Bibliographies thématiques / GRNA

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « GRNA »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "GRNA"

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Hardiyani, Wulan Arum, Ali Wafa, Wahyu Indra Duwi Fanata et Hardian Susilo Addy. « Design and construction of single guide RNA for CRISPR/Cas9 system based on the xa13 resistance gene in some varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) ». Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 23, no 1 (18 janvier 2023) : 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.12347-55.

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The xa13 gene is a recessive resistance gene against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) found in several rice varieties. Activation of this gene will trigger the formation of sucrose as a nutrient supply to Xoo for their growth in the plant. The disruption of this recessive gene expression in the plant can affect the negative impact of the gene, and recently can be created using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system using CRISPR-associated protein-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology that requires gRNA to recognize the targeted-sequence. This study aimed to design and construct the gRNA-targeting xa13 gene in rice using bioinformatics tools. CHOPCHOP was used for generated the gRNA candidates according to the target gene sequence. Two candidates of gRNA-targeted xa13 have been selected based on the analysis of bioinformatics data. Each candidate of gRNA consisted of 20 nucleotides (nt) of the target sequence upstream 3 nt of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence (5’-NGG) targeting two exons in the xa13 gene. The gRNA1 will target exon 1 and the gRNA2 will target exon 2, with an efficiency of 52.51% and 44.63% respectively. Data showed that the GC content of all gRNA candidates ranged from 55–70% with no target-off location in the whole genome of rice. The transformation and confirmation test based on the physiological and genomic characteristics of transformants confirmed that the design has been successfully constructed.
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Read, L. K., H. U. Göringer et K. Stuart. « Assembly of mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein complexes involves specific guide RNA (gRNA)-binding proteins and gRNA domains but does not require preedited mRNA ». Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no 4 (avril 1994) : 2629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.4.2629-2639.1994.

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RNA editing in kinetoplastids probably employs a macromolecular complex, the editosome, that is likely to include the guide RNAs (gRNAs) which specify the edited sequence. Specific ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes which form in vitro with gRNAs (H. U. Göringer, D. J. Koslowsky, T. H. Morales, and K. D. Stuart, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press) are potential editosomes or their precursors. We find that several factors are important for in vitro formation of these RNP complexes and identify specific gRNA-binding proteins present in the complexes. Preedited mRNA promotes the in vitro formation of the four major gRNA-containing RNP complexes under some conditions but is required for the formation of only a subcomponent of one complex. The 5' gRNA sequence encompassing the RYAYA and anchor regions and the 3' gRNA oligo(U) tail are both important in complex formation, since their deletion results in a dramatic decrease of some complexes and the absence of others. UV cross-linking experiments identify several proteins which are in contact with gRNA and preedited mRNA in mitochondrial extracts. Proteins of 25 and 90 kDa are highly specific for gRNAs, and the 90-kDa protein binds specifically to gRNA oligo(U) tails. The gRNA-binding proteins exhibit a differential distribution between the four in vitro-formed complexes. These experiments reveal several proteins potentially involved in RNA editing and indicate that multiple recognition elements in gRNAs are used for complex formation.
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Read, L. K., H. U. Göringer et K. Stuart. « Assembly of mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein complexes involves specific guide RNA (gRNA)-binding proteins and gRNA domains but does not require preedited mRNA. » Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no 4 (avril 1994) : 2629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.4.2629.

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RNA editing in kinetoplastids probably employs a macromolecular complex, the editosome, that is likely to include the guide RNAs (gRNAs) which specify the edited sequence. Specific ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes which form in vitro with gRNAs (H. U. Göringer, D. J. Koslowsky, T. H. Morales, and K. D. Stuart, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press) are potential editosomes or their precursors. We find that several factors are important for in vitro formation of these RNP complexes and identify specific gRNA-binding proteins present in the complexes. Preedited mRNA promotes the in vitro formation of the four major gRNA-containing RNP complexes under some conditions but is required for the formation of only a subcomponent of one complex. The 5' gRNA sequence encompassing the RYAYA and anchor regions and the 3' gRNA oligo(U) tail are both important in complex formation, since their deletion results in a dramatic decrease of some complexes and the absence of others. UV cross-linking experiments identify several proteins which are in contact with gRNA and preedited mRNA in mitochondrial extracts. Proteins of 25 and 90 kDa are highly specific for gRNAs, and the 90-kDa protein binds specifically to gRNA oligo(U) tails. The gRNA-binding proteins exhibit a differential distribution between the four in vitro-formed complexes. These experiments reveal several proteins potentially involved in RNA editing and indicate that multiple recognition elements in gRNAs are used for complex formation.
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Cruz-Reyes, Jorge, Alevtina Zhelonkina, Laura Rusche et Barbara Sollner-Webb. « Trypanosome RNA Editing : Simple Guide RNA Features Enhance U Deletion 100-Fold ». Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no 3 (1 février 2001) : 884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.3.884-892.2001.

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ABSTRACT Trypanosome RNA editing is a massive processing of mRNA by U deletion and U insertion, directed by trans-acting guide RNAs (gRNAs). A U deletion cycle and a U insertion cycle have been reproduced in vitro using synthetic ATPase (A6) pre-mRNA and gRNA. Here we examine which gRNA features are important for this U deletion. We find that, foremost, this editing depends critically on the single-stranded character of a few gRNA and a few mRNA residues abutting the anchor duplex, a feature not previously appreciated. That plus any base-pairing sequence to tether the upstream mRNA are all the gRNA needs to direct unexpectedly efficient in vitro U deletion, using either the purified editing complex or whole extract. In fact, our optimized gRNA constructs support faithful U deletion up to 100 times more efficiently than the natural gRNA, and they can edit the majority of mRNA molecules. This is a marked improvement of in vitro U deletion, in which previous artificial gRNAs were no more active than natural gRNA and the editing efficiencies were at most a few percent. Furthermore, this editing is not stimulated by most other previously noted gRNA features, including its potential ligation bridge, 3′ OH moiety, any U residues in the tether, the conserved structure of the central region, or proteins that normally bind these regions. Our data also have implications about evolutionary forces active in RNA editing.
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Collins, Scott P., William Rostain, Chunyu Liao et Chase L. Beisel. « Sequence-independent RNA sensing and DNA targeting by a split domain CRISPR–Cas12a gRNA switch ». Nucleic Acids Research 49, no 5 (22 février 2021) : 2985–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab100.

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Abstract CRISPR technologies increasingly require spatiotemporal and dosage control of nuclease activity. One promising strategy involves linking nuclease activity to a cell's transcriptional state by engineering guide RNAs (gRNAs) to function only after complexing with a ‘trigger’ RNA. However, standard gRNA switch designs do not allow independent selection of trigger and guide sequences, limiting gRNA switch application. Here, we demonstrate the modular design of Cas12a gRNA switches that decouples selection of these sequences. The 5′ end of the Cas12a gRNA is fused to two distinct and non-overlapping domains: one base pairs with the gRNA repeat, blocking formation of a hairpin required for Cas12a recognition; the other hybridizes to the RNA trigger, stimulating refolding of the gRNA repeat and subsequent gRNA-dependent Cas12a activity. Using a cell-free transcription-translation system and Escherichia coli, we show that designed gRNA switches can respond to different triggers and target different DNA sequences. Modulating the length and composition of the sensory domain altered gRNA switch performance. Finally, gRNA switches could be designed to sense endogenous RNAs expressed only under specific growth conditions, rendering Cas12a targeting activity dependent on cellular metabolism and stress. Our design framework thus further enables tethering of CRISPR activities to cellular states.
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Moniruzzaman, M., Yun Zhong, Zhifeng Huang et Guangyan Zhong. « Having a Same Type IIS Enzyme’s Restriction Site on Guide RNA Sequence Does Not Affect Golden Gate (GG) Cloning and Subsequent CRISPR/Cas Mutagenesis ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no 9 (28 avril 2022) : 4889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094889.

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Golden gate/modular cloning facilitates faster and more efficient cloning by utilizing the unique features of the type IIS restriction enzymes. However, it is known that targeted insertion of DNA fragment(s) must not include internal type IIS restriction recognition sites. In the case of cloning CRISPR constructs by using golden gate (GG) cloning, this narrows down the scope of guide RNA (gRNA) picks because the selection of a good gRNA for successful genome editing requires some obligation of fulfillment, and it is unwanted if a good gRNA candidate cannot be picked only because it has an internal type IIS restriction recognition site. In this article, we have shown that the presence of a type IIS restriction recognition site in a gRNA does not affect cloning and subsequent genome editing. After each step of GG reactions, correct insertions of gRNAs were verified by colony color and restriction digestion and were further confirmed by sequencing. Finally, the final vector containing a Cas12a nuclease and four gRNAs was used for Agrobacterium-mediated citrus cell transformation. Sequencing of PCR amplicons flanking gRNA-2 showed a substitution (C to T) mutation in transgenic plants. The knowledge derived from this study could widen the scope of GG cloning, particularly of gRNAs selection for GG-mediated cloning into CRISPR vectors.
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Foreman, Hui-Chen Chang, Varvara Kirillov, Gabrielle Paniccia, Demetra Catalano, Trevor Andrunik, Swati Gupta, Laurie T. Krug et Yue Zhang. « RNA-guided gene editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 genome reduces infectious virus production ». PLOS ONE 16, no 6 (4 juin 2021) : e0252313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252313.

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) are cancer-causing viruses that establish lifelong infections in humans. Gene editing using the Cas9-guideRNA (gRNA) CRISPR system has been applied to decrease the latent load of EBV in human Burkitt lymphoma cells. Validating the efficacy of Cas9-gRNA system in eradicating infection in vivo without off-target effects to the host genome will require animal model systems. To this end, we evaluated a series of gRNAs against individual genes and functional genomic elements of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) that are both conserved with KSHV and important for the establishment of latency or reactivation from latency in the host. gRNA sequences against ORF50, ORF72 and ORF73 led to insertion, deletion and substitution mutations in these target regions of the genome in cell culture. Murine NIH3T3 fibroblast cells that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs to ORF50 were most resistant to replication upon de novo infection. Latent murine A20 B cell lines that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs against MHV68 were reduced in their reactivation by approximately 50%, regardless of the viral gene target. Lastly, co-transfection of HEK293T cells with the vector expressing the Cas9-MHV68 gRNA components along with the viral genome provided a rapid read-out of gene editing and biological impact. Combinatorial, multiplex MHV68 gRNA transfections in HEK293T cells led to near complete ablation of infectious particle production. Our findings indicate that Cas9-gRNA editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus genome has a deleterious impact on productive replication in three independent infection systems.
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Clement, Sandra L., Melissa K. Mingler et Donna J. Koslowsky. « An Intragenic Guide RNA Location Suggests a Complex Mechanism for Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Trypanosoma brucei ». Eukaryotic Cell 3, no 4 (août 2004) : 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.3.4.862-869.2004.

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ABSTRACT In Trypanosoma brucei, two classes of transcripts are produced from two distinct mitochondrial genome components. Guide RNAs (gRNAs) are usually minicircle encoded and exist as primary transcripts, while the maxicircle-encoded rRNAs and mRNAs are processed from a polycistronic precursor. The genes for the gRNAs gMURF2-II and gCYb(560) each have uncommon kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) locations that are not typically associated with transcription initiation events. We demonstrate that the conserved maxicircle gRNA gMURF2-II has an unusual location within the ND4 gene. This is the first report of a completely intragenic gene in kDNA. In addition, the gMURF2-II and ND4 transcripts are generated by distinctly different events; the ND4 mRNA is processed from a polycistronic precursor, while transcription of the gRNA initiates downstream of the 5′ end of the ND4 gene. The gCYb(560) gene has an atypical minicircle location in that it is not flanked by the inverted repeat sequences that surround the majority of minicircle gRNA genes. Our data indicate that the mature gCYb(560) gRNA is also a primary transcript and that the 5′-end heterogeneity previously observed for this gRNA is a result of multiple transcription initiation sites and not of imprecise 5′-end processing. Together, these data indicate that gRNA genes represent individual transcription units, regardless of their genomic context, and suggest a complex mechanism for mitochondrial gene expression in T. brucei.
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Goulah, Christopher C., et Laurie K. Read. « Differential Effects of Arginine Methylation on RBP16 mRNA Binding, Guide RNA (gRNA) Binding, and gRNA-containing Ribonucleoprotein Complex (gRNP) Formation ». Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no 10 (17 janvier 2007) : 7181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m609485200.

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Tylec, Brianna L., Rachel M. Simpson, Laura E. Kirby, Runpu Chen, Yijun Sun, Donna J. Koslowsky et Laurie K. Read. « Intrinsic and regulated properties of minimally edited trypanosome mRNAs ». Nucleic Acids Research 47, no 7 (30 janvier 2019) : 3640–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz012.

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Abstract Most mitochondrial mRNAs in kinetoplastids require extensive uridine insertion/deletion editing to generate translatable open reading frames. Editing is specified by trans-acting gRNAs and involves a complex machinery including basal and accessory factors. Here, we utilize high-throughput sequencing to analyze editing progression in two minimally edited mRNAs that provide a simplified system due their requiring only two gRNAs each for complete editing. We show that CYb and MURF2 mRNAs exhibit barriers to editing progression that differ from those previously identified for pan-edited mRNAs, primarily at initial gRNA usage and gRNA exchange. We demonstrate that mis-edited junctions arise through multiple pathways including mis-alignment of cognate gRNA, incorrect and sometimes promiscuous gRNA utilization and inefficient gRNA anchoring. We then examined the roles of accessory factors RBP16 and MRP1/2 in maintaining edited CYb and MURF2 populations. RBP16 is essential for initiation of CYb and MURF2 editing, as well as MURF2 editing progression. In contrast, MRP1/2 stabilizes both edited mRNA populations, while further promoting progression of MURF2 mRNA editing. We also analyzed the effects of RNA Editing Substrate Binding Complex components, TbRGG2 and GAP1, and show that both proteins modestly impact progression of editing on minimally edited mRNAs, suggesting a novel function for GAP1.
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Thèses sur le sujet "GRNA"

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Zhu, Houxiang. « Optimal gRNA design of different CRISPR-Cas systems for DNA and RNA editing ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1556307865151938.

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Breunig, Christopher Thomas [Verfasser], et Magdalena [Akademischer Betreuer] Götz. « Using gRNA multiplexing for epigenetic and transcriptional engineering / Christopher Thomas Breunig ; Betreuer : Magdalena Götz ». München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214593291/34.

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Reifur, Larissa. « Structural and thermodynamic studies of the ATPase subunit 6 mRNA/gRNA complex in Trypanosoma brucei ». Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Thesis (PH.D.)--Michigan State University. Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Lai, Alan J. « Hyper expressing p53 in HPV positive HeLa cells using CRISPRa ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/416291.

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Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer, with 95% of cervical cancer being attributed to HPV infection. There is a link between HPV infection of the epithelial cell and uncontrolled cell growth and cancer progression as HPV infection is implicated in 99% of cervical cancer, and approximately 50% of all cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 70% of all cervical cancers. The National Institute of Health found that cervical cancer has a rate of 6.6 per 10 000 in 2019, down from 9.4 per 10 000 in 1999. Although the rates of cervical cancer has fallen over the years, thanks in part due to HPV vaccinations, increased awareness of cervical cancer and early screenings, the rates of Head and Neck cancers have stayed the same, at 10.8 per 10 000. Current treatment methods for cervical cancer depend on the disease progression at the time of diagnosis, but if the cervical cancer has metastasised to the lymph nodes, combined radical surgery and radiation therapy is required. This treatment has 28% morbidity rate that has not seen significant reduction in recent years despite advancements in modern medicine. Thus, there is an interest in developing novel and innovative treatments that can treat HPV positive cancers with reduced complications. HPV increase the risk of infected cells developing cancer by promoting genetic instability and inhibiting the action of cell-cycle repressor proteins such as p53. The p53 protein is a powerful tumour suppressor that is involved many cell-cycle controls such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, anti-angiogenesis, autophagy, and synthesis of metabolic antioxidants. Thus, the HPV genome contains two viral proteins, E6, and E7. E6 ubiquitinates the p53, marking the p53 for degradation by the host cell’s own ubiquitin proteasome system. This impairs the cell’s ability to regulate its cell-cycle in response to DNA damage and increases the risk of cancer.E7binds to hypophosphorylated Rb and degrades Rb, inhibiting Rb function to control the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle. Restoring the level of p53 has been proposed as a novel way to treat cancers, and one possible way is by increasing transcription. CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) has been considered as a new way to increase transcription of p53. CRISPRa works by designing a guide RNA that guides a catalytic-deficient cas9 (dcas9) to the transcriptional start site of the desired gene. By attaching transcriptional activators such as Rta, p65 and VP64 to the dcas9, it is possible to promote transcription of the desired gene, with the hope that this system could overcome E6 ubiquitination and restore p53 function in the cell. Two different guide RNA (gRNA) sequences (called gRNA1 and gRNA2) that target two different sequences upstream of the p53 promoter were cloned into the gRNA scaffold of the Doxycycline-dependent plasmid FgH1t_UTG, verified using PshAI restriction enzyme digestion and Sanger sequencing. The gRNA-FgH1t_UTG and Sp-dcas9-VPR was transiently transfected using Fugene into HeLa cells and cultured in media containing 3μg/mL of Doxycycline. Differences in p53 levels were assessed using western blotting while differences in p53 mRNA transcripts was assessed using Q-PCR. Cell viability was then assessed by MTT Assay and Colony Forming Assay after seven days after transfection. The results suggests that transient transfection of HeLa cells with dcas9 and gRNA had successfully increased the p53 levels in the transiently transfected HeLa cells over the WT-HeLa cells. Quantification of the protein extracts from the HeLa cells, transfected with dcas9+gRNA1 showed approximately 2.5x increase in p53 quantity over WT-HeLa while dcas9+gRNA2 showed an increase of 2.4x increase in p53 quantity. In regards to changes in cell viability, gRNA1 was more effective at reducing the cell viability in the MTT assay by 2/3 compared to WT-HeLa while gRNA2 did not have a noticeable impact on cell viability. This is further demonstrated with the Colony Forming Assay where the gRNA1 caused reduced the cell colonies 42% while gRNA2 did not have noticeable impact on cell viability. Downstream effects of increased p53 levels in HeLa was found to be inconsistent, with increases in p21 found in the transiently transfected HeLa cells, but not PARP or Caspase-3. This study has demonstrated that transient transfection of dcas9 and gRNA can increase the level of p53 presence and transcription in HeLa cells and inhibit cell growth. Further research is required to determine the most effective gRNAs in increasing p53 and other cell-cycle control proteins in a broader range of HPV positive cells, along with determining the mechanism of action of this CRISPRa.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Medical Research (MMedRes)
School of Pharmacy & Med Sci
Griffith Health
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Gran, Ulf. « The quest for M-theory / ». Goteborg, Sweden : Dept. of Theoretical Physics, Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University, 2001. http://fy.chalmers.se/%7Egran/.

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Andersson, Emelie, et Shniar Aziz. « En jämförelse mellan gröna-, metall- och gråa tak för ett oisolerat parkeringshus utifrån dess olika temperaturer och dagvattenhantering ». Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29663.

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Since climate change increases and changes constantly, it contributes to higher average temperatures, ice melting and has a great impact on our ecosystem. This will then lead to a warmer climate, which means increased precipitation and milder winters. One of the reasons to climate change is urbanization, meaning people moving to the cities. To succeed in changing the climate, international cooperation and common goals are required. At the northern part of Brynäs, in the municipality of Gävle, work is currently in progress around the area where the factory of Läkerol was once standing. The area continues to be rebuilt and the outcome will eventually be called Godisfabriken. There, amongst other, a car park will be built for the newly built homes. The aim of this study is to compare metal roofs, grey concrete roofs and green roofs within the two aspects of stormwater management and temperature. Then analyse which alternative of these three roofs would be most advantageous for the car park of Godisfabriken.   The focused roofs are green, metal and concrete. A green roof is when it's completely or partly covered by a layer of vegetation and metal roofs are different sheet roofs with steel and aluminium-zinc. Grey roofs are made of concrete which works as both floor and ceiling. A building's roof affects which air temperature the surroundings has with its slope, vegetation and surrounding buildings. Another problem with urbanization and a warmer climate is stormwater management, which means rain and melted snow from roofs, parking areas and other hard surfaces.   The method includes a literature study and calculations. The literature study gave research on temperature for all roofs as well as stormwater management for green roofs. Calculations were made for stormwater management and temperature with its flow, absorption, reflectance and heat transfer.   The literature study and the calculations showed that green roofs have a high SRI value of 80 while the remaining roof is at around 40. The higher SRI, the lower surface temperatures on the material. This is proven in both methods when green roofs according to the literature study received a maximum surface temperature of 38 °C and 48 °C. According to the literature study green roofs can preserve more than 50 % of the rainwater. They also had a water flow rate of 1.97 l/s, which is less than half of what the metal roof got in the calculations. Since green roofs had both low air and surface temperatures, as well as longer drainage times and most absorbed water, green roofs are a more suitable choice than metal and grey concrete.
Eftersom klimatförändringarna förändras och konstant ökar bidrar det till en högre medeltemperatur, att isen smälter och att ekosystemet påverkas. Detta kommer då leda till ett varmare klimat vilket medför ökad nederbörd och mildare vintrar. En av orsakerna är urbanisering vilket betyder att människor flyttar till städer. För att lyckas förändra klimatet krävs internationellt samarbete och gemensamma mål.   Vid norra Brynäs i Gävle kommun pågår just nu arbete runt området där Läkerolfabriken en gång stod. Gamla Läkerolområdet kommer slutligen bli Godisfabriken. Där kommer det uppföras ett parkeringshus till det nybyggda bostäderna. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra metalltak, gråa betongtak och gröna tak inom de två aspekterna dagvattenhantering och temperatur, därefter analysera vilket alternativ av dessa tre tak som skulle vara mest fördelaktigt för Godisfabrikens parkeringshus.   De fokuserade taken var grönt-, metall- och betong tak. Ett grönt tak är då taket är helt eller delvis täckt av ett lager vegetation. Metalltak är olika plåttak med stål och aluminium-zink, gråa tak syftar på betongbjälklag som fungerar både som golv och tak. En byggnads tak påverkar vilken lufttemperatur omgivningen har, även takets lutning samt växtlighet och byggnaderna runt om. Ett annat problem med urbanisering och varmare klimat är dagvattenhanteringen, vilket innebär regn- och smältvatten från bland annat tak, parkeringsytor och andra hårdgjorda ytor.   Metoden innefattar en litteraturstudie samt beräkningar. Litteraturstudien gav forskning om temperatur för samtliga tak samt dagvattenhantering för gröna tak. Beräkningar genomfördes för dagvattenhantering och temperatur med dess flöde, absorption, reflektans och värmeöverföring.   Litteraturstudien och beräkningarna visade att gröna tak har ett högt SRI (Solar Reflectance Index) värde på 80 medan resterande tak låg på runt 40. Ju högre SRI desto lägre yttemperaturer på materialet. Detta bevisas i båda metodvalen då gröna tak enligt litteraturstudie fick en maximal yttemperatur på 38 °C och 48 °C enligt beräkningarna. De hade även ett dagvattenflöde på 1,97 l/s, vilket är mindre än hälften av vad metalltaken på 4,93 l/s fick vid beräkningarna och kan enligt litteraturstudien bevara mer än 50 % av regnvattnet. Då gröna tak hade både låga luft- och yttemperaturer samt längre avrinningstid och mest absorberat vatten visar det att gröna tak är ett mer lämpligt val än metall- och gråa betongtak.
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Bodewall, Elin, et Hanna Brandström. « Gröna lån : Kommunal trovärdighet i gröna investeringar ». Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-65617.

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Franzon, Annie, et Louise Sonehag. « Gröna aktiviteter : Att marknadsföra gröna argument i fastighetsbranschen ». Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17094.

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Undersökningen ämnar öka förståelsen för och analysera hur fastighetsföretag marknadsför gröna argument och hur de uppfattar att intressenterna bemöter dessa. I uppsatsen studeras följande forskningsfrågor: * Vilka strategier används hos fastighetsföretag inom ramen för green business? * Hur kommunicerar fastighetsföretag green business genom grön marknadsföring? * Hur uppfattar fastighetsföretagen att intressenterna bemöter deras gröna marknadsföringsargument?
The study intends to increase the understanding of and to analyze how real-estate companies market green arguments and how they perceive that stakeholders respond to these. The paper studied the following research questions: * What strategies are used by real-estate companies within green business? * How do real-estate companies communicate green business through green marketing? * How do the real estate companies perceive that stakeholders respond to their green marketing pitch?
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Alibrahim, Siwar, et Ahmad Kendakji. « Gröna taks potential - Fastighetsföretagares inställning till gröna tak ». Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20234.

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ed växande fokus på hållbart byggande och en positiv klimatpåverkan är gröna tak ett bra alternativ till traditionella tak. Det är allmänt accepterat att gröna tak har en mängd miljö-, ekonomiska och sociala fördelar. Malmö genomgår en växande urbanisering har ett stort potential att få fördelarna med gröna tak, men som inte ofta ses i befintliga eller nya byggnader. Att förstå dess grundläggande orsaker är viktigt för att främja en större skala implementering av gröna tak. Dessutom visar tidigare studier att med växande urbanisering ökar hårdgjort ytan i städer som leder till översvämningar och kostsamma skador på fastigheter.Syftet med studien är att undersöka fastighetsföretagare inställning till gröna tak och dess potential att minska risken för översvämningar vid skyfall. Den rationella metoden användes för att beräkna dagvattenflöde och besvara huruvida vegetationstak kan minska avrinningen från taket samt förmå att motverka översvämningar. Dessutom beräknas den ekonomiska lönsamheten av gröna tak i jämförelse till traditionella tak för ett 30 till 60 års period. En enkätundersökning med flervalsfrågor utfördes för att undersöka fastighetsföretagares inställning till vegetationstak samt vilka de främsta orsakerna är till varför de väljer bort gröna tak. Datainsamling skedde med hjälp av litteratur-, enkät- och intervjustudie.
The purpose of the study is to investigate property owners' attitude to green roofs and its potential to reduce the risk of floods in the event of a downpour. The rational method was used to calculate stormwater flow and answer whether vegetation roofs can reduce runoff from the roof. A survey with multiple-choice questions was conducted to examine property owners' attitudes towards vegetation roofs and what the main reasons for not choosing green roofs. Data collection was done with the help of literature, questionnaire, and interview study.The study compares stormwater flows of extensive and semi-intensive green roofs with traditional roofs. The stormwater calculations showed that green roofs reduce runoff from the roofs in comparison with traditional cardboard roofs. The root causes that property owners have for not choosing green roofs were identified as; "green roofs require special knowledge in construction technology", "green roofs can cause damage", "green roofs increase design and construction costs" and "green roofs can cause technical difficulties". The survey showed that property owners have a positive attitude towards vegetation roofs but that
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Hammarström, Fanny, et Jonas Erlandsson. « Gröna granulat ». Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33347.

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Livres sur le sujet "GRNA"

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Grna Gora zemlja slobodara. Cetinje : Grafos, 1997.

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Hunt, Roderick. Gran, gran ! Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Hunt, Roderick. Gran. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1988.

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Hunt, Roderick. Gran. [Oxford] : Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Hunt, Roderick. Gran. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Tasiopoulos, Vangelēs. Grana. Athēna : Synchronoi Horizontes, 2007.

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Brenes, Carlos Martí. Toda gran libertad supone una gran responsabilidad. El Vedado : Ediciones Creart, 1996.

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Kelly, Tony. Gran Canaria. 2e éd. Basingstoke : AA, 2009.

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Joby, Williams, dir. Gran Canaria. 3e éd. Singapore : Berlitz, 2008.

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Fernando, Castro Flórez, Ardenne Paul et Mellado Justo Pastor 1949-, dir. Gran Sur. Barcelona, Spain : Ediciones Polígrafa, 2011.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "GRNA"

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Pallarès Masmitjà, Maria, Nastassia Knödlseder et Marc Güell. « CRISPR-gRNA Design ». Dans Methods in Molecular Biology, 3–11. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9170-9_1.

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Hassan, Md Mahmudul, Abul Kashem Chowdhury et Tofazzal Islam. « In Silico Analysis of gRNA Secondary Structure to Predict Its Efficacy for Plant Genome Editing ». Dans Springer Protocols Handbooks, 15–22. New York, NY : Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1657-4_2.

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Duchêne, Benjamin, Jean-Paul Iyombe-Engembe, Joël Rousseau, Jacques P. Tremblay et Dominique L. Ouellet. « From gRNA Identification to the Restoration of Dystrophin Expression : A Dystrophin Gene Correction Strategy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mutations Using the CRISPR-Induced Deletion Method ». Dans Methods in Molecular Biology, 267–83. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7374-3_19.

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Cooke, Richard. « Gran Coclé ». Dans Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 197–203. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0525-9_13.

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Votano, L. « Gran Sasso Physics ». Dans The Superworld III, 249–73. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8869-2_9.

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GutirrezZiga, Cristina. « Gran Fraternidad Universal ». Dans Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, 1–5. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_31-1.

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Gutiérrez Zúñiga, Cristina. « Gran Fraternidad Universal ». Dans Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, 519–23. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_31.

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Pless, I. A. « Gran Sasso Physics ». Dans The Superworld II, 379–401. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7467-1_12.

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Laud, Amey V., Sourav S. Bhowmick, Pedro Cruz, Dadabhai T. Singh et George Rajesh. « The gRNA ». Dans VLDB '02 : Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Databases, 928–39. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-155860869-6/50092-5.

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« gRNA (guide RNA) ». Dans Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 825. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_7162.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "GRNA"

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Tedesco, Donato, Paul Diehl, Mikhail Makhanov, Sylvain Baron, Dmitry Suchkov et Alex Chenchik. « Abstract C161 : CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide gRNA library screening platform ». Dans Abstracts : AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference : Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics ; November 5-9, 2015 ; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-c161.

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Tedesco, Donato, Paul Diehl, Mikhail Makhanov, Sylvain Baron, Dmitry Suchkov, Costa Frangou et Alex Chenchik. « Abstract 4354 : CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide gRNA library for target identification ». Dans Proceedings : AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016 ; April 16-20, 2016 ; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4354.

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« Cas9/gRNA-mediated modifications of the barley genome for fundamental and applied research ». Dans Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-064.

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« Site-directed mutagenesis of maize elite germplasm through pollination by cas9/gRNA-transgenic, haploidy-inducing lines ». Dans Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-034.

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Bo, Chunkun, Vinh Dang, Elaheh Sadredini et Kevin Skadron. « Searching for Potential gRNA Off-Target Sites for CRISPR/Cas9 Using Automata Processing Across Different Platforms ». Dans 2018 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpca.2018.00068.

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Shukla, Jayanti, Bhairvi Pant, Neema Tufchi, Gracy Chand Paul, Kumud Pant, Manu Pant et Somya Sihna. « CRISPR Cas9 genome editing approach for gRNA of the genes associated with Schizophrenia : A computational approach ». Dans 2022 2nd International Conference on Innovative Sustainable Computational Technologies (CISCT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisct55310.2022.10046633.

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Guo, Chao, Ivan H. Chan, Luxuan Buren, Yanying Fan, Alexander Aronov et James B. Trager. « Abstract 891 : CRISPR-Cas9-gRNA RNP mediated gene knockout of TGFBR2 and CISH enhances CD19-CAR NK cell function and provides resistance to TGFβ ». Dans Proceedings : AACR Annual Meeting 2020 ; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020 ; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-891.

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METLEVA, Anastasia S., et Konstantin V. BESPOMESTNYKH. « Selection of Grna for Genomic Editing of the Bovine Leucosis Virus Susceptible Alleles of the 2 Exon of the Bola-DRB3 Gene by CRISPR/Cas9 ». Dans IV International Scientific and Practical Conference "Modern S&T Equipments and Problems in Agriculture". Sibac, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32743/kuz.mepa.2020.148-157.

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Holmes, Connor, Daniel Mawhirter, Yuxiong He, Feng Yan et Bo Wu. « GRNN ». Dans EuroSys '19 : Fourteenth EuroSys Conference 2019. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3302424.3303949.

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Romero, Javier. « Gran Via ». Dans ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 Computer Animation Festival. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2503541.2503573.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "GRNA"

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Alonso, María Teresa. El calcio, el gran controlador. Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (SEBBM), juin 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18567/sebbmdiv_rpc.2016.06.1.

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Bonet-Morón, Jaime Alfredo, Maria Camila Barakat-Niño et Lewis Enrique Polo. Comercio exterior del Gran Caribe. Bogotá, Colombia : Banco de la República, septembre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.259.

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J. Wang. GROA AIRBORNE RELEASE DISPERSION FACTOR CALCULATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mars 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861108.

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Santana Pérez, Germán, Claudio Moreno-Medina et Juan Manuel Parreño-Castellano. Patrimonio Africano en Canarias : Gran Canaria. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/pac/2022.519.

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El díptico consiste en dos páginas. En la primera, en su parte izquierda consta una descripción de la relación con África y del patrimonio relacionado con África de la isla de Gran Canaria, además de los logos de la Fundación CajaCanarias, de la Fundación La Caixa, del Servicio de Publicaciones de la ULPGC. y el IATEXT; también aparecen los autores, con sus correspondientes emails y número ORCID, el símbolo de la ruta del patrimonio africano en Canarias, el código QR, el DOI y la página web. www.patrimonioafricanocanarias.com En la parte derecha de la primera página figura la frase “PATRIMONIO AFRICANO EN CANARIAS. GRAN CANARIA”, el símbolo de la ruta del Patrimonio Africano en Canarias, el contorno del mapa de las Islas Canarias con la posición resaltada de Gran Canaria, el contorno del mapa de África, el contorno en grande yuxtapuesto de la isla de Gran Canaria, una imagen de la Virgen de Bisila en la Iglesia Redonda de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y el símbolo de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. En la segunda página aparece en grande el mapa de Gran Canaria, rodeado de 15 fotografías de elementos patrimoniales relacionados con África y sus correspondientes pies de fotos, además del título “PATRIMONIO AFRICANO EN CANARIAS: GRAN CANARIA”. En cada díptico se propone el seguimiento de una ruta sobre el patrimonio relacionado con África en Canarias.
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de la Osada García, Jesús. El aceite de oliva virgen : ese gran desconocido. Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (SEBBM), août 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18567/sebbmdiv_rpc.2014.08.1.

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Salas, Humberto. La deuda de los hogares : un gran problema. El Austral de la Araucanía, janvier 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/12728/9814202077.

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Santana Pérez, Germán, Claudio Moreno-Medina et Juan Manuel Parreño-Castellano. African Heritage in the Canary Islands : Gran Canaria. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/pac/2022.525.

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Todo traducido al inglés: El díptico consiste en dos páginas. En la primera, en su parte izquierda consta una descripción de la relación con África y del patrimonio relacionado con África de la isla de Gran Canaria, además de los logos de la Fundación CajaCanarias, de la Fundación La Caixa, del Servicio de Publicaciones de la ULPGC. y el IATEXT; también aparecen los autores, con sus correspondientes emails y número ORCID, el símbolo de la ruta del patrimonio africano en Canarias, el código QR, el DOI y la página web. www.patrimonioafricanocanarias.com En la parte derecha de la primera página figura la frase “PATRIMONIO AFRICANO EN CANARIAS. GRAN CANARIA”, el símbolo de la ruta del Patrimonio Africano en Canarias, el contorno del mapa de las Islas Canarias con la posición resaltada de Gran Canaria, el contorno del mapa de África, el contorno en grande yuxtapuesto de la isla de Gran Canaria, una imagen de la Virgen de Bisila en la Iglesia Redonda de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y el símbolo de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. En la segunda página aparece en grande el mapa de Gran Canaria, rodeado de 15 fotografías de elementos patrimoniales relacionados con África y sus correspondientes pies de fotos, además del título “PATRIMONIO AFRICANO EN CANARIAS: GRAN CANARIA”. En cada díptico se propone el seguimiento de una ruta sobre el patrimonio relacionado con África en Canarias.
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Pombo, Cristina, et Cynthia Martínez Cortés. El Detective Fails en el Gran Robo de Datos. Inter-American Development Bank, juillet 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001790.

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Pelegrí Viaña, Xavier. Sobre els serveis socials i les residències de gent gran. Edicions i Publicacions de la UdL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/zoom.interdisciplinari.2020.1.07.

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Almeyda, Gonzalo, Gregory Elacqua, Carolina Hernández, Adriana Viteri et Pablo Zoido. Nota CIMA #23 : ¿La gran oportunidad ? : recuperación y transformación educativa. Inter-American Development, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003658.

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158 días de clases presenciales se perdieron en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia, el cierre de escuelas más largo del mundo. El cierre físico de las escuelas afectó a los países con más bajos ingresos y resultados de aprendizaje. Diseñar estrategias de mitigación, remediación y aceleración de aprendizajes es clave para el proceso de recuperación y transformación educativa que requiere la región en este periodo para salir de la crisis.
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