Thèses sur le sujet « Groundwater circulation »

The scarcity of water resources in Jordan poses difficulties for the development of the country and its relationship with its neighbours. Thermal groundwaters recently identified in the northern part of the country represent a 40 MCM/y resources for exploitation to meet the increasing demand for water. These thermal groundwaters are found in three well fields (Mukhebeh, JRV and Ramtha) and were investigated to determine their recharge origin, mean subsurface residence times, and the source of heat. They discharge in the northern part of Jordan Rift Valley and the rifted Yarmouk Valley, which are low elevation (50 to 150 m below sea level) zones of recent tectonism and volcanic activity. The range of temperatures is 30 and 56$\sp\circ$C and salinities vary between 500 and 2500 mg/l. Non-thermal groundwaters within the study area have also been studied. In particular shallow groundwater in adjacent highlands region (Ajloun Mountains) are examined to determine their role in recharge to those regional flow systems. The principal aquifer is the Upper Cretaceous B2/A7 group, a package of carbonate formations with high kerogen content at depth. This aquifer outcrops in the Ajloun Mountains and flanking regions and is confined by overlying marls in the down gradient regions. A deeper sandstone aquifer underlies the study area and hosts thermal groundwater which was sampled in the Ramtha area. The major geochemical processes in the subsurface have generated various geochemical facies in the thermal waters. These include carbonate dissolution to calcite saturation in the recharge areas. The thermal groundwater in Mukhebeh and JRV well fields are found to be chemically similar to the carbonate groundwater from Ajloun mountains recharge area. All thermal waters are characterized by sulphate reduction, driven by oxidation of kerogen. Sulphate is of marine evaporite origin dissolved from within the aquifer with a component of volcanogenic sulphur. Some thermal waters have also Na-Cl salinity component related to evaporite dissolution. The thermal waters are of meteoric provenance, originating as rain falling over the carbonate highlands in Jordan and Syria. The $\delta\sp $O and $\delta$D isotopic data show that all thermal groundwaters are largely associated with Eastern Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line, signifying recharge under the climate regime which dominates today in Jordan. The exception is groundwater from the deep sandstone aquifer which is associated with Global Meteoric Water Line, signifying recharge during Pleistocene time. The isotopic composition of groundwater suggests two distinct recharge areas for the Mukhebeh well field: Ajloun Mountains (Jordan) and Mount Hermon (Syria). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The interaction between earthquakes and crustal fluids is a very complex topic due to several mechanisms that are involved and which influence each other. Some phenomena, like the alterations of springs discharge rates and fluid flow, liquefaction and changing of the water levels in phreatic wells are largely documented in the literature, but their explanation is not yet fully clear. Furthermore, these phenomena can greatly change with the rock type, the earthquake magnitude and the observation distance from the fault. Within a distance of a few fault lengths from the epicenter, an earthquake can alter both the regional stress field and the hydraulic properties of the rocks, influencing the underground fluid distribution. In this thesis, I apply the numerical simulator TOUGH2 to represent the changes in water level of some wells after the ML 5.9 earthquake that took place in Italy in 2012. The model shows that the wells response to the seismic event can be represented imposing a static stress change and highlights the role of the soil stratigraphy. This zone is also well known for localized methane seepages associated with anomalous soil temperatures. I simulate the process and draw some conclusions on the nature of this phenomenon and on the possible interactions with the local seismicity. Finally, I study the earthquake-fluid interaction from the opposite point of view: looking at how fluids can promote seismicity. I present the results obtained by coupling the TOUGH2 geothermal simulator with a stochastic seed model of seismicity. The coupled simulation could capture the main characteristics of the seismicity induced by the fluid injection in a seismically active area.
L'interazione tra terremoti e fluidi crostali è un argomento molto complesso per via dei numerosi meccanismi che sono coinvolti e che si influenzano a vicenda. Alcuni fenomeni, come l'alterazione delle sorgenti e del flusso di fluidi, la liquefazione e il cambiamento del livello d'acqua nei pozzi freatici, sono largamente documentati in letteratura, tuttavia la loro spiegazione non è ancora del tutto chiara. Oltretutto, questi fenomeni possono cambiare sensibilmente in base al tipo di roccia, alla magnitudo del terremoto e alla distanza dalla faglia. Entro una distanza di poche lunghezze di faglia dall'epicentro, un terremoto può modificare sia il campo di sforzo regionale che le proprietà idrauliche della roccia, influenzando la distribuzione dei fluidi nel sottosuolo. In questa tesi utilizzo il simulatore numerico TOUGH2 per rappresentare la variazione del livello d'acqua di alcuni pozzi successivamente al terremoto di magnitudo ML5.9 che avvenne in Italia nel 2012. Il modello mostra che la risposta dei pozzi al terremoto può essere rappresentata imponendo una variazione di stress statico ed evidenzia l'importanza della stratigrafia del sottosuolo. Questa zona è ben nota anche per emissioni di metano localizzate, associate a riscaldamenti anomali del sottosuolo. In questa tesi presento delle simulazioni per rappresentare questo processo e traggo alcune conclusioni circa la natura di questo fenomeno e sulle sue possibili interazioni con la sismicità locale. In ultimo, studio la relazione tra fluidi e terremoto dal punto di vista opposto: come I fluidi possono facilitare la sismicità. Presento i risultati ottenuti accoppiando il simulatore geotermico TOUGH2 con un modello sismico, stocastico, a “seed”. La simulazione accoppiata è in grado di catturare le caratteristiche principali della sismicità indotta dall'iniezione di fluidi in un'area sismicamente attiva.

The interaction between earthquakes and crustal fluids is a very complex topic due to several mechanisms that are involved and which influence each other. Some phenomena, like the alterations of springs discharge rates and fluid flow, liquefaction and changing of the water levels in phreatic wells are largely documented in the literature, but their explanation is not yet fully clear. Furthermore, these phenomena can greatly change with the rock type, the earthquake magnitude and the observation distance from the fault. Within a distance of a few fault lengths from the epicenter, an earthquake can alter both the regional stress field and the hydraulic properties of the rocks, influencing the underground fluid distribution. In this thesis, I apply the numerical simulator TOUGH2 to represent the changes in water level of some wells after the ML 5.9 earthquake that took place in Italy in 2012. The model shows that the wells response to the seismic event can be represented imposing a static stress change and highlights the role of the soil stratigraphy. This zone is also well known for localized methane seepages associated with anomalous soil temperatures. I simulate the process and draw some conclusions on the nature of this phenomenon and on the possible interactions with the local seismicity. Finally, I study the earthquake-fluid interaction from the opposite point of view: looking at how fluids can promote seismicity. I present the results obtained by coupling the TOUGH2 geothermal simulator with a stochastic seed model of seismicity. The coupled simulation could capture the main characteristics of the seismicity induced by the fluid injection in a seismically active area.
L'interazione tra terremoti e fluidi crostali è un argomento molto complesso per via dei numerosi meccanismi che sono coinvolti e che si influenzano a vicenda. Alcuni fenomeni, come l'alterazione delle sorgenti e del flusso di fluidi, la liquefazione e il cambiamento del livello d'acqua nei pozzi freatici, sono largamente documentati in letteratura, tuttavia la loro spiegazione non è ancora del tutto chiara. Oltretutto, questi fenomeni possono cambiare sensibilmente in base al tipo di roccia, alla magnitudo del terremoto e alla distanza dalla faglia. Entro una distanza di poche lunghezze di faglia dall'epicentro, un terremoto può modificare sia il campo di sforzo regionale che le proprietà idrauliche della roccia, influenzando la distribuzione dei fluidi nel sottosuolo. In questa tesi utilizzo il simulatore numerico TOUGH2 per rappresentare la variazione del livello d'acqua di alcuni pozzi successivamente al terremoto di magnitudo ML5.9 che avvenne in Italia nel 2012. Il modello mostra che la risposta dei pozzi al terremoto può essere rappresentata imponendo una variazione di stress statico ed evidenzia l'importanza della stratigrafia del sottosuolo. Questa zona è ben nota anche per emissioni di metano localizzate, associate a riscaldamenti anomali del sottosuolo. In questa tesi presento delle simulazioni per rappresentare questo processo e traggo alcune conclusioni circa la natura di questo fenomeno e sulle sue possibili interazioni con la sismicità locale. In ultimo, studio la relazione tra fluidi e terremoto dal punto di vista opposto: come I fluidi possono facilitare la sismicità. Presento i risultati ottenuti accoppiando il simulatore geotermico TOUGH2 con un modello sismico, stocastico, a “seed”. La simulazione accoppiata è in grado di catturare le caratteristiche principali della sismicità indotta dall'iniezione di fluidi in un'area sismicamente attiva.

L’importance hydrogéologique et biogéochimique des apports d’eau souterraine en mer a récemment été mise en évidence. De nombreuses études ont été réalisées à travers le monde, mais très peu ont été menées sur le littoral méditerranéen, malgré la présence de nombreuses résurgences karstiques (Port-Miou, La Palme, Font Estramar…). L’utilisation de l’imagerie infrarouge thermique a permis la détection des décharges d’eau souterraine le long de ce littoral. Les flux d’eau et de nutriments ont ensuite été estimés à l’aide des isotopes du radium (223Ra, 224Ra et 228Ra). Nous montrons que les flux de nutriments associés aux décharges d’eau souterraine et aux flux de circulation d’eau dans les sédiments sont similaires voire supérieurs (jusqu’à 20 fois) aux apports de nutriments associés aux fleuves, à l’exception du Rhône. Nous montrons finalement que les flux associés aux décharges d’eau souterraine en mer et à la circulation de l’eau de mer dans les sédiments ont lieu tout le long du littoral méditerranéen français, à l’inverse des fleuves qui se déchargent ponctuellement. Ces flux sont donc à prendre en compte dans les bilans d’éléments chimiques, nottament à l’échelle régionale (Golfe du Lion)
The hydrogeological and biogeochemical importance of submarine groundwater inputs has recently been highlighted. Numerous studies around the world have shown that these contributions can challenge fluvial inputs. However, very few studies have been conducted along the French Mediterranean coastline despite the presence of several springs discharging directly into the sea. Submarine groundwater discharge locations were first detected using thermal infrared images. Water and nutrient flux were then estimated using radium isotopes (223Ra, 224Ra and 228Ra). Nutrient inputs are similar (and even greater, up to 20 times higher) to the local river inputs, except the Rhône River. We show that the nutrient fluxes driven by either submarine groundwater discharge (direct inputs of groundwater) or the circulation of seawater through the sediments are significant. These fluxes exist all along the French Mediterranean coastline. This is in contrast with the river inputs which are local inputs. These fluxes need to be considered in the chemical oceanic budgets (coastal seas and likely also in the sea/ocean budgets). These nutrient fluxes may have an impact on the quality of the coastal waters and on the coastal ecosystems

Les aquifères de socle fracturés très répandus en Bretagne, constituent des formations géologiques hétérogènes renfermant des ressources en eau. Ces structures sont souvent constituées d'une zone altérée et d'une zone fracturée. La zone altérée est peu épaisse et proche de la surface, elle est constituée de roches altérées envahies par l'eau souterraine qui y circule rapidement des hauts topographiques du bassin versant vers l'exutoire. L'eau y présente des temps de résidence courts (<20 ans) et est souvent polluée par les nitrates. La zone altérée située plus en profondeur et plus épaisse est constituée de roches dures traversées par des fractures. L'eau circule exclusivement au travers de fractures et lentement, le temps de résidence de l'eau y est donc long (>40 ans). Dans cette zone, l'eau est plus minéralisée et souvent riche en fer en Bretagne. Ces différentes circulations d'eau, induisent des conditions chimiques contrastées dans les zones altérée et fracturée, mais leur effet sur l'écosystème microbien des eaux souterraines n'a jamais été exploré. Cette étude montre que les circulations hydrologiques influencent à l'échelle régionale et locale la structuration des communautés microbiennes au sein des eaux souterraines d'aquifères de socle. La position d'une eau souterraine le long des voies de circulations des eaux souterraines dites « boucles hydrologiques » contrôle directement la structure des communautés microbiennes via le contrôle de la succession des donneurs et accepteurs d'électrons disponibles. Les communautés microbiennes analysées montrent une prédominance de Nitrobacter. Dans l'eau souterraine récente (<20 ans) donc principalement dans la zone altérée, les Nitrobacter. sont surtout des Comamonadaceae et Oxalobacteraceae, microorganismes versatiles et capables de dénitrifier. Dans l'eau souterraine ancienne (>40 ans) et isolée donc dans la zone fracturée, ce sont en grande majorité des Gallionellaceae, microorganismes microaérophiles spécialisés dans l'oxydation du fer(II). La prédominance des Gallionellaceae dans la zone fracturée suggère un écosystème profond basé sur l'oxydation du fer(II). Cependant, ce processus suppose une arrivée minimale d'oxygène dans la partie profonde, via par exemple un mélange avec une masse d'eau récente oxygénée. La proportion de Gallionellaceae dans les différentes eaux analysées montre une corrélation positive avec le degré de mélange des eaux anciennes avec des eaux récentes, jusqu'à une limite de 20% d'eau récente. Le suivi temporel de la dynamique des communautés d'un aquifère avant et au début de la recharge a montré dans la zone altérée des conditions chimiques très fluctuantes et une communauté microbienne très changeante mais toujours constituée de nombreux potentiels dénitrifiants. Dans la zone fracturée, la communauté dominée par les Gallionellaceae est relativement stable, malgré des changements chimiques ponctuels substantiels et un degré de mélange transitoire important (jusqu'à 60% d'eau récente) au début de la recharge. Les Gallionellaceae semblent donc capables de résister à des changements ponctuels et importants des conditions chimiques. Les eaux souterraines de la partie profonde des aquifères, bien qu'isolées, restent relativement connectées à la surface ce qui permet probablement le maintien de l'écosystème microbien profond
Hard-rock aquifers are heterogeneous geological structure very widespread in Britany that have the property to store groundwater. These aquifers are often made of a weathered zone and a fractured zone. The weathered zone is a rather thin layer close to the surface and is constituted of weathered rocks submerged in groundwater. In this zone, groundwater circulates rapidly from the upper parts of the watershed to the aquifer outlet, thus shows short groundwater residence time (< 20y) and is often polluted by nitrates. The fractured zone is located deeper and is thicker. It is composed of fresh rocks crossed by fractures in which groundwater exclusively flows with a very slow velocity, thus groundwater residence time in this zone is rather long (>40 y). In the fractured zone, groundwater is much more mineralized and often rich in iron, in Britany. The differences of flow velocities in the weathered and the fractured zones are responsible for contrasted chemical conditions in these two zones, but the influence of groundwater flow velocity on the microbial ecosystem in groundwater remains largely unexplored. This work shows hydrologic circulations influence the microbial community structuration in hard-rock aquifer groundwater at regional and local scales. Position of a groundwater along a hydrologic flowpath or a “hydrological loop” directly controls microbial community structure through the control of the successively available electron donors and acceptors. The analyzed microbial communities show a predominance of Betaproteobacteria. In recent groundwater (< 20y) thus particularly in the weathered zone, Betaproteobacteria are mainly Comamonadaceae and Oxalobacteraceae, which are generalists able to do denitrification. In old and isolated groundwater (> 40y) thus particularly in the fractured zone, Betaproteobacteria are mainly Gallionellaceae, which are microaerophilic iron-oxidizer. The predominance of Gallionellaceae in the fractured zone suggests a deep ecosystem based on iron oxidation. However, this process implies a minimal input of oxygen in the deeper part, for instance via mixing with recent oxygenated groundwater. Proportion of Gallionellaceae in the different analyzed groundwater shows a positive correlation with the degree of mixing between old and recent groundwater, up to a limit of 20% of recent groundwater. The temporal microbial community dynamics in a single aquifer, before and during the beginning of recharge, demonstrated in the weathered part very fluctuant chemical conditions and a shifting microbial community that remains always composed of numerous potential denitrifiers. In the fractured part, microbial community is dominated by Gallionellaceae and remains rather stable, despite the punctual but substantial changing of the chemical conditions and degree of mixing (up to 60% of recent groundwater) at the beginning of the recharge. Gallionellaceae seem thus able to resist to important and punctual chemical conditions changings. Groundwater in the deeper part of aquifers, even isolated, remains relatively connected to surface, likely allowing the deep microbial ecosystem to maintain

Le travail de thèse porte sur la caractérisation géochimique et la détermination des temps de résidence des eaux circulant dans la partie profonde du substratum du bassin versant du Strengbach. Le travail s’appuie sur l’étude comparée des variations chimiques, isotopiques (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd et (234U/238U)) et des geochronomètres des eaux (CFC-SF6, 14C, 4He) d’échantillons de sources, de piézomètres (15 m de profondeur) et de forages profonds. Les résultats mettent en évidence deux types d’eaux, avec des eaux peu chargées en surface (eaux de sources et de piézomètres) et des eaux plus chargées en profondeur, au regard des principales fractures. L’origine de ces différences a été discutée en termes de variation des temps de résidence et d’un point de vue des interactions eaux-roches. Cette étude a montré qu’un facteur important expliquant ces différences est le temps de résidence des eaux, avec des eaux récentes dans le système superficiel et des eaux anciennes (sup. à 1000 ans) dans le système profond. L’analyse isotopique a montré que les signatures Sr-Nd des différentes masses d’eaux peuvent, au premier ordre, s’expliquer par la dissolution des pôles phosphates-plagioclase-biotite classiquement utilisés sur le bassin. La variation entre les différentes eaux profondes suggère des interactions avec des minéraux secondaires spécifiques pour chacune des eaux
The PhD thesis concerns the geochemical characterization and the determination of the residence times of the water circulating in the deep part of the substratum of the Strengbach catchment. The work is based on the comparative study of chemical, isotopic variations (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and (234U/238U)) and water geochronometers (CFC-SF6, 14C, 4He) of samples from spring, piezometers (15 m deep) and deep boreholes.The results highlight two types of water, with lower cationic loads for surface waters (spring and piezometer water) than deep water, sampled in front of the main fractures. The origin of these differences has been discussed in terms of variation in residence times and from a point of view of water-rock interactions. This study has shown that an important factor explaining these differences is the residence time of waters, with recent waters in the surface system and old waters (more than 1000 years) in the deep system. The isotopic analysis has shown that the Sr-Nd signatures of the different water can, at first order, be explained by the dissolution of the phosphate-plagioclase-biotite end-members conventionally used on the catchment. The variation between the different deep waters suggests interactions with specific secondary minerals for each of the waters

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
102
The location of Taiwan is in the subtropical zone. Sunshine of summer is for so long time, the weather is very hot. More than 90% of the domestic building is consist of reinforced concrete structure. some buildings have a hut on the roof, so the inside of building is very hot, especially on the top floor. Wall still maintain high temperature after the sun goes down. In order to solve the house and the wall of the heat absorbed. Larger air conditioning output to be processed. Lead to increased energy consumption and costs-it’s non-economic way. Therefore, renewable and clean energy raised by many experts. They hope to reduce the impact to environment. The use of groundwater resources for control indoor temperature is one of the items being discussed. The main purpose of this study is to make use of groundwater resources, with brass waterways, small-scale trials, hoping to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, and save energy. Explicit findings, daily high temperature during, 20℃, the maximum flow rate of the cooling water 90LPM can reduce the indoor temperature 9℃，can be taken away most about 56511J/s heat.

碩士
崑山科技大學
環境工程研究所
105
In this study, IrO2 electrode and Pt electrode were selected as working electrode to conduct electrolysis experiments of TCE-contaminated groundwater. The removals of TCE were examined under various potential controls in the batch reactor as well as in the continuous-flow reactor. The results of IrO2 batch experiments showed that removal efficiencies are 82.29%, 85.37%, 99.84% and 99.9% after electrolyzing 2 hour at 1.5 V, 2.0 V, 2.5V and 3.0 V, respectively. The results of Pt batch experiments showed that removal efficiencies are 40.51%, 64.31%, 76.47% and 99.9% after electrolyzing 2 hour at 1.5 V, 2.0 V, 2.5V and 3.0 V, respectively. Removal efficiencies of TCE were increasing with control potentials. The complete removal of TCE can be attained above 2.5 V in the IrO2-electrolytic system and at 3.0 V in the Pt- electrolytic system. Continuous flows were set at 1200 ml/hr, 2400 ml/hr and 4800 ml/hr to simulate different levels of groundwater flow. The electrolyzing potentials were operated at 2.5 V in the IrO2-electrolytic system and at 3.0 V in the Pt- electrolytic system. The results of continuous flow experiments showed that TCE and DCE were completely removed from groundwater samples both in the IrO2-electrolytic system and the Pt- electrolytic system. The pseudo first-order kinetic rate constants are 0.0568 min-1 for TCE and 0.848 min-1 for DCE in the IrO2--electrolytic system. The pseudo first-order kinetic rate constants are 0.0998 min-1 for TCE and 0.0827 min-1 for DCE in the Pt--electrolytic system. The characteristics of reductive dechlorination were noticed as pH drop, ORP drop and chloride generation after electrolysis experiments. Water samples were taken from the reactor for the GC/MS analysis, and TCE as well as its degradation intermediates were not detected. Gaseous samples were taken from the headspace of the reactor for CO2 detection, and the presence of CO2 provided the supportive finding of TCE mineralization.

Die künstliche Grundwasserabsenkung stellt eine wichtige Maßnahme für die Entwässerung von Baugruben und bergbaulich genutzten Flächen dar. Eine erfolgreiche und zielgerichtete Absenkung des Grundwasserspiegels setzt ein zweckmäßiges Design und die richtige Auswahl der genutzten Absenkungstechniken voraus. Dabei sind insbesondere die Dimension des abzusenkenden Bereichs, die Untergrundbeschaffenheit sowie zu erfüllende umweltschutzrechtliche Regelungen zu berücksichtigen. Zur Grundwasserabsenkung kommen üblicherweise verschiedene Ausführungen und Anordnungen von Pumpbrunnen zum Einsatz. Konventionelle Pumpbrunnen, welche für Absenkungsmaßnahmen eingesetzt werden, entnehmen Grundwasser aus dem Aquifer. Durch das fortwährende Abpumpen von in der Regel erheblichen Wassermengen können jedoch Umweltprobleme entstehen, und es ist mit zusätzlichen Entsorgungskosten für die Ableitung des geförderten Wassers zu rechnen. Im Gegensatz hierzu stellen vertikale Zirkulationsbrunnen (VCW) einen innovativen Ansatz dar, der eine lokale Grundwasserabsenkung ohne Nettowasserentnahme aus dem Aquifer erlaubt. Ein VCW kann als ein Einbohrlochsystem aufgefasst werden, bei dem im oberen Bereich eines Brunnens Wasser entnommen und dieses in einem separaten, weiter unten installierten Brunnenbereich wieder injiziert wird. Die erfolgreiche Anwendung dieser neuen Grundwasserabsenkungstechnik erfordert die genaue Kenntnis der Faktoren, welche für die Grundwasserströmungsverhältnisse relevant sind und somit die Absenkung bestimmen. Traditionelle Berechnungsansätze vernachlässigen oft vertikale Grundwasserbewegungen und sind deshalb für die Beschreibung der komplexen Strömungsverhältnisse in unmittelbarer Nähe eines VCW nicht geeignet. Aus diesem Grund steht die systematische Untersuchung der Grundwasserströmung unter Berücksichtigung vertikaler Strömungskomponenten im Hauptfokus dieser Arbeit. Die Untersuchungen beschäftigen sich in erster Linie mit der Entwicklung einer geeigneten Simulationsmethode, mit der Evaluierung des Einflusses relevanter hydrogeologischer Parameter sowie mit der Durchführung und Auswertung von Pumpversuchen an einem Feldstandort. Die hier vorgestellte neue Simulationsmethode koppelt den sogenannten Arbitrary‐Lagrangian‐Eulerian‐(ALE)‐Algorithmus mit der Grundwasserströmungsgleichung. Die Simulationsergebnisse werden mit mehreren analytischen Lösungen verglichen und verifiziert. Das entwickelte numerische Modell berücksichtigt auch Vertikalströmungen und eignet sich somit zur Simulation der Grundwasserströmung in der Nähe von VCW. Folglich kann nun die Lage des Grundwasserspiegels, vor allem für ungespannte Grundwasserleiter, präzise berechnet werden. Nach erfolgter Kalibrierung des numerischen Modells anhand von Felddaten wurde eine Sensitivitätsanalyse relevanter Parameter im Hinblick auf die erzielte Absenkung und deren Auswirkungen auf die Grundwasserströmungssituation durchgeführt. Die dabei erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Grundwasserabsenkung proportional zur Pumprate, indirekt proportional zur hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit und fast unabhängig von der Anisotropie des Grundwasserleiters um den VCW ist. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, dass die Lage des oberen Entnahmepunktes einen größeren Einfluss auf die Absenkung als die Lage des darunter liegenden Injektionspunktes hat. Die Größe des von der Grundwasserzirkulation beeinflussten Bereiches hängt dagegen neben dem Abstand dieser beiden Punkte hauptsächlich auch von der Anisotropie des Aquifermaterials ab. Um den Einfluss der Hydrostratigraphie auf die Grundwasserströmung zu untersuchen, wurden die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Schichten genau charakterisiert. Hierfür wurden Direct‐Push‐, Pump‐, Injektions‐ sowie Zirkulationsversuche an einem Feldstandort durchgeführt. Zudem wurden Bohrkerne entnommen und mithilfe von Siebanalysen vertikale Korngrößenverteilungsprofile im Labor bestimmt. Die eingesetzten experimentellen Methoden stellen in Kombination mit numerischen Simulationsrechnungen eine gute Basis dar, um die Rolle der Schichtstruktur im Aquifer besser beurteilen zu können. Die Untersuchungen leisten somit einen wichtigen Beitrag für das zukünftige Design und den Betrieb von VCW für Grundwasserabsenkungszwecke in ungespannten Grundwasserleitern. Zudem zeigt die hier vorliegende Arbeit das große Potential dieser neuen Grundwasserabsenkungstechnik als vielversprechende Alternative zu konventionellen Absenkungsverfahren auf.

In this thesis, I focused on numerical modelling of groundwater flow in the vicinity of groundwater circulation well (GCW). The thesis can be devided to two parts. In the first one, I created a simple numerical model of GCW. I used a cylindrical flow domain because of the radial symmetry of the problem. The task was to find out which parameters have the biggest influence on groundwater flow. It was found that the hydrogeological settings and hydraulic properties have more considerable effect on GW flow than the well construction parameters. Distance between the well screens is the only important construction parameter, other parameters can be neglected. However, we cannot neglect the influence of hydraulic properties of the porous medium. Considering the radius of influence of GCW, the presence of aquitards and anisotropy of layers affect the groundwater flow around the well seriously. These two parameters cause the extension of the radius of influence, which leads to a longer path of the particle of water. The travel time of particles increases too this slows down the remediation. A big influence has also an intensity of natural groundwater flow in the area because it decreases the radius of influence of the well. In the second part I created a numerical model of pilot site Velká Hleďsebe to investigate...

In this master's thesis, a numerical model of groundwater flow in a contaminated area of Hradec Králové was created. After that, a circulation well was introduced. Two circulation well variants, which differ in the amount of pumped water, were examined. All simulations were performed with the aid of a finite element solver Feflow 5.2. The values of hydraulic head resulting from the mathematical model are in a good agreement with those obtained from the field measurement. The groundwater flow present in the area of interest exhibits south to southwest direction. After introducing the circulation well, I focused on the influence of the amount of pumped water on the groundwater flow. The outcome of this observation was that during the higher volume pumping, the circulation cell is larger and therefore has a higher influence on the groundwater flow. I evaluated that it is more efficient to pump a higher amount of water in the investigated area.

A raingauge network made of six stations was installed in the Hyblean region. Stations were located at different altitudes (from 5 m to 986 m a.s.l.) and along two directions (E-W and SW-NE). Rainwater samples were monthly collected for stable isotope measurements. Spatial distribution of rainwater isotope composition has confirmed the wet air masses move from South-East/South-West toward North. Water balance has highlighted that the annual volume of infiltrating waters is in the range of 1-1.5 *105 m3 Km-2. 82 well waters and 12 spring waters located within the Hyblean Plateau (South-Estern Sicily), were also collected from 1999 to 2001 during several surveys for chemical (major,minor and trace elements) analyses. Water chemistry allowed to identify two main aquifers: the first aquifer hosted within sedimentary rocks is characterized by earthalkaline bicarbonate waters, while the second aquifer, located within the volcanic deposits (mainly towards North- North-East) is characterized by groundwaters evolving from earthalkaline bicarbonate water-type towards a Na-HCO3-type. A slightly anomaly in water temperature (24-28°C) have been identified along the northern margin, while the lower Eh values have been recorded along the M.Lauro-Scicli and the Hyblean Malta Escarpment fault systems. Isotope composition of groundwaters has suggested the occurrence of evaporative processes during soil infiltration having a dD/d18O slope close to 4.5. Chemical and isotope composition of dissolved gases (d13CTDIC, d13CCH4, 3He/4He) have revealed, as expected, that deeply-derived gases rise along the main tectonic discontinuities. Chemical and isotope analyses of dissolved carbon have revealed the existence of two sampling sites (NA and FE samples) attesting the interaction between groundwaters and a consistent amount of deep inorganic carbon dioxide. He isotope ratios (from 0.81Ra to 6.19 Ra) have revealed the occurrence of mixing process, in different proportions, between crustal and mantle components. On the base of the obtained results, a clear picture of the groundwaters circulation within the Hyblean aquifers has been drawn. In framework of projecting of a geochemical network for the continuous monitoring of the local seismic activity the most suitable geochemical parameters and the sites of great interest have been identified.
- Unione Europea Fondo Sociale Europeo; - Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica; - Università degli studi di Palermo
Published
open

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
98
This research proposes to adopt Variable-frequency Drive controlling method with circulating groundwater cooling system on air-conditioner system in order to replace the widely used cooling towers nowadays. Practical applications were performed by experiments in this research to study the feasibility of the mentioned method. The focus herein is to well use the characteristic of low temperature of the groundwater, moreover, combine the Variable-frequency Drive controller to reduce the usage flow of groundwater. So that it can be expected and proved to save the power. The result showed that after adopting the Variable-frequency Drive controller, the pump can save more than 45.4% power. Furthermore, comparing with traditionally adopting cooling towers, this method can decrease 21.6% power consumption under the same uplift power of pumpers and with outdoor temperature upper than 35oC. Besides, the motioned characteristic of low temperature of the groundwater, say 23 to 24 oC, can provide the benefit of saving 2.5% power for the air-conditioner. Comparing with the required nominal circulating cooling water flow for using cooling tower, this system can save more than 45% usage of groundwater as well and obtains the same operating result. In order to precisely control the required temperature of cooling water for air-conditioner, the upper bound of the mentioned temperature, say 33 oC, is acquired through the series of experiments in this research. The value is also the optimum temperature for the equipments. To conclude up, this system can be offered to substitute cooling towers and solve the negative issues induced by cooling towers.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
93
This research develops a system which uses circulating groundwater to cool down a heat exchanger of air conditioner installed in a well to replace commonly used cooling towers. The main topics studied is the relationship between the temperature of cooling water and the temperature of groundwater at the process of heat exchanging. The test results indicate that if air conditioner is running and the groundwater in the well is not circulating, the temperature of groundwater will arise rapidly. However, once the groundwater starts circulating; the temperature of groundwater in the well will decrease steadily to a stable value and keep only 1 to 2 degrees Centigrade higher than the original temperature. The relationship and temperature difference among cooling water, groundwater, and heat exchanger can be obtained by changing the cooling water supply from laboratory experiments. The result shows that the starting time of water pumping depends on the cooling ability of heat exchanger. While the ability of heat exchanger is not good, the pumping water must be started earlier. If the temperature of groundwater pumped from well increases about 1 to 2 degrees Centigrade, the minimum quantity of pumping water can be estimated from this study and for the reference of the future application.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
100
Taiwan is located within the temperate and subtropical climate zones. It’s especially hot during summer seasons. The top floors of buildings or rooms expose directly to sunlight, become uncomfortably hot and humid. In addition, the heat is retained by walls even after direct exposure to sunlight has ceased. In order to resolve this issue, air conditioning is generally employed to lower indoor temperatures. Not only this method is inefficient, it also leads to higher energy consumption and increase electricity costs. Recent research trends have included exploration of renewable and natural cooling sources as alternative methods of indoor temperature control. Such methods promise to provide solutions that are both economical and eco-friendly. The goal of this research is to exploit the freedom from want of groundwater resource to reduce indoor temperatures, while energy-saving and maintain a comfortable living environment. The research is conducted via a field test with the piping and general layout specifically designed to meet the following objectives: 1) The construction of a subterranean system fitting the above mentioned purposed. 2) Reducing the temperature of the exterior walls of a building using the subterranean cooling system in accordance with the datasheet, and the influence and effect of the volume of the water used in this cooling system. The 20℃ temperature of the water that is used as coolant with various flow rate of the water to measure the cooling effect of this proposed system. The test results reveal that the flow rate of the water at 110 and 140 LPM result in indoor temperature reduction of 2℃ to 5℃. Nevertheless, the flow rate of the water at 90 LPM, this system cannot reduce the indoor temperature.