Articles de revues : « Grebeni »

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Gulan, Leo, Gordan Gulan, Romana Jerković, Ivana Marić et Tamara Šoić-Vranić. « Odnos lateralnog interkondilarnog grebena i hvatišta prednjeg križnog ligamenta ». Medicina Fluminensis 56, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2020) : 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2020_241508.

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Cilj: Anatomska tehnika rekonstrukcije predstavlja zlatni standard pri operacijskom liječenju lezija prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Kod postavljanja femoralnog tunela glavni orijentir predstavlja lateralni interkondilarni greben. Greben se nalazi uz prednji rub hvatišta ligamenta i tuneli se postavljaju ispod njega, u centar hvatišta ligamenta. Cilj ove studije je opisati položaj grebena u odnosu na intaktno femoralno hvatište. Materijali i metode: U studiji je korišteno 10 svježe smrznutih kadaveričnih zglobova koljena. Nakon što je uklonjen medijalni kondil femura, vizualno i uz palpaciju analizirano je područje femoralnog hvatišta ligamenta, i to najprije uz očuvan bataljak prednjeg križnog ligamenta, a zatim nakon uklanjanja čitavog hvatišta. Rezultati: Uz održani ligament, u 70 % preparata niti jedan dio lateralnog interkondilarnog grebena nije bio vidljiv izvan hvatišta. U 20 % preparata greben je bio vidljiv samo iznad posterolateralnog snopa prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Nakon što smo odstranili sva vlakna hvatišta prednjeg križnog ligamenta, u jednom preparatu nismo sa sigurnošću mogli odrediti postojanje grebena. Zaključak: U 90 % ispitivanih preparata lateralni interkondilarni greben bio je unutar hvatišta prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Navedeno bi trebalo uzeti u obzir prilikom anatomske rekonstrukcije ovog ligamenta.

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Larasati, Nova. « Komunitas Grebek Sedekah Gerakan Sosial Baru sebagai Gerakan terhadap Kepedulian Sosial ». Jurnal ENTITAS SOSIOLOGI 11, n^o 1 (29 janvier 2022) : 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jes.v11i1.23119.

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This article aims at describing Grebed Sedekah community (community charity) of which its role is to channel sedekah (charity) from donors. This study used Gerakan Soaial Baru (New Social Movement) theory from Rajendra Singh (2010). Using descriptive qualitative approach, data were collectied using obervation and interviews. The informants were selected using purposive sampling technique. This study took place in Jember residence. The results of the study showed that gerebeg Sedekah channelled charity in the forms of social, economic, education, and environment movements. Most of the charity was targetted for sub-urban areas. This social movement has an ideology of humanism, which puts the issue of caring and social solidarity. Activities carried out include Kali/river cleaning, mass circumcision, grebeg ramadhan, grebeg qurban, free food stalls, house renovation, teaching in rural areas by relying on assistance from donors based on cooperation with social groups.Keyword: Concern, Grebek sedekah, New Social Movement, Social Solidarity Komunitas Grebeg Sedekah adalah komunitas yang bergerak dan peduli terhadap persoalan sosial, yang dimaksudkan menympaikan sedekah orang. Sedekah yang di titipkan untuk di salurkan kepada orang lain. Sebagian besar dari kegiatan Grebeg Sedekah adalah daerah plosok, karena menurut mereka kalau dikota sudah sangat biasa karena akan sering mendapatkan bantuan dari pusat (pemerintah). Berbagai kegiatan komunitas Grebeg Sedekah sepertihalnya, di bidang pendidikan, kesehatan, sosial dan lingkungan menunjukkan bahwa pusat perhatian mereka mengarah kepada kegiatan sosial. Menjadi suatu gerakan sosial dimana mereka mencoba untuk menyadarkan dan mengingatkan masih banyak keterabaikan dan kurang mendapatkan perhatian, terutama pada masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah pelosok. Bentuk tindakan dan kesadaran individu atas terjadinya ketidak seimbangan yang terjadi dalam suatu msyarakat maupun lingkungan di sekitarnya.Kata Kunci: Grebek Sedekah, Gerakan Sosial Baru, Kepedulian, Kesetiakawanan sosial

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Gulan, Leo, Ana Balenović, Hari Jurdana et Gordan Gulan. « Rendgenološka analiza Blumensaatove linije i položaja lateralnog interkondilarnog grebena – doprinos anatomskoj rekonstrukciji prednjeg križnog ligamenta ». Medicina Fluminensis 56, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2020) : 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2020_241503.

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Cilj: Cilj rada bio je ispitati oblik Blumensaatove linije te utvrditi položaj lateralnog interkondilarnog grebena u odnosu na nju. Ispitanici i metode: U radu je korišteno 12 preparata femura sa Zavoda za anatomiju Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci. Na svakom preparatu tankom savitljivom žicom obilježen je lateralni interkondilarni greben. Učinjena je postranična rendgenska snimka femura uz potpuno preklapanje kondila. Na snimkama je analiziran oblik Blumensaatove linije, razlika u rendgenološkoj gustoći prikaza pojedinih dijelova te položaj lateralnog interkondilarnog grebena u odnosu na Blumensaatovu liniju. Rezultati: Na rendgenološkom prikazu Blumensaatova linija bila je ravna u 25 % preparata. U 75 % preparata stražnji dio linije bio je konveksan u smjeru prema distalno. S obzirom na radiografsku gustoću Blumensaatove linije mogla se podijeliti u tri dijela. Prednji i stražnji dio imali su gustoću intenziteta kortikalne kosti, dok je gustoća srednjeg dijela odgovarala intenzitetu spongiozne kosti. Lateralni interkondilarni greben spaja se s Blumensaatovom linijom u točki koja stražnji segment dijeli u omjeru 58 % : 42 %. Lateralni greben s Blumensaatovom linijom zatvara kut od 62.40 stupnjeva. Zaključak: Blumensaatova linija u 75 % analiziranih preparata nije ravna, već je u stražnjem dijelu zaobljena s konveksitetom usmjerenim prema distalno. Na profilnoj RTG snimci LIR koljena zatvara kut od 62.40 stupnjeva.

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Johansson, L. C., et U. M. Lindhe Norberg. « Lift-based paddling in diving grebe ». Journal of Experimental Biology 204, n^o 10 (15 mai 2001) : 1687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.10.1687.

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To examine the hydrodynamic propulsion mechanism of a diving great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), the three-dimensional kinematics was determined by digital analysis of sequential video images of dorsal and lateral views. During the acceleration phase of this foot-propelled bird, the feet move through an arc in a plane nearly normal to the bird's line of motion through the water, i.e. the toes move dorsally and medially but not caudally relative to the water. The kinematics of the grebe's lobed feet is different from that in anseriforms, whose feet move in a plane mostly parallel to the bird's line of progress through the water. Our results suggest that the foot-propelled locomotor mechanism of grebes is based primarily on a lift-producing leg and foot stroke, in contrast to the drag-based locomotion assumed previously. We suggest that the lift-based paddling of grebes considerably increases both maximum swimming speed and energetic efficiency over drag-based propulsion. Furthermore, the results implicate a new interpretation of the functional morphology of these birds, with the toes serving as a self-stabilizing multi-slotted hydrofoil during the power phase.

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Roesler, Ignacio, Andrés De Miguel, Lucía B. Martín, M. Emilia Giusti, Robert Willcox, Kaitlin Murphy, Patrick Buchanan, Laura Fasola et Juan Carlos Reboreda. « Alloparental behavior in three Neotropical grebes ». El Hornero 36, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56178/eh.v36i2.371.

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Alloparental behavior includes a wide range of situations, from occasional fostering to adoption. It is usually the result of brood parasitism, brood adoption or brood mixing, but also due to nest switching. Interspecific alloparental behaviors are less widespread, but there are no key differences in mechanism of underlying behaviors. Some South American grebes are found sympatrically, and some of them usually reproduce on mixed colonies. Here we describe different conspecific and interspecific alloparental behaviors involving Silvery Grebe (Podiceps occipitalis), White-tufted Grebe (Rollandia rolland) and the critically endangered Hooded Grebe (Podiceps gallardoi). We discuss the implications of temporary adoption and potentially ‘true’ adoption, in particular for Hooded Grebes. Our observations show that alloparental behavior is possibly widespread among Neotropical grebes, and in the case of the Hooded Grebe we hypothesize that alloparental intraspecific feeding of non-related juveniles prior to migration could help to increase juvenile survival.

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Roberts, Anthony J., Michael R. Conover, John Luft et John Neill. « Population fluctuations and distribution of staging Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) in North America ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, n^o 12 (décembre 2013) : 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0181.

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Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, 1831) use saline ecosystems throughout much of their life cycle, and greater than 90% of the North American population stage during fall at two hypersaline lakes. At one of these lakes, Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, a commercial harvest of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906) cysts occurs during fall and may impact Eared Grebe populations. We used photo surveys on the other hypersaline lake, Mono Lake, California, and on the GSL, as well as aerial counts on the GSL, to describe population fluctuations of Eared Grebes staging on these lakes. The long-term (1997–2012) Eared Grebe population was 1.4 million on the GSL and 1.0 million on Mono Lake. Populations changed on GSL and Mono Lake in synchrony, indicating population regulation is likely occurring at wintering, not staging, areas and is influenced by El Niño effects. Location of Eared Grebes on the GSL was influenced by brine shrimp densities and did not overlap with concentrations of commercial harvest boats. Spatial segregation of commercial harvesters and Eared Grebes reduces negative impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on Eared Grebes. Knowledge of population changes within and among staging areas will help managers monitor long-term abundances and reduce negative impacts between Eared Grebes and commercial harvesters.

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Faivre, Sanja, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Marijan Herak, Jadranka Barešić et Damir Borković. « Late Holocene interplay between coseismic uplift events and interseismic subsidence at Koločep island and Grebeni islets in the Dubrovnik archipelago (southern Adriatic, Croatia) ». Quaternary Science Reviews 274 (décembre 2021) : 107284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107284.

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Menshov, O. « APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC METHODS FOR MONITORING NATURAL AND MAN-MADE PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS ». Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, n^o 1 (84) (2019) : 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.84.04.

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Presented are the results of research studies with the attracting of the GIS and geophysical methods for solving the problems of monitoring of dangerous natural and man-made processes at the areas of the critical infrastructure objects location. The possible ways of the magnetic methods applied for the critical infrastructure objects monitoring were considered. The natural and man-made processes associated with the critical infrastructure were defined. Among them are the objects that can influence the changes in soils, atmospheric air composition, as well as near-surface geological horizons. The most important objects are the energy enterprises, chemical industry, transport network, and landslide areas. The "Rzhyshchev" section and the "Grebeni" site were used as testing objects of the landslide critical infrastructure. According to the results of processing of cosmoimages and measurements of lateral and vertical distributions of magnetic susceptibility of soils and near-surface geological horizons, the classification of territory risks has been carried out. The territory of the cliff on the slopes of the Dnieper is the most potentially dangerous. Anthropogenically impacted natural and man-made territory of the field road and private economy has received an average category of risks. The most risky part of the site are the elements of the landscape, which are located on the land with a minimum slope, the absence of anthropogenic loading, agricultural land and virgin land. Magnetic methods proved to be rapid, effective and low-cost technology for the study of natural and man-made processes associated with objects of critical infrastructure. The integration with other geophysical, soil science methods, and GIS technologies are required.

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Begin, Marc T., et Paul Handford. « Comparative study of retinal oil droplets in grebes and coots ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, n^o 8 (1 août 1987) : 2105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-322.

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A study of the relative proportions of coloured retinal oil droplets in the five Canadian grebe species and the American Coot was undertaken to evaluate the possibility of an ecological rationale to the pattern of variation in these proportions among the species. Statistical analysis suggests that there may be significant differences in these proportions among the six species studied, and that some species show significant heterogeneity among the nine sectors into which the retinas were divided. There was no significant association of oil droplet proportions in either Western or Red-necked grebes with two different lake types. Significantly greater mean total droplet densities were found in the Pied-billed Grebe and the American Coot than the other four grebes; the lowest droplet densities were shown by Western and Eared grebes. The finding of significant within-retina (among-sector) variation, and high levels of individual variation in some species throws into question reported values for other species where single samples have been taken from one or a few individuals.

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Branović Čakanić, Karmen, Sanja Šeparović, Žaklin Acinger Rogić, Tomislav Kiš, Tihana Miškić, Katja Vretenar Špigelski, Dragan Brnić et al. « Praćenje transmisivnih spongiformnih encefalopatija u Republici Hrvatskoj ». Veterinarska stanica 53, n^o 6 (29 avril 2022) : 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.53.6.6.

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Transmisivne spongiformne encefalopatije su grupa rijetkih, progresivnih neurodegenerativnih bolesti od kojih obolijevaju ljudi i veći broj životinjskih vrsta, a prouzroči ih prion. Infekcija je dugi vremenski period asimptomatska, a bolest je progresivna i neminovno letalnog ishoda. U skupinu transmisivnih spongiformnih encefalopatija spadaju: klasična i atipična goveđa spongiformna encefalopatija, klasični i atipični grebež u ovaca i koza, spongiformna encefalopatija jelena, transmisivna encefalopatija američke vidrice, mačja spongiformna encefalopatija, Creutzfeldt- Jakobova bolest, varijanta Creutzfeldt- Jakobove bolesti, Gerstmann-Sträussler- Scheinker sindrom, familijarna fatalna insomnija i kuru. Za postojanje ove bolesti na ovcama zna se već gotovo tri stoljeća. Predmetne bolesti su se izučavale tijekom 20. stoljeća, ali su se tek pojavom epizootije goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu (UK) te otkrivanjem novih dijagnostičkih metoda, istraživanja intenzivirala. Otkriven je i uzročnik bolesti - prion (proteinska zarazna čestica). Prion je normalni stanični protein pronađen prije svega na površini neurona, ali i drugih stanica u organizmu, koji se zbog još uvijek neobjašnjivih razloga u biokemijskim procesima sinteze proteina promijeni i postaje uzročnik encefalopatije. U ovome članku prikazani su rezultati praćenja goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije i grebeža ovaca u Republici Hrvatskoj od 2001. do kraja 2021. godine. Goveđa spongiformna encefalopatija se sistematski nadzire od 2001., dok se grebež ovaca nadzire od 2002. godine. Do kraja 2021. godine ukupno je pretraženo 454.822 uzoraka moždanog tkiva goveda, a tijekom navedenog perioda nije utvrđen niti jedan pozitivan uzorak. Na grebež ovaca pretraženo je ukupno 25.332 uzoraka moždanog tkiva koza i ovaca. Laboratorijskim pretraživanjem nije utvrđen niti jedan pozitivan uzorak na klasični grebež ovaca, ali su potvrđena četiri slučaja atipičnog grebeža u ovaca. Na temelju svih provedenih aktivnosti i nadziranja goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije u Republici Hrvatskoj je od strane Svjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja 2014. godine dodijeljen status zemlje sa zanemarivim rizikom u odnosu na goveđu spongiformnu encefalopatiju, što je ujedno i najviši zdravstveni status u odnosu na ovu bolest.

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Shevchyk, O., et I. Solomakha. « Current spread of Crataegus klokovii on Right–bank Ukraine ». Biolohichni systemy 11, n^o 1 (20 juin 2019) : 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.01.107.

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This study is about the new Crataegus klokovii Ivaschin locations on the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine. Depending on the species concept, the genus Crataegus L. includes about 150–1200 species and it is one of the most systematically complicated plants group of the family Rosaceae. Species often crossed, forming viable but difficult to identify hybrids. The taxonomy of this genus is periodically critical. Its current distribution is analyzed based on literary data and herbarium collections. As a result it can be argued that species is heterogeneous and sporadic distributed on the middle Dnieper mainly on the valleys territory of its left bank tributaries. According to the literary data, herbarium collections and original researches it is possible to state attraction of this species to high cliffs, slopes, and also the indigenous banks of rivers. The new locations data of this species on Right–Bank Ukraine are given. The first Crataegus klokovii finding dated to Right–Bank Ukraine was discovered within the right steep bank of the Dnieper River between the villages of Stajki and Grebeni Kagarlyk district, Kyiv region in the suburb area “Dniprovski Kruchi”. We have identified five separate localities at this point. The next habitat was found at a previously explored locality. Territorially, it is located in the northern outskirts of Rzhyshchiv town. Based on the discovery of identified population the authors argue for the optimality and long duration of this species existence in the area. The population is viable and able to recover due to the high number of fruits. The optimum existence of this species corresponds to certain stages of succession, in particular from the stage of the terrophy groups to the shrub stage. The optimum of the species population is meadow and outskirts growth.

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Somers, Christopher M., Leanne M. Heisler, Jennifer L. Doucette, Victoria A. Kjoss et R. Mark Brigham. « Lake Use by Three Avian Piscivores and Humans : Implications for Angler Perception and Conservation ». Open Ornithology Journal 8, n^o 1 (27 février 2015) : 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453201508010010.

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Humans and colonial piscivorous birds are often perceived to be in conflict over shared aquatic habitats and fisheries resources in inland lakes. We examined angler perception of birds and the relative abundance of American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis), and boats on two lakes in Saskatchewan, Canada. Anglers perceived cormorants to be the biggest threat to fisheries (60%), compared to pelicans (47%), and western grebes (34%). The density of these birds and boats varied significantly between sections of the two study lakes. Boat density was higher in developed sections with shoreline communities (range 0-7/km2) compared to those surrounded by agricultural land or native prairie (0-1/km2). In contrast, cormorant and pelican densities were highest in areas with an undeveloped shoreline (0-22/km2), and were reduced to near zero in developed sections. Western grebes did not follow the same pattern as the other two species; grebe density was generally more uniform within lakes (0-23/km2 in all sections). Boat density was a negative predictor of pelican and cormorant density on one lake, but was a positive predictor for grebes on both lakes. Our results indicate that pelicans and cormorants avoid sections of lakes that have higher levels of human development, potentially altering the location of their foraging sites on the scale of kilometres. In contrast, western grebes were abundant in all areas of the two lakes and did not appear to avoid human development or activity. We conclude that angler perceptions are not congruent with levels of habitat use overlap with birds. In addition, western grebe responses to human activities appear counterintuitive, making interpretations difficult in a conservation context; further study is required.

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MARTINEZ, ARI E., DAVID F. ARANIBAR et EDWIN R. GUTIERREZ. « An assessment of the abundance and distribution of the Titicaca Flightless Grebe Rollandia microptera on Lake Titicaca and evaluation of its conservation status ». Bird Conservation International 16, n^o 3 (31 juillet 2006) : 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270906000384.

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Censuses were conducted from 15 June to 6 July and from 15 to 24 October 2003 throughout Lake Titicaca to determine the current distribution and abundance of the Titicaca Flightless Grebe Rollandia microptera. We surveyed 22 of an estimated 25 local population distribution ranges. We defined these as shallow offshore feeding areas in combination with coastal beds of tule-rushes (Schoenoplectus tatora). At this large spatial scale we found variously sized populations of grebes in all 22 of the areas surveyed and a negative correlation between the total area of tule-bed within each area and grebe density. Absolute counts of grebes pooled across all sites produced a total of 2,582 individuals on Lake Titicaca. Given that some sites were either partially surveyed or not surveyed at all we feel that this is an underestimate of the total lake population. Limitations in methodologies used precluded the classification to development stage of approximately 43% of the individuals counted. Among the remaining 57% of the individuals counted we identified 732 mature adults within the total population of Lake Titicaca. When combined with information from other sources and current knowledge of habitat fragmentation our results support the classification of the species in the IUCN Red List as Endangered under criterion C2a. Of 20 local fisherman interviewed on the Bolivian side of Lake Titicaca, 90% confirmed that individuals of Titicaca Flightless Grebe incidentally drown in their fishing nets although responses varied from weekly to monthly estimates of by-catch. Although this study provides the first estimate of the total population of Titicaca Flightless Grebes on Lake Titicaca, a standardized monitoring programme will be required in order (1) to provide a baseline for the interpretation of future population trends in the context of impacts generated by human activities and (2) to aid in future management decisions for the long-term conservation of the species.

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ROESLER, IGNACIO, SANTIAGO IMBERTI, HERNÁN CASAÑAS et NOELIA VOLPE. « A new threat for the globally Endangered Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi : the American mink Neovison vison. » Bird Conservation International 22, n^o 4 (9 mars 2012) : 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000019.

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SummaryThe Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi has been uplisted to globally ‘Endangered’ recently mainly because of the rapid population decline suffered within the last 20 years due to factors such as nest depredation by Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus as well as destruction of colonies by wind and lake desiccation. During a census of Hooded Grebes during the 2010/2011 breeding season we found a new predator that has not previously been mentioned, the American mink Neovison vison. One individual mink killed 33 Hooded Grebes and consequently destroyed one of the five colonies found in that breeding season. Due to the characteristics of the waterbird assemblage in the area, the impact of mink could be catastrophic.

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Hammell, Gord. « Changes to the Population Status of Horned Grebes (Podiceps auritus) and Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) in Southwestern Manitoba, Canada ». Canadian Field-Naturalist 131, n^o 4 (23 mai 2018) : 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v131i4.2069.

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Continental trend data for North America suggest that Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus) breeding populations are declining and Red-necked Grebe (P. grisegena) populations are increasing. However, data reliability is low due to lack of survey routes in the northern boreal and taiga ecozones, areas encompassing much of the breeding range of both species. Locally in the southern Manitoba prairie ecozone, reliability of long-term trend data is also considered low and these data suggest that Horned Grebe populations are declining faster than the continental trend and that Red-necked Grebe populations are increasing rapidly. The lack of current quantitative information on population densities of these two species in southern Manitoba prompted me to compare 1970s historical data from two sites to recent data collected at the same locations in 2008–2016. I surveyed 42 (1970–1972) and 38 (2008–2016), and 144 (2009–2015) Class III-V wetlands at Erickson and Minnedosa, Manitoba, respectively. Historical Minnedosa data were available from previous field studies. At both locations, Horned Grebe breeding populations have fallen significantly, and Red-necked Grebe populations have risen significantly since the 1970s. The results of this study corroborate the Breeding Bird Survey’s trend data for Horned and Red-necked Grebes in southwestern Manitoba pothole habitat.

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Paszkowski, Cynthia A., Beverly A. Gingras, Kayedon Wilcox, Paul H. Klatt et William M. Tonn. « Trophic Relations of the Red-Necked Grebe on Lakes in the Western Boreal Forest : A Stable-Isotope Analysis ». Condor 106, n^o 3 (1 août 2004) : 638–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.638.

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Abstract We compared trophic ecology of grebes inferred from stable-isotope analysis to that from gut contents, and compared isotopic ratios of Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) from lakes differing in their food webs. Analyses of different grebe tissues (egg yolk and albumen, pectoral and leg muscle, breast and primary feathers) also allowed us to assess the effectiveness of these tissues at representing grebe trophic relations. Isotopic ratios from pectoral and leg muscles were similar, based on comparisons within individual birds. Enriched values of δ15N and δ13C suggested that breast and primary feathers were molted over winter, and therefore reflected a marine food web. Albumen and yolk of grebe eggs and muscle tissues from downy chicks, however, matched isotopic characteristics of the local food web, indicating that female Red-necked Grebes use nutrients from the breeding lake for egg formation. Eggs, therefore, can provide excellent material for isotopic analysis aimed at assessing trophic relations of Red-necked Grebes on breeding lakes. Gut contents and stable isotopes both indicated that grebes from lakes with fish consumed a mixed diet of fish and macroinvertebrates and occupied the highest trophic level, at or above the level of piscivorous fishes. In contrast, grebes from lakes lacking fish occupied a lower trophic position. Relaciones Tróficas de Podiceps grisegena en Lagos del Bosque Boreal del Oeste: Un Análisis de Isótopos Estables Resumen. Comparamos la ecología trófica de Podiceps inferida a partir de análisis de isótopos estables con la de contenidos estomacales y comparamos las relaciones isotópicas de P. grisegena entre lagos que difieren en sus redes tróficas. Los análisis de diferentes tejidos de P. grisegena (yema y albumen del huevo, músculo pectoral y de la pierna, plumas del pecho y primarias) también nos permitieron evaluar la efectividad de estos tejidos para representar las relaciones tróficas de P. grisegena. Las relaciones isotópicas de los músculos pectorales y de las piernas basadas en comparaciones realizadas para cada ave individual fueron similares. Valores enriquecidos de δ15N y δ13C sugirieron que las aves mudaron las plumas del pecho y las primarias durante el invierno, y por lo tanto reflejaron una red trófica marina. El albumen y la yema del huevo de P. grisegena y los tejidos musculares de pichones emplumados, sin embargo, coincidieron con las características isotópicas de la red alimenticia local, indicando que las hembras de P. grisegena usan nutrientes del lago donde nidifican para la formación de los huevos. Los huevos, por lo tanto, pueden constituir un material excelente para análisis isotópicos centrados en evaluar las relaciones tróficas de P. grisegena en los lagos donde se reproducen. Los contenidos estomacales y los isótopos estables indicaron que los individuos de P. grisegena provenientes de lagos con peces consumieron una dieta mixta de peces y macroinvertebrados y ocuparon la posición trófica más alta, al mismo nivel o por arriba de los peces piscívoros. En contraste, los individuos provenientes de lagos sin peces ocuparon una posición trófica menor.

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Barjaktarov, Daliborka. « Catalog of the bird collection in the Belgrade Natural History Museum : The order Podicipediformes ». Archives of Biological Sciences 57, n^o 4 (2005) : 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0504295b.

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The fund of the Belgrade Natural History Museum's ornithological collection has especially great scientific, museological, cultural, and historical importance. The order Podicipediformes was recently chosen for inventory work the results of which are reported here. A total of 57 specimens from three Museum collections and over 20 localities through?out Serbia was inventoried. The most inventory units were recorded in the collection of mounted bird specimens (38), the least in the historical collection (eight). The study collection of birds contains 11 specimens. It was determined that most specimens in the Museum are great crested grebes (Podiceps cristatus). The Museum has the fewest specimens of rednecked grebes (Podiceps grisegena) and no specimens of Slavonian grebe (Podiceps auritus) at all. Podiceps nigricollis and Tachybaptus ruficollis are represented by an approximately equal number of specimens. The paper shows that the collection of grebes in the Belgrade Natural History Museum represents an especially important source of information about the taxon Podicipediformes. It can also be considered a valuable part of our cultural and natural heritage.

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Lee, Jessica F., Francis E. Durbian, Ron Bell et Michael Voltz. « Pied-Billed Grebe Nesting Ecology on Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge,1996–2007 ». Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 42, n^o 2008 (1 janvier 2008) : 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-42.2008.23.

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Pied-billed Grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) are secretive water-birds that build floating nests in smaller wetlands. Our study focused on the nesting ecology, including phenology, of Pied-billed Grebes at Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge in northwest Missouri during an 11 year period. We located 956 Pied-billed Grebe nests in wetlands from April to July 1996–2007 and documented the number of eggs in the nest, water depth at the nest, and surrounding vegetation. Using this information, the mean clutch size, mean nest initiation date, mean hatching date, mean water depth at nesting sites, and most common vegetation types surrounding nests were determined and analyzed for differences among years. The mean clutch size for all nests was 7.18 eggs/nest (SE = 0. 09, n = 249) although clutch size significantly varied among years (F=3.51, df=7, P=0.0013). Mean nest initiation date from 414 nests was 18 May while the mean hatching date was 11 June. Both dates were significantly different among years (F=31.86, df=11, P<0.0001 and F=31.93, df=11, P<0.0001). Mean water depth at nest sites was 62.03 cm (SE=0.45, n=561) and varied significantly across years (F=46.50, df= 7, P<0.0001). River bulrush (Schoenoplectus fluviatilis) was the most common vegetation type found at 72.2% of 573 nesting sites followed by arrowhead (Sagitarria latifolia) (23.2%), smartweed (Polygonum sp.) (20.8%), and American lotus (Nelumbo lutea) (19.5%). All Pied-billed Grebe nesting data from Squaw Creek NWR falls within the ranges reported in other nesting studies. It appears current management on the refuge is adequate to support quality Pied-billed Grebe nesting habitat.

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Yurisa, Penny Respati, Rika Fu'aturosida, Yusuf Ratu Agung et Ulfah Muhayani. « ISLAMIC VALUES BEHIND THE RITUAL OF A COW HEAD BURIAL IN GREBEG SURO ». El-HARAKAH (TERAKREDITASI) 23, n^o 1 (16 juin 2021) : 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/eh.v23i1.10576.

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This paper aims to uncover the Islamic values behind the ritual of a cow head burial held by people in Bamboo Forest, Sumbermujur, Candipuro, Lumajang. It is one of the rituals of a popular Javanese culture called Grebek Suro, conducted in the first month of the Javanese calendar. It finds that the Islamic value of the ritual is salam or safety. The cow head burial is intended to bring about safety (slamet) towards society in the upcoming year. This research is expected to contribute in calling people for preserving local culture and Islamic values within the rituals. It is limited to the exploration of the Islamic values within the ritual of a cow head burial in Grebeg Suro ceremony. Further researches are expected to study the other rituals, such as Gunungan, Tumpengan, Japa Mantra, Larungan, and the dancing ritual.Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap nilai Islam di balik ritual penanaman kepala sapi yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat di Hutan Bambu, Sumbermujur, Candipuro, Lumajang. Ini adalah salah satu ritual budaya Jawa terkenal, Grebek Suro, yang dilakukan pada bulan pertama penanggalan Jawa. Studi ini menemukain bahwa nilai Islam dari ritual tersebut adalah salam atau keselamatan. Penguburan kepala sapi dimaksudkan untuk membawa keselamatan (slamet) bagi masyarakat di tahun mendatang. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi dalam mengajak masyarakat untuk melestarikan budaya lokal dan nilai-nilai Islam dalam ritualnya. Penelitian ini terbatas pada penggalian nilai-nilai Islam dalam ritual penguburan kepala sapi di upacara Grebeg Suro. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan menganalisis ritual-ritual lainnya, seperti Gunungan, Tumpengan, Japa Mantra, Larungan, dan ritual menari.

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Lamekhov, Yuri Gennadievich. « Ecological aspects of the nesting life of the black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis C.L. Brehm) in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals ». Samara Journal of Science 11, n^o 2 (1 juin 2022) : 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2022112110.

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The black-necked grebe ( Podiceps nigricollis C.L. Brehm) is a nesting, migratory bird species, the number of which in the Southern Urals reaches 12 thousand individuals. From an ecological point of view, the named bird species belongs to aquatic birds and prefers aquatic and semiaquatic habitats. Being a waterfowl, the black-necked grebe has a complex of diving adaptations and is characterized as a specialized waterfowl. The literature analysis has proved that the knowledge of the ecological aspects of the nesting life of the black-necked grebe is insufficient. The nesting period of the annual life cycle was studied on the Kurlady and Smolino lakes located in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals. The average date of birds arrival at the nesting area according to 1988-2013 data is 19 April. The choice of breeding site leads to the fact that black-necked grebes form colonies in stagnant water bodies or with a slow flow of water. The water is fresh or brackish, with a certain pattern of overgrowth of vegetation and depth in the area where the nests are located. The presence of nests of black-headed gulls ( Larus ridibundus L.) plays a special role in choosing a place to build a nest. Black-necked grebes and black-headed gulls form polyspecific colonial settlements. The laying of the first egg is carried out by the black-necked grebe in an unfinished nest, floating on the water and having a flat shape. At the stage of the appearance of the first egg in the nest, the elimination of eggs occurs, which can reach 44,1% (the biological center of the colony, 1989). On the periphery of the colonial settlement, the percentage of dead clutches is significantly higher, which can be caused by unfavorable biotic and abiotic relationships. Nests of black-necked grebes are completed from the moment the first egg is laid until the laying is completed. At a statistically significant level, the diameter of the nest and tray, the height of the nest, and the depth of the tray increase. The nest with completed masonry has a truncated-conical shape with a cup-shaped tray. According to long-term observations, the average value of the completed clutch is 3,8 eggs per nest. The reproduction in the composition of a polyspecific colony is accompanied by the establishment of biocoenotic relationships. The manifestation of topical, phoric and factory relationships, which can lead to individual and group elimination, has been established.

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Källander, Hans. « Intraspecific kleptoparasitism in flock-fishing Great Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus) and Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) – a cost to participants ? » Ornis Hungarica 21, n^o 1 (1 juin 2013) : 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2013-0014.

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Abstract Intraspecific kleptoparasitism was studied in flock-fishing Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus during May and June 2011 and in Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo during September 2011 and August 2012 at Lake Krankesjön, South Sweden, for a total of c.11 h for grebes and c.6 h for cormorants. Only attempts to steal large fish (relative to a bird’s gape) were recorded, because small fish mostly did not elicit kleptoparasitic attempts and those seen appeared never to be successful. Attempts to steal large fish were rare, 0.14 h-1 grebe-1 (N = 96) and 0.39 h-1 cormorant-1 (N = 163). In both species, the host lost its fish in about 20% of cases. Based on the observed low parasitism and success rates, it is concluded that kleptoparasitism was a minor cost of participating in flock-fishing

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Bern, Lars. « Common Terns Sterna hirundo incubating a Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena egg ». Ornis Svecica 30 (15 décembre 2020) : 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v30.21610.

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During a study of Red-necked Grebes Podiceps grisegena in Lake Slagsmyren, Sweden, a pair of Common Terns Sterna hirundo were observed to have placed their two eggs on a deserted, floating nest of a Red-necked Grebe. Prior to this, the grebes had laid one egg of their own in the nest and this egg was included by the terns in their clutch and incubated by them. The species assignment of the odd egg was confirmed with DNA sequencing. A lack of natural nest sites for the terns to use at the lake could have caused this somewhat unusual choice of a nest site. I discuss possible explanations for adopting a foreign egg, including the adaptive behavioural response to roll an egg into the nest bowl to salvage lost eggs, the incubation stimulus that foreign eggs or egg-like objects potentially provide, and the limited egg discrimination abilities of Common Terns. The incubation of a foreign egg may reasonably be assumed to cost energy but to be of little benefit, if any, to the incubator.

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Duraki, Šemija, Miloš Stanojević et Verica Stojanović. « Floristic characteristics of Kobilica ridge, Šar planina mt. » Zastita prirode 67, n^o 1-2 (2017) : 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zaspri1702005d.

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Mills, Tamara K., et Brad A. Andres. « Changes in Loon (Gavia spp.) and Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) Populations in the Lower Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Alaska ». Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, n^o 2 (1 avril 2004) : 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.915.

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More than two-thirds of the human population of Alaska resides in the south-central portion of the state, where its continued growth is likely to affect some wildlife populations negatively. To assess changes in waterbird populations in this region, we compared counts of Common Loons (Gavia immer), Pacific Loons (G. pacifica), and Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) made on Matanuska-Susitina Valley lakes. In general, the number of lakes occupied by loon or grebe pairs decreased between 1987 and 1999. Decreases in the number of lakes occupied by Common Loons were less drastic in the northwest region of the study area than in the southeast region; human development is greater in the southeastern portion of our study area. Contrary to lake occupancy, the percentage of lakes that fledged Common Loon chicks remained stable between years. Because the human population is expected to continue to grow, proactive management of lake use and lakeshore development, coupled with monitoring of loon and grebe occupancy and productivity, is needed to ensure the persistence of these waterbird populations in the lower Matanuska-Susitna Valley.

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ROESLER, IGNACIO, SANTIAGO IMBERTI, HERNÁN CASAÑAS, BETTINA MAHLER et JUAN CARLOS REBOREDA. « Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi population decreased by eighty per cent in the last twenty-five years ». Bird Conservation International 22, n^o 4 (décembre 2012) : 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000512.

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SummaryWe estimated the present population size of the Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi and compared it with the population in 1985. During the breeding seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 we monitored 251 lakes on the main plateaus of Santa Cruz province, southern Patagonia, Argentina, where the entire population of Hooded Grebes spends the breeding season. During 2009/2010 we monitored 131 lakes and observed 521 Hooded Grebes in 16 lakes, while during 2010/2011 we monitored 186 lakes and observed 535 individuals in 14 lakes. At both breeding seasons five lakes contained near 85% of the population. We only observed 6 breeding colonies, two in 2009/2010 and four in 2010/2011, totalling 242 nesting attempts. Nearly 90% of the nests failed during egg stage, mainly due to strong winds and depredation by American mink Neovison vison. Only 28 nests hatched chicks, but none of the young survived to independence due to low temperatures. We compared the results of our 2010/2011 survey with one conducted during 1984/1985 and detected that the population diminished by approximately 80%. This decline was observed on all but one plateau (“Buenos Aires”) where most breeding attempts occurred. Our results show that at present Hooded Grebes are highly dependent on a few suitable lakes where they congregate to breed. We analyse possible causes for the decline of the population and propose conservation actions to protect this species.

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Bello, Giambattista. « Documented records of Gaidropsarus granti (Osteichthyes : Lotidae) in the Adriatic Sea and review of its Mediterranean occurrences : is it a native fish or a newly established one ? » Acta Adriatica 59, n^o 1 (28 juin 2018) : 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32582/aa.59.1.9.

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Gaidropsarus granti (Osteichthyes: Lotidae) je rijetka riba koja je prvi put zabilježena u Sredozemnom moru 1989. godine. Nalazi u Sredozemnom moru su dokumentirani za Ligursko more, Levantinsko more blizu Rodosa, s obale Sardinije i sjevernije Jonsko more južno od Messine. Dodatna izvješća ukazala su na njegovu prisutnost u Alboranskom moru, u južnom Jadranu i zapadno od Malte, iako bez ikakvih dodatnih informacija. U ovom radu prikazana je pojava G. granti u Jadranskom moru (istočni dio Sredozemnog mora) zahvaljujući ispitivanju osam uzoraka sakupljenih u jugozapadnom dijelu, u razdoblju između veljače 1997. i listopada 2017. godine. Šest primjeraka je ulovljeno na dubinama od 190 do 290 m, uglavnom u kanalu između koraljnih grebena, dok su dva uzorka uhvaćena udicom na dubini od 420 m na koraljnom grebenu. Njihova ukupna duljina kretala se od 21,0 do 32,3 cm. Četiri izdvojena primjerka su bila odrasle jedinke, tri mužjaka i jedna ženka. Želudci dvaju primjeraka su sadržavali samo rakove roda Munidae, od kojih su neki identificirani kao M. rutllanti. Sudeći po intervjuima s ribarima sa područja gdje su bili ulovljeni uzorci G. granti, ta lako prepoznatljiva riba bila je nepoznata do 1997. godine. Nakon toga, postala je uobičajena i prepoznata od strane ribara jer se od tada sporadično lovi. Vode se rasprave o tome da li je G. granti autohtona sredozemna vrsta ili novopridošla vrsta koja je tu dospjela prije nekoliko desetljeća. Obje hipoteze imaju uporište. Hipoteza o autohtonom podrijetlu uglavnom se temelji na zastupljenosti G. granti diljem Sredozemlja i relativne nedostupnosti starijim ribolovnim alatima neadekvatnim za ribolov na dubokim i grubim terenima. Oprečnu hipotezu podupire potpuni nedostatak nalaza u Sredozemnom moru prije 1989. godine zajedno s prilično dugom larvalnom pelagičkom fazom.

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Grigoryev, Anatoly. « Improvision and tradition in song works of greben cossacks ». KANT Social Sciences & ; Humanities, n^o 3 (juillet 2020) : 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2305-8757.2020-3.7.

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The article actualizes the study of the interdependence of tradition and improvisation in the song folklore of the Greben Cossacks. On the examples of authentic song samples, the specificity of the song tradition of the Greben Cossacks and the interdependence of tradition and improvisation, which is characterized by the stability of the tradition, which does not exclude variability and improvisation, are revealed.

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Coleman, D. A. « ObituaryEugene Grebenik, 1919–2001 ». Annals of Human Biology 30, n^o 6 (novembre 2003) : 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460310001607671.

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Núñez, V., F. Drago, S. Jones et L. Lunaschi. « Helminth parasites of the endangered hooded grebe,Podiceps gallardoi, from Patagonia Argentina, with the description of two new digenean species ». Journal of Helminthology 92, n^o 5 (4 octobre 2017) : 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000827.

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AbstractIn March 2011, a predator killed 33 hooded grebes,Podiceps gallardoiRumboll (Podicipedidae), a critically endangered species, in a nesting colony at El Cervecero Lake, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The viscera of ten birds were examined for helminths. Two new species of Trematoda were recovered from the intestines. The plagiorchidPlagiorchis patagonensisn. sp. is mainly characterized by the larger size of the oral sucker relative to the ventral sucker, and by the distribution of the vitellarium in two lateral fields, confluent between the caecal bifurcation and the ventral sucker. The echinostomatidEuparyphium tobianumn. sp. is mainly characterized by possessing a head collar with 37–39 spines (4 angle spines on each ventral lappet, 4 lateral spines in a single row on each side, and 21–23 dorsal spines in a double row). An unidentified cestode, a tetramerid nematode and a notocotylid trematode were also recovered from the birds. This is the first record of helminths parasitizing the hooded grebe.

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Forbes, Mark R. L., et C. Davison Ankney. « Hatching asynchrony and food allocation within broods of Pied-billed Grebes, Podilymbus podiceps ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, n^o 12 (1 décembre 1987) : 2872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-436.

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Broods of Pied-billed Grebes, Podilymbus podiceps, breeding near Minnedosa, Manitoba (55°16′ N, 99°50′ W), in the summer of 1984, hatched from five to eight eggs over 3–7 days. We found a negative correlation (partial r = −0.56, df = 11, p < 0.05) between the length of the hatching interval and the number of chicks surviving to 35 days of age, after controlling for clutch size. The mean number of sibling aggressions ([Formula: see text], n = 20, 2 SE = 0.4) was higher during foraging bouts with below-average rates of food delivery by parents, as opposed to bouts ([Formula: see text] aggressions, n = 18, 2 SE = 0.2) with above-average rates. Also, larger chicks initiated and won more disputes over positions near adults (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.05, n = 40) than did their smaller sibs. Thus, size hierarchies among siblings influenced food allocation within Pied-billed Grebe broods. Food distribution, however, was nonrandom for 12 of 18 foraging bouts in which there were no apparent size differences between attendant chicks. Signals of hunger status from begging chicks, and parental regulation of which chicks maintained positions near them, also affected food allocation among siblings. Finally, handling times of prey, captured by adults and fed to chicks, depended on brood age (partial r = −0.21, df = 183, p < 0.05) after controlling for prey size. For Pied-billed Grebes, noticeable size hierarchies among chicks remained throughout most of brood development and may have been advantageous during times of low food availability, or may have enabled parents to forage more effectively on a wide range of prey types and sizes.

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Dale, Svein. « Breeding population increase and range expansion of the Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus in southeastern Norway ». Ornis Norvegica 43 (4 août 2020) : 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/on.v43i0.2982.

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The Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus is listed as near-threatened on the Norwegian red list due to small population size, estimated in 2015 at 220–380 pairs. Population size is considered to be stable. Approximately one quarter of the population (50–100 pairs) is thought to occur in Oslo and Akershus, but this estimate is not based on detailed data, and the only previous systematic estimate was 90–100 pairs in 13 sites in 1982. In 2018, I conducted a comprehensive survey of all known and potential breeding sites to assess current population size in Oslo and Akershus. I recorded 233 pairs in 34 sites, suggesting a large increase in population size. To analyse the population increase in more detail, I collected all known records of Great Crested Grebes during the breeding season for the period 1995–2018. Analyses confirmed that there has been a strong increase, at a yearly rate of 4.2%. The increase was both due to increases in already established populations (69% of total increase), and establishment of new sites (31%). New sites were colonised in particular the last 10–15 years, and new sites were located gradually further away from the sites that were already used in 1982, indicating continuous range expansion. New sites were also located in smaller, less nutrient-rich lakes at higher elevations, perhaps indicating occupation of lower quality sites that could limit further population increase. Similar population increases have also occurred in other parts of the distribution range of Great Crested Grebes in Norway, and I present a new population size estimate for Norway at 531–634 pairs. Hence, the species no longer qualifies for red listing, and one may consider to downlist the species to least concern.

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Vene, Lea, et Marija Borovičkić. « Intangible Industrial Heritage of Vela Luka : Oral Histories of Fabrika, Ambalaža and Greben ». Studia Ethnologica Croatica 30 (2018) : 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/sec.30.10.

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Harbar, Oleksandr, Іvan Khomiak, Іryna Kotsiuba, Nataliia Demchuk et Іryna Onyshchuk. « Anthropogenic and Natural Dynamics of Landscape Ecosystems of the Slovechansko-Ovruchsky Ridge (Ukraine) ». Socijalna ekologija 30, n^o 3 (2021) : 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/socekol.30.3.1.

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The need for landscape management cannot be satisfied by static data alone. Landscape ecosystems are complex dynamic objects and the successful protection or operation of such areas depends on the quality of monitoring their dynamics and the forecasts built on its basis. Forecasting accuracy also depends on the quality of the modelling and this is why it is necessary to highlight the most universal and key characteristics of ecosystems. The Slovechansko-Ovruchsky ridge, which has a phenomenally high variety of landscapes, is well suited as an object for testing approaches to modelling. The authors singled out 11 territorial parts of the Slovechansko-Ovruchsky ridge at the level of landscapes and tracts. The differentiation of these landscapes was assessed using the synphytoindication method to determine the value of natural and anthropogenic dynamics. This made it possible to build prognostic algorithms for ecosystem changes using geobotanical data and produce prospects to create the best suitable landscape protection strategy or more effective and safe exploitation of landscapes.

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Novitasari, Febriana, Ahmad Suhadak, Ayu Anggraini et Agung Wiradimadja. « GREBEG PANCASILA : PERINGATAN LAHIRNYA PANCASILA DAN MAKNA NILAI FILOSOFISNYA ». Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi Sosial (JPDS) 4, n^o 1 (30 avril 2021) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um032v4i1p36-43.

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Kota Blitar memiliki rekam jejak tradisi budaya yang beranekaragam. Grebeg Pancasila merupakan sebuah tradisi budaya Kota Blitar untuk memperingati hari lahirnya Pancasila. Tradisi ini hadir atas gagasan dari para seniman serta para budayawan di Kota Blitar, yang khawatir dikarenakan setiap tanggal 1 Juni tidak diperingati sebagai hari lahir Pancasila. Tradisi Grebeg Pancasila memiliki nilai filosofis yang sangat penting untuk dikaji. Nilai filosofis yang terkandung dalam tradisi ini perlu untuk dipahami dan diamalkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengkaji tradisi Grebeg Pancasila di Kota Blitar dengan metode studi literatur yang disajikan secara kualitatif. Dengan melakukan pengkajian tradisi Grebeg Pancasila secara mendalam akan dapat menemukan makna tersitat yang terkandung dalam prosesi Grebeg Pancasila. Dengan mengetahui filosofi yang dimiliki tradhisi Grebeg Pancasila mampu memberikan wadah literasi kebangsaan kepada masyarakat Indonesia.

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Khoirurrosyidin, Khoirurrosyidin. « Perayaan Grebeg Suro sebagai Potensi Pengembangan Sektor Wisata Budaya Ponorogo ». ARISTO 6, n^o 2 (1 juillet 2018) : 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ars.v6i2.1027.

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The celebration of “Grebeg Suro” is an annual agenda organized by the Ponorogo Regency Government and is always present the attention and long-awaited of Ponorogo people (domiciled in the city of Ponorogo as well as in other cities) as well as various communities from other cities, including tourists from overseas. Ponorogo regency government has responded well by compiling various agenda of activities that can coloring the celebration of “Grebeg Suro”. Various events or competitions held in “Grebeg Suro”, starting various events or lombase not the opening ceremony of “Grebeg Suro of Grebeg Suro, Reyog Festival National Center of Peace in “Aloon-Aloon Ponorogo”, Kirap Pusaka, Closing of “Grebeg Suro”, “Larung Risalah”, and various other events, it was able to attract a large audience or visitors. The celebration of “Grebeg Suro” is actually derived from the customs of the community taken over by the Regional Government as the Annual Agenda by involving the community as a whole with a decision on the Head of Regent of Ponorogo Second Level Region No. 63 Juncto 130 Year 1987 about the Tourism Team of Ponorogo Level II Region.

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Gama, Betty, et Henny Sri Kusumawati. « Makna Simbolik Komunikasi Antarbudaya pada Perayaan Grebeg Sudiro di Kota Solo ». Jurnal Pewarta Indonesia 1, n^o 1 (11 mars 2019) : 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25008/jpi.v1i1.3.

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Grebeg Sudiro merupakan salah satu perayaan budaya di Indonesia yang menunjukkan keharmonisan antara suku Jawa dan masyarakat Tionghoa yang bertempat tinggal di wilayah Solo khususnya di Kampung Sudiroprajan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna simbolik perayaan Grebeg dan Sudiro pada Tahun Baru Imlek di Solo, proses terbentuknya Grebeg Sudiro sebagai salah satu bentuk komunikasi antarbudaya antara penduduk pribumi dengan etnis Tionghoa, dan implikasi Grebeg Sudiro terhadap perkembangan kebudayaan Tionghoa serta perkembangan pariwisata di kota Solo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi dan analisis dokumen. Validitas data menggunakan trianggulasi data dan metode. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Grebeg Sudiro merupakan rangkaian acara kegiatan di Kampung Sudiroprajan untuk menyelaraskan keberagaman dalam menciptakan harmonisasi antara warga Jawa dan Tionghoa. Kolaburasi perayaan Grebeg Sudiro dan Tahun Baru Imlek merupakan pertunjukan yang layak ditonton. Lampu-lampu lampion di kawasan Pasar Gede bagi masyarakat Solo dianggap hanya sebagai hiburan untuk dinikmati

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Mau, Jens. « Kommunale Antwort auf die Privaten ». kma - Klinik Management aktuell 21, n^o 04 (avril 2016) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1578053.

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Steffen Grebner, Chef des Klinikums Ernst von Bergmann, will in Brandenburg eine Kette kommunaler Kliniken gründen, und so den Umsatz seines Unternehmens in den nächsten fünf Jahren von 250 auf 500 Millionen Euro verdoppeln. Im kma Interview erklärt Grebner, wie er dies bewerkstelligen wird.

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Kusnul Khotimah, Katon Galih Setyawan, Sukma Perdana Prasetya et Nuansa Bayu Segara. « Upaya Perwujudan Nilai-Nilai Pada Siswa Melalui Upacara Grebeg Pancasila Di Kota Blitar ». PACIVIC : Jurnal Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan 1, n^o 2 (28 octobre 2021) : 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/p.v1i2.4479.

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Upacara Grebeg Pancasila merupakan acara peringatan Hari Lahir Pancasila, yang didesain menjadi peristiwa budaya. Dilaksanakan oleh seniman-seniman Blitar, dengan sentuhan dan piranti etik dan estetika tanpa meninggalkan kekhidmatan dan makna sebuah upacara. Upacara ini dilaksanakan di Alun-alun Kota Blitar setiap tanggal 1 di bulan Juni. Berkaitan dengan itu maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai Upacara Grebeg Pancasila. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Upaya Perwujudan Nilai-Nilai Nasionalisme Pada Siswa Melalui Upacara Grebeg Pancasila Di Kota Blitar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi. Jadi data yang digunakan berasal dari hasil observasi proses pelaksanaan Upacara Grebeg Pancasila yang diadakan di Kota Blitar, wawancara dari informan didukung dokumen sekitar, dan temuan penelitian Upacara Grebeg Pancasila di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai-nilai nasionalisme yang terkandung pada tiap-tiap acara pelaksanaan Upacara Grebeg Pancasila yang bisa diimplementasikan pada siswa di Kota Blitar yakni rela berkorban tanpa pamrih, kesetiaan kepada bangsa dan negara, kesatuan dan kerukunan, semangat membangun, kesadaran berbangsa dan bernegara, dan mencintai warisan budaya lokal.

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Febrianti Rahayu, Sakhila. « Makna Grebeg Pancasila Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Nilai Pancasila di Kota Blitar ». Sumbula : Jurnal Studi Keagamaan, Sosial dan Budaya 7, n^o 1 (28 juin 2022) : 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/sumbula.v7i1.4877.

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Abstraction The city of Blitar is a small city dubbed as the city of Patriarchs which has a culture, namely Grebeg Pancasila, which aims to commemorate the birthday of Pancasila. This research uses descriptive qualitative research in the form of research with case study method. The instrument used in this study was the researcher himself, with data collection techniques in the form of direct observation. From the findings of the data, it was found that the Grebeg Pancasila celebration is a cultural ceremony held by the people of Blitar. This was born as a result of social protests from artists and community leaders of Blitar, for fear of historical corruption on June 1 as the birth of Pancasila which was abolished. Grebeg Pancasila was held into five processions, each of which had its own value. Grebeg Pancasila aims to preserve Javanese culture and commemorate the birthday of Pancasila. In addition, the celebration of Grebeg Pancasila has implicit values in it, namely the value of togetherness in the Blitar community, mutual cooperation, living in harmony and peace with mutual respect for religious differences and each person's background. Keywords: Grebeg Pancasila, culture, history, value.

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Septinaningrum, Kama Abdul Hakam, Wawan Setiawan et Mubiar Agustin. « Developing of Augmented Reality Media Containing Grebeg Pancasila for Character Learning in Elementary School ». Ingénierie des systèmes d information 27, n^o 2 (30 avril 2022) : 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/isi.270208.

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Augmented reality media containing Grebeg Pancasila is the right tool for character learning in elementary schools. This research aims to (1) develop AR media containing Grebeg Pancasila for character learning in elementary schools, (2) find out its feasibility, and (3) test its effectiveness. The method used was the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. This research was conducted in elementary schools in Blitar City. The data were collected using literature study, observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The data were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings indicate that 3D AR media containing Grebeg Pancasila adds to the reality of the Grebeg Pancasila rite as the content of local wisdom in character learning. This media aims to provide complete knowledge about Grebeg Pancasila and support the learning of mutual cooperation. The media is attractive, portable, user-friendly, usable, and following the development of the 21st century. AR media containing Grebeg Pancasila was feasible for field testing through descriptive and inferential statistical tests. It has been proven that the media has a positive effect on the effectiveness of elementary school students' mutual cooperation character learning with a Sig 2-Tailed value of 0.00 (< 0.05).

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Nurrokhmah, Eka Erni, Dian Fatimatus Salwa, Khikmatul Laili Desiani et Tia Rosalita. « Persepsi Generasi Milenial Terhadap Tradisi Grebeg Besar di Kabupaten Demak ». Al Qalam : Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan 16, n^o 1 (2 janvier 2022) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35931/aq.v16i1.565.

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Demak merupakan salah satu Kabupaten yang berada di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Kota yang menjadi cikal bakal Islam di Jawa dan banyak meninggalkan catatan-catatan dan bukti sejarah serta ingatan religius yaitu berupa Masjid Agung Demak dan makam Sunan Kalijaga. Demak memiliki tradisi budaya serta peninggalan yang cukup beragam dan unik. Salah satu tradisi yang unik dan masih berlangsung adalah tradisi Grebeg Besar. Grebeg Besar merupakan upacara tradisional yang bernilai ritual keagamaan bagi warga masyarakat Kabupaten Demak sebagai sarana untuk menyambut datangnya hari raya Lebaran Haji pada setiap tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah. Tujuan pelaksanaan tradisi Grebeg Besar Demak selain sebagai wujud pelestarian tradisi budaya dan syiar Islam, juga sebagai peningkatan sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD). Eksistensi grebeg besar tidak dapat diragukan lagi, semua pemuda-pemudi berbondong-bondong untuk mendatanginya. Oleh karena itu, peneliti ingin menggali lebih dalam mengenai persepsi generasi milenial terhadap pelaksanaan grebeg besar, mengingat generasi milenial adalah generasi emas penerus bangsa yang harus berpartisipasi dalam melestarikan budaya tradisi masyarakat yang ada agar tidak luntur. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi generasi milenial Demak terhadap tradisi Grebeg Besar Demak antara lain sebagai media pelestarian budaya, sarana religi, hiburan, dan meningkatkan pendapatan ekonomi.

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Ardianto, Jefry Setya, Erik Aditia Ismaya et Moh Syafruddin Kuryanto. « Nilai-Nilai Tradisi Grebeg Besar di Demak ». JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 5, n^o 2 (1 février 2022) : 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v5i2.429.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai yang terdapat dalam tradisi Grebeg Besar di Demak dengan rumusan masalah pelaksanaan dan nilai yang terdapat dalam tradisi tersebut. Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai-nilai yang terdapat dalam tradisi Grebeg Besar yang berkaitan dengan nilai dalam pendidikan karakter yaitu nilai kepemimpinan, nilai gotong-royong, nilai estetika, dan nilai religius. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kawasan kelurahan Kadilangu, Kecamatan Demak. Setiap tradisi yang dilakukan di suatu daerah pastinya tidak hanya sekedar acara sakral dan dapat pula dijadikan sebagai media hiburan, tetapi dibalik itu terdapat pesan atau nilai-nilai didalamnya yang mampu diimplementasikan pada siswa Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai-nilai yang terdapat dalam tradisi Grebeg Besar dan penerapannya di Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif penelitian lapangan sebagai tahapan dalam melaksanakan penelitian dengan objek penelitian yaitu setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan dalam tradisi Grebeg Besar dengan subjek penelitian sesepuh Kadilangu dan masyarakat yang berpartisipasi dalam tradisi Grebeg Besar. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang pelaksanan tradisi Grebeg Besar dan nilai-nilai budaya yang terdapat didalamnya yaitu nilai religius, nilai kepemimpinan, nilai gotong-royong, nilai estetika dan nilai ekonomi.

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Sari, Indah Purnama, et Neni Wahyunigtyas. « Tradisi Grebeg Pancasila di Kota Blitar sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 sebagai peringatan hari lahirnya Pancasila ». Jurnal Integrasi dan Harmoni Inovatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial (JIHI3S) 1, n^o 10 (25 octobre 2021) : 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um063v1i10p1096-1101.

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This study aims to examine the Grebeg Pancasila found in Blitar City as one of the traditions developed and preserved as a commemoration of the birthday of Pancasila. In this study, I compiled a final report in the form of an article, which intends to thoroughly explore: (1) the history of the Pancasila Grebeg held in Blitar City (2) the procession for the implementation of the Pancasila Grebeg in Blitar City when there is no COVID-19 pandemic (3) the procession for the implementation of the Grebeg Pancasila in Blitar City During the COVID-19 Pandemic. This article uses an approach which according to Sukmadinata (2016) means having an understanding of social from the community's point of view. The data collection that we use is primary data consisting of observations, interviews, and documentation, and secondary data derived from literature studies. The type of research we use is descriptive, by always using the information or data we get to solve the problem formulation that we get with a descriptive explanation. After getting the data we ordered, we analyzed the data by finding and compiling the appropriate data, then we reduced the data/selected the data, which we will use to draw and conclude. Places of research or observations that we do are at several points in the City of Blitar. The results show that (1) the history of the holding of the Pancasila Grebeg began with the unrest of artists in Blitar City in 2000 and has progressed to the present (2) the Pancasila Grebeg procession when not during the COVID-19 period in Blitar City has three parts, namely the Beginning consisting of the Bedholan ritual , Tirakatan, the core consists of the Cultural Ceremony ritual and the Gunung Limo Carnival, and at the end there is a Pancasila feast ritual. (3) the Grebeg Pancasila procession during the COVID-19 period in Blitar City there was a pilgrimage to Bung Karno's grave and Social Service. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mengenai Grebeg Pancasila yang terdapat di Kota Blitar sebagai salah satu tradisi yang dikembangkan dan dilestarikan sebagai serangkaian peringatan Hari lahirnya Pancasila. Dalam penelitian kali ini saya mengemas laporan hasil akhir berbentuk artikel, yang bermaksud mengupas tuntas tentang: (1) sejarah dilaksanakannya Grebeg Pancasila di Kota Blitar (2) prosesi dilaksanakannya Grebeg Pancasila di Kota Blitar Ketika Tidak Masa Pandemi COVID-19 (3) prosesi terlaksananya Grebeg Pancasila di Kota Blitar Ketika Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Artikel ini melalui pendekatan kualitatif, sebagaimana pendapat Sukmadinata (2016) bahwa pendekatan kualitatif bertujuan untuk memahami kejadian sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat sebagaimana sudut pandangnya. Adapun pengumpulan data yang kami gunakan melalui data sekunder atau berasal dari studi literatur. Jenis penelitian yang kami gunakan yaitu Deskriptif, dengan selalu menggunakan informasi atau data yang kami peroleh untuk memecahkan rumusan masalah yang kami peroleh dengan penjelasan secara deskriptif. Setelah mendapatkan data yang kami butuhkan maka kami melakukan analisis data dengan mencari dan menyusun data yang sesuai, kemudian kami melakukan reduksi data/memilih data, yang nantinya akan kami gunakan untuk menarik kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) sejarah diadakannya Grebeg Pancasila bermula pada keresahan seniman di Kota Blitar pada tahun 2000 dan berkembang hingga sekarang (2) prosesi Grebeg Pancasila ketika tidak masa COVID-19 di Kota Blitar terdapat tiga bagian, yaitu Awal terdiri dari ritual Bedholan, Tirakatan, Inti terdiri dari ritual Upacara Budaya dan Kirab Gunung Limo, dan Penutup terdapat ritual kenduri Pancasila. (3) prosesi Grebeg Pancasila ketika masa COVID-19 di Kota Blitar terdapat ziarah makam Bung Karno dan Bakti Sosial.

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Aminah, Ratih Siti, Yogaprasta Adinugraha et Budi Rhamdani. « SIKAP MASYARAKAT BOGOR TERHADAP PROGRAM GREBEG PASAR ». Media Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya Wahana 25, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/wahana.v25i2.1597.

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ABSTRACTIONThis research aims to identify the customer's attitude toward a Grebeg Pasar of BRI, to describe the characteristics of individual traders Market Leuwiliang, to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the individual account holders with attitude customer to a Grebeg Pasar of BRI. This research uses the free variable that is characteristic of the individual customer. While the free variable is a client's attitude to a Grebeg Pasar in the market at Leuwiliang BRI. The indicators used to measure individual customer characteristics variables are age, gender, level of education, UMKM business sector and the status of marriage. The indicators used to measure customer attitude variable to a Grebeg Pasar that is the shape of a Grebeg Pasar program, a form of lending products, promotional forms a Grebeg Pasar. Research done at Market Leuwiliang in may 2016. Samples taken is all the population that is as much as 90 businessmen. Sampling techniques are used is total sampling. The source of the data used include primary data such as questionnaires, interviews and observations to the respondents research and secondary data such as previous research results that are relevant, the books, the source of scientific data from Market Leuwiliang, Bogor. Technique of data analysis using statistical analysis descriptive and non-parametric statistical analysis. Test correlation using the formula Spearman Rank test with the validity of using the formula product moment Pearson. Analysis of variable X1 regarding characteristics of individual traders (customers) and the variable Y1 is attitude towards client program a Grebeg Pasar of BRI. The results of the relationship between the characteristics of individual employees and employee perception toward the leadership style elicited less significant relationships. Keywords: Attitude, Customer Programs, Grebeg Pasar

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McParland, C. E., C. A. Paszkowski et J. L. Newbrey. « Trophic relationships of breeding Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) on wetlands with and without fish in the Aspen Parkland ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, n^o 2 (février 2010) : 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-132.

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Dietary overlap between waterbirds and fish in many freshwater systems can lead to competition for food resources and changes in the trophic position of top predators. We used stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen from egg tissues to document differences in the trophic position of breeding Red-necked Grebes ( Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert, 1783)) on wetlands with and without fish in the Aspen Parkland of Alberta, Canada. Grebes occupied higher trophic levels in the presence of fish than in their absence, suggesting that small-bodied fish in Aspen Parkland food webs may lengthen food chains in which grebes are top predators. A mixed diet of invertebrates and fishes may be adaptive for grebes in this highly variable ecosystem where fish colonize wetlands in wet years and are extirpated in dry years. Carbon analyses indicated that female grebes likely obtained resources for egg production from breeding sites and not from wintering areas, as eggs had similar δ13C values to wetland primary producers, invertebrates, and fishes.

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Grebenev, V. N., A. N. Grishkov et M. Oberlack. « The Extended Symmetry Lie Algebra and the Asymptotic Expansion of the Transversal Correlation Function for the Isotropic Turbulence ». Advances in Mathematical Physics 2013 (2013) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469654.

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The extended symmetry of the functional of length determined in an affine spaceK3of the correlation vectors for homogeneous isotropic turbulence is studied. The two-point velocity-correlation tensor field (parametrized by the time variablet) of the velocity fluctuations is used to equip this space by a family of the pseudo-Riemannian metricsdl2(t)(Grebenev and Oberlack (2011)). First, we observe the results obtained by Grebenev and Oberlack (2011) and Grebenev et al. (2012) about a geometry of the correlation spaceK3and expose the Lie algebra associated with the equivalence transformation of the above-mentioned functional for the quadratic formdlD22(t)generated bydl2(t)which is similar to the Lie algebra constructed by Grebenev et al. (2012). Then, using the properties of this Lie algebra, we show that there exists a nontrivial central extension wherein the central charge is defined by the same bilinear skew-symmetric formcas for the Witt algebra which measures the number of internal degrees of freedom of the system. For the applications in turbulence, as the main result, we establish the asymptotic expansion of the transversal correlation function for large correlation distances in the frame ofdlD22(t).

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Forbes, Mark R. L., et C. Davison Ankney. « Nest attendance by adult Pied-billed Grebes, Podilymbus podiceps (L.) ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, n^o 9 (1 septembre 1988) : 2019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-296.

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In 1984, we monitored diurnal attendance by adult Pied-billed Grebes, Podilymbus podiceps (L.), on nests found in the emergent vegetation of ponds located near Minnedosa, Manitoba (55°16′N, 99°50′W). Adults increased attendance on nests over the egg-laying period; by the time four of six to eight eggs had been laid, adults spent roughly 90% of daylight time on nests. Nest attendance remained high during the post-laying period, but declined to between 75 and 85% of monitoring time later in the hataching period. Time of day did not affect the amount of time spent by adults off the nest. Previous visits by observers to nests on a given day, however, had a profound effect in that adults spent less time on "disturbed" than on "undisturbed" nests during the laying period, but more time on disturbed nests during the hatching period. Females accounted for roughly 70% of the total time spent by adults on nests during the hatching period, but were equal to males in this regard during the laying and post-laying stages. Our data suggest that nest attendance by both sexes before clutch completion largely determines onset of incubation and consequently the hatching interval for Pied-billed Grebe broods. Neglect of eggs by adults after the onset of hatching, however, may exaggerate hatching intervals.

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Stock, T. M., et John C. Holmes. « Host specificity and exchange of intestinal helminths among four species of grebes (Podicipedidae) ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, n^o 3 (1 mars 1987) : 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-104.

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The infracommunities of intestinal helminths in 96 birds belonging to four species of grebes taken from lakes in Alberta were examined for patterns of species co-occurrence and relative abundance. Infracommunities were large (averages of 360–3640 worms) and complex (averages of 6.4–10.7 species). Three species of grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis, Podiceps grisegena, P. nigricollis) had distinctive infracommunities, each characterized by a set (5–10) of frequent and numerous core helminth species, which regularly co-occurred with a consistent rank order of numbers. Infracommunities in Podiceps auritus overlapped those of the other two species of Podiceps and had few (2) core species. Most (11 of 14) core species are specialists in grebes, but only one was limited to a single host species. Most were shared among hosts, with the bulk of the population of each occurring in one host species. Sharing was particularly significant between the large, fish-eating grebes (A. occidentalis and P. grisegena) and between the smaller, mainly invertebrate-eating grebes (P. nigricollis and P. auritus). Host specificity and the pattern of exchange of helminths, mediated by the differentiated but overlapping host food habits, were important determinants of enteric helminth community structure.

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Sponsel, Leslie E. « : Malthus Past and Present . J. Dupaquier, E. Grebenik. » American Anthropologist 87, n^o 3 (septembre 1985) : 678–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1985.87.3.02a00270.

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Lai, Ying-Cheng, et Celso Grebogi. « Lai and Grebogi Reply : ». Physical Review Letters 85, n^o 2 (10 juillet 2000) : 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.85.473.

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