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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Gpa2 »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Gpa2"

Shen, Gui, Yan-Li Wang, Amy Whittington, Lie Li et Ping Wang. « The RGS Protein Crg2 Regulates Pheromone and Cyclic AMP Signaling in Cryptococcus neoformans ». Eukaryotic Cell 7, n^o 9 (25 juillet 2008) : 1540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00154-08.

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ABSTRACT Crg1 and Crg2 are regulators of G-protein signaling homologs found in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Crg1 negatively regulates pheromone responses and mating through direct inhibition of Gα subunits Gpa2 and Gpa3. It has also been proposed that Crg2 has a role in mating, as genetic crosses involving Δcrg2 mutants resulted in formation of hyperfilaments. We found that mutation of Gpa2 and Gpa3 partially suppressed the hyperfilamentation, mutation of Gpa3 alleviated Δcrg2-specfic cell swelling, and mutation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Cpk1 blocked both processes. These findings indicate that Gpa2 and Gpa3 function downstream of Crg2 and that Gpa3 is also epistatic to Crg2 in a Cpk1-dependent morphogenesis process linked to mating. Significantly, we found that Δcrg2 mutants formed enlarged capsules that mimic cells expressing a constitutively active GPA1(Q284L) allele and that the levels of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) were also elevated, suggesting that Crg2 also negatively regulates the Gpa1-cAMP signaling pathway. We further showed that Crg2 interacted with Gpa3 and Gpa1, but not Gpa2, in a pulldown assay and that Crg2 maintained a higher in vitro GTPase-activating protein activity toward Gpa3 and Gpa1 than to Gpa2. Finally, we found that dysregulation of cAMP due to the Crg2 mutation attenuated virulence in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Taken together, our study reveals Crg2 as an RGS (regulator of G-protein signaling) protein of multiregulatory function, including one that controls mating distinctly from Crg1 and one that serves as a novel inhibitor of Gpa1-cAMP signaling.

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Hsueh, Yen-Ping, Chaoyang Xue et Joseph Heitman. « G protein signaling governing cell fate decisions involves opposing Gα subunits inCryptococcus neoformans ». Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, n^o 9 (septembre 2007) : 3237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0133.

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Communication between cells and their environments is often mediated by G protein-coupled receptors and cognate G proteins. In fungi, one such signaling cascade is the mating pathway triggered by pheromone/pheromone receptor recognition. Unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which expresses two Gα subunits, most filamentous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have three Gα subunits. Previous studies have defined the Gα subunit acting upstream of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway, but it has been unclear which Gα subunit is coupled to the pheromone receptor and response pathway. Here we report that in the pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, two Gα subunits (Gpa2, Gpa3) sense pheromone and govern mating. gpa2 gpa3 double mutants, but neither gpa2 nor gpa3 single mutants, are sterile in bilateral crosses. By contrast, deletion of GPA3 (but not GPA2) constitutively activates pheromone response and filamentation. Expression of GPA2 and GPA3 is differentially regulated: GPA3 expression is induced by nutrient-limitation, whereas GPA2 is induced during mating. Based on the phenotype of dominant active alleles, Gpa2 and Gpa3 signal in opposition: Gpa2 promotes mating, whereas Gpa3 inhibits. The incorporation of an additional Gα into the regulatory circuit enabled increased signaling complexity and facilitated cell fate decisions involving choice between yeast growth and filamentous asexual/sexual development.

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Gong, Jinjun, Jacob D. Grodsky, Zhengguang Zhang et Ping Wang. « A Ric8/Synembryn Homolog Promotes Gpa1 and Gpa2 Activation To Respectively Regulate Cyclic AMP and Pheromone Signaling in Cryptococcus neoformans ». Eukaryotic Cell 13, n^o 10 (1 août 2014) : 1290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00109-14.

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ABSTRACTThe G protein α subunits Gpa1, Gpa2, and Gpa3 mediate signal transduction and are important in the growth and virulence ofCryptococcus neoformans. To understand how Gpa1 functions without a conventional Gβ subunit, we characterized a resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8 (Ric8) homolog fromC. neoformans, which shares amino acid sequence homology with other Ric8 proteins that exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity toward Gα. We found that theric8mutant was reduced in capsule size and melanin formation, which could be suppressed by cyclic AMP (cAMP) supplementation or by introducing the activatedGPA1Q284Lallele. Consistent with the fact that Ric8 participates in cAMP signaling to regulate virulence, theric8mutant was attenuated in virulence toward mice. Interestingly, disruption ofRIC8also resulted in opposing effects on pheromone signaling, as theric8mutant showed reduced mating but an enhanced ability to induce the pheromone response in the mating partner. To identify Ric8 functional mechanisms, we examined the interactions between Ric8 and the three Gα proteins. Ric8 interacted with Gpa1 and Gpa2, but not Gpa3. The presence of Gpa1Q284Lnegatively affected its interaction with Ric8, whereas the activated Gpa2Q203Lallele abolished the interaction. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ric8 functions as a GEF to facilitate the activation of Gpa1-cAMP signaling and to promote Gpa2, affecting mating efficiency. Our study highlights the distinct and conserved characteristics associated with G protein signaling and contributes to our overall understanding of how G protein α subunits function with or without a canonical Gβ partner inC. neoformans.

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Harashima, Toshiaki, et Joseph Heitman. « Gα Subunit Gpa2 Recruits Kelch Repeat Subunits That Inhibit Receptor-G Protein Coupling during cAMP-induced Dimorphic Transitions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ». Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, n^o 10 (octobre 2005) : 4557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-05-0403.

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All eukaryotic cells sense extracellular stimuli and activate intracellular signaling cascades via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and associated heterotrimeric G proteins. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPCR Gpr1 and associated Gα subunit Gpa2 sense extracellular carbon sources (including glucose) to govern filamentous growth. In contrast to conventional Gα subunits, Gpa2 forms an atypical G protein complex with the kelch repeat Gβ mimic proteins Gpb1 and Gpb2. Gpb1/2 negatively regulate cAMP signaling by inhibiting Gpa2 and an as yet unidentified target. Here we show that Gpa2 requires lipid modifications of its N-terminus for membrane localization but association with the Gpr1 receptor or Gpb1/2 subunits is dispensable for membrane targeting. Instead, Gpa2 promotes membrane localization of its associated Gβ mimic subunit Gpb2. We also show that the Gpa2 N-terminus binds both to Gpb2 and to the C-terminal tail of the Gpr1 receptor and that Gpb1/2 binding interferes with Gpr1 receptor coupling to Gpa2. Our studies invoke novel mechanisms involving GPCR-G protein modules that may be conserved in multicellular eukaryotes.

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Li, Lie, Gui Shen, Zheng-Guang Zhang, Yan-Li Wang, Jill K. Thompson et Ping Wang. « Canonical Heterotrimeric G Proteins Regulating Mating and Virulence ofCryptococcus neoformans ». Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, n^o 11 (novembre 2007) : 4201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0136.

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Perturbation of pheromone signaling modulates not only mating but also virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic human pathogen known to encode three Gα, one Gβ, and two Gγ subunit proteins. We have found that Gαs Gpa2 and Gpa3 exhibit shared and distinct roles in regulating pheromone responses and mating. Gpa2 interacted with the pheromone receptor homolog Ste3α, Gβ subunit Gpb1, and RGS protein Crg1. Crg1 also exhibited in vitro GAP activity toward Gpa2. These findings suggest that Gpa2 regulates mating through a conserved signaling mechanism. Moreover, we found that Gγs Gpg1 and Gpg2 both regulate pheromone responses and mating. gpg1 mutants were attenuated in mating, and gpg2 mutants were sterile. Finally, although gpa2, gpa3, gpg1, gpg2, and gpg1 gpg2 mutants were fully virulent, gpa2 gpa3 mutants were attenuated for virulence in a murine model. Our study reveals a conserved but distinct signaling mechanism by two Gα, one Gβ, and two Gγ proteins for pheromone responses, mating, and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans, and it also reiterates that the link between mating and virulence is not due to mating per se but rather to certain mating-pathway components that encode additional functions promoting virulence.

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Meza-Carmen, Victor, Jesús García-Soto, Laura Ongay-Larios, Roberto Coria, Mario Pedraza-Reyes, José Arnau, Georgina Reyna-Lopez et Guadalupe Martínez-Cadena. « Molecular characterization of a G protein α-subunit-encoding gene fromMucor circinelloides ». Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, n^o 7 (1 juillet 2006) : 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-010.

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Genes encoding the Gα subunit were cloned from Mucor circinelloides, a zygomycete dimorphic fungus. There are at least four genes that encode for Gα subunits, gpa1, gpa2, gpa3, and gpa4. The genes gpa1 and gpa3 were isolated and characterized, and their predicted products showed 36%–67% identity with Gα subunits from diverse fungi. Northern blot analysis of gpa3 showed that it is present in spores and constitutively expressed during mycelium development and during yeast–mycelium and mycelium–yeast transitions. However, during yeast cell growth, decreased levels of mRNA were observed. Sequence analysis of gpa3 cDNA revealed that Gpa3 encodes a polypeptide of 356 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 40.8 kDa. The deduced sequence of Gpa3 protein contains all the consensus regions of Gα subunits of the Gαi/o/tsubfamily except the cysteine near the C terminus for potential ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin. This cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Based on its electrophoretic mobility in SDS–PAGE, the molecular mass of the His6-tagged Gpa3 was 45 kDa. The recombinant protein was recognized by a polyclonal antibody against a fragment of a human Gαi/o/t. Furthermore, the recombinant Gpa3 was ADP-ribosylated by activated cholera toxin and [32P]NAD but not by pertussis toxin. These results indicate that in M. circinelloides the Gα subunit Gpa3 is expressed constitutively during differentiation.Key words: Gα-subunit-encoding genes, Mucor circinelloides, Gpa3 recombinant protein.

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Landry, Sheila, Maria T. Pettit, Ethel Apolinario et Charles S. Hoffman. « The Fission Yeast git5 Gene Encodes a Gβ Subunit Required for Glucose-Triggered Adenylate Cyclase Activation ». Genetics 154, n^o 4 (1 avril 2000) : 1463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.4.1463.

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Abstract Fission yeast adenylate cyclase is activated by the gpa2 Gα subunit of a heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide binding protein (G protein). We show that the git5 gene, also required for this activation, encodes a Gβ subunit. In contrast to another study, we show that git5 is not a negative regulator of the gpa1 Gα involved in the pheromone response pathway. While 43% identical to mammalian Gβ's, the git5 protein lacks the amino-terminal coiled-coil found in other Gβ subunits, yet the gene possesses some of the coding capacity for this structure 5′ to its ORF. Although both gpa2 (Gα) and git5 (Gβ) are required for adenylate cyclase activation, only gpa2 is needed to maintain basal cAMP levels. Strains bearing a git5 disruption are derepressed for fbp1 transcription and sexual development even while growing in a glucose-rich environment, although fbp1 derepression is half that observed in gpa2 deletion strains. Multicopy gpa2 partially suppresses the loss of git5, while the converse is not true. These data suggest that Gβ is required for activation of adenylate cyclase either by promoting the activation of Gα or by independently activating adenylate cyclase subsequent to Gα stimulation as seen in type II mammalian adenylate cyclase activation.

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Ivey, F. Douglas, Francis X. Taglia, Fan Yang, Matthew M. Lander, David A. Kelly et Charles S. Hoffman. « Activated Alleles of the Schizosaccharomyces pombegpa2+ Gα Gene Identify Residues Involved in GDP-GTP Exchange ». Eukaryotic Cell 9, n^o 4 (5 février 2010) : 626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00010-10.

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ABSTRACT The Schizosaccharomyces pombe glucose/cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway includes the Gpa2-Git5-Git11 heterotrimeric G protein, whose Gpa2 Gα subunit directly binds to and activates adenylate cyclase in response to signaling from the Git3 G protein-coupled receptor. To study intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of Gpa2, we developed a plasmid-based screen to identify mutationally activated gpa2 alleles that bypass the loss of the Git5-Git11 Gβγ dimer to repress transcription of the glucose-regulated fbp1 + gene. Fifteen independently isolated mutations alter 11 different Gpa2 residues, with all but one conferring a receptor-independent activated phenotype upon integration into the gpa2 + chromosomal locus. Biochemical characterization of three activated Gpa2 proteins demonstrated an increased GDP-GTP exchange rate that would explain the mechanism of activation. Interestingly, the amino acid altered in the Gpa2(V90A) exchange rate mutant protein is in a region of Gpa2 with no obvious role in Gα function, thus extending our understanding of Gα protein structure-function relationships.

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Miwa, Takuya, Yukinobu Takagi, Makiko Shinozaki, Cheol-Won Yun, Wiley A. Schell, John R. Perfect, Hidehiko Kumagai et Hisanori Tamaki. « Gpr1, a Putative G-Protein-Coupled Receptor, Regulates Morphogenesis and Hypha Formation in the Pathogenic Fungus Candida albicans ». Eukaryotic Cell 3, n^o 4 (août 2004) : 919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.3.4.919-931.2004.

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ABSTRACT In response to various extracellular signals, the morphology of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans switches from yeast to hypha form. Here, we report that GPR1 encoding a putative G-protein-coupled receptor and GPA2 encoding a Gα subunit are required for hypha formation and morphogenesis in C. albicans. Mutants lacking Gpr1 (gpr1/gpr1) or Gpa2 (gpa2/gpa2) are defective in hypha formation and morphogenesis on solid hypha-inducing media. These phenotypic defects in solid cultures are suppressed by exogenously added dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (dibutyryl-cAMP). Biochemical studies also reveal that GPR1 and GPA2 are required for a glucose-dependent increase in cellular cAMP. An epistasis analysis indicates that Gpr1 functions upstream of Gpa2 in the same signaling pathway, and a two-hybrid assay reveals that the carboxyl-terminal tail of Gpr1 interacts with Gpa2. Moreover, expression levels of HWP1 and ECE1, which are cAMP-dependent hypha-specific genes, are reduced in both mutant strains. These findings support a model that Gpr1, as well as Gpa2, regulates hypha formation and morphogenesis in a cAMP-dependent manner. In contrast, GPR1 and GPA2 are not required for hypha formation in liquid fetal bovine serum (FBS) medium. Furthermore, the gpr1 and the gpa2 mutant strains are fully virulent in a mouse infection. These findings suggest that Gpr1 and Gpa2 are involved in the glucose-sensing machinery that regulates morphogenesis and hypha formation in solid media via a cAMP-dependent mechanism, but they are not required for hypha formation in liquid medium or during invasive candidiasis.

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Sudo, Satoko, Yoshimitsu Kuwabara, Jae-Il Park, Sheau Yu Hsu et Aaron J. W. Hsueh. « Heterodimeric Fly Glycoprotein Hormone-α2 (GPA2) and Glycoprotein Hormone-β5 (GPB5) Activate Fly Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor-1 (DLGR1) and Stimulation of Human Thyrotropin Receptors by Chimeric Fly GPA2 and Human GPB5 ». Endocrinology 146, n^o 8 (1 août 2005) : 3596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0317.

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Abstract Glycoprotein hormones play important roles in thyroid and gonadal function in vertebrates. The glycoprotein hormone α-subunit forms heterodimers with different β-subunits to activate TSH or gonadotropin (LH and FSH) receptors. Recent genomic analyses allowed the identification of another α-subunit, GPA2, and another β-subunit, GPB5, in human, capable of forming heterodimers to activate TSH receptors. Based on comparative genomic searches, we isolated the fly orthologs for human GPA2 and GPB5, each consisting of 10 cysteine residues likely involved in cystine-knot formation. RT-PCR analyses in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated the expression of GPA2 and GPB5 at different developmental stages. Immunoblot analyses further showed that fly GPA2 and GPB5 subunit proteins are of approximately 16 kDa, and coexpression of these subunits yielded heterodimers. Purified recombinant fly GPA2/GPB5 heterodimers were found to be glycoproteins with N-linked glycosylated α-subunits and nonglycosylated β-subunits, capable of stimulating cAMP production mediated by fly orphan receptor DLGR1 but not DLGR2. Although the fly GPA2/GPB5 heterodimers did not activate human TSH or gonadotropin receptors, chimeric fly GPA2/human GPB5 heterodimers stimulated human TSH receptors. These findings indicated that fly GPA2/GPB5 is a ligand for DLGR1, thus showing the ancient origin of this glycoprotein hormone-seven transmembrane receptor-G protein signaling system. The fly GPA2 also could form heterodimers with human GPB5 to activate human TSH receptors, indicating the evolutionary conservation of these genes and suggesting that the GPA2 subunit may serve as a scaffold for the β-subunit to activate downstream G protein-mediated signaling.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Gpa2"

Haj, Hassan Maya. « Caractérisation de protéines bovines potentiellement impliquées dans la reproduction : GPA2, GPB5, PDI, PEBP et Ubiquitine ». Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4037/document.

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Nous avons caractérisé cinq protéines bovines qui sont potentiellement impliquées dans la reproduction.Un travail de clonage a été initié qui permettra à terme de purifier les GPA2 et GPB5 recombinantes puis naturelles pour étudier leurs structures. GPA2 et GPB5 sont considérés comme les ancêtres moléculaires des sous-unités α et β des hormones glycoprotéiques. Nous avons montré la relative fragilité thermique de la structure quaternaire de la FSH bovine par rapport aux FSH ovine et humaine et nous avons étudié les propriétés enzymatiques de la PDI (Protein Disulfide Isomerase) en préalable à l’étude de l’activité PDI de GPA2/GPB5. Nous avons aussi purifié la phosphatidyl-ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) et l’ubiquitine testiculaires par chromatographie hydrophobe à très haute concentration de sulfate d’ammonium. A partir de la PEBP purifiée, on a produit des anticorps spécifiques chez le lapin qui nous ont permis d’être les premiers à développer un dosage ELISA fiable pour cette protéine
We characterized five bovine proteins that are potentially involved in reproduction. We started with the cloning of gpa2 and gpb5 cDNAs in order to eventually purify recombinant and natural GPA2 and GPB5 to study their possible quaternary structure. GPA2 and GPB5 are the evolutionary ancestors of Glycoprotein hormones α and β subunits respectively. Meanwhile, we have shown the relative quaternary structure fragility of bovine FSH compared to human and sheep FSH. We also studied the effect of endocrine disruptors on PDI (Protein Disulfide Isomerase) before addressing GPA2/GPB5 PDI activity of GPA2/GPB5 once purified.We succeeded to purify the phosphatidyl-ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) and ubiquitin from bovine testis by hydrophobic interaction chromatography at very high ammonium sulfate concentration and we produced specific antibodies (anti-PEBP) in rabbits that allowed us to be the first to develop a reliable Elisa assay for this protein

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BROGGI, SERENA. « Studies on active RAS proteins localization and evidences for nuclear active RAS2 involvement in invasive growth in saccharomyces cerevisiae ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/41878.

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In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Ras proteins are part of the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway, which plays a fundamental role in the control of many cellular processes including cells proliferation, stress resistance, metabolism, and growth. They belong to the super-family of the small GTPases that act as molecular switches by cycling between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form. This process is controlled by two classes of regulatory proteins: the GEFs promote the activation of Ras by catalyzing the GDP-GTP exchange, whereas the GAPs turn off the Ras proteins by stimulating the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. In the first section of this thesis, we investigated the localization of active Ras proteins in wild type cells and in mutants in several components of the cAMP/PKA pathway to understand how the proteins involved in this pathway influence the localization of active Ras. To this aim we used a probe in which the eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) is fused to a trimeric Ras binding domain (RBD3) of the human Ras effector, c-Raf1. This RBD directly binds to the active Ras with a much higher affinity than the inactive Ras. We also investigated the influence of PKA activity on active Ras localization analyzing different mutants with either high or low/absent PKA activity. The cells of the different strains expressing the eGFP-RBD3 probe growing on glucose medium were observed under the microscope. In wild type cells, Ras-GTP was mainly localized at the plasma membrane and surprisingly in the nucleus. In cyr1∆ and gpr1∆ cells, the probe showed a similar localization as in wild type cells. In gpa2∆, hxk2∆ and hxk1∆hxk2∆ cells, the fluorescence accumulated in internal membranes and mitochondria. However, in the hxk1∆hxk2∆ cells transformed with the centromeric plasmid YCpHXK2 expressing Hxk2, the eGFP-RBD3 probe was mainly localized at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. These results suggest that Gpa2 and Hxk2 play a role in the localization of active Ras. We also observed that the localization of active Ras is dependent on PKA activity. Indeed, in the bcy1∆ mutant, showing high PKA activity, there was a clear relocalization of active Ras to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus, while no active Ras was localized at the plasma membrane anymore. In a strain with either reduced PKA activity, the tpk1w1 tpk2∆ tpk3∆ strain or absent PKA activity, the tpk1∆ tpk2∆ tpk3∆ yak1∆ strain, active Ras was mainly localized at the plasma membrane. In the second section of this thesis, we investigated the role played by active Ras in the nucleus. To this aim, a fusion was made between the Ras2 protein and the Nuclear Export Signal (NES) from the HIV virus (HIV virus Rev protein NES) (Henderson et al., 2000), generating the NES-RAS2 strain. Our results showed that the exclusion of Ras2 protein from the nucleus did not cause a growth defect neither on fermentable nor non fermentable carbon sources and did not influence the PKA related phenotypes analyzed in our work. Cells expressing the fusion protein were only defective for the invasive growth, suggesting that nuclear active Ras2 is involved in this cellular process. These results were confirmed using also the Tlys86 strain, that is commonly used to test this phenotype. We also demonstrated that the nuclear localization of Cdc25, the main GEF of Ras proteins, is required for invasive growth and that PKA activity controls invasive growth influencing the localization of active Ras. Data in literature (Cazzaniga et al., 2008; Pescini et al., 2012) show the presence in silico of cAMP levels oscillations. In the last section of this thesis, we tested two different FRET sensors, previously used in mammalian cells, to monitor the cAMP levels (CFP-Epac1-YFP probe) and PKA activity in single cells in vivo (AKAR3 probe). We inserted the sequences coding for the CFP-Epac1-YFP sensor and for the AKAR3 sensor in a multicopy yeast expression vector and the sensors were expressed under the control of the TPI promoter in several yeast strains. We used a two-photon confocal microscope system to measure the FRET efficiency. Our preliminary results showed that in a wild type strain expressing either the Epac sensor or the AKAR3 sensor there was respectively an increase of cAMP level and PKA activity in a single yeast cell after glucose addition to glucose-starved cells.

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Carpentier, Jean. « Variabilité moléculaire et mode évolutif du gène de virulence Gp-Rbp-A et du co-Facteur RanGap2 impliqués dans l’interaction incompatible entre le nématode Globodra pallida et la pomme de terre Gpa2 résistante ». Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSARC105.

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Afin de lutter contre le nematode à kyste de la pomme de terre, Globodera pallida, l’utilisation de variétés résistantes est maintenant préconisée. Cependant la plupart des gènes de résistances connus, comme le gène majeur Gpa2 ne sont efficaces que vis-à-vis d’un nombre réduit de populations. De plus Gpa2 nécessite la présence d’un co-facteur, RanGAP2, pour reconnaître la protéine d’avirulence du nématode codée par le gène Gp-Rbp-1 et déclencher alors les mécanismes de défenses de la plante. L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser le spectre d’e efficacité de Gpa2 vis-à-vis de populations de G. Pallida originaires d’Europe et d’Amérique du Sud (bassin d’origine du nématode) et de décrire la variabilité moléculaire et fonctionnelle de Gp-Rbp-1 et chez Gp-Rbp-1 qui pourrait affecter l’interaction ave Gpa2 et du polymorphisme chez RanGAP2 qui pourrait être utilisé pour élargir le spectre d’action du gène Gpa2. Nous avons montré que la sensibilité d’un cultivar de pomme de terre exprimant Gpa2 à une population de G. Pallida ne pouvait être expliquée exclusivement par la fréquence de variants avirulents de Gp-Rbp-1 dans cette population de nématodes. De plus parmi les huit sites de Gp-Rbp-1 détectés sous slection positive, la seule variation d’acide mainé en position 187 (proline/sérine) s’est avérée suffisante pour expliquer la reconnaissance de GP-RBP-1 par GPA2. Malgré de nombreux sites détectés sous sélection purifiante, RanGAP2 présente deux sites polymorphes (acides aminés 106 et 237) et une insertion/délétion d’intérêt. La variabilité au niveau de ces sites ne permet pas la reconnaissance des variants virulents (non reconnus ) de GP-RBP-1 par GPA2 mais semble néanmoins affecter l’intensité de la réaction d’hypersensibilité qui se produits lors de lla reconnaissance des variants avirulents de GP-RBP-1 par GPA2
In order to control the potato cyst nematode. Globodera pallida, using resistant varieties is now advocated. Nevertheless, most of the resistance genes, including ther major gene Gpa2 are efficient only against a lim ited number of nematode populations. Moreover Gpa2 needs the presence of a co-factor – RanGAP2 – to recognize the nematode avirulence protein coded by the Gp-RBP-1 gene and to trigger the plant defence mechanisms. The present work aims to characterize the efficiency spectrum of Gpa2. Our goals were to identify the Gp-Rbp-1 polymorphisms affecting the outcome of the interaction with Gpa2 and the polymorphisms in RanGAP2 that can be used to expand the range of G. Pallida populations controlled by Gpa2. We have shown tha susceptibility of a potato cultivar expressing Gpa2 to a G. Pallida population. Furthermore, among the eight sites of Gp-Rbp-1 found under positive selection, the sole variation at amino acid position 187 (proline/serine) remained sufficienet to explain the recognition of GP-RBP 1 by GPA2. Despite numerous sites found to have evolved under purifying selection, RanGAP2 have two polymorphic sites (amino acids 106 and 237) and one insertion/deletion of interest. Variability observed at these sites do not enable the recognition of virulent variants (non-recognized) of GP-RBP-1 by GPA2 but seems to affect intensity of the hypersensitive response triggered by the recognition of avirulent variants of Gp Rbp-1 GPA2

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BIRONNEAU, LAURENT. « Le choix des methodes et outils de pilotage de la production en milieu industriel. Elements d'analyse et proposition d'un referentiel d'aide au choix ». Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10203.

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Le but de cette recherche etait essentiellement de determiner les facteurs qui influent sur le choix d'une methode et d'un outil de pilotage de la production, et de proposer, en coherence avec cette etude, un referentiel synthetique montrant les liens privilegies entre les differentes situations industrielles et l'utilisation de telle ou telle approche de pilotage. Ce double objectif devait permettre d'apporter une contribution a la connaissance du pilotage de la production tant d'un point de vue theorique, en precisant notamment l'adequation des methodes et outils de pilotage aux differentes problematiques de production, que sur le plan pratique de l'aide a la decision, en facilitant le choix de l'approche de pilotage la plus adaptee a un systeme de production donne. La methode d'investigation retenue s'est basee sur trois etapes. Une phase theorique a permis d'etablir une typologie des systemes de production qui a servi de cadre pour developper un modele d'aide au choix des methodes et outils de pilotage de la production. Ce modele croise entre eux trois criteres principaux : le mode de reponse au marche, la nature du flux et le profil du flux. Une phase d'etude empirique a eu pour objet d'etudier sur le terrain la realite des pratiques de choix, en vue d'une prise en compte de la complexite du reel. Enfin, une troisieme phase a permis de boucler la recherche en integrant la complexite du reel dans le modele initial. Le referentiel a ete amenage pour integrer les criteres manageriaux et traiter la problematique des systemes mixtes.

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Zairi, Mohamed. « GP12 : a collagen-like protein that binds to the SPP1 capsid ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS140.

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Gp12 est une protéine qui se fixe symétriquement au centre de chacun des 60 hexamères de la capside icosaédrique du bactériophage SPP1. La protéine produite dans un système d’expression hétérologue se lie à la capside de particules virales dont le gène codant gp12 a été inactivé. Cette interaction a lieu spécifiquement avec des capsides qui ont subi le processus d’expansion et encapsulé l'ADN viral.L'analyse de la séquence de gp12 montre la présence d'un motif (GXY)n retrouvé dans des protéines de type collagène. Nous avons démontré que gp12 est un trimère allongé en solution. Ce trimère s'avère sensible à la collagénase VII qui coupe la protéine gp12 dans un site spécifique du motif (GXY)8. Le profil de dichroïsme circulaire de gp12 porte aussi la signature d'une protéine de type collagène. La fixation de gp12 sur la capside virale conduit à une augmentation de 20°C de sa stabilité thermique. Gp12 peut être dénaturée-dissociée et puis renaturée-reassociée sous l'effet de la température. Le trimer de gp12 et sa forme dénaturée se fixent à la capside de SPP1 mais avec des profils d’interaction différents. Ces propriétés permettent d’utiliser gp12 comme un ligand réversible de la capside phagique en fonction de la température. Gp12 a une organisation modulaire avec un motif collagène qui sépare les modules amino et carboxyl-terminaux. Des protéines avec une organisation similaire sont codées par des gènes adjacents à celui codant pour la protéine majoritaire de la capside dans des prophages de Bacilli, suggérant une fonction similaire à gp12. Leurs modules ont une taille variable. Une recherche de protéines procaryotes et virales avec des segments collagène a montré qu’elles sont abondantes parmi les bactéries et les virus. Le motif est rare parmi les archées et leurs virus. Ces résultats montrent l’importance des protéines avec des séquences de type collagène dans le monde non-eucaryote et du développement de leur étude biochimique et fonctionnelle
Gp12 is a protein found distributed symmetrically at the surface of the icosahedral capsid from bacteriophage SPP1. Recombinant gp12 binds to phage particles whose gene coding for gp12 was disrupted. This interaction occurs specifically with capsids that undergone expansion and packaged DNA.The gp12 protein sequence is marked by the presence of a stretch of 8 repeats of a GXY motif, which is the sequence signature of collagen. Our results showed that gp12 is an elongated trimer in solution. The trimer is sensitive to collagenase VII that cuts the gp12 protein inside the collagen motif. Its circular dichroism profile has also the signature of a collagen-like protein. Binding of gp12 to SPP1 capsids increases its thermal stability by 20°C. Gp12 is denatured and dissociated reversibly by temperature shift. The gp12 trimer and its denatured form bind to SPP1 capsids but with a different interaction behavior. These properties allow to use gp12 as thermo-switchable SPP1 capsid binder. Gp12 has a modular organization with a central collagen motif that connects the amino and carboxyl termini. Proteins with a similar organization that are encoded by genes adjacent to the gene coding for the major capsid protein were identified in prophages of Bacilli, suggesting a function similar to gp12. Their modules have a variable length.A pangenome-wide search for collagen-like proteins in prokaryotes and viruses shows that they are abundant among bacteria and viruses. In contrast, this motif is rare is archaea and their viruses. Our analysis highlights the importance of collagen-like proteins in the non-eukaryotic world and supports the interest to develop their biochemical and structural study

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Toubal, Amine. « Décodage du role de GPS2 dans le controle transcriptionnel de l'inflammation du tissu adipeux dans l'obésité ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066048/document.

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L'obésité est aujourd’hui considérée comme une maladie inflammatoire chronique dite de « bas grade » principalement caractérisée par une augmentation de l’inflammation du tissu adipeux. Les adipocytes et les macrophages sont connus pour jouer un rôle clé dans l’établissement, la progression et le maintien de l'inflammation. Dans mon projet de thèse, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux mécanismes transcriptionnels impliqués dans l'inflammation chronique en décodant l'action du corégulateur transcriptionnel GPS2 (G protein pathway suppressor 2) dans les adipocytes et les macrophages du tissu adipeux. Dans un premiers temps, nous avons étudié la régulation et les actions de GPS2 (et ses partenaires SMRT et NCOR) dans le tissu adipeux humains de sujets obèses par rapport à des sujets minces. Dans cette première étude, nous avons identifié un mécanisme épigénomique qui participe à la régulation de la transcription des gènes inflammatoires dans les adipocytes lors de l’obésité. Nous avons démontré que la dérégulation de GPS2 contribuait à l'inflammation du tissu adipeux en permettant à la dérépression de certains gènes inflammatoires dont l’interleukine 6. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons caractérisé les conséquences de l’invalidation de GPS2 dans le phénotype inflammatoire des macrophages ainsi que les conséquences in vivo sur la progression de l’insulino-résistance. Pour ceci, nous avons généré un modèle de souris où GPS2 a été spécifiquement invalidé dans les macrophages (GPS2-MacKO). De manière intéressante, les souris GPS2-MacKO, présentent une expression accrue des gènes impliqués dans la voie de signalisation des TLR et des chimiokines dans les macrophages isolés. Par conséquent, une augmentation significative de l'infiltration des macrophages dans le tissu adipeux est observée dans un contexte d’obésité induisant une altération de l’homéostasie glucidique. Par nos approches génomiques, transcriptomiques et épigénomiques, nous avons pu révéler les voies de signalisations spécifiquement contrôlées par GPS2. Ces travaux démontrent également l’importance des régulations épigénomiques dans l'inflammation métabolique du tissu adipeux durant l'obésité
Obesity is now considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease with increased levels of inflammatory mediators both in circulation and adipose tissue. Among adipose tissue cell types, adipocytes and macrophages are known to play key roles in the progression of inflammation by establishing and maintaining it. In this PhD project, we particularly focus on the transcriptional mechanisms behind the chronic low-grade inflammation by deciphering the action of GPS2 in adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages. We initially studied the gene regulation and the actions of GPS2 and its partners in adipose tissue and adipocytes of human obese subjects compared to lean subjects. In this first study we identified a novel regulatory pathway that participates in the transcriptional control of inflammation associated with obesity, both in adipose tissue and adipocytes. We have shown that GPS2 and SMRT were differentially expressed and regulated in obese adipocytes. In addition, this dysregulation contributes to inflammation of the adipose tissue by allowing the derepression of specific inflammatory genes. In a second study, in order to go further in the characterisation of the in vivo function of GPS2, we generated a mouse model were GPS2 was specifically invalidated in macrophages. Models of diet-induced obesity were applied in these experiments. Interestingly, GPS2-MacKO mice showed an increased expression of inflammatory genes both in adipose tissue and isolated ATMs (F4/80+ cells) associated with a significant increase of macrophages infiltration in the adipose tissue. Finally, we observed that GPS2-MacKO mice had impaired glucose metabolism as they presented high glucose intolerance as well as an important insulin resistance

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Thomé, Franck. « Un système pour l'audit et l'aide à la conception des organisations de gestion de la production ». Chambéry, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CHAMS001.

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L'outil présenté utilise les principes de la méthode GRAI en particulier une modélisation hiérarchique et fonctionnelle du système étudié. Il s'agit d'un système expert capable d'élaborer un bilan d'analyse à partir d'une représentation du système de gestion de la production étudié, qui est entrée à la fois graphiquement et sous la forme d'objets stockés dans une base de données.

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Weil, Georges Emile Demongeot Jacques. « L'hôpital au service du malade transfert des concepts, des méthodes, des outils de la gestion de la production / ». S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337856.

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Martino, Michael. « A Potential Role for Hepatic GPT2 in Endurance Exercise Performance ». Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10808503.

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Alanine has long been recognized as an important substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis through the glucose-alanine (Cahill) cycle which plays an important role in the maintenance of euglycemia during times of caloric deficiency. The Cahill cycle involves the transamination of pyruvate by the amino group of glutamate, producing α-ketoglutarate and alanine. Alanine formed in skeletal muscle during exercise can be sent to the liver where it is used to produce glucose and safely remove the NH₃₊ as urea. This process is catalyzed by the glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) enzyme, of which two distinct isoforms exist: cytosolic GPT1 and mitochondrial GPT2. However, the precise role of these different enzymes in alanine metabolism remains to be fully elucidated and is an ongoing subject of debate. Likewise, the potential efficacy of exogenous alanine administration as a strategy to improve skeletal muscle glycogen recovery following exercise has not been examined. The following studies were conducted to: 1) evaluate the metabolic effects of L-alanine administration following a bout of exhaustive exercise and 2) determine the role hepatic GPT2 plays in gluconeogenesis from alanine during exercise.

Administration of L-alanine to C57BL/6 mice kept fasted after an exhaustive bout of exercise did not significantly alter glycogen content in the gastrocnemius during 1 hour of recovery; despite the observation that blood glucose concentrations were elevated at this time compared to mice treated with sterile saline. In addition, treatment with L-alanine resulted in significantly increased blood lactate concentrations at 30 and 60 minutes of recovery.

Liver specific GPT2–/– mice are overtly normal and survive to adulthood with normal exercise tolerance. Gene expression analysis by qPCR reveals LS-GPT2–/– mice have higher levels of GPT1 mRNA, which may act to compensate for the loss of GPT2. Indeed, liver specific deletion of GPT2 and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) resulted in reduced exercise time to exhaustion. Impaired gluconeogenesis was also observed in double knockout mice following 1 hour of recovery from exercise in the fasted state.

These studies demonstrate that immediately following exercise alanine is not a limiting substrate for skeletal muscle glycogen replenishment or hepatic gluconeogenesis. In addition, we show that loss of GPT2 alone is not sufficient to reduce exercise performance or gluconeogenesis due to compensatory changes in gene expression.

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Savage, Sydney, Hannah Oliver, Rylee Burchfield, Bethany Pickard et Sarah Pack. « Student's Proximity to Campus Affects their GPA ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2020/schedule/33.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between a students Grade Point Average (GPA) and a student's proximity to campus. There were also two other independent variables studied, the students gender and the number of roommates the student has. The results showed that there is no correlation between GPA and proximity to campus or GPA and number of roommates. The only correlation found, which was slight, was between GPA and gender.

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Livres sur le sujet "Gpa2"

Doyle, David. GPA/DUKW. Carrollton, TX : Squadron/Signal Publications, 2008.

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Gaëlle Péneau architectes & associés (Nantes, France), dir. Campus des métiers de Brest : GPAA. Paris : Archibooks, 2015.

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Limited, GPA Group, et Royal Hospital (Kilmainham), dir. GPA Awards for emerging artists 1986. Shannon : GPA Group, 1986.

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Limited, GPA Group, et RHA Gallagher Gallery, dir. GPA Awards for emerging artists 1990. Shannon : GPA Group, 1990.

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The GPA under the microscope : Youths' perspective. Eastlea, Harare : Youth Initiative for Democracy Zimbabwe, 2009.

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Oklahoma High School Indicators Project. et Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education., dir. Headcount, semester hours and GPA report : Summary. Oklahoma City : Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 1994.

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Katharine, Hansen, dir. Write your way to a higher GPA : How to dramatically boost your GPA simply by sharpening your writing skills. Berkeley, Calif : Ten Speed Press, 1997.

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Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights et Civil Society Monitoring Mechanism (Zimbabwe), dir. CISOMM GPA audit : Balancing liabilities of political compromise. Harare : Civil Society Monitoring Mechanism, 2013.

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National Council of Applied Economic Research., dir. India's accession to the GPA : Identifying costs and benefits. New Delhi : National Council of Applied Economic Research, 2001.

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Crash landing : An inside account of the fall of GPA. Dublin : Gill & Macmillan, 2009.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Gpa2"

Stiekema, W. J., A. G. van der Vossen, J. Rouppe van der Voort, J. Bakker et R. M. Klein Lankhorst. « Molecular isolation of two cyst nematode resistance genes : the Hs1P ro-1 gene of beet and the GPA2 gene of potato ». Dans Developments in Plant Breeding, 185–93. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4475-9_21.

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Kipp, Anna P. « GPx2 ». Dans Glutathione, 95–109. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Series : Oxidative stress and : CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351261760-6.

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Goblirsch, Gisela. « GPA als Reportage-Werkzeug ». Dans Gebrauchstexte schreiben, 99–113. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17601-3_9.

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Sundar, Gangadhara, Stephanie Ming Young, Eric Ting, Bingcheng Wu, Min En Nga et Shantha Amrith. « Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) ». Dans Ocular Adnexal Lesions, 59–62. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3798-7_9.

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Said, Gerard. « Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) ». Dans International Neurology, 67–70. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118777329.ch21.

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Pagnoux, Christian, et Alexandra Villa-Forte. « Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) ». Dans Compendium of Inflammatory Diseases, 550–61. Basel : Springer Basel, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8550-7_192.

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Morsy, Mohamed, et Marios Stavrakas. « Granulomatosis with Polyangitis (GPA) ». Dans Rhinology and Anterior Skull Base Surgery, 291–94. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66865-5_61.

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Pagnoux, Christian, et Alexandra Villa-Forte. « Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) ». Dans Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases, 1–12. Basel : Springer Basel, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_192-1.

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Poças, Diogo, et Jeffery Zucker. « Tracking Computability of GPAC-Generable Functions ». Dans Logical Foundations of Computer Science, 214–35. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36755-8_14.

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Watts, Richard A., David G. I. Scott et Chetan Mukhtyar. « Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis – GPA (Wegeners) ». Dans Vasculitis in Clinical Practice, 63–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14871-7_7.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Gpa2"

Rocco, David A. « Elucidating physiological roles of the ancient glycoprotein hormone, GPA2/GPB5, and its receptor in the mosquito,Aedes aegypti ». Dans 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105709.

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Mokbel, Mohamed F., et Walid G. Aref. « GPAC ». Dans the 6th international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1071246.1071270.

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Le Feuvre, Jean, Cyril Concolato et Jean-Claude Moissinac. « GPAC ». Dans the 15th international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1291233.1291452.

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Le Feuvre, Jean. « GPAC filters ». Dans MMSys '20 : 11th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3339825.3394929.

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Steedle, Jeffrey. « Decomposing GPA : Why Is High School GPA the Best Single Predictor of First-Year GPA ? » Dans 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC : AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1569408.

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Le Feuvre, Jean, Cyril Concolato, Jean-Claude Dufourd, Romain Bouqueau et Jean-Claude Moissinac. « Experimenting with multimedia advances using GPAC ». Dans the 19th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2072298.2072427.

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Despreaux, Stephane, et Aude Maignan. « GPaR : A Parallel Graph Rewriting Tool ». Dans 2018 20th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/synasc.2018.00021.

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Niculescu, Mihai Alexandru, Stefan Ruseti et Mihai Dascalu. « RoGPT2 : Romanian GPT2 for Text Generation ». Dans 2021 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictai52525.2021.00183.

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Sanches, Elcio, Gabriel Abreu, Vinicius Noda, Josimar Rocha, Ozeas Carvalho, Renato Tinos et Danilo Sanches. « Operador de cruzamento baseado em partições aplicado no problema de roteamento de veículos ». Dans Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2019.9333.

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Este artigo propõe uma modificação do operador de cruzamento Generation Partition Crossover 2 (GPX2) que é uma adaptação do operador de cruzamento Partition Crossover (PX). Os operadores GPX2 e PX foram inicialmente validados apenas no Problema do Caixeiro Viajante. Diante disto, a proposta deste trabalho consiste na adaptação do operador GPX2 ao Problema de Roteamento de Veículos. O GPX2 utiliza o conceito de Ghost nodes e uma função fitness que considera penalização de soluções infactíveis do Problema de Roteamento de Veículos. O método é validado comparando o desempenho do GPX2 com o operador Order Crossover que é bastante utilizado em Problemas de Roteamento de Veículos.

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Akar, Ece Mekik, Saba Kiremitçi, Elmas Kaplan et Mesiha Ekim. « GP72 Obesity related glomerulopathy in three siblings ». Dans Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.138.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Gpa2"

Dick, J. J., A. R. Martinez et R. S. Hixson. Plane impact response of PBX 9501 below 2 GPA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), décembre 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/334337.

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Simpson, R. L., F. H. Helm et T. M. Cook. The equation of state of perfluorododecane to 48 GPa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6094097.

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Carlson, S., B. Bonner, F. Ryerson et C. Chow. Compaction of Expancel Microspheres and Epoxy Foam to 3 GPa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/900133.

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KNUDSON, MARCUS D., DAVID L. HANSON, JAMES E. BAILEY, CHARLES AINSLEY HALL et JAMES R. ASAY. Equation of State Measurements in Liquid Deuterium to 70 Gpa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), décembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/791891.

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Mandal, Anirban. Elastic-Plastic Deformation of Molybdenum Single Crystals Shocked to 12.5 GPa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1595632.

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Warnes, R. H., et D. L. Tonks. Measurement and analysis of three 1.5-GPa shock-wave profiles in copper. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juillet 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10165834.

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Sheffield, S. A., R. L. Gustavsen et R. R. Alcon. Observations of shock-induced reaction in liquid bromoform up to 11 GPA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septembre 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/102143.

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Dick, J. J., A. R. Martinez et R. S. Hixson. Plane impact response of PBX 9501 and its components below 2 GPa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/663187.

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Hershbein, Brad J. Worker Signals among New College Graduates : The Role of Selectivity and GPA. W.E. Upjohn Institute, janvier 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp13-190.

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Moulton, N. E., S. A. Wolf, E. F. Skelton et D. H. Liebenberg. Pressure Dependence of Tc in Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 at Hydrostatic Pressures to 6 GPa. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, octobre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada243433.

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