Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Gunn mouse »

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is induced in the vasculature in the DOCA-salt model of hypertension in rats. Whereas the HO system and its products may exert vasodilator effects, recent studies have suggested that the HO system may predispose to hypertension. The present study examined the effects of selected components of the HO system, specifically, the HO-1 isozyme and the product bilirubin in the DOCA-salt model of systemic hypertension; the experimental approach employed mutant rodent models, namely, the HO-1−/− mouse and the hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rat. DOCA-salt induced HO-1 protein in the aorta in HO-1+/+ mice and provoked a significant rise in systolic arterial pressure in HO-1−/− mice but not in HO-1+/+ mice; this effect could not be ascribed to impaired urinary sodium excretion or impaired glomerular filtration rate in the DOCA-salt-treated HO-1−/− mice. The administration of DOCA salt to uninephrectomized rats significantly increased systolic arterial pressure in wild-type rats, an effect that was attenuated in the mutant Gunn rat; this reduction in systemic hypertension in the DOCA-salt-treated Gunn rat was not due to a greater induction of HO-1 in the vasculature or to a more avid urinary sodium excretion. DOCA-salt impaired endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation in wild-type rats but not in Gunn rats; prior exposure to bilirubin repaired the defect in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in aortic rings in DOCA-salt-treated rats. DOCA salt stimulated vascular production of superoxide anion in wild-type but not in Gunn rats. We suggest that HO-1 and the product bilirubin may exert a countervailing effect in the DOCA-salt model of systemic hypertension.

ABSTRACT Sordarin derivatives constitute a new group of synthetic antifungal agents that selectively inhibit fungal protein synthesis. They have demonstrated in vitro activity against the most important fungal pathogens, both yeast and filamentous. This new family of compounds has also shown in vivo activity against murineCandida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, andCoccidioides immitis experimental infections, as well as against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats. After intravenous dosing in animals, both the area under the concentration-time curve and the elimination half-life were highest in Cynomolgus monkeys, followed by those in rats, mice, and rabbits. The volume of distribution at steady state for sordarin derivatives was similar in all species tested. The clearance in rats and mice was higher than for other species. GM 237354, a sordarin derivative, was characterized by high serum protein binding in mouse, rat, and monkey serum (unbound fraction, ≤5%). An indirect evaluation of the effect of liver function upon the metabolism of this class of compounds has been made in animals with impaired liver function such as Gunn rats, as well as in allometric studies that showed better correlations of half-life to liver blood flow than to animal body weight. Linearity of the main pharmacokinetic parameters was demonstrated after intravenous dosing of the representative compound GM 193663 at 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight in rats. Allometry was used to determine whether human pharmacokinetic parameters can be predicted from animal data by regression analysis against body weight and liver blood flow. All these results have demonstrated that the human pharmacokinetics of sordarin derivatives can be forecast from animal data.

Abstract Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I downregulation is a well described mechanism of tumor immune escape, posing a challenge for T cell based immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Recent studies, however, have demonstrated mixed roles of MHC Class 1 and the critical component beta-2-microglobulin (β2m) expression in cancer progression and ICB response, with some studies showing inactivation of antigen presentation to be associated with resistance to ICB and others showing low β2m expression to be associated with favorable prognosis. Glioblastoma (GBM) in particular expresses little or no MHC Class 1 and patients remain unresponsive to ICB. We thus sought to evaluate the role of MHC Class 1 in ICB, given that we have previously demonstrated that combination ICB with anti-PD-1 and co-stimulation with 4-1BB agonism has marked efficacy against intracranial murine glioma tumors in a CD8 T cell dependent manner. Surprisingly, in a CT2A murine glioma tumor line expressing the antigen TRP2 and lacking cell surface MHC I (CT2A-TRP2-β2mKO), the efficacy of combination 4-1BB and PD-1 therapy (ICB) was re-demonstrated in a CD8 dependent manner, independent of NK cells, CD4 T cells, and B cells. Furthermore, the efficacy of immunotherapy against intracranial CT2A-TRP2-β2mKO was demonstrated to be antigen dependent, with an adoptive lymphocyte transfer (ALT) of TRP2 TCR transduced T cells (TRP2 T cells) into a CD8KO mouse sufficient to eliminate CT2A-TRP2-β2mKO in the setting of ICB. Additionally, an ALT of TRP2 T cells did not kill CT2A-β2mKO tumors in the setting of ICB, while OT-1 mice whose CD8+ T cells primarily recognize OVA peptide with CT2A-TRP2-β2mKO tumors did not respond to ICB. In vitro studies revealed that TRP2 T cells demonstrated anti-tumor cytotoxicity against MHC Class I negative CT2A-TRP2-β2mKO tumor cells in the presence of TRP2 loaded bone marrow derived macrophages (TRP2 Mφ), but neither cell type was individually sufficient to induce tumor cell death, while the combination of TRP2 T cells and TRP2 Mφ demonstrated no cytotoxicity against CT2A-β2mKO tumors. Transwell experiments in which TRP2 Mφ and CT2A-TRP2-β2mKO tumor cells were separated by a 0.5µm membrane permeable to T cells but not Mφ or tumor cells revealed that contact between TRP2 Mφ and tumor cells was not necessary to induce T cell dependent killing. Indeed, tumor-bearing β2mKO bone marrow chimeras lacking MHC class 1 on hematopoeitically derived cells did not respond to ICB, highlighting the importance of antigen presentation from myeloid cells. The mechanism of killing was found to be dependent on interferon gamma (IFNγ), as IFNγKO mice did not respond to ICB. These findings demonstrate that tumors with low MHC Class 1 expression may still be targeted by T cell dependent immunotherapies such as ICB when antigen presentation can occur from myeloid cells. Citation Format: Emily Lerner, Vincent D'Anniballe, William Tomaszewski, Jonathan Perera, Xiuyu Cui, Jessica Waibl-Polania, Daniel Wilkinson, Michael D. Gunn, Peter E. Fecci, Karolina Woroniecka. CD8 T cell mediated killing of MHC class 1 negative tumors requires antigen presenting myeloid cells and interferon gamma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1378.

Sandi morse adalah suatu bentuk kode atau isyarat untuk berkomunikasi. Kode-kode ini biasanya dipakai di organisasi kepramukaan sebagai sarana pendidikan untuk mencari metode komunikasi yang lebih efektif digunakan di saat-saat tertentu. Pembelajaran sandi morse dapat menjadi sarana untuk melatih para anggota Pramuka agar menjadi terampil, cerdas, dan memiliki indera pendengaran atau penglihatan yang tajam. Dalam dunia Pramuka, sandi morse juga kerap dipelajari sebagai salah satu bentuk keterampilan. Kemampuan seorang anggota pramuka untuk mengirimkan dan menerima kode morse adalah salah satu dari kecakapan yang dapat menerima tanda kecakapan khusus. Dibalik sekian banyak manfaat yang dihasilkan dari sandi morse, banyak diantara kita punya kesulitan untuk menerjemahkan kode sandi morse karena sandi ini hanya terdiri dari simbol titik dan garis yang rumit, jika dilihat sekilas terasa mirip. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, tujuan pembuatan tugas akhir ini adalah untuk pengerjaan aplikasi berbasis kata sandi morse berdasarkan Android guna memudahkan pengguna menejermahkan kalimat ke bentuk sandi morse secara cepat dan akurat. Aplikasi ini tidak hanya bisa mengubah kode menjadi kode morse pelihara juga mampu mengubah kode morse menjadi kalimat. Diharapkan dengan aplikasi ini dapat membantu pengguna dalam menerjemahkan kalimat ke sandi morse or sebaliknya sehingga pengguna tidak akan mengalami kesulitan lagi ketika penerjemahan kode morse.

ABSTRACT p27Kip1 is a member of the Cip-Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors that binds to cyclin-Cdk complexes and inhibits their catalytic activity in response to antiproliferative stimuli. p27Kip1 is regulated by several posttranscriptional mechanisms, including subcellular localization. We have identified a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), termed Nup50, through its two-hybrid interactions with p27Kip1. Nup50 is a nucleoplasmically oriented component of the nuclear pore complex with a role in protein export (T. Guan, R. H. Kehlenbach, E. C. Schirmer, A. Kehlenbach, F. Fan, B. E. Clurman, N. Arnheim, and L. Gerace, Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:5619–5630, 2000). We found that murine Nup50 is a widely expressed nucleoporin and that Nup50 expression is highest in the developing neural tube and adult testes. We have also examined interactions between Nup50 and the NPC and found specific two-hybrid interactions between Nup50 and several well-defined components of the NPC, as well as coimmunoprecipitation of Nup50 with the nucleoporin Nup153 from transfected mammalian cells. In order to study Nup50 function in vivo, we cloned the mouse Nup50 genomic locus and created a targeted Nup50 deletion in the mouse germ line. Nup50 disruption resulted in a complex phenotype characterized by late embryonic lethality, neural tube defects, and intrauterine growth retardation. Although Nup50-null mouse embryo fibroblasts exhibited no defects in either cell cycle control or p27Kip1 regulation, Nup50 deletion was associated with abnormalities in p27Kip1expression and cell proliferation in the developing neuroepithelium. We conclude that Nup50 is a nucleoporin with essential functions during mouse development.

Phenotypic changes in C3H/10T mouse embryo fibroblast cells, induced by retinyl acetate (RAC) or 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatments, were studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy. TPA accelerates transformation while RAC suppresses transformation in these cells.Unfixed cells on glass substrates were rapidly frozen in liquid propane by the sandwich method. Freeze fracture was carried out at -120°C and vacuum better than 5x10-7torr in a Polaron unit equipped with a Perkin-Elmer Ultek ion pump and Cressi ngton electron guns. Intramembraneous particle (IMP) detection and quantitation was done using a Cambridge Instrument Quantimet 920 image analyzer with a macroviewer attachment.

The goal of understanding fall risk in the elderly, prevention and protection is to improve clinical and care satisfaction. Another anticipatory method that can be used to predict falling conditions is the assessment of the risk of falling in the elderly. The Hendrich Fall Scale (HFS) and Morse Fall Scale (MFS) are a form of assessment to anticipate the risk of falling in the elderly in nursing homes for patients. The aim is to determine the effectiveness of the Hendrich Fall Scale and the Morse Fall Scale with an assessment of the Risk of Fall in the Elderly. The research design used in this study is a longitudinal comparative design. The total sample in this study was 40 elderly. This research was conducted at the Nursing Home Foundation Guna Budi Bakti Medan Labuhan. Data collection using the Hendrich Fall Scale and Morse Fall Scale. Data analysis using Chi Square. Fall risk assessment using the Hendrich Fall Scale (HFS), elderly people with a high risk of falling (25.0%), moderate risk of falling (65.0%). Fall risk assessment used the Morse Fall Scale (MFS), the elderly who had a high risk of falling (39.1%), moderate risk of falling (47.8%). It is recommended that seniors at risk of falling should be assessed using the MFS instrument.

Guillot, Pascale V., Lixin Liu, Jan Albert Kuivenhoven, Jason Guan, Robert D. Rosenberg, and William C. Aird. Targeting of human eNOS promoter to the Hprt locus of mice leads to tissue-restricted transgene expression. Physiol Genomics 2: 77–83, 2000.—Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium arises from cell type-specific differences in gene expression. An understanding of the mechanisms that underlie differential gene expression would provide important insight into the molecular basis of vascular diversity. In standard transgenic assays, multiple copies of heterologous DNA cassettes are randomly integrated into the mouse genome, resulting in significant line-to-line variation in expression. To overcome these limitations, we have targeted a single copy of a transgene that contains 1,600 bp of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) promoter coupled to the LacZ reporter gene to the X-linked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase ( Hprt) locus of mice by homologous recombination. The transgene was inserted in either of the orientations relative to that of the Hprt gene. In mice derived from multiple embryonic stem (ES) cell clones, the expression pattern was limited to a subset of endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells. These findings suggest that Hprt locus targeting is a feasible tool for studying endothelial cell-restricted gene regulation.

Abstract Cytokines are potent stimulators of the immune system and have long been investigated and used as therapeutics to treat cancer. However, free cytokines have short half-life and the lack of tumor targeting often results in systemic toxicity. IL-15 is a stimulatory cytokine that shares the common beta and gamma receptors with IL-2. In contrast to IL-2, IL-15 is more selective for NK and effector memory T cells, with less proliferative effect on Tregs, making it a more preferred therapeutic candidate for cancer. QL415 is an anti-PD-L1 x IL-15 fusion protein designed to enhance tumor accumulation and prolong blood circulation, thereby widening the therapeutic window. IL-15 and IL-15 receptor alpha sushi domain are covalently linked to the C-terminus of our proprietary PD-L1 antibody. Fc-mediated effector functions were ablated using mutations in the CH2 domain, to prevent depletion of effector immune cells. In vitro studies showed QL415 to be highly potent in promoting proliferation and pSTAT5 signaling of IL-15 -responding NK92 and M07e cells. QL415 selectively induced proliferation of NK and CD8+ T cells from human PBMC in vitro and mouse CD8+ and NK1.1 cells in vivo. In a MC38 mouse colon cancer model expressing human PD-L1, QL401 was highly effective in suppressing tumor growth, in contrast to PD-L1 monoclonal antibody or a non-targeted IL-15 control. Follow up tumor rechallenge study showed protective memory against cognate MC38 but not B16F10. In a separate MC38 tumor model using a mouse surrogate molecule of QL415, immunophenotyping of antigen presenting cells offered preliminary evidence of enrichment of conventional dendritic cells 1 in the tumor draining lymph nodes. Therefore, QL415 not only directly stimulates effector immune cells, but also indirectly through antigen presenting cells, promotes robust anti-tumor response. In non-human primates, Q415 was tolerated up to 1.5 mg/kg, well above the effective therapeutic dose. In light of these favorable preclinical efficacy and safety results, a phase 1 dose escalation and expansion study has been initiated to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and early efficacy of QL415. Citation Format: Irene Tang, Lauren Schwimmer, Monica Jin, Shenda Gu, Wei Wei Prior, Arianne Capacio, Hieu V. Tran, Allan Chan, Anna McClain, Shihao Chen, Chuanzeng Cao, Xiaoran Wu, Yanling Xu, Dongmei Guan, Xi Chen, Xianli Su. QL415, a tumor targeted IL-15 fusion protein stimulating both lymphoid and myeloid immune cells for optimal anti-tumor immune response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3504.

The action potential (AP) is a fundamental feature of excitable cells that serves as the basis for long-distance signaling in the nervous system. There is considerable diversity in the appearance of APs and the underlying repolarization mechanisms in different neuronal types (reviewed in Bean BP. Nat Rev Neurosci 8: 451–465, 2007), including among pyramidal cell subtypes. In the present work, we used specific pharmacological blockers to test for contributions of Kv1, Kv2, or Kv4 channels to repolarization of single APs in two genetically defined subpopulations of pyramidal cells in layer 5 of mouse somatosensory cortex ( etv1 and glt) as well as pyramidal cells from layer 2/3. These three subtypes differ in AP properties (Groh A, Meyer HS, Schmidt EF, Heintz N, Sakmann B, Krieger P. Cereb Cortex 20: 826–836, 2010; Guan D, Armstrong WE, Foehring RC. J Neurophysiol 113: 2014–2032, 2015) as well as laminar position, morphology, and projection targets. We asked what the roles of Kv1, Kv2, and Kv4 channels are in AP repolarization and whether the underlying mechanisms are pyramidal cell subtype dependent. We found that Kv4 channels are critically involved in repolarizing neocortical pyramidal cells. There are also pyramidal cell subtype-specific differences in the role for Kv1 channels. Only Kv4 channels were involved in repolarizing the narrow APs of glt cells. In contrast, in etv1 cells and layer 2/3 cells, the broader APs are partially repolarized by Kv1 channels in addition to Kv4 channels. Consistent with their activation in the subthreshold range, Kv1 channels also regulate AP voltage threshold in all pyramidal cell subtypes.

2007/2008
Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common clinical situation during neonatal life and it is observed in 60% of full−term and 80% of pre−term infants. A combination of factors still not well defined such as: prematurity, infections, genetic disorders, brest-feed under-nourishing, may cause hazardous, toxic levels of UnConjugated Bilirubin (UCB) during neonatal period (neonatal jaundice) that pose a direct threat of brain bamage (kernicterus). The deposition of UCB in the Central Nervous System (CNS) causes Bilirubin Encephalopathy (BE) with lifelong motor, auditory and mental impairment. The in vivo knowledge on kernicterus derives almost totally from the investigation on Gunn rat that is a natural model for BE. In this animal model the genetic lesion are closely parallel those present in the Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I and the neuropathological lesions are also similar to those found in humans. The Gunn rat is a mutant strain of Wistar rats that lack the uridin di phospho glucoronosyl transferase (UDPGT) activity toward bilirubin. Although the Gunn rat the classical laboratory model for bilirubin encephalopathy its use for the study of molecular mechanisms involved and the determination of other genes modulating the disease is limited by the existence of different strains and by the impossibility to generate targeted mutations in rats, preventing the in vivo study of the role of other genes in BE (i.e. Mrp1). The aim of my PhD project was to generate a mouse model of hyperbilirubinemia due to a one base deletion in the UGT1a1 gene, identical to the one present in the Gunn rat. To reach this goal, we took advantage to the “Gene Targeting” technique. This genetic technique uses the homologous recombination to modify an endogenous gene. First we constructed the targeting vector specific for the gene of interest. To target genes in mice, the targeting vector was inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) in culture. At the same time we set up two screening strategies to verify the presence of the targeted mutation in electroporated ES cells (Southern blot and Multiplex PCR). Two positive clones were identified (A9 and G7). Then the positive ES clones were amplified and injected into the blastocysts. Blastocysts were implanted in to a foster mother to obtain the so-called “chimera.” Chimeric mice have two different populations of genetically distinct type of cells originated from different mouse strains and can be selected by the fur colour. We obtained two chimeras, one deriving from A9 clone and one from G7. These chimeras were mated with wild type mice to check for germ line transmission. If the modified ES cells made up the reproductive organ, the offspring will inherit the mutated allele (heterozygous). At the present time we are screening the offspring of the chimeras, to check for germ line transmission. Mating the heterozygous mice, the offspring will have the entire body based on the previously mutated embryonic stem cell (homozygous). Obtaining this new animal model for bilirubin neurotoxicity (Gunn mouse) will be crucial to understand the mechanisms regulating the disease, together with an improvement of the diagnosis, prediction of the prognosis, and development of new therapeutic strategies.
Più del 60% dei neonati a termine e l’80% dei neonati prematuri sviluppa un ittero fisiologico nella prima settimana di vita a causa dell’immaturità dei processi fisiologici correlati al metabolismo della bilirubina durante il periodo neonatale. Tuttavia, una combinazione di fattori non ancora ben definiti quali: prematurità, disidratazione, sepsi, disordini di tipo genetico e/o malnutrimento durante l’allattamento, possono causare livelli di bilirubina non coniugata (UCB) eccezionalmente alti durante il periodo neonatale (iperbilirubinemia neontale). Questa condizione fa si che l’UCB possa attraversare in maniera massiva la barriera ematoncefalica (BBB) e depositarsi in specifiche aree cerebrali, ponendo il neonato a rischio di sviluppare encefalopatia da bilirubina (kernittero). Questa grave patologia (tipica della sindrome di Crigler-Najjar-I) si caratterizza per: sordità e disfunzioni uditive, gravi disordini motori (atetosi, spasticità muscolare e ipotonia), disfunzioni visive e displasia dentale. Il modello animale classico per il kernittero è rappresentato dal ratto Gunn. In questo ceppo di ratti è presente una mutazione nel gene dell’UGT che determina la completa inattività dell’enzima epatico bilirubin-glucuronil transferasi (UGT1A1) responsabile della coniugazione dell’UCB a due acidi glucuronici e la successiva eliminazione della bilirubina coniugata attraverso la bile. Gli effetti fisiologici della mutazione a carico dell’UGT1A1 sono molto simili a quelli riscontrati nei pazienti affetti da sindrome di Crigler-Najjar I. L’esistenza di questo modello animale ha consentito un approccio sperimentale al problema della neurotossicità da bilirubina. Tuttavia il modello del ratto Gunn possiede innumerevoli limitazioni, come: l’esistenza di diversi ceppi e, ancora più importante, l’impossibilità di ottenere ceppi mutanti per altri geni coinvolti nel metabolismo della bilirubina (i.e. Mrp1). Pertanto l’obiettivo del mio progetto di dottorato è stata la generazione di un modello murino di iperbilirubinemia dovuto ad una delezione di una base nel gene UGT1, identica a quella presente nel ratto Gunn. La tecnica utilizzata per raggiungere tale scopo è denominata “Gene Targeting”; tale tecnica biotecnologica si serve della ricombinazione omologa per modificare uno specifico gene d’interesse. Il primo passo è stata la costruzione di un vettore specifico per il gene di interesse (UGT1a1) contenete la delezione di una base nell’Esone 4. Parallelamente alla costruzione del vettore di targeting abbiamo messo a punto due tecniche che permettano lo screening dei cloni resistenti alla doppia selezione (positiva e negativa): Soutern blot e Multiplex PCR. Il vettore è stato poi inserito all’intero del genoma murino di cellule staminali embrionali (ES). Dopo lo screening dei cloni resistenti abbiamo identificato due cloni positivi, ovvero che hanno subito ricombinazione omologa del vettore di targeting: A9 e G7. Questi cloni sono stati ulteriormente vagliati per escludere la presenza di eventi di ricombinazione non omologa. Successivamente i positivi cloni sono stati amplificati ed iniettati all’interno di blastocisti. Le blastocisti sono state impiantate in una madre adottiva (forster mother), da esse si originano topi chimera. Abbiamo ottenuto due chimere, una dal clone A9 ed una dal clone G7. Queste chimere sono state incrociate a loro volta con topi wilde type per verificare la trasmissione della mutazione per via germinale (in eterozigosi). Al momento stiamo analizzando la progenie delle due chimere ottenute per trovare degli eterozigoti. I topi eterozigoti verranno poi incrociati tra lo per ottenere l’omozigote. Questo nuovo modello animale permetterà di studiare i meccanismi coinvolti nella neuro-tossicità da bilirubina, analizzando in vivo gli eventi biologici che si sviluppano in caso di mutazione a carico del gene UGT1 ed in futuro potrà anche essere usato per testare nuovi approcci diagnostici e terapeutici per il trattamento di neonati affetti da questa malattia.
XXI Ciclo
1981

This chapter provides a detailed description of the concept of securitarianism. Research on non-human animals including the Russian silver fox and American oldfield mouse as well as human research using eyetrackers suggests that protective threat responses are often based on something other than fear. Many securitarians do not trust others to take care of them and are attracted to isolationism and survivalist strategies not because they are fearful but because they believe being vigilant and working to provide security are ennobling duties. Thus, securitarians, including many intense Trump supporters, can advocate gun rights, tough crime laws, defense spending, and border walls even though they are not particularly neurotic and scared. Securitarians are not eager to fight and they are not eager to submit but they are eager to be vigilant and prepared. This chapter concludes by comparing securitarianism to other concepts such as libertarianism and communitarianism.