in many countries is enshrined as constitutional. It was found that the problematic issues remain related to the definition of international requirements for the mechanism of implementation of the right of citizens to appeal to public authorities, providing a mechanism for exercising the right of citizens to appeal to public authorities using the latest information technologies, etc. The authors have found that the institute of citizens' appeal to public authorities, as a mechanism for exercising human rights and freedoms, includes many important areas, such as the conduct of public affairs, both directly and through freely elected representatives; the functioning of public control; ensuring the right of access to public information, etc. The peculiarities of the development of the institute of citizens' recourse in the context of international experience in the realization of human rights and freedoms were investigated. It was found that the dynamism of the development of international law at the present time has also influenced the fairly rapid development of the institute of citizens' right to appeal to public authorities, which in turn has affected the increased participation of citizens of different states in the political processes in the world. The concept of the right of citizens to appeal to public authorities has been formulated. International requirements for the mechanism of implementation of the citizens' right to appeal to public authorities were analyzed and identified. The authors found that the international requirements for the mechanism of implementation of the citizens' right to appeal to public authorities are based on five basic principles. The prospect of introducing information technology in the process of citizens' applications to public authorities is considered. It was determined that the rapid development of modern information technologies and their introduction into various spheres of social life has not bypassed their introduction into the legal sphere, which in turn led to the processing of increasing volumes of information in a short period of time, and on the other hand, was a consequence of threats of violation of individual rights, through unauthorized access to personal data, their theft and use for criminal purposes. Shows the problematic aspects arising from the introduction of modern technologies in the work with the citizens' appeal, which affect the protection of personal data. The experience of many countries, such as Great Britain, Germany, Scotland, USA, etc., in the implementation of the system of electronic appeal and the use of electronic petitions as the most progressive form of communication with the government is analyzed.

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Safonchyk, Oksana, et Konstiantyn Vitman. « PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n^o 4 (29 octobre 2019) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.

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In the world practice, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized an important component of sustainable development strategy, for which reason governments of many countries pay considerable attention to the promotion of CSR ideas at the national level, creating favourable conditions for socially responsible behaviour of national and foreign enterprises. The author aims to analyse the experience of regulation of corporate social responsibility policy in the EU Member States, to show the practice of national governments of the EU Member States in the field of CSR, and to determine prospects of corporate social responsibility at the modern development stage in view of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Summarizing approaches to the definition of CSR, it can be emphasized that CSR should positively influence society, in which the enterprise operates. It is a free choice in favour of increasing the welfare and moral and ethical values of society through appropriate approaches to doing business. Relations between enterprises both in the European Union and in other countries are increasingly based on the principles of CSR. Compliance with these principles becomes an important prerequisite for attracting foreign investment and obtaining government orders. In the international context, CSR is an efficient instrument to develop partnership and cooperation of countries in the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to control the negative influence of the industrial sector on ecology, to prevent social crises, as a consequence, to ensure sustainable development of the world civilisation. Among the European institutions, the European Commission’s committees play a key role in disseminating the idea of CSR. One of the main factors in strengthening the EU economy is considered precisely the stable growth based on the rational use of resources, ecology, and competition. Plans of the Strategy for 2012–2015–2020 clearly show that the European Union intends to strengthen control over economic management and “voluntarily oblige” the business to follow the rules of CSR. The goal of a new CSR Strategy is to create conditions favourable for sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and permanent employment in the medium and long term. Key changes in comparison with the policy for 2010 – definition of corporate social responsibility as “Responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society” and rejection of the principle of voluntariness: “the European Commission recognizes that some regulations stimulate CSR, therefore, public authorities should support the CSR development by applying a mix of voluntary and regulatory policies”. As the study showed, the governments of the EU countries are actively engaged in the development and promotion of corporate social responsibility. The role of the state is manifested in the implementation of the following key functions: the state as a legislator and a controlling authority; the state as an employer; the state as a consumer and a buyer; the state as a partner; the state as an institutional investor; the state as a participant in international relations. The most significant results have been achieved by those EU Member States that use the systemic approach to CSR development. In these countries, responsible state structures have been formed that coordinate work in all areas. The approach to the choice of instruments is individual and is selected taking into account the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development and the importance of economic, environmental, and social aspects. An example of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Estonia, and Spain shows the possibility of successful CSR development.

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Szadziewska, Arleta, et Halina Waniak-Michalak. « Editorial ». Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 109, n^o 165 (29 octobre 2020) : 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4338.

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We would like to present to you a thematic issue of “Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachun-kowości” no. 109 (165) – (ZTR, “The Theoretical Journal of Accounting”), in English entitled Accounting as a source of financial and non-financial information. It is the second volume of our journal to be guest-edited by a foreign editor – Dr. Fredrik Karlsson (Linnaeus University, Sweden). The purpose of this issue of ZTR is to indicate the directions in the evolution of accounting theory and practice, in particular, with regard to corporate reporting, which constitutes the basis for assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise’s opera-tions. The articles submitted for publication raise important issues regarding the re-porting of financial and non-financial information that is requisite for the develop-ment of trust-based relationships with the stakeholders of companies operating on the market. Due to the lack of unified applicable non-financial reporting standards in corporate reporting, the provision of reliable and useful information on the environ-mental and social aspects of functioning presents a huge challenge. It is connected with adjusting the accounting systems that entities use in order to obtain a reliable picture of the impact of their economic activity on the environment. We believe that the articles presented in this volume will contribute to a better un-derstanding of the challenges accounting faces in the new, dynamically changing reality. We tried to involve scientists from various countries in the discussion on the directions in the evolution of accounting theory and practice. By accepting for publi-cation ten articles that have received positive reviews, we believe that we have succeeded in our attempt. The Authors of the works come from research centers in seven European and South American countries, such as Chile, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, the UK, and Ukraine. The articles present the results of research on the disclosure of the financial and non-financial information in corporate reporting, which constitutes the basis for as-sessing companies’ economic, environmental, and social performance. The Authors additionally discuss the applicable accounting rules, which are requisite to obtain financial information of adequate quality for economic decision making. Various research methods have been used in the articles, such as statistical analysis, content analysis, comparative analysis, a review of the literature and legal acts, methods of deduction and synthesis, questionnaire surveys, and interviews. We can distinguish three main topic areas chosen by the Authors. The first group of papers concerns communication with users of the companies’ reports, especially regarding corporate social responsibility. The work written by Polish Authors from the University of Łódź (E. Śnieżek, M. Wiatr, K. Ciach, J. Piłacik) presents the results of research on the information needs of business information users with regard to improving the financial and non-financial information presented in annual reports. A total of 694 responses obtained from Polish accounting and tax specialists with professional experience were analyzed. The inter-pretation of the survey results takes into account the relationship between the responses received and the respondents’ characteristics, such as gender, age, and education. The Authors from Great Britain (A. Herdan, L. Neri, and A. Ruso) present the rela-tionship between sustainable development and financial indicators on the British mar-ket. The increasing social pressure exerted on enterprises, as well as the changes in legal regulations, are forcing enterprises to operate in a manner that considers the prin-ciples of sustainable development. For this reason, it is particularly important to deter-mine the relationship between the economic situation of an enterprise and sustainable development. The article written by Authors from Poland and Croatia (M. Remlein and V. Roŝka) examines the quality of the information on CSR-related investments presented in the reports prepared by Polish and Croatian companies. Based on a content analysis of re-ports prepared by non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the Zagreb Stock Exchange, it has been found that socially responsible investment in Poland and Croatia is still at its infancy since not many investors have been exposed to this type of investment. The authors of the next article (A. Szadziewska, B. Kotowska, L. Kloviene, S. Legenchyk, D. Prša, and M.T. Speziale) noted the existence of differences in the implementation of Directive 2014/95/EU into the national law of individual countries included in their survey, i.e., Croatia, Poland, Lithuania, Italy, Great Britain, and Ukraine. Additionally, the results of the content analysis regarding the non-financial reports presented by branches of one corporation that operates in different countries indicated a different scope of the non-financial indicators published. What is more, sig-nificant differences were found between the scope of the non-financial indicators pub-lished by the capital group and its subsidiaries that operate in different countries. In the article by Polish authors from the University of Gdańsk (C. Kotyla and M. Hyży), we find a discussion on the disclosure of information on the environmental impact of companies from the mass passenger transport industry. The content analysis covered the financial statements and the management reports published by the three largest rail carriers and two airlines. The results indicate that the environmental disclo-sures in the reports analyzed do not allow for an objective assessment of the surveyed mass passenger transport enterprises’ impact on the environment. The second thematic area covered issues concerning the historical and current con-ditions that characterize accounting systems in different countries. The first article (H. Waniak-Michalak, I. Perica, and S. Leitonie) concerns non-gov-ernmental entities and the impact of accounting regulations on these organizations in Poland, Croatia, and Lithuania at the level of public trust. The results of their research indicate that accounting regulations are of marginal importance for social trust. How-ever, they have identified the possible impact of disasters and the country’s economic situation on public trust. B. Zyznarska-Dworczak, I. Mamić Sačer, and D. Mokošová conducted a compara-tive analysis of accounting systems in Central and Eastern European countries – Croa-tia, Poland, and Slovakia. The authors found important differences in the accounting standards of these countries despite their geopolitical proximity and Slavic roots. The other three articles concerned special rules of recording and reporting. M. Gierusz raises the problem of companies using the regulation of recognizing ac-quired goodwill in order to extend the useful life of goodwill. Authors from Poland and Chile (F. Morales Parada, R. Höllander Sanhueza, and M. Węgrzyńska) attempt to identify accrual adjustments as a tool to modify financial results. They indicate that Chilean firms exhibit more cases of accounting manipula-tions than Polish companies. According to the Authors, Polish firms use accrual adjust-ments to reduce the operating results, whereas Chilean companies apply accrual adjust-ments to increase their operating results. M. Szulc and P. Zieniuk answered the research question of whether listed compa-nies comply with the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards regarding the disclosure of events after the balance sheet date. They believe that the occurrence of such events in the economic practice of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange is much more frequent than in other European countries. The editorial team takes the opportunity to thank all the supporters of the English issue of ZTR. We very much appreciate the involvement of the reviewers, the commit-ment of the authors of the papers, as well as the help of other academics and friends engaged in the preparation of the issue. We also encourage you to visit our website, www.ztr.skwp.pl, where you can find the latest information on our projects as well as all the procedures needed to submit a paper to the journal. Please submit articles to the new special issue of ZTR in 2021, entitled Ethical Issues in Accounting in Prosperity and a Financial Crisis.

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Botvinov, Rоstislav, Anna Bohorodytska et Lina Dmitrieva. « ANALYZE OF ACTIVITIES DATA OF SUBJECT OF WORLD INSURANCE MARKET ». State and Regions. Series : Economics and Business, n^o 2(125) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1814-1161/2022-2-1.

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The economic sense of insurance marker at the article is determined. The insurance market is relations of insurance service realization and possibility of insurance funds to create conditions of risk reduction and elimination for all participation of economics activities and all segments of the population. Problems of insurance companies’ activities were determined at many scientific sources. Activities of life insurance companies at Ukrainian market were determine. Analyze of insurance companies’ data on national market was made, the main problems and measure of creation situation on insurance market of Ukraine. The insurance brokers, their classification and their functions were determined. But at modern research there are not analyze of insurance companies’ activities on global insurance market. The main aim of article is analyzed of insurance companies’ activities on global insurance market, the global tendencies on global insurance market was determined. Also, this article is dedicated to analyze of insurance companies on wolds insurance services market. At the article the important data such as the ratio of real estate premiums to victims and the ratio of life premiums to annuities. As basic for analyze great insurance companies of German, Great Britain USA, France, Switzerland, Bermuda. Also were analyzed data of most great world insurance brokers. Also the data of activity of world property insurance and life insurance companies were analyzed. Was determined, that during 2019 and 2020 profit of world insurance brokers create. Also was determined, that during 2019 life insurance profit of world insurance companies was created. The traditional insurance is not more the main business of life insurance field. The influence of pandemic COVID 19, showed both positives and negatives effects. Pandemic show impotent of having protection against force mayor. That is why, the support increased as for customer and for companies. Very impotent for insurance company to offer digital communication of all aspects, because it is world tendency. It is very important to develop these tendencies all time.

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Clair, Amy, Emma Baker et Meena Kumari. « Are housing circumstances associated with faster epigenetic ageing ? » Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 10 octobre 2023, jech—2023–220523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2023-220523.

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BackgroundNumerous aspects of housing are associated with health. However, the pathways between housing and health, particularly the psychosocial elements of housing, are less well understood. Epigenetic information alongside social survey data offers an opportunity to explore biological ageing, measured using DNA methylation, as a potential pathway through which housing affects health.MethodsWe use data on housing and DNA methylation from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, linked with prior survey responses from the British Household Panel Survey, covering adults in Great Britain. We explore the association between epigenetic ageing and housing circumstances, both contemporary and historical, using hierarchical regression.ResultsWe find that living in a privately rented home is related to faster biological ageing. Importantly, the impact of private renting (coefficient (SE) 0.046 years (0.011) vs owned outright, p<0.001) is greater than the impact of experiencing unemployment (coefficient 0.027 years (0.012) vs employed, p<0.05) or being a former smoker (coefficient 0.021 years (0.005) vs never smoker, p<0.001). When we include historical housing circumstances in the analysis, we find that repeated housing arrears and exposure to pollution/environmental problems are also associated with faster biological ageing.ConclusionOur results suggest that challenging housing circumstances negatively affect health through faster biological ageing. However, biological ageing is reversible, highlighting the significant potential for housing policy changes to improve health.

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Dubіshchev, Viktor, et Oleksandr Kudinov. « The Process of Decentralization Management Based on Foreign Experience ». Economics and Region, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/eir.2020.3(78).1993.

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The democratization of relations in society among developed countries, in most cases, is accompanied by the concept of fiscal decentralization. Today the priority in the world is the reform of public administration and decentralization which results in the abandonment of the centralized model of governance and the introduction of an effective system of territorial organization, financial self-sufficiency of local governments and expanding their budgets. In the current state of the economy of Ukraine and its regions there are a number of negative phenomena due to the loss of production potential, insufficient level of entrepreneurial activity, the presence of a significant level of shadow economy, resulting in economic instability and economic crisis. Thus, today there are many unresolved issues regarding the effective strategy of regulating the processes of decentralization of the management system, the equal distribution of powers at the local level and an effective strategy for the formation and distribution of the local budget. The task is to reform the country's inter-budgetary relations. However, the key to success in successfully reforming the state's governance system is to ensure economic decentralization with financial support from the central government in the initial stages. This strategy was followed by most developed countries in Europe and the world. Therefore, it is advisable to analyze the main advantages, risks and disadvantages of a decentralized management system based on foreign experience. Historical and modern strategies of reforming the management system of the leading countries of the world are considered.The scientific article considers the problematic aspects of the reforms and their specific implementation in countries such as Germany, Poland, Great Britain and Sweden. Prospects for the development of reform in Ukraine are identified and the main problems that arose at the first stage of the decentralization process are identified.

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Fedets, A. « The main aspects of foreign experience of state regulation of the market for the provision of services for the collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables ». Democratic governance, n^o 27 (9 juin 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33990/2070-4038.27.2021.239244.

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Problem setting. One of the most important tasks of modern science of public management and administration is the further improvement of management technologies, management decisions in banking in particular and the increase of their efficiency and effectiveness. Accordingly, the scientific interest is not only in the study and the analysis of banking legislation of certain countries, but in the adaptation of national legislation to the directives of the European Union. The urgency of improving the mechanism of state regulation of the market for the provision of services for the collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables in the banking system of Ukraine is undeniable, the implementation of which should include the mandatory establishment of real requirements and measures of responsibility of managers of both individual financial institutions and regulatory bodies. Recent research and publications analysis. The organization of central banks of the world, their legal status, main functions, comparative aspects, regulatory activities in the field of the organization of cash circulation and cash collection were studied in the works of L. Voronova, D. Hetmantsev, V. Krotyuk, S. Yehorychev, M. Starynsky, P. Melnyk, S. Laptev, I. Zaverukha. Legal problems of legalization of firearms circulation in Ukraine were studied by А. Kolosok, P. Mitrukhov, P. Fries, S. Shumilenko and others. The works of V. Baranyak, V. Меzhyvy, М. Pinchuk, T. Pryhodko, V. Rybachuk, В. Tychyi, etc. are devoted to the study of legal problems of illegal handling of weapons. However, these works do not reflect the peculiarities of the use of firearms in subdivisions of collection of funds. Native and foreign scholars generally have not paid due attention to the study and the analysis of the existing model of cash circulation in Ukraine, its advantages, risks and disadvantages as well as the effective functioning of the market of collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables in the banking system of Ukraine. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of this article is to analyze the innovative foreign experience of state regulation of the market of collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables in the banking system of Ukraine (hereinafter – collection of funds) and to justify the need for its implementation in Ukraine. Another important problem in collection activities is the lack of legislative regulation of firearms trafficking as there is no law on weapons in Ukraine, there are only regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, which greatly complicates its regulation by the state according to P. Fries. Paper main body. The market of collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables (hereinafter – the market of collection) is one of the most closed segments of the banking system of any country as a whole. The most popular way to pay for services and goods during the last few years, according to annual surveys conducted by the Swiss central bank, is cash. The important factor is that even with the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the demand for cash and cash flow has increased significantly. The National Bank of Ukraine carries out regulatory activities in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine “On Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity”. Collection of funds has never been a particularly profitable activity, for the subdivisions of collection of any country along with the staff and transportation costs, that is why to ensure the proper security of cash transportation is a very costly item of the estimate. In this regard, there is an urgent need for the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables” and “On firearms”, which would define the basic foundations, principles, forms of activities in the field of collection services, rights, duties and responsibilities of all participants in the collection market, in order to increase their reliability, safety and efficiency. In the countries of the European Union (EU), services for the collection and transportation of currency valuables are provided by public and private enterprises. In many EU countries there is no legal definition of the concept ‘collection’. In most cases, collection falls under the general legislation on the basics of security, except for Austria and Germany, which regulate such activities through professional organizations, insurance and collective agreements. Today, five foreign global CIT companies account for almost 60% of the global CIT market for cash collection and cash handling services. They are: – Brinks (USA) – 23%; – G4S (England) – 15%; – Loomis (Sweden) – 12%; – Prosegur (Spain) – 7%; – Garda (Canada) – 4%; – GSLS – 0.01%; – Other regional independent companies – 39%. In six EU countries (Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Sweden, Great Britain and the Netherlands) the presence of firearms during collection of funds is prohibited. In Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and Spain, the presence of a weapon in the performance of professional collection duties is mandatory. Safe collection of funds largely depends on the fast, without delays, safe travel by road. Ukraine needs to reform its transport system to gain access to the European Union’s rail, road, river and air transport markets and to financial resources for building safe infrastructure of high quality. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Unfortunately, there are no well-known world CIT collection companies in the Ukrainian market of collection services and therefore Ukrainian banks and legal entities have to deal with local CIT companies, the authorized capital of which in some cases may be significantly less than the amount of the collected cash. In accordance with the mentioned above, for the effective functioning of the Ukrainian market of collection of funds and a balanced regulatory policy of the state, we suggest making appropriate changes and additions to the Laws of Ukraine on “Banks and Banking”, “National Bank of Ukraine”. To initiate the development and adoption of the Laws of Ukraine “On Collection and Transportation of Currency Valuables” and “On Firearms” which will ensure equal competitive conditions in the collection market for all its participants, reliable labor protection, social guarantees and rights of employees of collection divisions.

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Gao, Xiang. « A ‘Uniform’ for All States ? » M/C Journal 26, n^o 1 (15 mars 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2962.

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Introduction Daffodil Day, usually held in spring, raises funds for cancer awareness and research using this symbol of hope. On that day, people who donate money to this good cause are usually given a yellow daffodil pin to wear. When I lived in Auckland, New Zealand, on the last Friday in August most people walking around the city centre proudly wore a cheerful yellow flower. So many people generously participated in this initiative that one almost felt obliged to join the cause in order to wear the ‘uniform’ – the daffodil pin – as everyone else did on that day. To donate and to wear a daffodil is the social expectation, and operating in social environment people often endeavour to meet the expectation by doing the ‘appropriate things’ defined by societies or communities. After all, who does not like to receive a beam of acceptance and appreciation from a fellow daffodil bearer in Auckland’s Queen Street? States in international society are no different. In some ways, states wear ‘uniforms’ while executing domestic and foreign affairs just as human beings do within their social groups. States develop the understandings of desirable behaviour from the international community with which they interact and identify. They are ‘socialised’ to act in line with the expectations of international community. These expectations are expressed in the form of international norms, a prescriptive set of ideas about the ‘appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity’ (Finnemore and Sikkink 891). Motivated by this logic of appropriateness, states that comply with certain international norms in world politics justify and undertake actions that are considered appropriate for their identities. This essay starts with examining how international norms can be spread to different countries through the process of ‘state socialisation’ (how the countries are ‘talked into’ wearing the ‘uniform’). Second, the essay investigates the idea of ‘cultural match’: how domestic actors comply with an international norm by interpreting and manipulating it according to their local political and legal practices (how the countries wear the ‘uniform’ differently). Lastly, the essay probes the current international normative community and the liberal values embedded in major international norms (whether states would continue wearing the ‘uniform’). International Norms and State Socialisation: Why Do States Wear the ‘Uniforms’? Norm diffusion is related to the efforts of ‘norm entrepreneurs’ using various platforms to convince a critical mass of states to embrace new norms (Finnemore and Sikkink 895-896). Early studies of norm diffusion tend to emphasise nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) as norm entrepreneurs and advocates, such as Oxfam and its goal of reducing poverty and hunger worldwide (Capie 638). In other empirical research, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) were shown to serve as ‘norm teachers,’ such as UNESCO educating developing countries the value of science policy organisations (Finnemore 581-586). Additionally, states and other international actors can also play important roles in norm diffusion. Powerful states with more communication resources sometimes enjoy advantages in creating and promoting new norms (Florini 375). For example, the United States and Western European countries have often been considered as the major proponents of free trade. Norm emergence and state socialisation in a normative community often occurs during critical historical periods, such as wars and major economic downturns, when international changes and domestic crises often coincide with each other (Ikenberry and Kupchan 292). For instance, the norm entrepreneurs of ‘responsible power/state’ can be traced back to the great powers (mainly the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) and their management of international order at the end of WWII (see Bull). With their negotiations and series of international agreements at the Cairo, Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conference in the 1940s, these great powers established a post-World War international society based on the key liberal values of international peace and security, free trade, human rights, and democracy. Human beings are not born to know what appropriate behaviour is; we learn social norms from parents, schools, peers, and other community members. International norms are collective expectations and understanding of how state governments should approach their domestic and foreign affairs. States ‘learn’ international norms while socialising with a normative community. From a sociological perspective, socialisation summarises ‘how and to what extent diverse individuals are meshed with the requirement of collective life’ at the societal level (Long and Hadden 39). It mainly consists of the process of training and shaping newcomers by the group members and the social adjustment of novices to the normative framework and the logic of appropriateness (Long and Hadden 39). Similarly, social psychology defines socialisation as the process in which ‘social organisations influence the action and experience of individuals’ (Gold and Douvan 145). Inspired by sociology and psychology, political scientists consider socialisation to be the mechanism through which norm entrepreneurs persuade other actors (usually a norm novice) to adhere to a particular prescriptive standard (Johnston, “Social State” 16). Norm entrepreneurs can change novices’ behaviour by the methods of persuasion and social influence (Johnston, “Treating International Institutions” 496-506). Socialisation sometimes demands that individual actors should comply with organisational norms by changing their interests or preferences (persuasion). Norm entrepreneurs often attempt to construct an appealing cognitive frame in order to persuade the novices (either individuals or states) to change their normative preferences or adopt new norms. They tend to use language that can ‘name, interpret and dramatise’ the issues related to the emerging norm (Finnemore and Sikkink 987). As a main persuasive device, ‘framing’ can provide a singular interpretation and appropriate behavioural response for a particular situation (Payne 39). Cognitive consistency theory found in psychology has suggested the mechanism of ‘analogy’, which indicates that actors are more likely to accept new ideas that share some similarities to the extant belief or ideas that they have already accepted (see Hybel, ch. 2). Based on this understanding, norm entrepreneurs usually frame issues in a way that can associate and resonate with the shared value of the targeted novices (Payne 43). For example, Finnemore’s research shows that when it promoted the creation of state science bureaucracies in the 1960s, UNESCO associated professional science policy-making with the appropriate role of a modern state, which was well received by the post-war developing countries in Latin America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia (Finnemore 565-597). Socialisation can also emanate actors’ pro-norm behaviour through a cost-benefit calculation made with social rewards and punishments (social influence). A normative community can use the mechanism of back-patting and opprobrium to distribute social reward and punishment. Back-patting – ‘recognition, praise and normative support’ – is offered for a novice’s or member’s cooperative and pro-norm behaviour (Johnston, “Treating International Institutions” 503). In contrast, opprobrium associated with status denial and identity rejection can create social and psychological costs (Johnston 504). Both the reward and punishment grow in intensity with the number of co-operators (Johnston 504). A larger community can often create more criticism towards rule-breakers, and thus greatly increase the cost of disobedience. For instance, the lack of full commitment from major powers, such as China, the United States, and some other OECD countries, has arguably made global collective action towards mitigating climate change more difficult, as the cost of non-compliance is relatively low. While being in a normative environment, novice or emerging states that have not yet been socialised into the international community can respond to persuasion and social influence through the processes of identification and mimicking. Social psychology indicates that when one actor accepts persuasion or social influence based on its desire to build or maintain a ‘satisfying self-defining relationship’ to another actor, the mechanism of identification starts to work (Kelman 53). Identification among a social group can generate ‘obligatory’ behaviour, where individual states make decisions by attempting to match their perceptions of ‘who they are’ (national identity) with the expectation of the normative community (Glodgeier and Tetlock 82). After identifying with the normative community, a novice state would then mimic peer states’ pro-norm behaviour in order to be considered as a qualified member of the social group. For example, when the Chinese government was deliberating over its ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2003, a Ministry of Environmental Protection brief noted that China should ratify the Protocol as soon as possible because China had always been a country ‘keeping its word’ in international society, and non-ratification would largely ‘undermine China’s international image and reputation’ (Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC). Despite the domestic industry’s disagreement with entering into the Protocol, the Chinese government’s self-identification as a ‘responsible state’ that performs its international promises and duties played an important role in China’s adoption of the international norm of biosafety. Domestic Salience of International Norms: How Do States Wear the ‘Uniforms’ Differently? Individual states do not accept international norms passively; instead, state governments often negotiate and interact with domestic actors, such as major industries and interest groups, whose actions and understandings in turn impact on how the norm is understood and implemented. This in turn feeds back to the larger normative community and creates variations of those norms. There are three main factors that can contribute to the domestic salience of an international norm. First, as the norm-takers, domestic actors can decide whether and to what extent an international norm can enter the domestic agenda and how it will be implemented in policy-making. These actors tend to favour an international norm that can justify their political and social programs and promote their interests in domestic policy debates (Cortell and Davis, “How Do International Institutions Matter?” 453). By advocating the existence and adoption of an international norm, domestic actors attempt to enhance the legitimacy and authority of their current policy or institution (Acharya, “How Ideas Spread” 248). Political elites can strengthen state legitimacy by complying with an international norm in their policy-making, and consequently obtain international approval with reputation, trust, and credibility as social benefits in the international community (Finnemore and Sikkink 903). For example, when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), only four states – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States – voted against the Declaration. They argued that their constitutional and national policies were sufficiently responsive to the type of Indigenous self-determination envisioned by UNDRIP. Nevertheless, given the opprobrium directed against these states by the international community, and their well-organised Indigenous populations, the four state leaders recognised the value of supporting UNDRIP. Subsequently all four states adopted the Declaration, but in each instance state leaders observed UNDRIP’s ‘aspirational’ rather than legal status; UNDRIP was a statement of values that these states’ policies should seek to incorporate into their domestic Indigenous law. Second, the various cultural, political, and institutional strategies of domestic actors can influence the effectiveness of norm empowerment. Political rhetoric and political institutions are usually created and used to promote a norm domestically. Both state and societal leaders can make the performative speech act of an international norm work and raise its importance in a national context by repeated declarations on the legitimacy and obligations brought by the norm (Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 76). Moreover, domestic actors can also develop or modify political institutions to incorporate an international norm into the domestic bureaucratic or legal system (Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 76). These institutions provide rules for domestic actors and articulate their rights and obligations, which transforms the international norm’s legitimacy and authority into local practices. For example, the New Zealand Government adopted a non-nuclear policy in the 1980s. This policy arose from the non-nuclear movement that was leading the development of the Raratonga Treaty (South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone) and peace and Green party movements across Europe who sought to de-nuclearise the European continent. The Lange Labour Government’s 1984 adoption of an NZ anti-nuclear policy gained impetus because of these larger norm movements, and these movements in turn recognised the normative importance of a smaller power in international relations. Third, the characteristics of the international norm can also impact on the likelihood that the norm will be accepted by domestic actors. A ‘cultural match’ between international norm and local values can facilitate norm diffusion to domestic level. Sociologists suggest that norm diffusion is more likely to be successful if the norm is congruent with the prior values and practices of the norm-taker (Acharya, “Asian Regional Institutions” 14). Norm diffusion tends to be more efficient when there is a high degree of cultural match such that the global norm resonates with the target country’s domestic values, beliefs or understandings, which in turn can be reflected in national discourse, as well as the legal and bureaucratic system (Checkel 87; Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 73). With such cultural consistency, domestic actors are more likely to accept an international norm and treat it as a given or as ‘matter-of-fact’ (Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 74). Cultural match in norm localisation explains why identical or similar international socialisation processes can lead to quite different local developments and variations of international norms. The debate between universal human rights and the ‘Asian values’ of human rights is an example where some Asian states, such as Singapore and China, prioritise citizen’s economic rights over social and political rights and embrace collective rights instead of individual rights. Cultural match can also explain why one country may easily accept a certain international norm, or some aspect of one particular norm, while rejecting others. For example, when Taiwanese and Japanese governments adapted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples into their local political and legal practice, various cultural aspects of Indigenous rights have been more thoroughly implemented compared to indigenous economic and political rights (Gao et al. 60-65). In some extreme cases, the norm entrepreneurs even attempt to change the local culture of norm recipients to create a better cultural match for norm localisation. For example, when it tried to socialise India into its colonial system in the early nineteenth century, Britain successfully shaped the evolution of Indian political culture by adding British values and practices into India’s social, political, and judicial system (Ikenberry and Kupchan 307-309). The International Normative Community: Would States Continue Wearing ‘Uniforms’? International norms evolve. Not every international norm can survive and sustain. For example, while imperialism and colonial expansion, where various European states explored, conquered, settled, and exploited other parts of the world, was a widely accepted idea and practice in the nineteenth century, state sovereignty, equality, and individual rights have replaced imperialism and become the prevailing norms in international society today. The meanings of the same international norm can evolve as well. The Great Powers first established the post-war international norms of ‘state responsibility’ based on the idea of sovereign equality and non-intervention of domestic affairs. However, the 1980s saw the emergence of many international organisations, which built new standards and offered new meanings for a responsible state in international society: a responsible state must actively participate in international organisations and comply with international regimes. In the post-Cold War era, international society has paid more attention to states’ responsibility to offer global common goods and to promote the values of human rights and democracy. This shift of focus has changed the international expectation of state responsibility again to embrace collective goods and global values (Foot, “Chinese Power” 3-11). In addition to the nature and evolution of international norms, the unity and strength of the normative community can also affect states’ compliance with the norms. The growing size of the community group or the number of other cooperatives can amplify the effect of socialisation (Johnston, “Treating International Institutions” 503-506). In other words, individual states are often more concerned about their national image, reputation and identity regarding norm compliance when a critical mass of states have already subscribed into the international norm. How much could this critical mass be? Finnemore and Sikkink suggest that international norms reach the threshold global acceptance when the norm entrepreneurs have persuaded at least one third of all states to adopt the new norm (901). The veto record of the United Nation Security Council (UNSC) shows this impact. China, for example, has cast a UNSC veto vote 17 times as of 2022, but it has rarely excised its veto power alone (Security Council Report). For instance, though being sceptical of the notion of ‘Responsibility to Protect’, which prioritises human right over state sovereignty, China did not veto Resolution 1973 (2011) regarding the Libyan civil war. The Resolution allowed the international society to take ‘all necessary measure to protect civilians’ from a failed state government, and it received wide support among UNSC members (no negative votes from the other 14 members). Moreover, states are not entirely equal in terms of their ‘normative weight’. When Great Powers act as norm entrepreneurs, they can usually utilise their wealth and influence to better socialise other norm novice states. In the history of promoting biological diversity norms which are embedded in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the OECD countries, especially France, UK, Germany, and Japan, have been regarded as normative leaders. French and Japanese political leaders employed normative language (such as ‘need’ and ‘must’) in various international forums to promote the norms and to highlight their normative commitment (see e.g. Chirac; Kan). Additionally, both governments provided financial assistance for developing countries to adopt the biodiversity norms. In the 2011 annual review of CBD, Japan reaffirmed its US$12 million contribution to assisting developing countries (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 9). France joined Japan’s commitment by announcing a financial contribution of €1 million along, with some additional funding from Norway and Switzerland (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 9). Today, biological diversity has been one of the most widely accepted international environmental norms, which 196 states/nations have ratified (United Nations). While Great Powers can make more substantial contributions to norm diffusion compared to many smaller powers with limited state capacity, Great Powers’ non-compliance with the normative ‘uniform’ can also significantly undermine the international norms’ validity and the normative community’s unity and reputation. The current normative community of climate change is hardly a unified one, as it is characterised by a low degree of consensus. Major industrial countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, have not yet reached an agreement concerning their individual responsibilities for reducing greenhouse emissions. This lack of agreement, which includes the amount of cuts, the feasibility and usefulness of such cuts, and the relative sharing of cuts across various states, is complicated by the fact that large developing countries, such as China, Brazil, and India, also hold different opinions towards climate change regimes (see Vidal et al.). Experts heavily criticised the major global powers, such as the European Union and the United States, for their lack of ambition in phasing out fossil fuels during the 2022 climate summit in Egypt (COP27; Ehsan et al.). In international trade, both China and the United States are among the leading powers because of their large trade volume, capacity, and transnational network; however, both countries have recently undermined the world trade system and norms. China took punitive measures against Australian export products after Australia’s Covid-19 inquiry request at the World Health Organisation. The United States, particularly under the Trump Administration, invoked the WTO national security exception in Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to justify its tariffs on steel and aluminium. Lastly, norm diffusion and socialisation can be a ‘two-way path,’ especially when the norm novice state is a powerful and influential state in the international system. In this case, the novices are not merely assimilated into the group, but can also successfully exert some influence on other group members and affect intra-group relations (Moreland 1174). As such, the novices can be both targets of socialisation and active agents who can shape the content and outcome of socialisation processes (Pu 344). The influence from the novices can create normative contestation and thus influence the norm evolution (Thies 547). In other words, novice states can influence international society and shape the international norm during the socialisation process. For example, the ‘ASEAN Way’ is a set of norms that regulate member states’ relationships within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It establishes a diplomatic and security culture characterised by informality, consultation, and dialogue, and consensus-building in decision-making processes (Caballero-Anthony). From its interaction with ASEAN, China has been socialised into the ‘ASEAN Way’ (Ba 157-159). Nevertheless, China’s relations with the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) also suggest that there exists a ‘feedback’ process between China and ARF which resulted in institutional changes in ARF to accommodate China’s response (Johnston, “The Myth of the ASEAN Way?” 291). For another example, while the Western powers generally promote the norm of ‘shared responsibility’ in global environment regimes, the emerging economies, such as the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), have responded to the normative engagement and proposed a ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ regime where the developing countries shoulder less international obligations. Similarly, the Western-led norm of ‘Responsibility to Protect’, which justifies international humanitarian intervention, has received much resistance from the countries that only adhere to the conventional international rules regarding state sovereignty rights and non-intervention to domestic affairs. Conclusion International norms are shared expectations about what constitutes appropriate state behaviour. They are the ‘uniforms’ for individual states to wear when operating at the international level. States comply with international norms in order to affirm their preferred national identities as well as to gain social acceptance and reputation in the normative community. When the normative community is united and sizable, states tend to receive more social pressure to consistently wear these normative uniforms – be they the Geneva Conventions or nuclear non-proliferation. Nevertheless, in the post-pandemic world where liberal values, such as individual rights and rule of law, face significant challenges and democracies are in decline, the future success of the global normative community may be at risk. Great Powers are especially responsible for the survival and sustainability of international norms. The United States under President Trump adopted a nationalist ‘America First’ security agenda: alienating traditional allies, befriending authoritarian regimes previously shunned, and rejecting multilateralism as the foundation of the post-war global order. While the West has been criticised of failing to live up to its declared values, and has suffered its own loss of confidence in the liberal model, the rising powers have offered their alternative version of the world system. Instead of merely adapting to the Western-led global norms, China has created new institutions, such as the Belt and Road Initiatives, to promote its own preferred values, and has reshaped the global order where it deems the norms undesirable (Foot, “Chinese Power in a Changing World Order” 7). Great Power participation has reshaped the landscape of global normative community, and sadly not always in positive ways. Umberto Eco lamented the disappearance of the beauty of the past in his novel The Name of the Rose: ‘stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus’ ('yesterday’s rose endures in its name, we hold empty names'; Eco 538). If the international community does not want to witness an era where global norms and universal values are reduced to nominalist symbols, it must renew and reinvigorate its commitment to global values, such as human rights and democracy. It must consider wearing these uniforms again, properly. 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Morrison, Susan Signe. « Walking as Memorial Ritual : Pilgrimage to the Past ». M/C Journal 21, n^o 4 (15 octobre 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1437.

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This essay combines life writing with meditations on the significance of walking as integral to the ritual practice of pilgrimage, where the individual improves her soul or health through the act of walking to a shrine containing healing relics of a saint. Braiding together insights from medieval literature, contemporary ecocriticism, and memory studies, I reflect on my own pilgrimage practice as it impacts the land itself. Canterbury, England serves as the central shrine for four pilgrimages over decades: 1966, 1994, 1997, and 2003.The act of memory was not invented in the Anthropocene. Rather, the nonhuman world has taught humans how to remember. From ice-core samples retaining the history of Europe’s weather to rocks embedded with fossilized extinct species, nonhuman actors literally petrifying or freezing the past—from geologic sites to frozen water—become exposed through the process of anthropocentric discovery and human interference. The very act of human uncovery and analysis threatens to eliminate the nonhuman actor which has hospitably shared its own experience. How can humans script nonhuman memory?As for the history of memory studies itself, a new phase is arguably beginning, shifting from “the transnational, transcultural, or global to the planetary; from recorded to deep history; from the human to the nonhuman” (Craps et al. 3). Memory studies for the Anthropocene can “focus on the terrestrialized significance of (the historicized) forms of remembrance but also on the positioning of who is remembering and, ultimately, which ‘Anthropocene’ is remembered” (Craps et al. 5). In this era of the “self-conscious Anthropocene” (Craps et al. 6), narrative itself can focus on “the place of nonhuman beings in human stories of origins, identity, and futures point to a possible opening for the methods of memory studies” (Craps et al. 8). The nonhuman on the paths of this essay range from the dirt on the path to the rock used to build the sacred shrine, the ultimate goal. How they intersect with human actors reveals how the “human subject is no longer the one forming the world, but does indeed constitute itself through its relation to and dependence on the object world” (Marcussen 14, qtd. in Rodriguez 378). Incorporating “nonhuman species as objects, if not subjects, of memory [...] memory critics could begin by extending their objects to include the memory of nonhuman species,” linking both humans and nonhumans in “an expanded multispecies frame of remembrance” (Craps et al. 9). My narrative—from diaries recording sacred journey to a novel structured by pilgrimage—propels motion, but also secures in memory events from the past, including memories of those nonhuman beings I interact with.Childhood PilgrimageThe little girl with brown curls sat crying softly, whimpering, by the side of the road in lush grass. The mother with her soft brown bangs and an underflip to her hair told the story of a little girl, sitting by the side of the road in lush grass.The story book girl had forgotten her Black Watch plaid raincoat at the picnic spot where she had lunched with her parents and two older brothers. Ponchos spread out, the family had eaten their fresh yeasty rolls, hard cheese, apples, and macaroons. The tin clink of the canteen hit their teeth as they gulped metallic water, still icy cold from the taps of the ancient inn that morning. The father cut slices of Edam with his Swiss army knife, parsing them out to each child to make his or her own little sandwich. The father then lay back for his daily nap, while the boys played chess. The portable wooden chess set had inlaid squares, each piece no taller than a fingernail paring. The girl read a Junior Puffin book, while the mother silently perused Agatha Christie. The boy who lost at chess had to play his younger sister, a fitting punishment for the less able player. She cheerfully played with either brother. Once the father awakened, they packed up their gear into their rucksacks, and continued the pilgrimage to Canterbury.Only the little Black Watch plaid raincoat was left behind.The real mother told the real girl that the story book family continued to walk, forgetting the raincoat until it began to rain. The men pulled on their ponchos and the mother her raincoat, when the little girl discovered her raincoat missing. The story book men walked two miles back while the story book mother and girl sat under the dripping canopy of leaves provided by a welcoming tree.And there, the real mother continued, the storybook girl cried and whimpered, until a magic taxi cab in which the father and boys sat suddenly appeared out of the mist to drive the little girl and her mother to their hotel.The real girl’s eyes shone. “Did that actually happen?” she asked, perking up in expectation.“Oh, yes,” said the real mother, kissing her on the brow. The girl’s tears dried. Only the plops of rain made her face moist. The little girl, now filled with hope, cuddled with her mother as they huddled together.Without warning, out of the mist, drove up a real magic taxi cab in which the real men sat. For magic taxi cabs really exist, even in the tangible world—especially in England. At the very least, in the England of little Susie’s imagination.Narrative and PilgrimageMy mother’s tale suggests how this story echoes in yet another pilgrimage story, maintaining a long tradition of pilgrimage stories embedded within frame tales as far back as the Middle Ages.The Christian pilgrim’s walk parallels Christ’s own pilgrimage to Emmaus. The blisters we suffer echo faintly the lash Christ endured. The social relations of the pilgrim are “diachronic” (Alworth 98), linking figures (Christ) from the past to the now (us, or, during the Middle Ages, William Langland’s Piers Plowman or Chaucer’s band who set out from Southwark). We embody the frame of the vera icon, the true image, thus “conjur[ing] a site of simultaneity or a plane of immanence where the actors of the past [...] meet those of the future” (Alworth 99). Our quotidian walk frames the true essence or meaning of our ambulatory travail.In 1966, my parents took my two older brothers and me on the Pilgrims’ Way—not the route from London to Canterbury that Chaucer’s pilgrims would have taken starting south of London in Southwark, rather the ancient trek from Winchester to Canterbury, famously chronicled in The Old Road by Hilaire Belloc. The route follows along the south side of the Downs, where the muddy path was dried by what sun there was. My parents first undertook the walk in the early 1950s. Slides from that pilgrimage depict my mother, voluptuous in her cashmere twinset and tweed skirt, as my father crosses a stile. My parents, inspired by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, decided to walk along the traditional Pilgrims’ Way to Canterbury. Story intersects with material traversal over earth on dirt-laden paths.By the time we children came along, the memories of that earlier pilgrimage resonated with my parents, inspiring them to take us on the same journey. We all carried our own rucksacks and walked five or six miles a day. Concerning our pilgrimage when I was seven, my mother wrote in her diary:As good pilgrims should, we’ve been telling tales along the way. Yesterday Jimmy told the whole (detailed) story of That Darn Cat, a Disney movie. Today I told about Stevenson’s Travels with a Donkey, which first inspired me to think of walking trips and everyone noted the resemblance between Stevenson’s lovable, but balky, donkey and our sweet Sue. (We hadn’t planned to tell tales, but they just happened along the way.)I don’t know how sweet I was; perhaps I was “balky” because the road was so hard. Landscape certainly shaped my experience.As I wrote about the pilgrimage in my diary then, “We went to another Hotel and walked. We went and had lunch at the Boggly [booglie] place. We went to a nother hotel called The Swan with fether Quits [quilts]. We went to the Queens head. We went to the Gest house. We went to aother Hotle called Srping wells and my tooth came out. We saw some taekeys [turkeys].” The repetition suggests how pilgrimage combines various aspects of life, from the emotional to the physical, the quotidian (walking and especially resting—in hotels with quilts) with the extraordinary (newly sprung tooth or the appearance of turkeys). “[W]ayfaring abilities depend on an emotional connection to the environment” (Easterlin 261), whether that environment is modified by humans or even manmade, inhabited by human or nonhuman actors. How can one model an “ecological relationship between humans and nonhumans” in narrative (Rodriguez 368)? Rodriguez proposes a “model of reading as encounter [...] encountering fictional story worlds as potential models” (Rodriguez 368), just as my mother did with the Magic Taxi Cab story.Taxis proliferate in my childhood pilgrimage. My mother writes in 1966 in her diary of journeying along the Pilgrims’ Way to St. Martha’s on the Hill. “Susie was moaning and groaning under her pack and at one desperate uphill moment gasped out, ‘Let’s take a taxi!’ – our highborn lady as we call her. But we finally made it.” “Martha’s”, as I later learned, is a corruption of “Martyrs”, a natural linguistic decay that developed over the medieval period. Just as the vernacular textures pilgrimage poems in the fourteeth century, the common tongue in all its glorious variety seeps into even the quotidian modern pilgrim’s journey.Part of the delight of pilgrimage lies in the characters one meets and the languages they speak. In 1994, the only time my husband and I cheated on a strictly ambulatory sacred journey occurred when we opted to ride a bus for ten miles where walking would have been dangerous. When I ask the bus driver if a stop were ours, he replied, “I'll give you a shout, love.” As though in a P. G. Wodehouse novel, when our stop finally came, he cried out, “Cheerio, love” to me and “Cheerio, mate” to Jim.Language changes. Which is a good thing. If it didn’t, it would be dead, like those martyrs of old. Like Latin itself. Disentangling pilgrimage from language proves impossible. The healthy ecopoetics of languages meshes with the sustainable vibrancy of the land we traverse.“Nettles of remorse…”: Derek Walcott, The Bounty Once my father had to carry me past a particularly tough patch of nettles. As my mother tells it, we “went through orchards and along narrow woodland path with face-high nettles. Susie put a scarf over her face and I wore a poncho though it was sunny and we survived almost unscathed.” Certain moments get preserved by the camera. At age seven in a field outside of Wye, I am captured in my father’s slides surrounded by grain. At age thirty-five, I am captured in film by my husband in the same spot, in the identical pose, though now quite a bit taller than the grain. Three years later, as a mother, I in turn snap him with a backpack containing baby Sarah, grumpily gazing off over the fields.When I was seven, we took off from Detling. My mother writes, “set off along old Pilgrims’ Way. Road is paved now, but much the same as fifteen years ago. Saw sheep, lambs, and enjoyed lovely scenery. Sudden shower sent us all to a lunch spot under trees near Thurnham Court, where we huddled under ponchos and ate happily, watching the weather move across the valley. When the sun came to us, we continued on our way which was lovely, past sheep, etc., but all on hard paved road, alas. Susie was a good little walker, but moaned from time to time.”I seem to whimper and groan a lot on pilgrimage. One thing is clear: the physical aspects of walking for days affected my phenomenological response to our pilgrimage which we’d undertaken both as historical ritual, touristic nature hike, and what Wendell Berry calls a “secular pilgrimage” (402), where the walker seeks “the world of the Creation” (403) in a “return to the wilderness in order to be restored” (416). The materiality of my experience was key to how I perceived this journey as a spiritual, somatic, and emotional event. The link between pilgrimage and memory, between pilgrimage poetics and memorial methods, occupies my thoughts on pilgrimage. As Nancy Easterlin’s work on “cognitive ecocriticism” (“Cognitive” 257) contends, environmental knowledge is intimately tied in with memory (“Cognitive” 260). She writes: “The advantage of extensive environmental knowledge most surely precipitates the evolution of memory, necessary to sustain vast knowledge” (“Cognitive” 260). Even today I can recall snatches of moments from that trip when I was a child, including the telling of tales.Landscape not only changes the writer, but writing transforms the landscape and our interaction with it. As Valerie Allen suggests, “If the subject acts upon the environment, so does the environment upon the subject” (“When Things Break” 82). Indeed, we can understand the “road as a strategic point of interaction between human and environment” (Allen and Evans 26; see also Oram)—even, or especially, when that interaction causes pain and inflames blisters. My relationship with moleskin on my blasted and blistered toes made me intimately conscious of my body with every step taken on the pilgrimage route.As an adult, my boots on the way from Winchester to Canterbury pinched and squeezed, packed dirt acting upon them and, in turn, my feet. After taking the train home and upon arrival in London, we walked through Bloomsbury to our flat on Russell Square, passing by what I saw as a new, less religious, but no less beckoning shrine: The London Foot Hospital at Fitzroy Square.Now, sadly, it is closed. Where do pilgrims go for sole—and soul—care?Slow Walking as WayfindingAll pilgrimages come to an end, just as, in 1966, my mother writes of our our arrival at last in Canterbury:On into Canterbury past nice grassy cricket field, where we sat and ate chocolate bars while we watched white-flannelled cricketers at play. Past town gates to our Queen’s Head Inn, where we have the smallest, slantingest room in the world. Everything is askew and we’re planning to use our extra pillows to brace our feet so we won’t slide out of bed. Children have nice big room with 3 beds and are busy playing store with pounds and shillings [that’s very hard mathematics!]. After dinner, walked over to cathedral, where evensong was just ending. Walked back to hotel and into bed where we are now.Up to early breakfast, dashed to cathedral and looked up, up, up. After our sins were forgiven, we picked up our rucksacks and headed into London by train.This experience in 1966 varies slightly from the one in 1994. Jim and I walk through a long walkway of tall, slim trees arching over us, a green, lush and silent cloister, finally gaining our first view of Canterbury with me in a similar photo to one taken almost thirty years before. We make our way into the city through the West Gate, first passing by St. Dunstan’s Church where Henry II had put on penitential garb and later Sir Thomas More’s head was buried. Canterbury is like Coney Island in the Middle Ages and still is: men with dreadlocks and slinky didjeridoos, fire tossers, mobs of people, tourists. We go to Mercery Lane as all good pilgrims should and under the gate festooned with the green statue of Christ, arriving just in time for evensong.Imagining a medieval woman arriving here and listening to the service, I pray to God my gratefulness for us having arrived safely. I can understand the fifteenth-century pilgrim, Margery Kempe, screaming emotionally—maybe her feet hurt like mine. I’m on the verge of tears during the ceremony: so glad to be here safe, finally got here, my favorite service, my beloved husband. After the service, we pass on through the Quire to the spot where St. Thomas’s relic sanctuary was. People stare at a lit candle commemorating it. Tears well up in my eyes.I suppose some things have changed since the Middle Ages. One Friday in Canterbury with my children in 2003 has some parallels with earlier iterations. Seven-year-old Sarah and I go to evensong at the Cathedral. I tell her she has to be absolutely quiet or the Archbishop will chop off her head.She still has her head.Though the road has been paved, the view has remained virtually unaltered. Some aspects seem eternal—sheep, lambs, and stiles dotting the landscape. The grinding down of the pilgrimage path, reflecting the “slowness of flat ontology” (Yates 207), occurs over vast expanses of time. Similarly, Easterlin reflects on human and more than human vitalism: “Although an understanding of humans as wayfinders suggests a complex and dynamic interest on the part of humans in the environment, the surround itself is complex and dynamic and is frequently in a state of change as the individual or group moves through it” (Easterlin “Cognitive” 261). An image of my mother in the 1970s by a shady tree along the Pilgrims’ Way in England shows that the path is lower by 6 inches than the neighboring verge (Bright 4). We don’t see dirt evolving, because its changes occur so slowly. Only big time allows us to see transformative change.Memorial PilgrimageOddly, the erasure of self through duplication with a precursor occurred for me while reading W.G. Sebald’s pilgrimage novel, The Rings of Saturn. I had experienced my own pilgrimage to many of these same locations he immortalizes. I, too, had gone to Somerleyton Hall with my elderly mother, husband, and two children. My memories, sacred shrines pooling in familial history, are infused with synchronic reflection, medieval to contemporary—my parents’ periodic sojourns in Suffolk for years, leading me to love the very landscape Sebald treks across; sadness at my parents’ decline; hope in my children’s coming to add on to their memory palimpsest a layer devoted to this land, to this history, to this family.Then, the oddest coincidence from my reading pilgrimage. After visiting Dunwich Heath, Sebald comes to his friend, Michael, whose wife Anne relays a story about a local man hired as a pallbearer by the local undertaker in Westleton. This man, whose memory was famously bad, nevertheless reveled in the few lines allotted him in an outdoor performance of King Lear. After her relating this story, Sebald asks for a taxi (Sebald 188-9).This might all seem unremarkable to the average reader. Yet, “human wayfinders are richly aware of and responsive to environment, meaning both physical places and living beings, often at a level below consciousness” (Easterlin “Cognitive” 265). For me, with a connection to this area, I startled with recollection emerging from my subconscience. The pallbearer’s name in Sebald’s story was Mr Squirrel, the very same name of the taxi driver my parents—and we—had driven with many times. The same Mr Squirrel? How many Mr Squirrels can there be in this small part of Suffolk? Surely it must be the same family, related in a genetic encoding of memory. I run to my archives. And there, in my mother’s address book—itself a palimpsest of time with names and addressed scored through; pasted-in cards, names, and numbers; and looseleaf memoranda—there, on the first page under “S”, “Mr. Squirrel” in my mother’s unmistakable scribble. She also had inscribed his phone number and the village Saxmundum, seven miles from Westleton. His name had been crossed out. Had he died? Retired? I don’t know. Yet quick look online tells me Squirrell’s Taxis still exists, as it does in my memory.Making KinAfter accompanying a class on a bucolic section of England’s Pilgrims’ Way, seven miles from Wye to Charing, we ended up at a pub drinking a pint, with which all good pilgrimages should conclude. There, students asked me why I became a medievalist who studies pilgrimage. Only after the publication of my first book on women pilgrims did I realize that the origin of my scholarly, long fascination with pilgrimage, blossoming into my professional career, began when I was seven years old along the way to Canterbury. The seeds of that pilgrimage when I was so young bore fruit and flowers decades later.One story illustrates Michel Serres’s point that we should not aim to appropriate the world, but merely act as temporary tenants (Serres 72-3). On pilgrimage in 1966 as a child, I had a penchant for ant spiders. That was not the only insect who took my heart. My mother shares how “Susie found a beetle up on the hill today and put him in the cheese box. Jimmy put holes in the top for him. She named him Alexander Beetle and really became very fond of him. After supper, we set him free in the garden here, with appropriate ceremony and a few over-dramatic tears of farewell.” He clearly made a great impression on me. I yearn for him today, that beetle in the cheese box. Though I tried to smuggle nature as contraband, I ultimately had to set him free.Passing through cities, landscape, forests, over seas and on roads, wandering by fields and vegetable patches, under a sky lit both by sun and moon, the pilgrim—even when in a group of fellow pilgrims—in her lonesome exercise endeavors to realize Serres’ ideal of the tenant inhabitant of earth. Nevertheless, we, as physical pilgrims, inevitably leave our traces through photos immortalizing the journey, trash left by the wayside, even excretions discretely deposited behind a convenient bush. Or a beetle who can tell the story of his adventure—or terror—at being ensconced for a time in a cheese box.On one notorious day of painful feet, my husband and I arrived in Otford, only to find the pub was still closed. Finally, it became time for dinner. We sat outside, me with feet ensconced in shoes blessedly inert and unmoving, as the server brought out our salads. The salad cream, white and viscous, was presented in an elegantly curved silver dish. Then Jim began to pick at the salad cream with his fork. Patiently, tenderly, he endeavored to assist a little bug who had gotten trapped in the gooey sauce. Every attempt seemed doomed to failure. The tiny creature kept falling back into the gloppy substance. Undaunted, Jim compassionately ministered to our companion. Finally, the little insect flew off, free to continue its own pilgrimage, which had intersected with ours in a tiny moment of affinity. Such moments of “making kin” work, according to Donna Haraway, as “life-saving strateg[ies] for the Anthropocene” (Oppermann 3, qtd. in Haraway 160).How can narrative avoid the anthropocentric centre of writing, which is inevitable given the human generator of such a piece? While words are a human invention, nonhuman entities vitally enact memory. The very Downs we walked along were created in the Cretaceous period at least seventy million years ago. The petrol propelling the magic taxi cab was distilled from organic bodies dating back millions of years. Jurassic limestone from the Bathonian Age almost two hundred million years ago constitutes the Caen stone quarried for building Canterbury Cathedral, while its Purbeck marble from Dorset dates from the Cretaceous period. Walking on pilgrimage propels me through a past millions—billions—of eons into the past, dwarfing my speck of existence. Yet, “if we wish to cross the darkness which separates us from [the past] we must lay down a little plank of words and step delicately over it” (Barfield 23). Elias Amidon asks us to consider how “the ground we dig into and walk upon is sacred. It is sacred because it makes us neighbors to each other, whether we like it or not. Tell this story” (Amidon 42). And, so, I have.We are winding down. Time has passed since that first pilgrimage of mine at seven years old. Yet now, here, I still put on my red plaid wollen jumper and jacket, crisp white button-up shirt, grey knee socks, and stout red walking shoes. Slinging on my rucksack, I take my mother’s hand.I’m ready to take my first step.We continue our pilgrimage, together.ReferencesAllen, Valerie. “When Things Break: Mending Rroads, Being Social.” Roadworks: Medieval Britain, Medieval Roads. Eds. Valerie Allen and Ruth Evans. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2016.———, and Ruth Evans. Introduction. Roadworks: Medieval Britain, Medieval Roads. Eds. Valerie Allen and Ruth Evans. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2016.Alworth, David J. Site Reading: Fiction, Art, Social Form. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2016.Amidon, Elias. “Digging In.” Dirt: A Love Story. Ed. Barbara Richardson. Lebanon, NH: ForeEdge, 2015.Barfield, Owen. History in English Words. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1967.Berry, Wendell. “A Secular Pilgrimage.” The Hudson Review 23.3 (1970): 401-424.Bright, Derek. “The Pilgrims’ Way Revisited: The Use of the North Downs Main Trackway and the Medway Crossings by Medieval Travelers.” Kent Archaeological Society eArticle (2010): 4-32.Craps, Stef, Rick Crownshaw, Jennifer Wenzel, Rosanne Kennedy, Claire Colebrook, and Vin Nardizzi. “Memory Studies and the Anthropocene: A Roundtable.” Memory Studies 11.4 (2017) 1-18.Easterlin, Nancy. A Biocultural Approach to Literary Theory and Interpretation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2012.———. “Cognitive Ecocriticism: Human Wayfinding, Sociality, and Literary Interpretation.” Introduction to Cognitive Studies. Ed. Lisa Zunshine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2010. 257-274.Haraway, Donna. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin.” Environmental Humanities 6 (2015): 159-65.James, Erin, and Eric Morel. “Ecocriticism and Narrative Theory: An Introduction.” English Studies 99.4 (2018): 355-365.Marcussen, Marlene. Reading for Space: An Encounter between Narratology and New Materialism in the Works of Virgina Woolf and Georges Perec. PhD diss. University of Southern Denmark, 2016.Oppermann, Serpil. “Introducing Migrant Ecologies in an (Un)Bordered World.” ISLE 24.2 (2017): 243–256.Oram, Richard. “Trackless, Impenetrable, and Underdeveloped? Roads, Colonization and Environmental Transformation in the Anglo-Scottish Border Zone, c. 1100 to c. 1300.” Roadworks: Medieval Britain, Medieval Roads. Eds. Valerie Allen and Ruth Evans. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2016.Rodriquez, David. “Narratorhood in the Anthropocene: Strange Stranger as Narrator-Figure in The Road and Here.” English Studies 99.4 (2018): 366-382.Savory, Elaine. “Toward a Caribbean Ecopoetics: Derek Walcott’s Language of Plants.” Postcolonial Ecologies: Literatures of the Environment. Eds. Elizabeth DeLoughrey and George B. Handley. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. 80-96.Sebald, W.G. The Rings of Saturn. Trans. Michael Hulse. New York: New Directions, 1998.Serres, Michel. Malfeasance: Appropriating through Pollution? Trans. Anne-Marie Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2011.Walcott, Derek. Selected Poems. Ed. Edward Baugh. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997. 3-16.Yates, Julian. “Sheep Tracks—A Multi-Species Impression.” Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Ethics and Objects. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. Washington, D.C.: Oliphaunt Books, 2012.

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Patti-Signorelli, Anna, et José Javier Romero-Díaz de la Guardia. « CHAPTER 4 : The biopsychosocial model and what it means for understanding inclusion in education - Brahm Norwich Introduction This chapter focuses on two specific pieces of Paul Cooper’s writing from 19 and 15 years ago respectively, namely his ideas about the biopsychosocial model and how he developed and used this perspective in unique ways to expand our thinking about inclusion and inclusive education. I believe this will give me the opportunity to show the detail of his analyses and way he engaged in the key debates going on in the field. It will also enable me to show the continuing relevance /of the arguments he voiced to current issues and concerns. Paul’s intellectual approach has been to oppose what he sees as false oppositions or dichotomies and this is something I have learned from and shared with him. The biopsychosocial model was for him a way to combine and bring together a more complex synthesis not just as an intellectual exercise, but as critical to enhancing educational practice, especially for those with disability and difficulties. A critical discussion of education, ADHD and the biopsychosocial (BPS) perspective Paul Cooper’s paper on the biopsychosocial perspective (Cooper, 2008) focuses on ADHD to propose a BPS model or what is called here a ‘paradigm’ as a way forward to address controversies amongst educationalists. Its argument had and continues to have much wider significance for the field of special educational needs and inclusive education. The main point in the paper was to show how the polarity between biological and social explanations for learning and behaviour problems had become redundant and unhelpful. ADHD it was stated was influenced by both biology and the social environment and indeed was ‘socially constructed’. But, this notion of social construction was not like the one adopted by the social model advocates referenced in the paper and still widely used in the 2020s. Shakespeare (2018, p. 68), for example, refers to the social model of disability as ‘the idea that people are disabled by society, rather than by their bodies’. What motivated Paul was the negativity towards the ADHD concept based on what he saw as : ‘outdated thinking and a lack of understanding of the diagnosis and the biopsychosocial paradigm through which it can be usefully understood’ (p. 457). Before examining the arguments about a social or a BPS model of ADHD, it worth exploring the usage of the terms in these models in written publications generally and in relation to academic research publications in education. Using the google ngram viewer system shows that the phrase ’social model of disability’ is used 114 times more in those texts covered within the google system than the phrase ‘biopsychosocial model of disability’ published in 2019. In addition, references to the phrase ‘social model of disability ; increased 2.6 times from 2000 to 2019. By contrast, the use of the phrase ‘biopsychosocial model of disability’ increased more rapidly by 9.3 times, over the same period. Though this analysis is confined to those ngram accessed books in English, it does show that the ‘social model’ was used in this corpus considerably more than the ‘BPS model’. This is so even when the ‘BPS model’ had a greater increase in usage compared to the ‘social model’ over this almost two decade period. This picture is repeated when examining research literature references in education using the Education Research Complete database (ERC). In a search for literature with the terms ‘inclusive education or inclusion or mainstreaming or integration’ and either ‘biopsychosocial model’ or ‘social model’, it was found that there were 13 times as many references for social model than BPS model. It is clear from these analyses that Paul Cooper’s position has not been widely adopted since the 2000s and into the late 2010s, despite the international interest in the WHO International Classification of Functioning (ICF), which adopts a BPS model of disability (Hollenweger, 2012). My argument here is that this does not detract from the value and importance of the arguments in his paper. I am not going into the details of the case for the usefulness and risks in the use of medical classification systems that include ADHD as the most prevalent of childhood behaviour disorders. Cooper’s 2008 paper does this, and no doubt since then the current state of knowledge about ADHD has changed. What I will focus on is the argument made by Paul Cooper about the involvement of biological processes in functioning that comes to be identified as ADHD. Here he considered evidence for there being a problem in the response inhibition system, involving neuropsychological executive functioning mechanisms implicating physiological processes in the frontal lobes of the brain. In addition, he also implicates the genetic studies that have shown a much greater incidence of ADHD among identical than non-identical twins and among children who are biologically related as opposed to adopted. What he resists is the polarising between recognising these biological processes on human behaviour and the social processes ; the either – or in favour of the both – and perspective. This is a central point in the commentary I am making of Paul Cooper’s positions and one which will be made too in relation to his ideas about inclusion in education below. The BPS model he is advocating rejects a biological determinism and represents biological factors as being mediated by psychosocial processes ; the biological is subjected to social construction at various social and psychological levels. See Figure 4.1 which represents this kind of BPS model. In this respect the BPS model he advocates has strong links to Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological model (Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 2006). It is notable that many references to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model have tended to also split the biological from the psycho-social (Tudge et al., 2009). Figure 4.1 Factors in interaction in the bio-psycho-social model of ADHD Critical reactions to ADHD have involved the dismissal of ADHD by some as a medical construct that individualises educational failure and disruptive behaviour. Part of the aversion to ADHD has been its use to legitimise the practice of using drugs as a form of social control of defiant children. Some argued this approach represented wrong-headed pseudo-science. The argument which Paul Cooper focussed on was the assertion that this individualised these problems, distract from how schools and teachers were involved in these problems, and so absolve them of responsibility to provide relevant opportunities for these groups. He countered this argument by claiming that the BPS model recognises that schools are a major setting through which institutional control and pedagogical practices contribute to the construction of ADHD. In his argument for a more complex BPS model, he countered the arguments of authors like Slee (1995) who were critical of what they portrayed as : ‘The monism of locating the nature of [classroom] disruption in the neurological infrastructure of the child is myopic and convenient’ (Slee, 1995, p. 74). Slee has continued this critical line of argument with his more recent views about the language of special educational needs in referring to : ‘the saturation of our discourse and thinking with the quasi-medical posturing of special educational needs. The conceptual foundations and usage of terms like special educational needs passes without a second thought’ (Slee, 2018 ; p. 78). Paul Cooper’s thorough response to four challenges from the critical perspective continue to be very relevant to the current circumstances. Firstly, it has been claimed that the ADHD diagnosis is somehow bogus or ‘illicit’ because there is an absence of neuro-scientific evidence. In this article he illustrates how this is ‘patently untrue’ (p. 463). Secondly, ADHD is sometimes claimed to be an example of biological determinism, a claim which expresses a fear of determinism and its associated denial of human agency. Here he has sympathy with this fear but shows how this is not well founded as regards developmental opportunities, given the interaction between biological inheritance and environmental factors in the development of behavioural difficulties. Paul Cooper argued that not only were there several biological pathways implicated in the development of ADHD, but that ADHD is not biologically determined in the simplistic sense suggested by some ; see the Slee quote above. He turns the argument by ADHD critics about ADHD diverting attention from school factors against their position. He suggests that portraying ADHD as an example of biological determinism, itself diverts attention from converting a biopsychosocial account of ADHD into pedagogical and other interventions. By knowing more about the biological, psychological and social factors in ADHD enables us, he argued, to avoid aggravating experienced difficulties and promoting educational engagement. The third challenge he addressed was that an ADHD ‘diagnosis’ rests on value-laden, culturally-specific judgements about behavioural or cognitive norms. Here Paul Cooper adopts a perspective, not often found in debates about behaviour difficulties and school education norms. He recognised that children who are biologically predisposed to develop ADHD can be at a disadvantage by culturally based assumptions about appropriate school and classroom behaviour. But, this, he argues, does not reflect on the clinicians who identify ADHD, but reflects on the weaknesses of, what he called, ‘Western mass education’. This issue is about whether to change the educational environment to accommodate the student or to change the student to enable him or her to engage with an unchanging environment. As Paul Cooper recognised the attempt is often made to combine environmental and individual changes. He suggested that using medication can be seen as the failure of the school to make changes that enable the student with ADHD to engage effectively. The implications for those wanting to make schools more inclusive is to learn the lesson that ADHD teaches about shaping the educational environment to improve learning opportunities. In discussing how he approached this challenge, it is also notable that some psychologists have adopted more recently a BPS model of ADHD and supplemented the social aspects with a focus on the cultural aspects that relate to the mental health needs of culturally and linguistically diverse children and young people (Pham, 2015). The fourth challenge Paul Cooper responded to was that accepting an ADHD diagnosis ‘legitimise[s] the practice of drugging defiant children into docility’ (Skidmore, 2004, p. 4). To this he points out that informed opinion does not consider medication for ADHD as an essential treatment, and that whatever is decided is to be in the context of a multi-modal treatment programme that includes psychosocial and educational interventions. In his paper he refers to the UK guidance from 2000 and this is still the current guidelines (NICE, 2018). How parents participate in intervention selection is also illustrated in Pham (2015). The linked and final challenge he dealt with was that ADHD represents the wrongful medicalisation of defiance in school children. Here Paul Cooper questioned the link between defiance and the functional issues associated with ADHD. He suggested that defiance is better considered as a cognitive distortion affecting social engagement rather than a deficit in executive functioning associated with ADHD. So, not complying with parent wishes is seen as non-volitional and not to be confused with defiance. For him what was concerning was the ‘high moral tone’ (p. 470) which concealed limited understanding about ADHD that he believed could be dangerous. A crucial difference between the social and BPS models In defending the BPS model from critical arguments, Paul Cooper did not examine the ideological or value basis for the knowledge claims in these debates. From a critical perspective, it has been suggested by Slee & ; Weiner (2001) that it is possible to identify two groups of researchers, which they characterise in these terms, namely those who work within, what they call the ‘positivist paradigm’, accept the way things are, attempt to make marginal reforms and who criticise ‘full inclusion’ as ideological ; and those who see inclusive education as cultural politics and call for educational reconstruction. This distinction between a positivist / technical versus cultural political position can be aligned with one between an investigatory versus an emancipatory perspective to research about disability (Oliver, 1999). Oliver frames the research-as-investigation as the dominant form of social research which is unacceptable to oppressed groups, such as those with disabilities, who aim to collectively empower themselves. In this perspective the social model of disability expresses the emancipatory stance which is pursued through cultural politics. This contrasts with a technical – interventionist perspective that derives from what Slee and Weiner (2001) call a ‘positivist paradigm’ and is associated with what is called a medical or a bio-medical model. It can be seen that this dichotomy between research stances embraces the splitting which Paul Cooper argued against. Figure 4.2 below represents these distinct research stances as adopting emancipatory or investigatory values, while showing their main focus and linked assumptions. With emancipatory values the main focus is on reducing the oppression of the vulnerable with this being done through collective socio-political action and in doing so entailing a causal assumption that it is the dominant social system that oppresses. With investigatory values, the main focus is on identifying complex causal models of a phenomenon and in doing so assumes that this knowledge can be used for subsequent improvement interventions. Figure 4.2 Value bases underlying different research stances One of the main arguments in this chapter is that there are links and common elements to these two basic value positions, so raising questions about the split and opposition between them. Both connect knowledge with action for social change, on one hand, and both assume some causal processes, on the other. The difference is in the assumptions of their main focus. Identifying complex causal processes (e.g. that includes social processes as part of a BPS perspective) is the primary focus of the investigatory stance, while change depends on applying this knowledge in interventions. This stance represents an outsider-spectator-intervenor perspective. By contrast, reducing the oppression of the vulnerable is the primary focus of the emancipatory stance, with this being through collective political and social action. This stance represents an insider-participator perspective. So, while distinct, there are connections to be recognised between them which can help to understand what the social stands for in these two models. The social in the social model stands for where change is to be focussed ; in the socio-political arena. The social, by contrast, in the BPS model stands for the social factors that need to be understood in their interaction with bio-psychological causal factors. Making use of the distinction between insider-outsider role perspectives enables us to see how these different value stances can be connected and not seen as opposites to select between. As Paul Cooper argued in his 2008 paper, informed opinion does not consider medication for ADHD as an essential treatment / intervention ; the BPS model implies multi-modal methods including psychosocial and educational interventions (NICE, 2018). Intervention / treatment acceptability is also an important consideration when considering individual children with identified ADHD from a BPS perspective, as illustrated in Pham’s (2015) case study. This implies that parents and young people will participate in action decisions, which gives them an insider role. However, the social model goes beyond insider participation at the individual level, to involve collective participation at institutional and societal levels too. This is where the BPS model could be open to insider participation beyond the individual level, to see the value of institutional and societal participation too. And, as the BPS can be open to the collective action of the social model, so the social model can be open to the outsider perspective’s recognition of multi-level causal processes (including the bio-psychological levels) and their associated interventions. Inclusion as a buzz-word In this 2008 paper Paul Cooper suggested that the use of insights from the BPS model in developing educational provision is likely to lead to a more genuinely inclusive education system. This was written after an earlier editorial he wrote in the journal Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in 2004 (Cooper, 2004). Here he pointed to the overuse and misuse of the word inclusion, suggesting that it will lose its meaning and that the purposes for which it was coined will become neglected. One way of challenging this misuse, he mentioned, was to be vigilant about how it is used and to call for greater clarity. In this editorial he stated that social inclusion is about active participation and engagement with other people. With inclusive education, he continued, it is not just about social inclusion, but an individual’s active engagement in formal learning processes. Here Paul Cooper goes beyond common ideas about inclusion which are defined in terms of social and academic participation (as in the Inclusion Index ; Booth and Ainscow, 2011), by clarifying that it is also about academic and social engagement. From this it was clear that inclusion was more than both location / placement and social interaction with other people ; it was also about personal engagement with others and with formal learning. Paul Cooper was not alone in linking engagement with inclusion, he shared this with Mary Warnock, the chair of the Warnock Committee which in 1978 set out new policies about the education of children and young people with disabilities and difficulties (Warnock, 2005). In her 2005 policy paper she rejected the idea of educational inclusion as about ‘all children under the same roof’. She preferred a learning concept of inclusion, which was about : ‘including all children in the common educational enterprise of learning, wherever they learn best’ (Warnock, 2005). Though she does not use the term ‘engagement’ as such, her notion of learning where done best connects with ‘engagement’ and prioritises this over placement, a view which was also adopted later by Paul for the area of education of children and young people with social, emotional and behaviour difficulties (Cooper and Jacobs, 2011). Paul Cooper drew on the psychological ideas of Marjorie Boxall in the Boxall Profile (Bennathan and Boxall, 2003) to connect Inclusion with engagement, as he mentioned in his 2004 editorial. For him engagement was at the heart of educational inclusion from a cognitive perspective. He adopted the five subskills of what the Boxall Profile termed ‘the organization of experience’ : whether the child gives purposeful attention, participates constructively, connects up experiences, shows insightful involvement and engages cognitively with peers. Within this framework he recognised that children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) can have problems with some or all of these skills. So, it can be argued that the child who experiences SEBD is socially, emotionally and cognitively excluded from what is going in class lessons ; with SEBD being framed as a barrier to inclusion. This concept of a barrier is very different to that proposed from a social model perspective as in the Inclusion Index (Booth and Ainscow, 2011), in which barriers are only external to the person. But, Paul Cooper does not draw the conclusion that children with SEBD can never be ‘included’. Here he makes the distinction between inclusion-as-location and inclusion-as-engagement, with the implication that in some cases when there is not mainstream class inclusion this does not mean there cannot be some engagement inclusion. He also reminded us that inclusion is such that nobody is ever fully included in any situation all the time. In this sense his ideas resemble Qvortrup and Qvortrup’s (2018) argument that inclusion and exclusion are connected through peoples’ simultaneous involvement in different social arenas. With social interactions involving negotiations in all situations, Paul Cooper argued that any episode can result in tensions and the rejection of the people involved . This is a feature of our lives and in this respect the child experiencing SEBD is no different from others. However, he pointed out that the child or young person with a SEBD is at greater risk of rejection or exclusion, which may be attributed to individual characteristics in interaction with social circumstances (in line with a BPS model). Using this notion of engagement, he also approached the questions of teaching children and young people with SEBD in terms of the BPS model. In avoiding a focus just on problems located in the student, he adopted an interactionist perspective that combined specialist teaching knowledge about individual differences with teachers’ practical thinking about decision-making that led to adapted teaching (Cooper, 2004). He reviewed in this 2004 chapter and in his later 2008 paper discussed above, the various teaching strategies that research had shown to promote further engagement for children with ADHD. It is useful here to compare his engagement perspective to a well-known ‘Inclusive Pedagogy (IP) framework for participation in classrooms’ developed by Florian and Black-Hawkins (2011). This framework in covering access, collaboration, achievement and diversity aimed to extend what was typically available in the classroom community to all. It avoided having learning activities for most being alongside different activities for some who experience difficulties. It also proposed differentiation by pupil choice for everyone while rejecting ability grouping. This is an approach that required flexibility to be driven by need and not curriculum coverage, while seeing difficulties in learning as professional challenges rather than learner deficits. Though Paul Cooper’s perspective agreed with some elements of this inclusive pedagogy framework (e.g. flexibility and responding to learning difficulties as a challenge), his does not accept the either-or polarity at the core of the framework with the adoption of only one option : differentiation by choice v. by grouping and only opting for the former, or seeing learning difficulties as a professional challenge v. learner deficits and opting only for the challenge option). This IP framework reflects the medical v social model polarity that he argued against while favouring a BPS model. Based on his approach of seeing social and academic engagement as being at the heart of educational and social inclusion, he believed that it followed that : ‘students are best placed in educational settings where they have access to and support for maximum social and academic engagement’. (Cooper, 2004, p. 222). In his view, this meant that there was no simple way to decide about the provision setting. For some pupils this meant access to various forms of provision, but always a detailed analysis of individual capabilities and needs as well as what provision affords should determine the decisions. Conclusion This chapter has focussed on two of Paul Cooper’s papers in which he explained and justified his ideas about the biopsychosocial model and how he developed and used this perspective in unique ways to expand our thinking about inclusion and inclusive education. Through relating and contrasting these with other contemporary and current ideas I hope to have shown his distinctive and insightful contribution. I have also tried to extend his adoption of a both-and rather than an either-or approach by discussing the epistemological and value bases of different models, on one hand, and how difference and distinction does not imply irreconcilable opposition between the key models in the field. References : Bennathan, M. & ; Boxall, M. (2003) The Boxall Profile. East Sutton : SEBDA. Booth, T. and Ainscow, M. (2011) Index for Inclusion : developing learning and participation in schools. 3rd ed. Bristol : CSIE. Bronfenbrenner, U., and Morris, P. (2006) The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon & ; R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology : Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793–828). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley. Cooper, P. (2004) Is ‘inclusion’ just a buzz-word?, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 9:4, 219-222, DOI : 10.1177/1363275204051391 Cooper, P. (2004) ‘AD/HD’, in A. Lewis & ; B. Norwich (eds) Special Teaching for Special Children ? Pedagogies for Inclusion. Buckingham : Open University Press. Cooper, P. (2008) Like Alligators Bobbing for Poodles ? A Critical Discussion of Education, ADHD and the Biopsychosocial Perspective. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 42, 3-4, 457-474. Cooper, P. and Jacobs, B. (2011) From Inclusion to Engagement : Helping Students Engage with Schooling Through Policy and Practice. London : Wiley. Florian, L. and Black-Hawkins, K. (2011) Exploring inclusive pedagogy, British Educational Research Journal, 37, 5, pp. 813-828. Hollenweger, J. (2012) Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and health Children and Youth version in education systems. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 13, pp. 97-102. NICE (2018) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management NICE guidelines. Published : 14 March 2018. Access on 23.5.23 www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87 Oliver, M. (1999) Final accounts and the parasite people. in Corker, M. and French, S. (eds.) Disability discourse. (eds.) Maidenhead : Open University Press. Pham, A.V. (2015) Understanding ADHD from a Biopsychosocial-Cultural Framework : A Case Study. Contemporary School Psychology, 19:54–62. Qvortrup, A. and Qvortrup, L. (2018). Inclusion : Dimensions of inclusion in education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(7), 803-817. Shakespeare, T. (2018) Disability : the basics. London : Routledge. Skidmore, D. (2004) Inclusion. Buckingham, : Open University Press. Slee, R. (1995) Changing Theories and Practices of Discipline. London, Falmer. Slee, R. and Weiner, G. (2001). Education Reform and Reconstruction as a Challenge to Research Genres : Reconsidering School Effectiveness Research and Inclusive Schooling. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 12:1, 83-98, DOI : 10.1076/sesi.12.1.83.3463 Slee, R. (2018) Inclusive Education isn’t Dead, it Just Smells Funny. London : Routledge. Tudge, J.R.H., Mokrova, I., Hatfield, B.E. and Karnik, R.B. (2009) Uses and Misuses of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Human Development. Journal of Family Theory & ; Review, 1, 198–210. Warnock, M. (2005) Special Educational Needs : A New Look. London : Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain, Impact Series No. 11. » International Journal of Emotional Education 15, n^o 2 (novembre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.56300/esja4186.

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The present study aimed to determine the emotional characteristics of the Trait-Meta-Mood-Scale (TMMS-24) in music-oriented secondary school students in Italy. A 24-item self-assessment protocol was applied to measure the level of perceived emotional intelligence according to 3 dimensions: attention, clarity and repair. This tool represents one of the most widely used self-assessment measures of perceived emotional intelligence. The objective of the study was to conduct construct validation to examine reliability of the Italian version of the TMMS-24 in order to identify its feasibility for the assessment of emotional intelligence. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses were conducted on a sample of music-oriented secondary school students in Italy (n=402). Exploratory factor analysis outcomes revealed that the three dimensions of the original scale (attention, clarity and emotional repair) are supported in the examined context, showing adequate internal consistency and describing 52.6% of overall variance. Outcomes were confirmed via confirmatory analysis, obtaining good fit indices (CFI=0.986; TLI=0.985; RMSEA=0.038). The TMMS-24 scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the emotional intelligence of secondary school students in Italy. Keywords: TMMS-24, emotional intelligence, secondary school education, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis.

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