Thèses sur le sujet « Graphic conservatism »

Representational flexibility is usually assessed in the graphic domain by whether children can innovate canonical drawings. According to the Karmiloff-Smith’s RR Model (RRM 1990), flexibility is acquired with a marked discontinuity at 8-9 years, when routine drawings are overcome once and for all. RRM, though, is inherently recursive, implying that innovation entertains a continuous trade-off with graphic conservatism along development. In this regard, a less recent model by van Sommers (1984) suggests that pictorial conservatism coexist with flexibility, even in adulthood, and that continuity models fit better flexibility development. This study aims at comparing the two models and their ability to predict the relationship between conservatism and flexibility during development. 75 children (5, 7, 9, 11 year-olds) and 20 adults were asked to draw two similar and two different houses (administration order balanced across the sample). Drawings were coded with a 5 point scale for 6 aspects (e.g. house’s structure and details). Results show that linear trends fit flexibility development in all aspects. Adults draw canonical houses more than older children, although score highly in the differentiation task. Results suggest that flexibility coexist with some conservatism even in adults, lending support to van Sommers’s model, in these regards.

This proposed thesis is essentially a methodology for producing and assembling the graphic photo/documentation package of a large group of structures distributed over a broad geographic area. During the 1984/85 Indiana State Hospital Documentation Project, Department of Architecture, College of Architecture and Planning, it became evident that neither standards nor precedent existed within the State of Indiana for establishing appropriate levels of documentation for individuals, firms and/or agencies applying to the State Review Board/Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology for Certificates of Approval for demolition of historic structures.This thesis will begin with brief discussions of: 1) various levels of documentation, including identifying one (or several) levels appropriate for this project; 2) preliminary field survey of the sites and structures, including photography, field notes and the acquisition of historic architectural drawings; and, 3) planning and contract development stages.Following this introduction the thesis will treat, in detail, the development of graphic materials (photo and line) utilized i n both the printed text and its accompanying photo/data package. Of note will be sections pertaining to: 1) the development of a sequential format, treating the project as both a written document and a graphic product; 2) field photographic techniques; 3) acquiring/developing/utilizing maps/site plans; 4) obtaining historic architectural drawings; 5) producing H.A.B.S. drawings; 6) reducing for reproduction and subsequent archiving of historic and H.A.B.S. drawings; 7) completing approved survey cards; and, 8) developing a comprehensive indexing system for all graphic materials.A summary will include, but not be limited to: 1) an assessment of the project's immediate ability to satisfy contractual requirements; 2) the project's long term value as both a written and graphic thematic study; 3) suggestions for the establishment of a hierarchy of levels of documentation for structures of recognized or potential historic significance facing certain demolition; and, 4) recommendations for the establishment of minimum state standards of graphic documentation for each specific level identified in 3).
Department of Architecture

The emerging general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU) computing has tremendously speeded up a great variety of commercial and scientific applications. The GPUs have become prevalent accelerators in current high performance clusters. Though the computational capacity per Watt of the GPUs is much higher than that of the CPUs, the hybrid GPU clusters still consume enormous power. To conserve energy on this kind of clusters is of critical significance. In this thesis, we seek energy conservative computing on the GPU accelerated servers. We introduce our studies as follows. First, we dissect the GPU memory hierarchy due to the fact that most of the GPU applications are suffering from the GPU memory bottleneck. We find that the conventional CPU cache models cannot be applied on the modern GPU caches, and the microbenchmarks to study the conventional CPU cache become invalid for the GPU. We propose the GPU-specified microbenchmarks to examine the GPU memory structures and properties. Our benchmark results verify that the design goal of the GPU has transformed from pure computation performance to better energy efficiency. Second, we investigate the impact of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), a successful energy management technique for CPUs, on the GPU platforms. Our experimental results suggest that GPU DVFS is still promising in conserving energy, but the patterns to save energy strongly differ from those of the CPU. Besides, the effect of GPU DVFS depends on the individual application characteristics. Third, we derive the GPU DVFS power and performance models from our experimental results, based on which we find the optimal GPU voltage and frequency setting to minimize the energy consumption of a single GPU task. We then study the problem of scheduling multiple tasks on a hybrid CPU-GPU cluster to minimize the total energy consumption by GPU DVFS. We design an effective offline scheduling algorithm which can reduce the energy consumption significantly. At last, we combine the GPU DVFS and dynamic resource sleep (DRS), another energy management technique, to further conserve the energy, for the online task scheduling on hybrid clusters. Though the idle energy consumption increases significantly compared to the offline problem, our online scheduling algorithm still achieves more than 30% of energy conservation with appropriate runtime GPU DVFS readjustments.

Linear Gaussian systems often exhibit sparse structures. For systems which grow as a function of time, marginalisation of past states will eventually introduce extra non-zero elements into the information matrix of the Gaussian distribution. These extra non-zeros can lead to dense problems as these systems progress through time. This thesis proposes a method that can delete elements of the information matrix while maintaining guarantees about the conservativeness of the resulting estimate with a computational complexity that is a function of the connectivity of the graph rather than the problem dimension. This sparsification can be performed iteratively and minimises the Kullback Leibler Divergence (KLD) between the original and approximate distributions. This new technique is called Conservative Sparsification (CS). For large sparse graphs employing a Junction Tree (JT) for estimation, efficiency is related to the size of the largest clique. Conservative Sparsification can be applied to clique splitting in JTs, enabling approximate and efficient estimation in JTs with the same conservative guarantees as CS for information matrices. In distributed estimation scenarios which use JTs, CS can be performed in parallel and asynchronously on JT cliques. This approach usually results in a larger KLD compared with the optimal CS approach, but an upper bound on this increased divergence can be calculated with information locally available to each clique. This work has applications in large scale distributed linear estimation problems where the size of the problem or communication overheads make optimal linear estimation difficult.

Cette thèse est divisée en deux grandes parties selon le domaine de recherche :le problème de conservation d’énergie dans les réseaux des nœuds sans fil et le problème de la planification des grilles dans le système informatique. Le chapitre 1 introduit de nouveaux problèmes des WSNs se posent compare aux réseaux traditionnels et les réseaux traditionnels et les réseaux sans fil. Le chapitre 2 adresse une application qui surveille une série d’objectifs avec des emplacements connus par un ensemble de nœuds capteurs dans un WSN hétérogène. Plus loin, dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions le problème sous des conditions spécifiques. En se basant sur le modèle décrit dans les chapitres 2 et 3, nous continuons à supposer que le temps de travail d’un nœud capteur seulement pour la connexion est d fois, celui de la surveillance et la connexion. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous étudions le problème de maximiser la durée de vie et le problème de minimiser le retard, tous les deux sont liés au problème de routage dans les WSN pistant un mobile. Une autre question qu’on étudie dans cette thèse est la planification des grilles dans le système informatique. Le chapitre 6 tente de répondre à la première question, que ce soit. Dans ce chapitre, nous introduisons une nouvelle approche qui respecte les taches parallélismes pour l’informatique de grille. Le chapitre 7 tente de donner un nouveau modèle du système des grilles pour garantir la qualité de planification. Ce chapitre est censé résoudre le problème de savoir comment répartir l’optimale des ressources et adaptative dans la dynamique, évolutive et la distribution contrôlée environnement réseau
This thesis is divided into two major parts according to the research fields : the energy conservation problems in wireless sensor networks and the scheduling problems in grid computing systems. Chapter 1 introduces the emergence of wireless sensor networks and its characteristics according to which the new problems of wireless sensor networks arise compared with the traditional network and wireless networks. Chapter 2-4 present the problem of energy conservation with coverage. We address an application which monitors a set of targets with coverage. We address an application which monitors a set of targets with known locations by a set of sensor nodes in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. For further studies, we consider this problem under some specific conditions. We consider the wireless sensor networks satisfying that each node monitors one target or just for connection. Furthermore, we continue this work and defines the working time of a node is exactly d times. In chapter 5, present the efficient data routing problem for mobile tracking wireless sensor networks. Another issue we study in this thesis is about scheduling problems in grid computing systems. In chapter 6, we introduce a new approach that is with respect to job parallelism for computational grid. Chapter 7, tries to give a new grid system model to guarantee the quality of a schedule. This chapter is supposed to solve the problem of how to allocate the resources optimally and adaptively in the dynamic, scalable and distribute-controlled grid environment

To address the ever-increasing demand for computing capacities, more and more heterogeneous systems have been designed to use both general-purpose and special-purpose processors. The huge energy consumption of them raises new environmental concerns and challenges. Besides performance, energy efficiency is another key factor to be considered by system designers and consumers. In particular, contemporary graphics processing units (GPUs) support dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to balance computational performance and energy consumption. However, accurate and straightforward performance and power estimation for a given GPU kernel under different frequency settings is still lacking for real hardware, which is essential to determine the best frequency configuration for energy saving. In this thesis, we investigate how to improve the energy efficiency of GPU systems by accurately modeling the effects of GPU DVFS on the target GPU kernel. We also propose efficient algorithms to solve the communication contention problem in scheduling multiple distributed deep learning (DDL) jobs on GPU clusters. We introduce our studies as follows. First, we present a benchmark suite EPPMiner for evaluating the performance, power, and energy of different heterogeneous systems. EPPMiner consists of 16 benchmark programs that cover a broad range of application domains, and it shows a great variety in the intensity of utilizing the processors. We have implemented a prototype of EPPMiner that supports OpenMP, CUDA, and OpenCL, and demonstrated its usage by three showcases. The showcases justify that GPUs provide much better energy efficiency than other types of computing systems, and especially illustrate the effectiveness of GPU Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) on the energy efficiency of GPU applications. Second, we reveal a fine-grained analytical model to estimate the execution time of GPU kernels with both core and memory frequency scaling. Compared to the cycle-level simulators, which are too slow to apply on real hardware, our model only needs one-off micro-benchmarks to extract a set of hardware parameters and kernel performance counters without any source code analysis. Our experimental results show that the proposed performance model can capture the kernel performance scaling behaviors under different frequency settings and achieve decent accuracy. Third, we design a cross-benchmarking suite, which simulates kernels with a wide range of instruction distributions. The synthetic kernels generated by this suite can be used for model pre- training or as supplementary training samples. We then build machine learning models to predict the execution time and runtime power of a GPU kernel under different voltage and frequency settings. Validated on three modern GPUs with a wide frequency scaling range, by using a collection of 24 real application kernels, the model trained only with our cross-benchmarking suite is able to achieve considerably accurate results. At last, we establish a new DDL job scheduling framework which organizes DDL jobs as Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) and considers communication contention between nodes. We then propose an efficient job placement algorithm, Least-Workload-First- (LWF-), to balance the GPU utilization and consolidate the allocated GPUs for each job. When scheduling the communication tasks, we propose Ada-SRSF for the DDL job scheduling problem to address the communication contention issue. Our simulation results show that LWF- achieves up to 1.59x improvement over the classical first-fit algorithms. More importantly, Ada-SRSF reduces the average job completion time by up to 36.7%, as compared to the solutions of either avoiding all the communication contention or accepting all of it

Biodiversity conservation requires a framework for prioritising limited resources to the many endangered species. One such framework that has seen much attention and is considered extensively in this thesis, is the Noah's Ark Problem (NAP). The NAP combines a biodiversity measure (Phylogenetic Diversity; PD) with species survival probabilities and conservation costs. The aim of the NAP is to allocate the limited conservation resources such that the future expected PD is maximised. Obtaining optimal solutions to the NAP is a computationally complex problem to which several efficient algorithms are provided here. An extension to the NAP is also developed which allows uncertainty about the survival probability estimates to be included. Using this extension we show that the NAP is robust to uncertainty in these parameters and that even very poor estimates are beneficial. To justify using or promoting PD, it must produce a significant increase in the amount of biodiversity that is preserved. We show that the increase attainable from the NAP is typically around 20% but may be as high as 150%. An alternative approach to PD and the NAP is to prioritise species using simple species specific indices. The benefit of these indices is that they are easy to calculate, explain and integrate into existing management frameworks. Here we investigate the use of such indices and show that they provide between 60% and 80% of the gains obtainable using PD. To explore the expected behaviours of conservation methods (such as the NAP) a distribution of phylogenetics trees is required. Evolutionary models describe the diversification process by which a single species gives rise to multiple species. Such models induce a probability distribution on trees and can therefore be used to investigate the expected behaviour of conservation methods. Even simple and widely used models, such as the Yule model, remain poorly understood. In this thesis we present some new analytic results and methods for sampling trees from a broad range of evolutionary models. Lastly we introduce a new model that provides a simple biological explanation for a long standing discrepancy between models and trees derived from real data -- the tree balance distribution.

This research project operates from the perspective of the author as graphic design practitioner and considers how practice-based visual methods may be used to form a novel system of analysis in graphic design research. The focus of this research is the Conservative Party poster, produced for the British General Elections held between 1979 and 2010. With practice at the core of the research methodology, visual design methods have been configured and applied to a range of material in order to generate insights about how visual language is used in a variety of contexts. The research includes a review of the graphic communication of the British political poster, existing visual methods, and practice-based research within the field of graphic design. From there, a system of practice-based methods was devised, and then applied to the Conservative Party posters. The design system employs methods that disassemble each poster into its individual components (type, image, hierarchy, colour and negative space), mapping each using simple visual techniques, before reassembling these components to identify trends and insights in relation to various political themes. In order to test this design system, these methods were applied to a very different type of visual communication material produced for Sense, a charitable organisation that advocates for the rights of deaf-blind people. This proved valuable to the study, and demonstrated how this system could function in a very different context. The output of this study proposes potential visual devices for aiding visually impaired readers engage with photographic imagery. The findings and visual outputs of this investigation are described in this thesis, and are also housed in a series of three books that form the practice component of this research project. This thesis aims to highlight the value of practice-based methods within graphic design research, and specifically, methods more exclusively available to the graphic design practitioner. Practice is of central importance to this research project, forming the core of the methodology, as well as the outputs produced in response to the research findings. Through establishing the visual characteristics of the Conservative Party poster (1979-2010), this research seeks to demonstrate how a novel system of practice-based methods might help further an understanding of visual communication design.

Proteins in Escherichia coli were compared in terms of essentiality, centrality, and conservation. The hypotheses of this study are: for proteins in Escherichia coli, (1) there is a positive, measureable correlation between protein conservation and essentiality, (2) there is a positive relationship between conservation and degree centrality, and (3) essentiality and centrality also have a positive correlation. The third hypothesis was supported by a moderate correlation, the first with a weak correlation, and the second hypotheis was not supported. When proteins that did not map to orthologous groups and proteins that had no interactions were removed, the relationship between essentality and conservation increased to a strong relationship. This was due to the effect of proteins that did not map to orthologus groups and suggests that protein orthology represented by clusters of orthologus groups does not accurately dipict protein conservation among the species studied.

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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar, à luz da História Cultural, a trajetória histórica da conservação-restauração de papel no Brasil tendo como recorte cronológico a primeira década do século XX até os anos de 1990. Com vistas à compreensão epistemológica desse campo especializado do conhecimento, enfoca as origens e a construção da conservação e restauração de documentos gráficos por meio do exame das práticas e narrativas preservacionistas. Utilizando-se da análise bibliográfica, documental e do exercício de história oral, examina os marcos teóricos, os paradigmas, as influências internacionais e as políticas culturais que alicerçaram a inserção e a construção dessa disciplina especializada no âmbito brasileiro.
This paper has goal to investigate, based on Cultural History, the historical trajectory of paper conservation-restoration in Brazil since the first decade of the 20th century until the years 1990s. In order to have an epistemological comprehension of this specialized field of knowledge, we focalized the origin and the construction of conservation and restoration through the examination of practices and preservation narratives. This research uses bibliographic, documental and oral history analysis. It examines theoretical points, paradigmas, international influences and cultural policy that are basic idea to the insertion and construction of this subject in Brazilian context.

Os efeitos deletérios da perda e fragmentação de habitat são considerados a maior ameaça à manutenção da biodiversidade do planeta. Uma das maneiras de evitar a perda de espécies em paisagens fragmentadas é a restauração ecológica, que propicia tanto o aumento da quantidade quanto a melhoria da qualidade do habitat remanescente. Além de influenciar a persistência de espécies, as condições da paisagem são reconhecidas como importantes para o sucesso das ações de restauração. Entretanto, as diretrizes para incorporação das características da paisagem no planejamento da restauração são ainda ambíguas, não facilitando o processo de tomada de decisão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o avanço do uso de análises espacialmente explícitas da estrutura da paisagem para o planejamento de ações de restauração. Para isso, foram elaboradas propostas metodológicas embasadas no atual conhecimento da ecologia de paisagens e foram realizadas simulações para comparar os potenciais benefícios para a biodiversidade resultantes de diferentes estratégias para seleção de áreas para restauração. A primeira proposta, apresentada no capítulo 2, utiliza análises de paisagens em múltiplas escalas, baseadas na teoria dos grafos, para estimar a resiliência das paisagens, entendida neste trabalho como a capacidade das paisagens de reverterem extinções locais por processos de migração. Em seguida, as paisagens com condições ideais para restauração são classificadas segundo sua importância como corredores biológicos e gargalos de conectividade. Essa proposta metodológica é aplicada no caso da Mata Atlântica (capítulo 3), a fim de estabelecer diferentes níveis de prioridade para restauração no conjunto deste bioma. No quarto capítulo, é apresentada uma segunda proposta metodológica, também baseada em análises de conectividade com o uso da teoria dos grafos, mas desta vez voltada para a identificação de áreas prioritárias para restauração em escala local. Essa proposta permite ainda a comparação de prioridades entre áreas situadas em paisagens com diferentes condições de cobertura e conectividade de habitat. Por fim, no quinto capítulo, foi realizado um conjunto de simulações de restauração para comparar os efeitos das características da paisagem (e.g. a cobertura e configuração florestal), das espécies (e.g. a capacidade de dispersão) e da estratégia de restauração (e.g. o tamanho das áreas restauradas e a ordem temporal da restauração) no aumento da disponibilidade de habitat em três paisagens reais da Mata Atlântica. Os resultados desta tese permitiram estabelecer prioridades de restauração tanto em escala regional quanto em escala local, reduzindo as áreas a serem visitadas em campo e possibilitando a otimização dos esforços de restauração. Também foi possível concluir que a adoção de estratégias espaciais para a seleção de áreas para restauração deve ser feita considerando tanto as características das espécies quanto as características das paisagens e a forma de implementação da restauração. Na ausência de informações detalhadas sobre a capacidade de dispersão das espécies, abordagens baseadas em múltiplas capacidades de dispersão são recomendadas. O embasamento teórico da ecologia de paisagens e as ferramentas atuais de tratamento e integração de dados espacializados permitem a definição das melhores estratégias de restauração a partir de simulações em computador, reduzindo substancialmente os custos da restauração e aumentando a sua eficácia para a conservação das espécies em paisagens fragmentadas
The deleterious effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the main threats to biodiversity. To avoid species loss due to these deleterious effects, there is an urgent need to conduct restoration actions to increase the quantity and quality of the remaining habitat. Besides influencing species persistence, the landscape structure also influences the results of restoration actions. However, guidelines to adopt a landscape approach during restoration planning are not always consistent, nor easy to apply. The objective of this study was to contribute to advances in the use of spatially explicit landscape analysis during restoration planning. To achieve this goal we developed methodological frameworks based on landscape ecology theory to set priority areas for restoration. We also adopted a simulation approach to analyze the potential benefits of different restoration strategies for biodiversity conservation. The methodological proposal presented in chapter 2 consists in multi-scale landscape analyses, based on graph theory, to estimate landscape resilience. We considered landscape resilience as the capacity to revert local species extinctions through recolonization processes. Then, those landscapes considered ideal targets to restoration actions were classified according to their importance as corridors or bottlenecks for biological flow. In chapter 3, the methodological proposal presented in chapter 2 was applied to the Atlantic Forest Biome to set restoration priorities. Chapter 4 consists in a methodological proposal, also based on graph theory, to set restoration priorities in local scale. This methodological proposal also allows the comparison of local restoration priority between landscapes with different amount and configuration of habitat cover. Finally, in the fith chapter we adopted a simulation approach to analyze the improvement of habitat availability, in three Atlantic Forest landscapes, due to different restoration strategies considering: (i) different species dispersal capabilities, (ii) initial habitat amount in the landscape, (iii) the dynamics of landscapes during restoration implementation, i.e., the changes in habitat availability as new areas were restored, and (iv) size of restored areas. The results of this study allowed us to establish local and regional restoration priorities, thus reducing field visits and optimizing restoration efforts. It was also possible to conclude that spatial strategies to set restoration priorities should be conceived based on species dispersal capacities, landscape structure and also considering the strategies to implement restoration actions. If data on species dispersal characteristics is not available, a multi species approach to set restoration priorities is also recommended. The theoretical background of landscape ecology and the available tools to manage spatial data allow identifying the best restoration strategies, reducing the costs and optimizing the benefits to conserve biodiversity in fragmented landscapes

Actuellement la plupart des restitutions en patrimoine historique décrivent les édifices patrimoniaux comme un ensemble d'entités statiques et inaltérables. Toutefois, les sites historiques peuvent avoir une histoire très complexe, parfois riche d'évolutions, parfois seulement partiellement connue grâce aux sources documentaires. Trois aspects importants conditionnent l'analyse et l'interprétation du patrimoine historique. Tout d'abord, les bâtiments peuvent subir des transformations importantes ou ils peuvent disparaître au fil du temps. Deuxièmement, l'incertitude est très fréquente en patrimoine historique sous diverses formes : parfois il est impossible de définir la datation, parfois la forme originelle du bâtiment ou sa position spatiale. Troisièmement, la documentation historique concernant les états passés est hétérogène, douteuse, incomplète, et parfois contradictoire. Cette thèse propose une approche intégrée de modélisation capable d'une part de structurer les entités morphologiques spatiales en fonction du temps, d'autre part de conserver l'historique des évolutions architecturales. De plus, des hypothèses multiples à propos des sites historiques devraient être prises en compte. Comme la géométrie n'est pas suffisante pour comprendre les transformations des sites historiques, une interface de visualisation basée sur des graphes est intégrée pour manipuler les géométries et pour comprendre les transformations des édifices et leurs relations.

Avoiding the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is especially challenging when also the management institutions are spatially and administratively distributed. This doctoral thesis introduces five case studies that investigate ecological, social and social-ecological relations in fragmented landscapes. I present new approaches in which research and governance can detect and manage mismatches between landscape ecology and planning. The case studies include urban and forested landscapes where an intense land-use is limiting the connectivity, i.e., the potential for many species to disperse between the remaining patches of habitat. Graph-theoretic (network) models are applied to map connectivity patterns and to estimate the outcome for dispersing species at the patch level and for the whole study system. In particular, the network models are applied to evaluate the spatial complexity and the potential mismatches between ecological connectivity and geographically distributed management institutions like protected areas and municipalities. Interviews with municipal ecologists complement the spatial analysis; revealing some problems and ways forward regarding the communication and integration of ecological knowledge within local spatial-planning agencies. The results also show that network models are useful to identify and communicate critical ecological and social-ecological patterns that call for management attention. I suggest some developments of network models as to include interactions between species and across governance levels. Finally, I conclude that more effort is needed for network models to materialize into ecological learning and transformation in management processes.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript.

The rate of acceleration of the biologic and synthetic world has for a while now, been in the process of exponentially speeding up, maxing out servers and landfills, merging with each other, destroying each other. The last prehistoric relics on Earth are absorbing the same oxygen, carbon dioxide and electronic waves in our biosphere as us. A degraded .jpeg enlarged to full screen on a Samsung 4K UHD HU8550 Series Smart TV - 85” Class (84.5” diag.). Within this composite ecology, the ancient limestone of the grand canyon competes with the iMax movie of itself, the production of Mac pros, a YouTube clip from Jurassic park, and the super bowl halftime show. A search engines assistance with biographic memory helps our bodies survive new atmospheres and weigh the gravities that exist around the versions of an objects materiality. Communication has moved from our vocal chords, to swipes and taps of our thumbs on a screen that predicts the weather, accesses the hidden, invisible, and withdrawn information from the objects around us, and still ducks up what we are trying to say. This txt was written on a tablet returned to stock settings and embedded with content to mine the experience in which mediated technology creates, communicates and obscures new forms of language. Life in a new event horizon — a dimensional dualism that finds us competing for genetic and mimetic survival — we are now functioning as different types of humans.

碩士
樹德科技大學
建築與古蹟維護研究所
92
The conservative-type construction phenomenon, contemporary Taiwan faces issues of “preservation, maintenance, and management” of historical constructions. As a preserver of cultural assets, the choice of the mate-design method considers the key of how to construct a “value subject” for a “historical construction.” This issue necessitates understanding changes of “technical media” under different cultures, to construct the order of the construction in terms of “historicity,” and to re-interpret the current meaning of “new historicity” or “modernity.” However, as for the designers or preservers of conservative-type construction, the “practical subject” of technique in historical evaluation is the inherited features of tradition and culture for every people. Away from the realm of tradition of culture, the true rationality of event construct cannot be found and categorized. The goal of this article is to use interpretation to analyze the changes in the practical reason of design technique in the designers and preservers under time/space change and cultural differences. It attempts to analyze the “graphical” spirit of the architectural system in the worker years under traditional feudal thought, and use repair construction as the purpose of historical site repair. Use regulations to conduct divisions to prove how, in a construction process geared towards cultural property preservation, a practicing person grasps and uses the practical reason of design technique to face cultural differences in social reality. However, study of graphics must tightly combine the developmental context of historical culture, and grasp the research clues of technical evolution; the central purpose is to pursue social identity needs and ideology developments. Thousands of years of graphical evolution convey the changes in media format; from grass leaves to clay boards (carved with stones), from bone to silk (thin textiles), from sheepskins to paper, and now to computer digitized images; the practice subject can handle and consider a three dimensional space and format through a two-dimensional medium – this format basically has not changed. However, modern architectural design diagram theory and traditional architectural diagram styles have common purposes in the category of meaning. Even though each have the functions of storage, transmission, and transference to the technical practice of design knowledge, and they have common graphical theory as basis in expression, architectural graphics maintains its specialty. The most important is, the focus of an architectural diagram is the construction for “humans” to “inhabit,” or the spirit of the environment. In the realm of meaning of practiced reason, “human” is the value demonstrated in the overall model of internal constructions, materials, space, and human behavior. In this point, architectural designs are strictly set apart from modern architectural design diagrams theory. Through the origins and evolution of “architectural graphics” in the East and West, this study analyzes the knowledge form and practical expressions of ancient constructions in the building of “composition.” This “deep-level” framework includes latent or expressed events and models, conveyed through a symbolic system (images) or linguistic organization (words). So that, the “practical subject” in the construction event can be clearly revealed from the internal structure. Furthermore, explore the constructive, the traditional master carpenter’s design technique to analyze traditional architectural designs as a basis for the realm of meaning expressed by the“architectural design” technique in repair construction for historic buildings. There should be a practical reason taken into consideration for the graphics lessons in maintaining cultural property education in Taiwan.

A Toy Model of an artificial chemistry that treats molecules as graphs was implemented based on a simple Extended Hückel Theory method. Here we describe an extension of the model that models chemical reactions as the result of “collisions”. In order to avoid a possible bias arising from prescribed generic reaction mechanisms, the reactions are simulated in a way that treats the formation and breakage of individual chemical bonds as elementary operations.

La biologie de la conservation est un domaine de recherche en pleine expansion en raison de la perte accélérée de la biodiversité à l’échelle mondiale. Pour mieux comprendre les processus et les menaces au maintien des populations de petite taille et les effets des facteurs anthropiques sur la biodiversité, la génétique est fréquemment utilisée en conservation. Des analyses génétiques peuvent, par exemple, nous informer sur les tendances à long terme, la diversité des populations et les stratégies de reproduction d’une espèce. La tortue des bois (Glyptemys insculpta) est une espèce endémique à l’Amérique du Nord qui est en danger d’extinction selon l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’avais comme objectif de caractériser la diversité génétique de cette espèce menacée au Canada. À cet effet, j’ai analysé la génétique des populations de tortues des bois à plusieurs échelles spatiales et temporelles, afin de mieux cerner les processus ayant un impact sur la diversité des populations. Dans un premier temps, les relations de parentalité ont été reconstruites au sein d’une population de tortues des bois pour estimer la fréquence de paternité multiple et de paternité répétée. Les résultats de mes travaux suggèrent que l’emmagasinement de sperme chez la femelle et la reproduction multiple avec les mêmes partenaires pour plus d’une saison de reproduction pourraient expliquer ces phénomènes. Ces stratégies de reproduction pourraient dans ce cas être induites par la faible densité de la population à l’étude, ou encore par la fidélité au site d’hibernation où la majorité des évènements de copulation ont lieu. Par la suite, je me suis intéressée à la diversité génétique des populations de tortues de bois. J’ai voulu comprendre les effets de la configuration spatiale des éléments du paysage et les évènements de dispersion géographique sur la diversité des populations. À l’aide d’une approche de génétique du paysage, mes analyses montrent que la division des populations par bassins versants explique une large fraction de la diversité génétique interpopulations. Ces résultats confirment également que les bassins versants représentent des unités de gestion propices à la protection des populations de tortues des bois. Finalement, des analyses de réseaux ont été utilisées pour mieux cerner la dynamique de flux génique entre les populations de la rive nord et de la rive sud du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Plus spécifiquement, la rive nord se caractérise par un réseau robuste de populations isolées, alors que les populations de la rive sud présentent plutôt une structure de métapopulation. En utilisant les réseaux construits à partir de données génétiques, des scénarios hypothétiques furent comparés pour explorer la sélection de populations à l’aide du logiciel BRIDES. Les résultats de ces analyses ont permis de cibler l’importance de certaines populations de tortues des bois pour la connectivité du réseau. L’importance de ces populations n’aurait pu être prédite par les résultats de la diversité et de la différenciation génétique, les indices de centralité et les analyses d’élimination de nœuds. Grâce à la génétique, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur la tortue des bois, les stratégies de reproduction des différents sexes, le flux génique, la connectivité et l’influence du réseau hydrographique sur la diversité des populations. Ces résultats nous permettent d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus affectant la diversité génétique de cette espèce afin de mieux la protéger. Toutes les analyses réalisées pour cette thèse sont directement applicables à l’ensemble des autres espèces longévives avec des générations chevauchantes.
Conservation biology is a rapidly expanding field of research due to the accelerating loss of global biodiversity. To better understand the processes and threats to the persistence of small populations and the effects of anthropogenic factors on biodiversity, genetic approaches are frequently used in conservation. Genetic analyzes can, for example, inform us about long-term trends, population diversity and reproductive strategies of a species. The wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) is a species endemic to North America that is endangered according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. As part of my thesis, my objective was to characterize the genetic diversity of this threatened species in Canada. In order to better understand the impact of reproductive strategy and landscape structure on population diversity, I analyzed the genetics of wood turtle populations at several spatial and temporal scales. First, parentage relationships were reconstructed in a population of wood turtles to estimate the frequency of multiple and repeated paternity. The results of my work suggest that sperm storage in females and multiple reproduction with the same partners for more than one breeding season could explain these phenomena. These reproduction strategies could in this case be induced by the low density of the study population, or by fidelity to the overwintering site where the majority of copulation events take place. Subsequently, I assessed the genetic diversity of wood turtle populations. I wanted to understand the effects of the landscape configuration and geographic dispersion events on the diversity of populations. Using a landscape genetics approach, my analyzes show that the division of populations by watershed explains a large fraction of the genetic diversity between populations. These results also confirm that watersheds represent management units conducive to the protection of wood turtle populations. Finally, network analysis was used to better understand the gene flow dynamics among populations located on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence River. More specifically, the north shore is characterized by a robust network of isolated populations, whereas the populations on the south shore present more of a metapopulation structure. Using population graphs, hypothetical scenarios were compared to explore the node selection process using the BRIDES algorithm. The results of these analyzes made it possible to point out specific populations of wood turtles, considering their importance for network connectivity. This could have not been predicted by using genetic diversity and distinctiveness estimates, node-based metrics, and node removal analysis for these populations. Thanks to genetics, this thesis brings new knowledge on the wood turtle, the reproductive strategies of both sexes, the gene flow, the connectivity and the influence of the hydrographic network on population diversity. These results allow us to have a better understanding of the processes affecting the genetic diversity of this species in order to better protect it. All analyses performed for this thesis are directly applicable to other long-lived species with overlapping generations.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Património Cultural e Museologia apresentada à Faculdade de Letras
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo da coleção de Livro Antigo da Biblioteca do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da FCTUC.Partindo do quadro teórico e concetual explanado definimos os limites da investigação e, mediante o contacto com a realidade, elegemos um estudo de caso singular.Os pontos basilares do estudo efetuado foram a análise e a interpretação de conceitos operatórios do domínio científico – Preservação, Conservação, Conservação Curativa e Conservação Preventiva - e a sua aplicação em distintas áreas científicas – Biblioteconomia e Arquivística (ramos ou disciplinas aplicadas da Ciência da Informação), Museologia e Conservação e Restauro. Apresenta-se uma contextualização histórica dos diversos suportes de escrita e analisa-se, em particular, o Livro Antigo e as técnicas e materiais utilizados no seu fabrico. Identificámos, ainda, os vários fatores/agentes de deterioração que podem colocar em risco os acervos bibliográficos, e enumerámos os danos e patologias mais frequentes nos documentos gráficos.Esta investigação, com uma forte componente prática aplicada centrou-se no estudo da Biblioteca do Departamento de Ciências da Vida, mais concretamente no acervo existente no Depósito de Antropologia e foi acompanhada pela elaboração e preenchimento de fichas de recolha de dados e pelo respetivo registo fotográfico.A visão prospetiva que se desenha a partir deste percurso corporiza-se na elaboração de uma proposta de conservação para a coleção de Livro Antigo.Palavras-chave: Preservação, Conservação, Conservação Preventiva, Documentos gráficos, Fatores de deterioração, Livro Antigo, Património, Biblioteca do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da FCTUC
The aim of this master thesis is the study of the Old Book collection of the Life Sciences Department Library of FCTUC. Starting from the theoretical and conceptual framework explained, we have defined the limits of the investigation and after having started, we have chosen a singular case study. The base points of the study were the analysis and interpretation of the concepts of the scientific domain – Preservation, Conservation, Curative Conservation and Preventive Conservation - and its application in different scientific areas – Library Science and Archivistics (branches or subjects of Information Science), Museology and Restoration. We will do a historical contextualization of the different writing supports and analyse, in particular, the Old Book and the techniques and materials used in its manufacture. We have identified the damaged factors/agents that may put at risk the bibliographic collections and we have listed the most frequent damages and pathologies in graphic documents. This research, with a strong practical component focused on the study of the Life Sciences Department Library, more specifically in the Anthropology Storehouse Collection, was accompanied by a data collection file and its photographic record. The prospective vision that is drawn from this study is embodied in the elaboration of a conservation proposal for the collection of the Old Book.Key words: Preservation, Conservation, Preventive Conservation, Graphic documents, Damage factors, Old Book, Heritage, Life Sciences Department Library of FCTUC

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important conservation tools that can support the resilience of marine ecosystems. Many countries, including Canada, have committed to protecting at least 10% of their marine areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Target 11, which includes connectivity as a key aspect. Connectivity, the movement of individuals among habitats, can enhance population stability and resilience within and among MPAs. This thesis aimed to understand regional spatial patterns of marine ecological connectivity, specifically through the mechanism of adult movement, and how these patterns may be affected by climate change. I used the Northern Shelf Bioregion in British Columbia, Canada, as a case study for four objectives: (1) evaluate potential connectivity via adult movement for the entire bioregion, using habitat proxies for distinct ecological communities; (2) assess potential connectivity via adult movement among existing and potential MPAs, using the same habitat proxies; (3) model potential connectivity via adult movement among marine protected areas for two focal species (Metacarcinus magister and Sebastolobus alascanus) and predict how this interconnectedness may shift based on projected ocean temperature changes; and (4) contribute the results of these analyses to the MPA technical team’s ongoing planning process so that connectivity may be considered in the implementation of a new MPA network in the bioregion. This thesis developed an approach to assess and design MPA networks that maximize inferred connectivity within habitat types for adult movement when ecological data are limited. It applied least-cost theory and circuit theory to model MPA suitability and interconnectedness, finding that these are projected to decrease for Sebastolobus alascanus but increase for Metacarcinus magister. I showcased some methods that may be used in MPA design and evaluation, with lessons for other contexts. Importantly, this thesis informed an ongoing MPA planning process, enabling ecological connectivity to be considered in the establishment of a new MPA network in the bioregion. Overall, this work provided examples for incorporating connectivity and climate change into MPA design, highlighting what is possible even when data are limited.
Graduate

The City of Holyoke, Massachusetts is one of many aging, industrial cities striving to revitalize its economy based on the promise of increased digital connectivity and clean energy resources. But how do you renovate 19th century mills to meet the demands of the information age? This architectural study explores the potential impact of sensing technologies and information networks on the definition and function of buildings in the 21st century. It explores the changes that have taken place in industrial architecture since 1850 and argues for an architecture that supports local relationships and environmental awareness. The author explores the industrial history of Holyoke, appraises emerging uses of sensing technologies and presents a thorough narrative of her site analysis and conceptual design of a digital fabrication and incubation center within an existing textile mill.

Text in Afrikaans
Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om vas te stel of leerders in Graad R die nodige wiskundige vaardighede deur gestruktureerde spel bemeester het wat as grondslag vir verdere wiskunde-onderrig kan dien. In die literatuurstudie is die verskillende wiskunde konsepte in diepte ondersoek. Daar is ook gefokus op die oordra van wiskunde konsepte aan jong leerders. Verder is daar in die literatuurstudie ondersoek ingestel na die doel, waardes, tipes, ontwikkeling van spel asook spel in die moderne era. Vir die empiriese ondersoek is 103 Graad R-leerders van ses verskillende skole betrek. Daar is gebruik gemaak van ʼn ewekansige steekproef by die skole wat bereid was om aan die studie deel te neem. Die ondersoek het plaasgevind deur die gebruik van die positivistiese kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetode. Daar is gebruik gemaak van vraelyste om te bepaal wat die bemeestering van wiskundige vaardighede by Graad R-leerders is. Gestruktureerde spel is as hulpmiddel gebruik vir die insameling van die navorsingsmateriaal. Die resultate is bekom deur die vraelyste statisties te verwerk. Daar is ook vraelyste aan die onderwysers gegee om meer agtergrond oor hulle onderrigmetodes asook die onderwysers se eie gevoel teenoor en kennis van wiskunde te bekom. Die navorsingsresultate bevestig dat die meerderheid van die Graad R-leerders oor ʼn goeie wiskundige grondslag beskik. Dus is daar deur die studie gevind dat dit belangrik is dat jong kinders baie moet speel om nuwe vaardighede aan te leer, maar ook die geleentheid moet hê om die vaardighede te beoefen.
The purpose of this research was to determine whether learners in Grade R mastered the necessary math skills through structured play that could serve as a basis for further mathematics training. In the literature various math concepts were studied in depth. The main focus was on the transfer of math concepts to young learners. The literature study further focussed on the purpose, values, and types of play, development of play and play in the modern era. An empirical study using random sampling was done using 103 Grade R learners from six different schools who were willing to participate in the study. The study was done using the positivism quantitative research methodology. Questionnaires were used to determine the mastery of mathematical skills by Grade R learners. Structured play was used as a tool to collect the research material. The results were obtained by processing the questionnaires statistically. Questionnaires were also completed by the teachers to confirm their background knowledge, teaching methods as well as to determine the teachers‟ own feelings towards and their knowledge of mathematics. The research results confirm that the majority of Grade R learners have obtained a good math foundation. The study also confirmed that it is important that young children need to play to learn new skills and must have the opportunity to practise the new skills.
Psychology of Education
D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)