Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Group identity – Japan »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Group identity – Japan"
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Hirayama, Hisashi, et Kasumi K. Hirayama. « Individuality vs. Group Identity : A Comparison between Japan and the United States ». Journal of International and Comparative Social Welfare 2, no 1-2 (septembre 1985) : 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486838508412669.
Texte intégral
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Rahwati, Wawat, Budi Mulyadi et Feri Purwadi. « The Negotiation of Zainichi Identity and Resistance to Japanese Domination in Kazuki Kaneshiro Literary Text ». IZUMI 9, no 2 (1 décembre 2020) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.9.2.155-165.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study discusses the identity negotiation and resistance of the Zainichi minority to Japanese domination as the majority group in the literary text by Kazuki Kaneshiro. Zainichi is Korean people who came and have settled in Japan before and during World War II. As a minority group in Japan, Zainichi often faces discrimination from Japanese people due to his identity. Issues regarding the issue of Zainichi's identity are a dominant theme raised in the literary work of Zainchi (Zainichi bungaku). One of the authors of Zainichi's literary works is Kazuki Kaneshiro who wrote a novel entitled Go in 2007. Go novel as a literary text of Zainichi will be used as research data to reveal how Zainichi's identity negotiations are articulated by Zainichi characters and how their resistance against Japanese domination as the majority community group. By using postcolonial studies and analyses the structure of the narrative text, this research can reveal the forms of identity negotiation and resistances dis-course represented by Zainichi characters. Identity negotiation is seen through using Japanese name by Zainichi characters while interacting with the Japanese and changing the nationality from Korean to Japanese. Meanwhile, physical violence, mimicry (imitation), a mockery of Japanese behaviours, and maintaining their identity and Korean culture as resistances to counter the Japanese domination in the novel Go.
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Furuhashi, Tadaaki. « Biological Male “Gender Identity Disorder” Is Composed of Essentially Distinguishable Core and Periphery Groups ». Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 13, no 1 (2011) : 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.13.1.64.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In Japan, greater numbers of people with gender identity disorders (GID) are seeking professional help. The aim of our study is to show the clinical significance of classifying them into two subgroups when we address biological males with GID. From January 2001 to August 2009, 27 biological male patients with GID were consecutively examined at a university hospital in a major city in Japan. We formulated patients’ own past history concerning their gender identity on the basis of their narratives presented in several interviews. The present study suggested that Japanese biological male patients with GID who have, since childhood, manifested a special longing for feminine clothes and behaviors, could be positioned as a “core group;” and, patients with an uncomfortable feeling about their own sex that did not appear until adolescence could be positioned as a “periphery group.” As a result of psychotherapy in our samples, while the “core group” patients did not waver in their conviction that “I am a woman,” the cross-gender identification eventually disappeared in the “periphery group.” Identifying these two subgroups proved to be of great importance in deciding the management strategy for biological males with GID.
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Wong, Shuk-fan Fanny, et Wai-sum Amy Lee. « The Three Epochs of Hong Kong Lolita Subculture : Cultural Hybridization and Identity Construction ». IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies 6, no 1 (14 juillet 2021) : 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijcs.6.1.05.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Lolita is identified as a female oriented subculture phenomenon which came about in the 1990s in Harajuku, Japan. Youths in Hong Kong, because culturally and geographically in close proximity to Japan, will usually adapt their neighboring city Tokyo’s cultural movements. This paper explores the development, meaning, significance of Lolita phenomena in Hong Kong from the postmodern historical and socio-cultural points of view. By assembling and examining the ethnographic data from face-to-face interviewees and materials from online resources between 2014 and 2017, we reviewed and proposed that there are three major epochs of Lolita subculture development in Hong Kong. The study concludes that the changes in online practices over the past two decades lead to the transformation of Lolita identity within the group. It also indicates that the development of Hong Kong Lolita subculture shows a positive impact of cultural hybridization. Moreover, through the active practice on virtual platforms, the group creates an imagined community for the participants to share their beliefs and dreams freely.
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Greer, Tim. « Accomplishing multiethnic identity in mundane talk ». Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 22, no 3 (1 septembre 2012) : 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.3.02gre.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper examines identity-related interaction in a group of teenagers at an international school in Japan, focusing particularly on the discursive accomplishment of multiethnic identity among so-called half-Japanese (or “haafu”) people. The study employs Conversation Analysis (CA) and Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) to document three instances of mundane talk in which such multiethnic Japanese teenagers are ethnified through the use of various identity categories and their associated activities and attributes. The analysis demonstrates that multiethnic people use a variety of discursive practices to refute unwanted ethnification, including reworking the category, casting themselves in a different category and refusing to react to category-based provocations. Common to all three cases is the fundamental issue of how ethnicity becomes a resource for speakers in everyday conversation.
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Chung, Eun Bin. « Can Affirming National Identity Increase International Trust ? Experimental Evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Nationals ». International Studies Review 16, no 1 (19 octobre 2015) : 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01601005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
How can states with a history of conflict promote trust with one another? Distrust between South Korea-Japan and China-Japan aggravates security fears and limits institutional cooperation in the region. Existing studies support the promotion of a common, overarching identity (e.g. “Asian-ness”) over a strong sense of national belonging. Are salient national identities harmful or helpful for increasing trust between countries? Applying the psychological theory of group-affirmation to an international context and integrating experimental methods from behavioral economics, I aim to examine whether affirming national identities can increase trust of another country. In a novel experiment with South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese participants, I find that group-affirmed individuals reported higher levels of trust, measured by payments in a trust game.
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Korostelina, Karina, et Yuji Uesugi. « Japanese Perspective on Korean Reunification : An Analysis of Interrelations between Social Identity and Power ». International Studies Review 21, no 1 (19 octobre 2020) : 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-02101003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper explores how experts in Japan assess and understand the process and consequences of the unification of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea). Based on the theoretical framework of interrelations between social identity and power, this paper asks how Japanese experts frame the process of Korean unification and evaluate its impact on Japan. The data was collected in Tokyo, Japan, through 37 semi-structured and focus group interviews, then examining these interviews using phenomenological and critical discourse analysis. Analysis of data reveals the existence of four competing narratives rooted in the complex relations between meaning of identity, concepts of power, and Japanese policies toward the unification process. The paper expands the description of two narratives currently present in the existing literature, (1) threat and (2) peace, and introduces two new narratives, (3) democratic processes and (4) restorative justice. The final discussion explores how three groups of factors, (1) regional dynamics, (2) domestic policy, and (3) possible models of unification, influence the prevalence of a particular narrative as well as resulting policies of Japan toward Korean unification.
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Min, Pyong Gap. « A Comparison of the Korean Minorities in China and Japan ». International Migration Review 26, no 1 (mars 1992) : 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Approximately 1.8 million Koreans are settled in China and some 700,000 Koreans are located in Japan. The Korean minorities in two neighboring Asian countries make an interesting contrast in adjustment and ethnicity. Whereas the Koreans in China have maintained high levels of ethnic autonomy and positive ethnic identity, the Korean Japanese have lost much of their cultural repertoire and have suffered from negative ethnic identity. This paper provides a comparative analysis, explaining why the Koreans in two countries have made the different adjustments. It focuses on the basic differences in minority policy between China and Japan, the difference in the context of migration, the existence or absence of a territorial base, and the differential levels of influence from Korea. This comparative analysis is theoretically valuable because it has demonstrated that the physical and cultural differences between the majority group and a minority group are not necessary conditions for prejudice and discrimination against the minority group.
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KERSTEN, RIKKI. « Defeat and the intellectual culture of postwar Japan ». European Review 12, no 4 (octobre 2004) : 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000432.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this article, I examine how defeat in war has shaped intellectual discourse in postwar Japan, particularly intellectual debates on war guilt. Known as ‘war responsibility debates’ in Japanese, the disconnection that is imposed on national identity by defeat has led to a number of different responses from Japanese opinion leaders and scholars. Implicit in these responses is a desire to restore fundamental continuity, either by revising the appraisal of war, or by making guilt the unifying element in a transwar national identity. Defeat is the crux of the issue around which intellectuals have had to navigate in their quest for a continuous history for postwar Japan. This article considers the contributions made to this debate by Maruyama Masao, a pioneering thinker on political thought in postwar Japan; by the scholars in the Science of Thought Research Group in their study of political apostasy (tenkō) and the more recent advent of revisionist historians in the ‘Liberal School of History’ group. I conclude that this ongoing debate should itself be regarded as a positive phenomenon, as it continues to presume a basic link between the war and accountability that is fundamental to the integrity of Japan's postwar democracy.
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Dimitrova, Radosveta, Kai Hatano, Kazumi Sugimura et Laura Ferrer-Wreder. « The Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory in Adolescent Samples ». European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no 5 (septembre 2019) : 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000456.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. This study tested the factorial structure and equivalence of identity as measured by the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI; Rosenthal, Gurney, & Moore, 1981 ) in 2,666 adolescents ( Mage = 16.53, SD = 1.50, 55% girls) in the United States and Japan. The EPSI Identity Scale is a widely used measure of the Eriksonian conceptualization of personal identity (i.e., individual self-knowledge, synthesis, and consistency) and is measured with two factors: identity confusion and synthesis. A bi-factor model for the EPSI had a better fit than a single- and two-factor model. Moreover, the EPSI results showed configural and partial metric equivalence, but did not show scalar equivalence across samples. Future cross-national research with adolescents from the United States and Japan may investigate correlates between identity, as measured by the EPSI, with other measures of interest. However, group comparisons among these samples may be ill advised due to a lack of scalar equivalence.
Thèses sur le sujet "Group identity – Japan"
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Stone, Asako Brook. « Impacts of social identity, image misperceptions, and uncertainty in China-Japan conflict : political-psychological analyses ». Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2006/a%5Fstone%5F050906.pdf.
Texte intégral
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IWASA, Takuro. « West European academic images and stereotypes of Japan since the 1970s ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10399.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 26 October 2007Examining Board: Prof. Akira Kudo (University of Tokio) ; Prof. Willfried Spohn (Katholische Universität Eichstätt) ; Prof. Bo Stråth (Helsinki University and former EUI/Supervisor) ; Prof. Martin Van Gelderen (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the changes through the time of the West European academic images and stereotypes of Japan since the 1970s, and to study how Japan has been produced and constructed for Europe in some major academic disciplines, that is, economics, business management studies, social sciences, and across these disciplines. Therefore, it is a thesis to clarify the European imaginations and stereotypisations of Japan as reflected in the West European academic debate. It also aims to illuminate the European conceptualisation of Japan. How have the European academics perceived and interpreted the Japanese economy, its business management, society and historical backdrop since the 1970s? How have the images and stereotypes of Japan been constructed and developed for Europe as a model, as a threat or as the Other? Do any remarkable shared features or differences between images and stereotypes exist within each period or each academic discipline? These questions are addressed in the thesis. The thesis was born out of an academic interest in the development of the civilisational dialogue between Europe and Japan. Europe had always presented the models to emulate for the other non-Western nations, including - at least previously - Japan. After a century of Japanese interest in emulating European models of modernisation, in the 1970s influences started to operate in the reverse direction. It was during the 1970s that the West Europeans faced their serious economic, social and identity crises, and when the Europeans started to look to Japan for an alternative model with much more interest and close attention. Over the period since the 1970s Japan has provided itself to be the first non-Western nation in modern history that has demonstrated the alternative economic and social models from which Europe can learn or with which it can contrast itself for the first time.
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Odo, David. « The edge of the field of vision : defining Japaneseness and the image archive of the Ogasawara Islands ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f76fb540-7b9a-4e96-989c-2492576d7d6f.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the image archive of photographs of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands of Japan within the framework of historically informed visual anthropology. It is argued that investigating the photography of Ogasawara, which has an ethnically diverse population of descendants of the pre-Japanese, nineteenth-century settlement, exposes the processes that have configured modern 'Japaneseness'. Towards this end, the major areas explored are early Japanese photographic practice, visual aspects of Japanese colonialism, Japanese domestic tourism and the use of photography in the creation and maintenance of ideas about Japanese culture. Extremely rare imperial, government and commercial images, including albumen prints, cartes de visite and postcards, from museums, archives and private collections are examined in this study. The trajectories of these images through the 'visual economy' are traced as they are produced, circulated and gather meanings in a variety of contexts, from early colonial encounters to contemporary tourist engagements. These processes are exposed through an investigation of early Japanese photographic practice, colonial expeditions to Ogasawara, the shifting location of Islanders as 'slippery' internal others within configurations of Japaneseness, Japanese domestic tourism and the tourist discourse in contemporary Ogasawara. This has enabled the development of an alternative history of early Japanese photographic practice and a new understanding of Japanese domestic tourism. These new ways of conceptualising photography and tourism in Japan, together with insights gained from ethnographic investigations of the Ogasawaran image archive, demonstrate that photography played a major role in the construction of modern Japaneseness, rather than merely being a by-product of modernisation. Through an examination of images from the archive of photographs of the Ogasawara Islands, one gains an understanding of modern Japan as a society more diverse than the mostly homogeneous nation it is generally represented as, and more fluid in its definitions of Japaneseness than previously thought.
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Wendt, Staci Jean. « Self-Efficacy and Drinking with Friends : An Investigation into the Drinking Behaviors of Japanese College Students ». PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/293.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recent studies have documented an alarming rate of alcohol use in Japan (Eisenback-Stangl et al., 2005; Milne, 2003; Shimizu, 2000). Indeed, permissive social and cultural norms for alcohol use exist within Japanese culture (Shimizu, 1990, 2000). Japanese college-students may be at further risk due to their developmental time period, where increases in alcohol use are typically seen. Furthermore, drinking habits formed during this time period may be difficult to alter later in life (Frone, 2003). Thus, social, developmental, and cultural factors exist to influence drinking among Japanese college students. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the drinking behaviors of Japanese college students and possible proximal predictors of use. Specifically, given the importance of social relationships and interactions to interdependent cultures, such as Japan, the occurrence of negative social interactions may be influential in predicting subsequent drinking, as individuals may increase drinking in order to adhere to the social norms and to make amends. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant and positive relationship between negative social events and drinking with others. Furthermore, the expected physical, social and emotional outcomes of alcohol consumption (alcohol outcome expectancies) have been shown to predict alcohol use among U.S. samples (e.g., Goldman, 1994), however, daily fluctuations in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies has not been previously investigated in a Japanese sample. Given the importance of fluctuations in desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies among U.S. samples (Armeli et al., 2005), this dissertation investigated daily fluctuations in the desirability of expected outcomes and alcohol use. Support for this relationship was found; on days with individuals experienced increases in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies, individuals drank more with others. Support for the hypothesis that increases in daily negative social events would predict increases in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies was not found. Finally, this dissertation investigated two types of self-efficacy (drinking refusal self-efficacy and social self-efficacy) as stable factors of drinking. Drinking refusal self-efficacy significantly and negatively predicted drinking with others; marginal support for drinking refusal self-efficacy as a moderator of the relationship between negative social events and drinking with others was found. Social self-efficacy significantly and positively predicted drinking with others. No support was found for social self-efficacy as a moderating variable in the relationship between negative social events and drinking with others. In sum, using data that was previously collected via daily process methodology, this dissertation investigated the relationships between daily negative social interactions, daily desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies, and drinking refusal and social self-efficacy as moderators of alcohol consumption. Support was found for five of the seven hypothesized relationships.
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Gaubatz, Thomas Martin. « Urban Fictions of Early Modern Japan : Identity, Media, Genre ». Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D85T3KFV.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation examines the ways in which the narrative fiction of early modern (1600-1868) Japan constructed urban identity and explored its possibilities. I orient my study around the social category of chōnin (“townsman” or “urban commoner”)—one of the central categories of the early modern system of administration by status group (mibun)—but my concerns are equally with the diversity that this term often tends to obscure: tensions and stratifications within the category of chōnin itself, career trajectories that straddle its boundaries, performative forms of urban culture that circulate between commoner and warrior society, and the possibility (and occasional necessity) of movement between chōnin society and the urban poor. Examining a range of genres from the late 17th to early 19th century, I argue that popular fiction responded to ambiguities, contradictions, and tensions within urban society, acting as a discursive space where the boundaries of chōnin identity could be playfully probed, challenged, and reconfigured, and new or alternative social roles could be articulated.
The emergence of the chōnin is one of the central themes in the sociocultural history of early modern Japan, and modern scholars have frequently characterized the literature this period as “the literature of the chōnin.” But such approaches, which are largely determined by Western models of sociocultural history, fail to apprehend the local specificity and complexity of status group as a form of social organization: the chōnin, standing in for the Western bourgeoisie, become a unified and monolithic social body defined primarily in terms of politicized opposition to the ruling warrior class. In contrast, I approach the category of chōnin as a diverse and internally stratified social field, the boundaries of which were perpetually redefined through discourse and practice. I argue that literary depictions of chōnin identity responded not to tensions between dominant and dominated classes but rather to internal tensions within commoner society. Fiction written by and for commoners was focused on topics of everyday concern: how to make a living, how one should (or should not) exist within one’s family or community, how to advance (or merely maintain, or imprudently spend and exhaust) one’s social, economic, or cultural capital. I seek to replace the politicized trope of “chōnin literature” with an image of multiple urban literatures: a series of writings and rewritings through which urban writers and readers probed, questioned, and reimagined the range of identities that were possible to them.
To do so, I use an interdisciplinary method that draws from recent scholarship in social history and historical sociology on the status group system, building in particular on studies of the social structure of early modern urban space. The two-and-a-half centuries of the Tokugawa reign saw dramatic transformations in how urban identity was conceived. As a result of the increasing integration of early modern society, categories of identity that were once collective, external functions of social relationships and community membership came to be internalized and expressed by the individual as patterns of behavior, taste, and disposition—speech, sartorial expression, habits of consumption, aesthetic tastes, lifestyle, and so on—and the circulation of print media itself was part of these shifts, communicating new social and aesthetic norms across boundaries and to new readers. The readings that I develop in this dissertation are situated at key turning points in this overarching narrative. By contextualizing my close readings in relation to the shifting matrix of discourses, practices, spaces, and media forms shaping chōnin identity, I reveal how techniques of literary characterization were both shaped by and used to understand the contemporary urban world.
In Chapter 1, I offer a polemical reading of Nippon eitaigura (Japan’s Eternal Storehouse, 1688), a collection of stories of commercial success and failure written by Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693). Ihara Saikaku has often been taken as the archetypal chōnin author, and among his works, Eitaigura in particular is most regularly used by both historians and literary scholars alike as a document of chōnin values. Instead, I show the ways in which Saikaku’s text retains traces of the social diversity, class tensions, and shifting values within a heterogeneous and stratified social body. I argue that this text represents a dramatic shift in chōnin consciousness, wherein the nature of chōnin identity, which was originally a function of the urban ward (chō) as a local and organic urban community based on the concrete social relations of its members, is rewritten by Saikaku into a universalizable category of values and economic practice, prioritizing the interests of the house (ie) over the community of the chō.
One of the main ways in which the identity of the chōnin house was figured was in terms of a “house trade” (kashoku or kagyō), a term used to refer to the livelihood associated with a given household, while certain forms of identity performance and trespass were possible through cultural training in the leisure arts (yūgei). In Chapter 2, I use this binary as context for a study of the life and writings of Ejima Kiseki (1666-1735). Kiseki was born into a wealthy Kyoto merchant house, and had taken up writing as a form of leisure, but in his lifetime he saw his family business decline and was forced to make a living as a writer and publisher of fiction. His writing likewise depicts eccentric and profligate chōnin protagonists driven to dereliction by obsessive involvement in leisure practices. Focusing on Seken musuko katagi (Characters of Worldly Young Men, 1715) and Ukiyo oyaji katagi (Characters of Old Men of the Floating World, 1720), I argue that Kiseki playfully inverts the hierarchy of work and play in an attempt to imagine new possibilities of chōnin self-definition.
In Chapter 3, I examine the confrontation between bushi and chōnin concepts of social and cultural capital in the context of the Edo pleasure quarters. Here I focus on the sharebon (witty booklets), a genre of short, satirical fiction that grew in close dialog with the guidebook literature of the pleasure quarters, and the figure of the “sophisticate” (tsū or tsūjin): the paragon of urban fashion and savoir-faire. Where existing scholarship has assumed that this term refers to a concrete, specific leisure subculture, I argue that the tsū was an empty signifier used by authors of differing social positions to make competing claims for the nature of cultural capital, setting bushi intellectual ideals of classical erudition, written language, and specialist knowledge against chōnin cultures of improvisational wit, spoken language, and conspicuous consumption. I also argue that the sharebon itself played an overdetermined role in these dynamics, communicating norms of fashion and social grace to a wide readership while simultaneously throwing into question the authenticity of social performances based on such mediated knowledge.
Chapter 4 shifts to the lower margins of Edo commoner society. Here I offer a reading of the fiction of Shikitei Sanba (1776-1822), focusing on Ukiyoburo (The Floating World Bathhouse, 4 vols., 1809-1813) and Ukiyodoko (The Floating World Barber, 2 vols., 1813-1814), which depict the interaction of a range of generic middle- and lower-class social types in the context of the public spaces of Edo tenement society. Tracing the links between Sanba’s fiction and the emerging performing art of otoshi-banashi (the antecedent of modern rakugo storytelling) and the performance space of the yose, both of which emerged out of lower-class craftsman culture, I argue that Sanba constructs an image of the performative use of the voice as a tactic for navigating and integrating the margins and interstices of status-group society.
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« Perceptions of "the other" : overseas experiences of Japanese and Chinese university students ». 2009. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896587.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Wong, Yat Yu.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-176).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Statement of Purpose --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Identity and perceptions of “the other´ح
Chapter 1.2.2 --- National identity
Chapter 1.2.3 --- How do Japanese and Chinese people view each other?
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Chinese and Japanese national identity
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Identity and foreign experiences among overseas Chinese and Japanese
Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.26
Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Beijing, China and Kyoto, Japan as field sites"
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Semi-structured interviews
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Written sources
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Reflexivity of the researcher
Chapter 1.3.5 --- Limitations of the Research Methods
Chapter 1.4 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.35
Chapter Chapter Two: --- Perceptions of “the Other´ح in the Japanese and Chinese Media --- p.38
Chapter 2.1 --- Images of “the Other´ح in Japanese and Chinese Popular Books --- p.41
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Heavy focus on negative images of China and Chinese people in Japanese popular books
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Diverse views of Japan and Japanese people in Chinese popular books
Chapter 2.2 --- Reporting “the Other´ح in Japanese and Chinese Newspapers --- p.55
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Background of Japanese and Chinese newspapers
Chapter 2.2.2 --- The poisoned dumpling incident in Japanese and Chinese newspapers
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Jun'ichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine in Japanese and Chinese newspapers
Chapter Chapter Three: --- Stereotypes and Disappointments: Chinese Students´ة Perceptions of Japan and Japanese People --- p.69
Chapter 3.1 --- Initial Views of Japan --- p.72
Chapter 3.2 --- "Stereotypes of Japanese Characteristics: Strict, Ambiguous and Distant" --- p.75
Chapter 3.3 --- Stereotypes of Japanese Views of China and Chinese People --- p.81
Chapter 3.4 --- Unpleasant Part-time Jobs --- p.84
Chapter 3.5 --- Stressful Scholarship System --- p.86
Chapter Chapter Four: --- Improved Impressions and Reinforced Stereotypes: Japanese Students' Perceptions of China and Chinese People --- p.92
Chapter 4.1 --- Initial Views of China and Chinese People
Chapter 4.2 --- Reasons to Go to China --- p.100
Chapter 4.3 --- Improved Impressions: Friendships with Chinese People --- p.101
Chapter 4.4 --- Different Communication Styles --- p.105
Chapter 4.5 --- Reinforced Stereotypes --- p.110
Chapter 4.5.1 --- The Chinese government and people
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Uncivilized Chinese general public
Chapter 4.5.3 --- A good Chinese person
Chapter Chapter Five: --- Perceptions of Media and “the Other´ح among Chinese and Japanese Students --- p.119
Chapter 5.1 --- Exaggerations and Unreliability: The Japanese Media in the Eyes of Chinese Students --- p.120
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Exaggerations by the Japanese media: “They only report negative things!´ح
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Unreliability of the Japanese media
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Comparing the Japanese and Chinese media: Different styles of reporting news
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Comparing the Japanese and Chinese media: Different attitudes in reporting “the other´ح
Chapter 5.1.5 --- Relations between the Japanese media and the general public
Chapter 5.2 --- Lack of Freedom and Lack of Reality: Chinese Media in the Eyes of Japanese --- p.132
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Limited information and choices from the Chinese media
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Misleading of audiences by the Chinese media
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Comparing the Chinese and Japanese media
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Relations between the Chinese media and the general public
Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.142
Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.146
Chapter 6.1 --- Chapter Summaries --- p..146
Chapter 6.2 --- National Identity among the Japanese and Chinese Students --- p..149
Chapter 6.3 --- "Perceptions of “the Other,´ح Media Discourses and Cultural Power Relations between Japan and China" --- p..153
Chapter 6.4 --- Value of the Study --- p.156
Appendices --- p.160
Bibliography --- p.164
Livres sur le sujet "Group identity – Japan"
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The goddess and the dragon : A study on identity, strength and psychosocial resilience in Japan. Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
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Deconstructing Japan's image of South Korea : Identity in foreign policy. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
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3
International relations and identity : A dialogical approach. New York : Routledge, 2010.
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4
Crafting selves : Power, gender and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago : University of Chicago, 1990.
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Crafting selves : Power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1990.
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6
translator, Yamaoka Yumi 1966, dir. Nihon no nagai sengo : Haisen no kioku, torauma wa dō kataritsugarete iru ka = The long defeat : cultural trauma, memory, and identity in Japan. Tōkyō : Misuzu Shobō, 2017.
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7
"Kokyo" to iu monogatari : Toshi kukan no rekishigaku (New history-modern Japan). Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1998.
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Allen, Matthew. Identity and Resistance in Okinawa. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002.
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Identity and Resistance in Okinawa. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002.
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Values, Identity, and Equality in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Japan. BRILL, 2015.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Group identity – Japan"
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Ueunten, Wesley. « Nakayoshi Group ». Dans Trans-Pacific Japanese American Studies. University of Hawai'i Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824847586.003.0010.
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This chapter is based on participant observations and interviews with Okinawan women who immigrated to the U.S. after World War II as wives of Americans men who had been stationed in Okinawa as part of the U.S. military presence there. The women, most in their 70s and 80s, were part of a small social group that gathered monthly to sing Okinawan and Japanese karaoke. The focus of the study is the agency of the women to recover and define their Okinawan identity in opposition to their marginalized positions within the context of Okinawa’s dual geopolitical subordination to Japan and the U.S.
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Liu-Farrer, Gracia. « Growing up in Japan ». Dans Immigrant Japan, 176–99. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748622.003.0009.
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This chapter studies immigrant children's diverse strategies to make sense of their subjectivities and establish their relationships with Japanese society. In particular, it examines how changing environments, especially the different institutional contexts they go through in the course of their growing up, contribute to the shaping of their identities. Born to foreign parents, immigrant children in Japan are surrounded by a complex cultural and social environment and have to continually adjust their relationships to such contexts and modify their subjectivities in the course of doing so. Because nationality is a powerful identification, they also have to negotiate their own identity between Japan—the place where they live and are acculturated to but at times rejected by—and the country or countries where their parents are from and where their passports say they are from. This process of encounters and negotiations enhances their awareness of the limits and freedom of being immigrants in Japan. In the end, among a group of them, a cosmopolitan self emerges as a response to the limited repertoire of identity choice. In other words, many immigrant children, unwilling to resign to either nationality, choose to become citizens of the world.
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Heinrich, Patrick. « Language communities of the Northern Ryukyus ». Dans Language Communities in Japan, 43–50. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0004.
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The Ryukyu Islands are a culturally diverse region with a distinctive identity comprising numerous languages and dialects. Northern Ryukyuan languages are a branch of the wider group of Ryukyuan languages（Ryūkyū shogo) that are indigenous to Japan. The identification of languages within the dialect continuum is complex. The language vitality of the Kunigami language and the Okinawan language is higher than of the Amami language. However, all languages remain in decline ten years after their recognition as ‘endangered languages’ by UNESCO. Language education is a concern. Grassroots activities have sprung up and public attitudes are favourable towards the maintenance and revitalization of Northern Ryukyuan languages. Nevertheless, a laissez-faire attitude prevails on the side of local government. More engagement is needed to prevent Northern Ryukyuan languages becoming obsolete by 2050. Language and educational policies must closely reflect the desire for maintenance in the Northern Ryukyuan Archipelago.
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Jones, Meghen. « National Treasure Tea Bowls as Cultural Icons in Modern Japan ». Dans The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland : Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728225_jones.
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Tea bowls hold profound significance in Japan today as loci of tea ceremony aesthetics and ideology. While tea bowls have come to be understood as embodiments of particular Japanese national aesthetics and value systems, their status as the most significant objects within tea rituals is a modern phenomenon. This essay explores the cultural iconicity of the eight tea bowls that were designated Japanese National Treasures in the 1950s and that continue to draw much attention. Each signifies something beyond the ordinary and encapsulates a particular aspect of Japanese national identity. As a group, they manifest idealized aesthetics of the Japanese tea ceremony, reinforce power structures, and inspire contemporary potters to reproduce them.
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Seo, Akwi. « Toward Postcolonial Feminist Subjectivity ». Dans Rethinking Japanese Feminisms. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824866693.003.0014.
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The issue of “comfort women” urged a self-revision of Japanese women’s movements in the 1990s from “victim” to “assailant,” from monolith to multiplicity, revealing a legacy of colonialism and racism within Japanese feminism. A group of women of Korean origin played a significant role in advancing the redress movement in Japan. Korean Women’s Network on the Comfort Women Issue (JŪgun Ianfu Mondai Uri Yoson Nettowāku) emerged as the first grassroots movement that drew attention to multiple forms of oppression and the specific identity and positioning of Korean women in Japan. Through this movement, Yeoseong Network criticized their marginalization and invisibility in Japanese society as well as the sexism in the ethnic Korean community. Bridging women’s movements in Japan and Korea, it broke ground for transnational feminist solidarity in East Asia. This chapter explores the complexity of liberation for ethnic minority women.
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Wempe, Sean Andrew. « Introduction ». Dans Revenants of the German Empire, 1–30. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907211.003.0001.
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The introduction outlines the core focus of the book, the Kolonialdeutsche (Colonial Germans): officials and settlers who had invested substantial time and money in German imperialism. The book will examine the difficulties this diverse group of men and women encountered adjusting to their new circumstances, in Weimar Germany or in the new mandates, as they situated their notions of group identity between colonizers and colonial subjects in a world of empires that were not their own. The introduction outlines the temporal scope of the book, starting with the Treaty of Versailles and ending the in-depth analysis in 1933. The epilogue looks into the Nazi era and beyond. The author highlights the importance of Colonial German involvement in such diplomatic flashpoints as the Naturalization Controversy in South African-administered Southwest Africa, and German participation in the Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) from 1927 to 1933, and the participation of one of Germany’s former colonial governors in the League of Nations’ commission sent to assess the Manchurian Crisis between China and Japan. The introduction also illustrates the contributions this book makes: revising standard historical portrayals of the League of Nations’ form of international governance, German participation in the League, the role of interest groups in international diplomacy, and liberal imperialism. In analyzing Colonial German investment and participation in interwar internationalism, the book also challenges the idea of a direct continuity between Germany’s colonial period and the Nazi era.
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Aoi, Chiyuki, et Yee-Kuang Heng. « Japan : Terrorism and counterterrorism in Japan ». Dans Non-Western responses to terrorism, 80–102. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0004.
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Japan is unfortunately no stranger to terrorism. Indeed, within the past one hundred fifty years since the Meiji Restoration, the country has experienced political assassinations, kidnappings of innocent citizens, to strikes by apocalyptic millenarian sects. Japanese citizens too have been involved in conducting terrorist attacks, notably in affiliation with Middle Eastern groups. Yet, terrorism and counter-terrorism barely features on academic syllabi within leading Japanese universities. Nor was the term “terrorism” understood as a generic concept until recently in Japan. This chapter seeks to identify historical precedents that shape Japanese perception of terrorism; responses to historical terrorist groups such as the Red Army and Aum Shinri Kyo and the way Japanese authorities identify terrorist threat today, including that emanating from North Korea; the role of the police and the Japan Self Defence Force in resposing to terrorism; and Japan’s response to “global war on terrorism”
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Chiavacci, David. « New Immigration, Civic Activism and Identity in Japan ». Dans Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland : Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723930_ch08.
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This chapter discusses immigrant advocacy groups’ influence in Japan’s immigration policy. For three decades Japan has been a new immigration country. However, immigration policy has been marked by ideational and institutional fragmentation, resulting in a deadlock lacking bold reforms and immunizing state actors to external pressure. Against this backdrop, civil advocacy has been surprisingly influential. While civic groups have generally not been included in decision-making bodies, they have altered the perception of immigration. By analysing reforms combating human trafficking, this chapter identifies factors that resulted in indirect influence of civic advocacy in this case, allowing us to gain a differentiated understanding of the limited but still significant influence of civic activism on Japan’s ‘strong’ state in immigration policy.
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Kondo, Naoki, et Jun Aida. « Disaster and Health What Makes a Country Resilient ? » Dans Health in Japan, 281–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848134.003.0018.
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Resilience reflects the capability of communities and individuals to resist, cope with, and continue functioning during and after a disaster. Evidence from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami suggest that maintaining community social interactions is especially important to enhance community resilience. Economic crisis is another type of disaster that challenges population health, and may affect privileged social groups, e.g. corporate managers. In the aftermath of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, health risks for the children of impoverished households and single-parent households increased. Community preparedness and adequate social capital before disasters is important to build resilient communities. With routine monitoring of health conditions across subpopulations, we can identify groups in need of support and assess the effects of those actions. It is crucial that central government measures align with local actions to maximize support for communities affected by disaster.
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Atchariyachanvanich, Kanokwan, Hitoshi Okada et Shiro Uesugi. « The Technology Acceptance Model ». Dans Inter-Organizational Information Systems and Business Management, 234–50. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-768-5.ch015.
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This chapter examines the factors affecting consumer purchasing behavior in Internet shopping. Multiple group analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to investigate whether the existing model of Consumer Acceptance of Virtual Stores is able to identify those factors in Japan and South Korea. The results of online questionnaires completed by 1,111 Japanese online customers and by 998 Korean online customers revealed that the model failed. Therefore, localized models for Japan and South Korea were developed. According to the localized models, perceived trust is the most important factor affecting purchasing behavior of Japanese customers. In South Korea, purchasing behavior is highly related to perceived usefulness and perceived service quality. These differences in the ways that online customers of different nationalities perceive purchasing through the Internet will yield insights that can help e-commerce vendors increase the number of customers in different world market segments.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Group identity – Japan"
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Kasagawa, Yusuke, Masajiro Sugawara, Tsuyoshi Uchida, Katsunori Ogura et Masahiro Yamashita. « Development of Significance Determination Process in Japan ». Dans 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48676.
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In September 2006, the regulatory body of Japan, the Nuclear Industry and Safety Agency (NISA), issued an interim report entitled “The improvement of the inspection system for nuclear power plants” which had been reviewed by the Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Nuclear and Industrial Safety. The report addresses the potential use of risk information in order to identify the safety significant inspection scope, to select and evaluate performance indicators, to evaluate the safety significance of inspection findings, and to enhance the maintenance program. NISA has been preparing for the new inspection system in Fiscal Year 2008. Before the implementation, technical bases such as the detailed design of the new inspection system and the pilot application of major issues need to be developed. The technical support of this new inspection program is now in progress by the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES) to develop methodology and technical bases for improvement of efficiency and transparency of regulatory inspection, application of risk information to develop maintenance program guidelines, selection of performance indicators, identification of the safety significance of inspection findings and comprehensive evaluation of individual plants. This paper shows the development and sample calculation of significance determination process (SDP) which is one part of the new inspection program. The SDP is applied to evaluate the significance of inspection findings. The inspection findings are categorized into four groups such as the safety function facet, the risk facet, the public and occupational radiation exposure facet and the safety importance (SI) of the inspection findings are evaluated with risk information. The sample calculation with this SDP indicated that the level of SI is the same level by the current deterministic evaluation process. At present, the SDP models have been developed into the eight types of typical Japanese nuclear power plants for Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), BWR-3, BWR-4, BWR-5, Advanced BWR, 2-Loop, 3-Loop, 4-Loop Dry Containment Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and 4-Loop Ice-Condenser PWR.
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Pagel, James W., Stephen Lambacher, Hisayo Kikuchi et Sachiho Mori. « Student and instructor attitudes toward CALL and MALL in the L2 classroom ». Dans Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8108.
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As part of an ongoing study focusing on language learner and instructor attitudes toward the use of computers and mobile devices in second language (L2) learning contexts, the authors attempt to identify to what degree language instructors value the use of computers and mobile devices in their teaching. We compare the responses of a survey administered to an “in-house” group of instructors within two faculties of a private university in Tokyo, Japan, with the responses collected from a similar survey administered to instructors solicited through various CALL organizations. The number of respondents of the “in-house” survey during the first three years was relatively low; however, in the final year was considerably much higher, with the number from both full-time and part-time staff totaling 34. The total number of survey respondents from the CALL organizations totaled 121, with the participants’ places of employment ranging from Europe to the Asia Pacific Rim. In addition to offering an interpretation of a sampling of the Likert scale items found on the surveys, the authors focus on comparing the responses offered by both groups of instructors regarding which skills they focused on in the CALL classroom, as well as what mobile applications they encouraged their students to use.
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Nishikawa, Akira, Koji Dozaki, Koji Koyama et Kazuyuki Asada. « Study on Requirements to be Fulfilled With Rules for Repair Replacement Activities in JSME Code on Fitness-for-Service ». Dans ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77112.
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Rules on Repair Replacement Activities (RRA) have been incorporated in Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) Code on Fitness-For-Service (FFS) since its 2004 edition. Since then, it has been a priority to clearly identify the RRA rules that should be endorsed by the regulatory authority, in addition to better organizing the relationship among inspection, flaw evaluation and RRA rules, especially inspection and flaw evaluation prior to RRA. A Task Group on development of RRA rules was organized under Subcommittee on JSME code on fitness-for-service to develop more organized RRA rules. In this paper, requirements for RRA rules, and related inspection and flaw evaluation rules that were studied in that Task Group (TG), are described. Discussion results of the TG contain two parts as follows. 1) Improving conformance of RRA rules to regulatory standard. Desirable conformance of some typical patterns of RRA to classified requirements of regulatory standards was discussed. Several cases of conformance were derived from this discussion. It was shown that individual RRA methods were classified into one or two of these conformance cases. 2) Identifying the relationship among RRA, inspection, and flaw evaluation rules. Desirable flow of inspection, flaw evaluation and RRA rules was illustrated at first. Based on a comparison between this flowchart and present RRA rules, pre-service/in-service inspection and flaw evaluation rules prior to RRA were picked out for development with the highest priority.
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Plyakin, Vladislav, et Vladislav Protasov. « Evolutionary matching method for face recognition using neural networks ». Dans International Conference "Computing for Physics and Technology - CPT2020". ANO «Scientific and Research Center for Information in Physics and Technique», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd755bf868b47.13424079.
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The problem of formalizing and automating the process of recognizing human faces was touched upon at the earliest stages of the development of image recognition systems and remains relevant to this day. Moreover, over the past ten years, the number of scientific studies and publications on this topic has increased several times, which indicates an increase in the urgency of this problem. This can be explained by the fact that modern computing technology opens up new possibilities for its application in various fields, and, accordingly, a lot of applied problems have appeared that require their speedy resolution. One of the practical applications of the pattern recognition theory is face recognition, the task of which is to automatically localize a face in an image and identify a person by face. The interest in the procedures underlying the process of localization and face recognition is quite significant due to the variety of their practical applications in areas such as security systems, verification, forensic examination, teleconferences, computer games, etc. For example, the face recognition system developed at Beijing Tsinghua University has been certified by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security for use in public places. Omron Japan, which specializes in recognition, automation and control technologies, has developed a human face recognition system for mobile phones. Riya, founded by a group of specialists in facial recognition algorithms from Stanford University, has begun open testing of a Web service for contextual search of facial images in digital photo albums. The abundance of such examples indicates the practical importance and relevance of face recognition methods.
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Özbay, Gülçin, et Mehmet Sarıışık. « The Conceptual Research on the Quality Control Circles ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01198.
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Quality circles occurred in Japan after the Second World War, and the forefront of the competition today, has an important role in improving the quality and efficiency. The main philosophy of the quality circle is to achieve quality with a participative management approach. Quality circles, only to find not only identify problems also suggests a variety of solutions. It is settled principle that the employees can do the best work by themselves and, according to this it is tried to provide more opportunities for employees. This situation motivates the staff, and thus prepares the ground to increase the quality of goods or services. Customer satisfaction and management objectives are carried out. Considering all these factors, quality circles has emerged as a concept that should be investigated.
In this study, it was examined quality circles that considered as a factor of enhancing success in the operations and having an important role inquality management. The study carries a descriptive qualification that is prepared literature review. In the first section of the study was investigated the purpose of the quality control that the steps followed and the methods used in this process.
The second section was focused on quality circles. In this section, it has tried to explain shortly the definition of quality circles, history, characteristics, comparison with other groups and objectives. Benefits of quality circles were examined separately for businesses and employees, and determined the business sectors. The organizational structure of quality circles and organization members’ tasks was explained.
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Lu, Qing, Liyan Xu, Zhen Cai et Xiao Peng. « The spectrum of metropolitan areas across the world, and detection of potential metropolitan areas with Chinese characteristics ». Dans 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/sdgu8646.
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When people talk about the Metropolitan Area (MA), they mean differently in different parts of the world with different contexts. Based on its spatial extent, internal structure, socio-economic function, and network characteristics, an MA can refer to various entities from a metropolis to a Megacity-region. In an effort to clarify the MA concept, we review the origin of the MA concept and its development in various parts of the world, especially the United States, Japan and China, so as to propose a spectrum of MAs, and their relationship with specific human and natural geographical contexts. Particularly, we find MAs in China typically have a unique three-circle structure, which is composed of a core circle, a commuting circle, and a functional metropolitan circle. By international comparable standards which include factors such as population density, facility density, and economic activity intensity, and adjusted with reasonable context-dependent considerations in China, the three circles are designated as follows: the spatial extent with the highest development intensity and assuming a central regional role is identified as the core circle; the districts and counties around the core circle with a commuting rate greater than 10% are identified as the commuting circle; and the districts and counties within an one-hour accessible zone are identified as the functional metropolitan circle. To test the model, we utilize eight sources of big data covering ecological background, population, economy, transportation, real estate, land use, infrastructure, and culture characteristics, and with a fusion analysis of the data we show how the factors combined give rise to the three-circle structure in typical Chinese MAs, and why the combination of the same factors in the US and Japanese contexts works otherwise to fill different niches in the spectrum of MAs mentioned above. For a further inquiry, within the framework of the same model and using the same dataset, we identify 32 cities from all 338 prefecture-level cities in China that would qualify as an MA or potential MA, which we call “the Metropolitan Areas with Chinese Characteristics”, and designate the spatial extent of the three circles within each of the MAs. Additional analyses are also conducted to locate the main development corridors, key growth poles, and currently underdeveloped regions in each of the MAs. We conclude the paper with discussions of potential challenges of MA development in China vis-a-vis current policies, such as cross-administration collaboration between jurisdictions within the same MA, and cross-scale collaboration between MAs, cities, and city groups. Placing the research in the global context, and considering the vast similarities between China and other developing countries in terms of population density, land resources, urbanization level, and socio-economic development status in general, we argue that China’s model of MAs may be also applicable to other developing countries. Therefore, this research may shed lights to planning researchers and practitioners around the world, especially in developing countries in understanding the development conditions of MAs in their own contexts, and also in methods for identifying and planning potential MAs to achieve their specific policy objectives.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Group identity – Japan"
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh et Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint : A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.
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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.