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de Sousa Santos, Boaventura. « Nuestra America ». Theory, Culture & ; Society 18, no 2-3 (juin 2001) : 185–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02632760122051706.
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According to Hegel, universal history goes from the East to the West. This idea underlies the dominant conception of the 20th century as the European American Century. In this article, I submit that there has been another, subaltern 20th century, the Nuestra AmericaAmerican Century. The European American Century carries into the new millennium its empirical arrogance in the form of neoliberal globalization; the Nuestra AmericaAmerican Century, to be reinvented, bears the seeds of counter-hegemonic globalization. Counter-hegemonic globalization is understood as a set of transnational alliances and struggles focused on the dynamic equilibrium between the principle of equality and the principle of difference. The article identifies five main themes in which the clash between the two alternative globalizations will occur in the next decades.
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Gerchunoff, Pablo, et Lucas Llach. « Equality or Growth : A 20th Century Argentine Dilemma ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 27, no 3 (2009) : 397–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000823.
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ABSTRACTArgentina's long term economic performance between 1880 and 2000 (convergence with the rich followed by divergence) can be understood in terms of the economic and political consequences of its peculiar factor endowments. Skewed endowments meant huge gains from trade during the First Globalization boom; but, conversely, disintegration of world commerce in the Depression was a heavier blow for such a naturally specialized economy. The extreme protectionism, characteristic of the post-war period, was related to the country's peculiar economic structure: comparative advantages in food production and disadvantages in (labor-intensive) manufacturing implied that closing the economy was a political winner, though it eventually hampered growth. The road to openness followed in the last quarter of the 20th century would have meant, correspondingly, an increase in inequality. Attempts to moderate it through debt accumulation and exchange rate appreciation destabilized the economy and contributed further to Argentina's comparative decline.
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Pells, Richard. « From Modernism to the Movies : The Globalization of American Culture in the 20th Century ». American Studies in Scandinavia 35, no 2 (1 septembre 2003) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v35i2.4435.
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Scranton, Philip. « A rocky road to globalization : late 20th century American machine tool building ». Entreprises et histoire 58, no 1 (2010) : 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.058.0074.
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Poelmans, Eline, et Johan F. M. Swinnen. « From Monasteries to Multinationals (and Back) : A Historical Review of the Beer Economy ». Journal of Wine Economics 6, no 2 (2011) : 196–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100001607.
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AbstractThis article reviews beer production, consumption and the industrial organization of breweries throughout history. Monasteries were the centers of the beer economy in the early Middle Ages. Innovation and increased demand later induced the growth of commercial breweries. Globalization and scientific discoveries transformed the beer industry and increased competition from the 16th through the 19th century. The 20th century was characterized by dramatic (domestic and international) consolidation, major shifts in consumption patterns, and the re-emergence of small breweries. (JEL Classification: N30, N40, L23, L66)
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Weihong, Guo. « Music as a tool for the development of intercultural competence among students of a new generation : history, current state and prospects ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no 12-1 (1 décembre 2023) : 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202312statyi08.
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The process of globalization, which has been rapidly, unfolding since the end of the 20th century, has brought together the development of science and technology, national cultures, turning the world into a real “global village”. The increase in the frequency of cultural exchanges has highlighted the need to understand the phenomenon of multiculturalism and the urgency of improving intercultural communication skills. Today's global music industry needs international talent with intercultural qualities.
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Harvey, Thomas Alan. « Diaspora : A Passage to Mission ». Transformation : An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 28, no 1 (16 décembre 2010) : 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265378810386420.
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This paper looks at some of the missiological implications of the history, presence and ministry of diaspora Christians in Singapore and Malaysia in the 19th and early 20th century. More particularly, it considers how their lives and legacy tied together Europe, China and Southeast Asia in mission. It suggests that the global movement of people, ideas and faith is not new, but has ridden the waves of globalization for centuries if not millennia.
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Tronchet, Guillaume. « Internationalization Trends in French Higher Education : An Historical Overview ». International Higher Education, no 83 (2 décembre 2015) : 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.83.9089.
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For many policy makers in France, internationalization of higher education is a new subject. But people have short memories. They have forgotten—or simply do not know—that French universities were pioneers and leaders in internationalization between the end of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century, before being outshone by the United States and some other countries in Europe. Faced with today’s challenges of globalization, it is time for French universities to reclaim their own history.
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Manolachi, Monica. « An overview on the 20th-century Central-European novel ». Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 7, no 1 (15 mai 2024) : 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v7i1.26035.
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Over the past century, the history of Romanian literature has been dominated by nationalist approaches, necessary for the consolidation of a stable cultural identity. However, the concept of cultural identity involves changing and migratory components as well, many related to its links with other cultural identities, each of them with its own literature. This book review provides insights into the scholarly significance of Dicționarul romanului central-european din secolul XX [The Dictionary of Central European Novel in the 20th Century] coordinated by Adriana Babeți and edited by Oana Fotache, understood as a project that maps a transnational literary phenomenon. The study is examined for its uniqueness, specific linguistic diversity and multicultural scope: 250 entries about works initially published in one of the fourteen languages spoken in the region, including French and English as international languages, either part of the canon or more marginal and less known. Other reasons include its adequate combination of analysis and synthesis; the extensive team research carried out over three decades; and its socio-political relevance nowadays. The review highlights the historical, cultural, and academic contexts in which the dictionary was published, the avatars of the concept of Central Europe, several characteristics of the Central-European novel, and details about its structure, sections and features. The presentation mentions a few limitations about the availability of the titles in the languages of the region and the admitted gender imbalance and indicates several research audiences possibly interested in alternative ways of approaching novels in the context of globalization.
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PAVLOVSKAYA, A. V. « PERIODIZATION OF WORLD FOOD HISTORY (THE PROBLEM STATEMENT) ». Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 27, no 1_2024 (20 juin 2024) : 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu-2074-1588-19-27-1-13.
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The article is the first to propose a periodization of the world history of food. The chronological framework covers the period from the emergence of “Homo sapiens” to the present day. Periodization is based not only on the changes in the process of production and preparation of food, but also on a whole complex of phenomena related to food: the order of eating and serving food, taste preferences, cultural and social traditions, place in the historical context and interaction of cultures, national characters and issues of self-identification. This kind of systematization of the “gastronomic” history of mankind allows us to fit it into the general context of world history, to show the place and role of food and food traditions in the history of mankind. The article highlights the following periods, which do not always coincide with the general periodization of history. 1. The primitive period. The emergence and establishment of traditions of cooking and eating (40,000 BC - 10,000 BC) 2. The emergence and establishment of agriculture. The emergence of the first civilizations (10,000 BC - 1,000 BC) 3. Antiquity. Division of peoples based on food (1,000 BC - 5th century) 4. The period of formation of the food systems of the world. 5th century - turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. 5. The period of food globalization. Modern times. The turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. - present time.
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Biasetto, Bruno. « A SMALL WINDOW INTO A LARGER WORLD : INLAND PORTS, TRADE, AND STATE-BUILDING IN URUGUAY (1860-1918) ». Illes i imperis, no 24 (24 novembre 2022) : 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31009/illesimperis.2022.i24.03.
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This paper intends to analyze the role of inland ports and waterways in Uruguay from 1860until 1918. The main idea is to understand how the country’s ports have shaped its economiclife during what has been called «The First Age of Globalization». During these years ofpolitical turmoil, the process of state-building in Uruguay was intrinsically connected to itsability to trade with its neighbors and European allies. Therefore, the maritime trade analysisin the South Atlantic Ocean and Uruguay’s place can reveal how the country establisheditself as an independent state and a thriving trade economy by the early 20th century.
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Kobrak, C. « Ivan T. Berend. An Economic History of 20th Century Europe : Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization ». Enterprise and Society 9, no 1 (2 avril 2008) : 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khn014.
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Lyashenko, Ekaterina S. « Transbaikal Painting of the 18th — the Early 20th Centuries : Periodization Problems ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 13, no 3 (2023) : 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2023.305.
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The article is devoted to the research of Transbaikal painting history in the context of regional fine arts formation, artistic direction development. The Transbaikal art features are connected with region’s distance from cultural centers. Transbaikal painting has formed as result of penetration Russian art traditions and influence of regional national cultures. It’s possible to conditionally distinguish several stages in the history of Transbaikal painting. The first stage of formation (18th–19th centuries) was associated with creativity of visiting artists and with emergence of self-educated artists. The drawings were being made during the ethnographic expeditions in Siberia, also the Decemberists made their contribution. Besides, the icon painting was presented. The Transbaikal visual art heyday (the 2nd stage, 20th century) was presented with period of creativity and exhibition activities activation of the 20th century beginning, period of war years’ poster art, and period of realistic painting heyday. A lot of various in colorit landscapes were made in period of realistic painting heyday (the middle and second half of the 20th century). These are open spaces, steppes, roads, lyrical overcast landscapes, majestic north Transbaikalia and Buryatia mountains, landscapes of the Lake Baikal. The plot and historical paintings were being depicted scenes of Soviet reality, events of the region history and culture. Socialist realism was reflected in portraits and in subject painting, works of “austere style” were created. Individual artists with a pronounced style, manner stood out. Paintings were created with decorative, symbolic, ethnic motifs, impressionistic. At the present stage (beginning of the 21st century) artists of Transbaikalia create in the traditional and modernist direction, in the direction of ethnofuturism. Globalization processes, digitalization stimulate the penetration of creativity various forms into the region, and modern art projects begin to be implemented. System of art education traditions are emerging.
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Raimkulova, A. « KAZAKH MUSIC CULTURE ON THE GLOBALIZATION CROSSROADS : ETHNIC TRADITIONS VERSUS COMPOSER SCHOOL IN INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION ». BULLETIN 384, no 2 (15 avril 2020) : 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.58.
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At the present stage, Kazakh musical culture is heterogeneous. It represents traditions coexisting at the same time and interacting with each other: Kazakh ethnic and newly established composer school (tradition). Examining changes in cultural landscapes of the 20th century I reveal the peculiarities of interaction and dialogue between two kinds of culture: ethnic and global (endogenous and exogenous). The procedures include the complex study of the history of Kazakh culture in the 20th century, stylistic analysis of traditional and composer’s music, semiotic approach to intercultural interaction, as far as a comparative analysis of oral and written music of 19th and 20th centuries. On one hand, dramatic changes in the structure of music culture were caused by external objective reasons: new industrial and postindustrial civilization phases (urbanization and information technologies); intensification of interaction with western (mainly Russian) cultures, etc. On the other hand, some changes were inspired by inner factors: diverse development of local song and kui (dombyra piece) traditions; Soviet cultural policy. As a result new type (or layer) of national culture – Kazakh composers’ music – appeared. It was connected with the formation of a national style based on transcriptions and borrowing. Traditional music was influenced by new social institutions (philharmonic halls, theatres, radio, conservatoire) that caused changes in the creative process (decrease of oral transmission, lack of traditional social context) as well as in the style (virtuoso performance, new genres of songs).
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Vistak, I. « Scientific studies of the sociological concept of law in the USA in Ukrainian jurisprudence and their source base ». Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no 5 (17 novembre 2023) : 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.05.5.
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The article analyzes scientific studies of the sociological concept of law in the USA in Ukrainian jurisprudence and characterizes their source base. It is shown that historiographical sources unite the scientific directions of such legal sciences as the philosophy of law, the general theory of law and the state, the sociology of law, the history of law and the state, the history of political and legal studies.
It is noted that in the Ukrainian historiography of the sociological concept of law in the USA in the 20th century. the process of determining its place and role in the history of world legal thought by comparing it with other concepts (primarily positivist) continues. It has been established that an important component of Ukrainian historiography is the sociological concept of law in the USA in the 20th century. a research methodology was developed and tested, including knowledge of the sociological approach, historical-conceptual and other research methods. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian historiography of the sociological concept in US jurisprudence of the 20th century. actualizes its research within the framework of the development of integrative legal understanding, socialization and anthropologising of law, as well as the concrete- historical conditions of the development of law in Ukraine, related to globalization and European integration processes. It has been established that the modern stage in the development of the historiography of the sociological concept of law in US jurisprudence of the 20th century. differs from previous ones in the appearance of special scientific studies (primarily dissertations), based on which the source base is expanded (at the expense of new English-language and translated literature), new approaches to the history of ideas in general and legal ideas in particular, the basic principles of conceptual approaches, conceptual apparatus and applied nature. It is summarized that new studies of the history of the sociological concept of law in the USA in the 20th century, including ours, aim to complete a certain stage of the historiographical process on the basis of historicism, that is, to find out the specific historical circumstances and other processes: political, philosophical, social, special views of Ukrainian scientists on when and under what circumstances the sociological concept arose, what are the main stages in its development and what has it become now.
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Astanakulov, Olim, Khurshid Asatullaev, Sanjar Goyipnazarov et Nilufar Batirova. « Trends in the Development of Islamic finance in the context of globalization ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no 5-2 (1 mai 2022) : 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi26.
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Until the twentieth century, there were no stable forms of financial institutions in the Muslim world that could be defined as “banks”. The first banks, in their classical form, owned by Muslims (the corporate “majority”) began to appear after the 1920s. The collapse of the colonial system after the Second World War led to the emergence of new states, including Muslim ones. These states needed their own financial systems - this is how the first national banking institutions of Muslim countries began to appear. Since the second half of the 20th century. In the Muslim world, primarily in the Middle East, a process called “Islamic revival” is beginning - a term that denotes various types of spreading or strengthening of Islam. An important role in this was played by the religious concept - tajdid, which was manifested throughout the history of Islam in periodic calls for the restoration of basic religious principles in public relations.
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Zhong, Cheng. « A perspective of historically cultural studies on Bob Dylan’s epic “Murder Most Foul” ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no 10-1 (1 octobre 2022) : 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202210statyi31.
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Bob Dylan released his newest ballad epic “Murder Most Foul” in the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020. He portrays himself as a poetic singer who cares about the history and destiny of his country and people by narrating the cultural and historical event of the 50s and 60s in the 20th century in the United States in retrospect. This article reflexes the culture, history, politics and globalization process in the pandemic by introducing concepts of collective representations, analogical modes of thinking and totality from a perspective of cultural studies in anticipating a united social community of the United States and even the whole world at large to forge ahead with courage and hope in a historically cultural sense.
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Margócsy, Dániel. « A long history of breakdowns : A historiographical review ». Social Studies of Science 47, no 3 (juin 2017) : 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312717706559.
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The introduction to this special issue argues that network breakdowns play an important and unacknowledged role in the shaping and emergence of scientific knowledge. It focuses on transnational scientific networks from the early modern Republic of Letters to 21st-century globalized science. It attempts to unite the disparate historiography of the early modern Republic of Letters, the literature on 20th-century globalization, and the scholarship on Actor-Network Theory. We can perceive two, seemingly contradictory, changes to scientific networks over the past four hundred years. At the level of individuals, networks have become increasing fragile, as developments in communication and transportation technologies, and the emergence of regimes of standardization and instrumentation, have made it easier both to create new constellations of people and materials, and to replace and rearrange them. But at the level of institutions, collaborations have become much more extensive and long-lived, with single projects routinely outlasting even the arc of a full scientific career. In the modern world, the strength of institutions and macro-networks often relies on ideological regimes of standardization and instrumentation that can flexibly replace elements and individuals at will.
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Faraclas, Nicholas. « Globalization and the future of Creole languages ». Journal of Language and Politics 4, no 2 (5 octobre 2005) : 331–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.4.2.08far.
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The plantation system that gave rise to many existing creoles can be said to be the prototype upon which the current wave of corporate globalization has been modeled (Linebaugh 1992). The daily wages received by the majority of workers worldwide at the beginning of the 21st century are not even equal to half the value of the daily food rations received by plantation slaves at the beginning of the 19th in the Greater Caribbean or at the beginning of the 20th in the South Pacific (World Bank 2000; Farnsworth 1999 and Queensland 1892). Structural adjustment policies are restricting the spread of English to the few who reap some reward from corporate globalization. In contrast, the overwhelming majority are by necessity learning and reshaping existing regional koines, pidgins, and creoles, through processes of adaptation, creativity and resistance (Rickford 1983). Far from being a threat to creoles, corporate globalization is bringing about an increase in the number of speakers of these languages, which dwarfs the much proclaimed growth of English worldwide.
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Dangore-Khasbage, Suwarna. « Epidemics and Pandemics in India Since 20th Century - A Brief Review ». Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no 33 (16 août 2021) : 2830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/576.
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The outbreak of an infectious disease and its spread beyond geographic boundaries which leads to a high mortality is declared as pandemic. The factors responsible for pandemic are globalization and travel of people across the world for education, employment, business etc. On March 11, 2020 the corona virus outbreak was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization. Nevertheless, India was one of the countries affected by the coronavirus outbreak. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics in India since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that which are mentioned in brief in this article. Every pandemic has some similar and some dissimilar set of characteristics. All the possible precautionary measures should be taken to avoid transmission within the country and to other countries. In this article, the sincere efforts have been put into compilation of all these natural disasters to alert the dental and medical professionals about the mistakes they might have committed in dealing with an outbreak in the past or how they would overcome or face the current issues. Fortunately India has fought against all these calamites bravely and successfully. Nevertheless during COVID-19 also, India is maintaining better control over the disease spread irrespective of its limited resources and dense population. Though overall incidence of new cases is reducing day by day, COVID-19 still exists in India and all over the world. A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time is termed as “endemic’. However, if the outbreak of a disease occurs due to its high infectious potential it can lead to a high mortality rate, and so is declared as a pandemic. The globalization and travel of people across the world is usually responsible for pandemic. India has handled many epidemics and pandemics as revealed by history. The World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak as pandemic on March 11, 2020. Basically the disease originated in China, as the first case of COVID-19 infection was diagnosed in Wuhan city of China. Large number of cases were detected to be suffering from the same disease in China as it was a highly contagious disease. Presently, the disease has spread all over the world like a storm, affecting most of the countries, with the highest number of infected cases in U.S., Italy and Spain. India is also one of the victim countries. Taking into account the rapid spread of disease COVID 19 is the topic of great worry in India due to its high population density. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that such as Cholera Pandemic in 5 phases, Bombay Plague Epidemic and VIth Cholera Pandemic in 19thcentury.
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Gavrilov, Artem Vyacheslavovich. « Historiography of agricultural modernization problem of Russia from the second part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century ». Samara Journal of Science 6, no 2 (1 juin 2017) : 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762220.
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The Russian history from the second part of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century is a very significant period for the development of the country. One can say that at that time peasant community faced globalization challenge. Agricultural problem was a key issue, which penetrated the whole period bringing up political controversies, ideological strives, success in economical development, starvation in 1891, reforms and revolutions 80-90th of the 19th century were critical for the whole epoch as unsolved peasant issue at that moment was one of the reasons of revolutionary upheavals of the 20th century. For the last twenty-five years the study of different sides of peasant community life has progressed really far and has broken new ground. It is necessary to single out that this progress has been done due to extensive capabilities, which started in the soviet time as well as to the prerevolutionary study of this question. We single out following areas of focus in modern researches which form the problem of modernization of the agricultural sphere from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Firstly, it is the policy to peasant community and race because of the governmental deal. Then it is a huge amount of works dedicated to social-economical village development - peasant autonomy, farming and landed property, land market development, productivity of land, condition of labor force, cooperation problem and development of peasant industry, financial issue of the peasant community. Traditionally social-cultural development of the village is in the great demand including popular education, common law for peasants and the evolution of the peasant family.
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Wang, Jie. « Overview and prospect of the history of air pollution control in the United States in the 20th century ». International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 2, no 1 (28 janvier 2024) : 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v2n1.18.
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Environmental history, as a comprehensive discipline method and research paradigm, started in the 1970s, and air pollution control is the most important field in environmental governance. After more than 50 years of relevant research and accumulation, scholars at home and abroad have achieved fruitful results in the history of air pollution control in the United States. In terms of the overall study of the history of air pollution in the United States, almost all the stages of American air control in the 20th century have been systematically studied by the academic community. In terms of case studies, cases such as the photochemical smog incident in Los Angeles and California's advanced air management in California have also been well studied. In terms of the research of relevant laws and precedents, important laws such as the "Clean Air Act" and important concepts such as "bubble" have been systematically studied, and various court cases have been sorted out and compiled. In terms of urban environmental history, the existence of social inequality in society has been valued. However, at the same time, there is room for further research in the air governance process of the United States between the 1940s and 1960s, the Donora smoke event, some detailed rules and standards in the "Clean Air Act", and further research efforts can be made to realize the innovation of transnational and even globalization.
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Jacob, Wilson Chacko. « The Middle East : Global, Postcolonial, Regional, and Queer ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no 2 (25 avril 2013) : 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074381300010x.
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The dislocations associated with modernity have driven scholarly, literary, and philosophical inquiries in various directions since the 19th century: Marx's materialist critique, Ranke's historical empiricism, Baudelaire'sflâneur, Simmel's studies of urban anomie and alienation, Durkheim and Weber's sociology, and so on into the 20th and 21st centuries, and now reflected in this issue ofIJMESon queer studies. Although there are vast differences among them, they share a compulsion to explain what appeared as massive reconfigurations of time and space. The proliferation of subjective possibilities was pegged to an acceleration of the former and compression of the latter; accordingly, on our radar appear the bourgeois, middle class, and worker in the long 19th century and gay, lesbian, and transgender in the late 20th, two moments of rapid globalization and subject proliferation. We are to believe that in the fullness of time all will be free and all will be good. However, in the here and now some must be unfree and some bad. The modern distinction between free and unfree, good and bad, subjects relies heavily on uninterrogated assumptions about the spatial origins, temporality, and trajectory of modernity.
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Heydebrand, Wolf. « The Time Dimension in Marxian Social Theory ». Time & ; Society 12, no 2-3 (mars 2003) : 147–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x030122001.
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This article considers praxis, labor, and history as aspects of time that are constitutive of Marxian theory. The transition from ‘praxis’ to the critical analysis of capitalism in the labor theory of surplus value is discussed. The main part of the article suggests steps for analyzing the historical dimension of capitalist globalization. First, the forms of capital and their trajectories, e.g. commercial, productive, and financial capital, are distinguished. Second, transnational capitalist expansion is described and explained, using the movement of finance capital as the main criterion of historical periodization. Third, the article shows the importance of a unique moment of historical time, namely the major part of the 20th century, for making Marxian theorizing amenable to certain standards of explanatory social theory.
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Milner, Anthony. « Repositioning Indonesia – Thoughts on the Indo-Pacific ». JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 7, no 1 (31 juillet 2019) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v7i1.5748.
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Before considering how best to reposition Indonesia in the world – and I will be looking, in particular, at Indonesia’s current Indo-Pacific initiative - we need to ask how the world itself has been repositioned. The terms of reference for this conference go straight to this second question. They immediately highlight the theme of globalization, noting how it has promoted “growing connectivity among states” and “revolutionized human interaction”. How then has this region been reconfigured over the last decades? Until the mid-20th-century the entire Asian region was either under European colonial rule or strong Western imperial influence. That is how the region was structured – with the great centres of power in London, Paris, The Hague and Washington. After the extraordinary conquests by Japan, which effectively ended the Western imperial project, Asia was quickly drawn into the Cold War. Countries lined up as Communist or Anti-Communist, and some tried to sustain a degree of neutrality or equi-distance. At the end of the Cold War, in the last decade or so of the 20th-century, as is often commented, there was a unipolar moment – an America-dominated world with a sense of globalization not merely being economic, but also a globalization of ideas. One commentator wrote of the ‘end of history’ – the US had won, he said, with its liberal democratic ideology. Communism had been annihilated, and Western liberalism had the ‘wind in its hair’. This said, there were still objections. Dr Mahathir in Malaysia and a number of bright Foreign Ministry intellectuals in Singapore spoke of ‘Asian values’. They said you had to understand Asian values to explain the great economic transformation taking place in Asian countries – and there was also a need to respect Asian values in the political arena, and not just insist that all societies must develop in the same way. The democracy, human rights, and other supposed responsibilities of government which Westerners have tended to advocate, it was argued, are not necessarily universal norms.
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Rashkovskaya, K., et E. Rashkovskii. « Institutions of Culture in Contemporary Social and Cultural Dynamics ». World Economy and International Relations 65, no 1 (2021) : 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-114-122.
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This paper is a kind of response to Prof. Irina S. Semenenko’s article “New Dimensions of Identity Politics: Contested Memories in History Museums of the 20th Century” (Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya (World Economy and International Relations), 2020, vol. 64, no. 5). The paper attempts to ground the notion of institutions of culture and their necessary, though sometimes ambiguous role in social, cultural as well as political dynamics of the current history. Studies of the present experience in economic, information and demographic globalization, digital technologies, pandemics, etc. offer new opportunities for rethinking the role of cultural institutions in the whole socio-historical process, including the current history. The complex of these problems is displayed not only on macro-historical or global level, but also on the levels of micro-histories and everyday history in different social and cross-cultural contexts. The field of cultural institutions seems to be responsible for the whole shifting of basic human values in history as well as for the “subtle customization” of interpersonal communications and “le phenomene humaine” itself.
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Tietz, Udo, Cathleen Kantner et Maximilian Overbeck. « Multiple collective identities : The emergence of a new field of research in the social sciences. Introduction ». Tocqueville Review 36, no 2 (janvier 2015) : 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.36.2.23.
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Since the end of the Cold War and in this age of globalization, we are witnessing various moments of the opening and closing of collectives. The successful integration and enlargement processes of the European Union were long considered one of the greatest marvels of the 20th century. Here, previously nationalism-driven communities deeply abhorring each other joined a new collective, initially designed mainly as a problem-solving community of economic cooperation and, from the 1990s on, as a political community with common, supranational institutions, which today shape important parts of our everyday life. The EU can perhaps be seen as one of the most spectacular examples of the opening of collectives, but also of the construction of a new narrative allowing the formation of a genuine multiple identity that integrates the European idea as a central component of one’s national identity.
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Bugrova, Ekaterina D. « Issues of Studying Dark Tourism as a Factor in Preserving Cultural and Historical Memory ». Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture 30, no 2 (2024) : 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2024.30.2.033.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The object of study is related to the features of dark tourism as a factor of preserving cultural and historical memory. Some researchers see its origins that appear to be sociocultural phenomenon in the traditions of medieval pilgrimage, during which pilgrims often visited the places of martyrs’ death. A growing interest towards the “sites of memory” (ruined cities, historical cemeteries, graves of famous people, etc.) was observed in the mid–19th century, when the first guidebooks appeared. And the study of dark tourism at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries is due to the “memory boom” — increased attention of researchers to a new direction in the humanities of the era of globalization — “memory studies”. The purpose of the article is to consider the history and practices of dark tourism in the context of modern cultural knowledge.
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Forcina, Giovanni, Monica Guerrini, Hein van Grouw, Brij K. Gupta, Panicos Panayides, Pantelis Hadjigerou, Omar F. Al-Sheikhly et al. « Impacts of biological globalization in the Mediterranean : Unveiling the deep history of human-mediated gamebird dispersal ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no 11 (2 mars 2015) : 3296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500677112.
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Humans have a long history of moving wildlife that over time has resulted in unprecedented biotic homogenization. It is, as a result, often unclear whether certain taxa are native to a region or naturalized, and how the history of human involvement in species dispersal has shaped present-day biodiversity. Although currently an eastern Palaearctic galliform, the black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) was known to occur in the western Mediterranean from at least the time of Pliny the Elder, if not earlier. During Medieval times and the Renaissance, the black francolin was a courtly gamebird prized not only for its flavor, but also its curative, and even aphrodisiac qualities. There is uncertainty, however, whether this important gamebird was native or introduced to the region and, if the latter, what the source of introduction into the western Mediterranean was. Here we combine historical documentation with a DNA investigation of modern birds and archival (13th–20th century) specimens from across the species’ current and historically documented range. Our study proves the black francolin was nonnative to the western Mediterranean, and we document its introduction from the east via several trade routes, some reaching as far as South Asia. This finding provides insight into the reach and scope of long-distance trade routes that serviced the demand of European aristocracy for exotic species as symbols of wealth and prestige, and helps to demonstrate the lasting impact of human-mediated long-distance species dispersal on current day biodiversity.
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Barišić, Korina, Alen Žunić et Bojana Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci. « Interaction between a Museum and a City in Europe ». Prostor 31, no 1(65) (29 juin 2023) : 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.31.1(65).6.
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The article examines different viewpoints on the museum’s role in the transformation of urban identity. The review of existing research aimed at mapping and exploring the museum-city interaction and its features throughout history. The selected studies were categorized and analysed according to the field they cover (urbanism and architecture, economy, sociology and museology). The analysis has shown that the interaction between the museum and the city can be traced throughout history and that it experienced its first rise in the mid- 1970s with the construction of the Pompidou Centre, and then in the late 20th and early 21st century, influenced by modern phenomena of globalization and migration. Due to the new way of interaction, museums have changed their architecture and purposes, repositioning themselves as a new tool for urban transformation. A tentative conceptual framework and methodology were set up based on research literature to evaluate the interaction between the museum and the city. Further research is necessary to explore and define those interactions and tools that will encourage the role of European museums in promoting and transforming urban areas.
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Sokolova, Rimma I. « Rehabilitation of Utopia as a Symptom of the Crisis of the Russian and Western Civilizations ». Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 62, no 5 (21 août 2019) : 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-5-7-26.
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The article discusses such a new phenomenon of modernity as the rehabilitation of utopia, which has not yet become widespread, but it is a serious symptom of the crisis of civilization in Russia and in the West. It is shown that attempts to rehabilitate utopia are associated with the situation of crisis, uncertainty, unpredictability caused by the ongoing transformations of the modern epoch. Under these conditions, the utopia is not only a reflection of the existing situation but also an opportunity for the formation of new ideas and the reduction of uncertainty. Many astute researchers in both the West and Russia demonstrate a positive attitude towards utopia, as they see the opportunities offered by utopia, especially in times of crisis. It is noted that in Russia there is a gradual overcoming of the negative attitude to utopia, which was associated with the collapsed socialist system. A summary history of utopia shows that utopia is a significant factor in history that accompanies the development of mankind throughout history. Despite this, in the earlier decades of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century the “death of utopia” was declared, it was driven by ideological and political reasons and by globalization in general. Meanwhile, at present its importance is again actualized in relation to the complex international situation. Therefore, both in the West and in Russia there is a growing demand for the ideal concepts of the future of human existence in the form of utopia.
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Arsenijević Mitrić, Jelena. « RATOVI I GRADOVI U ROMANU MATIJASA ENARA „ZONA“ ». Nasledje Kragujevac XIX, no 52 (2022) : 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2252.225am.
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The paper examines war discourse, globalization and intensification of violence in the 20th and 21st century, though the research of the whole issue is placed in the context of the archetypal experience of war and war chaos in literature known since Homer’s Iliad, on which Énard insists in this contemporary epic. Since the protagonist, the grandson of the Ustasha collaborator with Maks Luburić, took part in the war in the former Yugoslavia, the question of inheriting and perpetuating evil, hatred and destruction arises. The conflicts in the Balkans are being re-examined, especially the period from the First World War onwards, however, this is not the only chronotope of this novel. Through an imaginary journey across the Zone (a hallmark for the Mediterranean basin), through the stream of consciousness and the memory of Francis Servain Mirković, the narration maps the cities that at some point in the history were also a scene of conflicts and crises – Beirut, Baghdad, Barcelona, Algeria...
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Sołkiewicz-Kos, Nina, Nina V. Kazhar et Mariusz Zadworny. « Project of Revalorization and Extension of the Historic Monastery Complex of St Sigismund’s Parish in Częstochowa (Poland) — A Case Study ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no 2 (2022) : 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.205.
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This article presents theoretical problems related to the renovation of historic buildings in Europe of the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. They concern the creation of scientifically justified concepts and methods of renovation aimed at preserving the authenticity and historical significance of monuments. Historical architectural developments, including buildings from different eras, determine the individual appearance of historic European cities. Architectural monuments allow one to become aware of the originality of culture and character traits of each nation. Therefore, in the context of globalization, the study, protection and use of historical objects is one of the factors shaping the national self-awareness. Practical activities related to the adaptation of historical cultural space to contemporary needs were discussed on the example of the revalorization of a 15th-century religious complex located in the historic area of the city of Częstochowa in Poland. This area, called the “Old Town”, is one of the main elements of the compositional canvas of the town’s urban layout (beginning of the 19th century). The revalorization of the St Sigismund church complex together with the monastery buildings, due to the importance for the urban layout of the city, as well as due to its historical, cultural and religious significance, constituted an essential challenge for designers, archaeologists, historians and local authorities.
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RAMOS, Christine Carmela R. « TECHNOLOGY AT THE CROSSROADS : A CALL FOR TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA ». International Journal of Theology, Philosophy and Science 5, no 9 (7 novembre 2021) : 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/ijtps.201.5.9.70-77.
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Globalization is viewed in this work as a critical concept by which we understand the transition of human society into the post-pandemic era. In this vein, this paper attempts to look into the process of globalization and its central feature, technology. Technology has become a global force that affects political, social, ethical, and environmental. The ancient Greeks, such as Plato and Aristotle, who lived in aristocratic societies, rejected discourse on technology as unworthy. Social, political, and theoretical activities, rather than technical, were deemed as the highest forms. Plato, for instance, alluded to the artisans merely as the cheapest form of metal compared to gold associated with the philosopher-rulers, while silver is equivalent to the warrior class. Technological change, defined as "progress," is seen as an inevitable process in modern history. This paper explored issues of globalization and the implications of technology, employing crucial viewpoints of Martin Heidegger, acknowledged as one of the powerful and influential philosophers of the 20th century. Specifically, this paper explored “machination (Machenschaft)” and Heidegger’s Technik (Technology) or Gestell (Enframing). Machination is not just human conduct but the act of manipulation. It is a revelation of beings as a whole as exploitable and manipulable objects. The world seems to be a collection of present-at-hand thing with no intrinsic meaning or purpose, a cold place where we cannot put down any roots. All we can do is calculate and control. We observe and measure everything. We make things go faster and faster. Thus, there is a need to discuss and recognize issues related to technology. Heidegger's thoughts offer analytic tools that contribute to a critical understanding of the multidimensional effects, risks, and possibilities brought about by modernity and its globalization..
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Sidenko, Svitlana. « INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTERS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ». Economics & ; Education 6, no 4 (27 décembre 2021) : 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2500-946x/2021-4-6.
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The article discusses the preconditions for the emergence and role of international financial centers (IFCs) as key institutions of the global financial market, which at the end of the 20th century acquired the most important function in the accumulation and circulation of international capital, which is closely connected with the globalization of the world economy. It traces the history of the emergence of IFC and analyzes the main trends in their development in the context of economic globalization, in particular their numerical growth, development and enlargement of regional IFCs, strengthening their influence on the development of the base country and the world economy. On the basis of new global trends and challenges of the 21st century, the analysis covers the prospects of IFCs’ development in the emerging information society and, in particular, the use of new financial technologies (fintech), rapidly spreading throughout the world. The study is based on empirical data provided by the renowned Global Financial Center Index (GFCI), which has been published annually since 2007. The article reveals the changing landscape of IFCs, which is determined primarily by the rapid development of new financial centers in East Asia and other regions of the world. The author concludes that international financial centers are playing an increasingly important role in the world economy and its financial sector. They perform their functions primarily through the management of cash and resource flows, cross-border financial transactions involving investors from different countries, structuring financial flows, providing various financial services, and also have a growing influence both on the management decisions of companies and on the management of national economies. In this role, IFCs are taking on the role of a geoeconomic instrument.
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ГЕНИК, Микола. « Дефиниция понятия «межнациональное примирение» = Definitsiya ponyatiya «mezhnatsional'noye primireniye» ». Historia i Świat 5 (12 septembre 2016) : 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2016.05.17.
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The policy of interethnic reconciliation characterizes postwar history of the 20th century and underlies the Euro integration process. The achievement of interethnic reconciliation is considered to be an important element of maintenance of stability and security in the modern world. Working out of this matter is characteristic feature of present state of science, public conscience guided by respect for universal values, European integration and globalization. Although the process is very significant there’s no definition of this matter in majority of encyclopedias and dictionaries that was caused by a relative novelty of the discipline of the peace studies. Interethnic reconciliation is a necessary component of successful peace building that can be encouraged by state structures but should be carried out through institutions of civil society and that consists in lasting transition process from negative (unstable, fragile) peace to positive one (just, lasting and enduring peace), in establishment of reciprocal dialogue, in consent and acceptance of peace settlement terms, in deep reconsideration of bilateral relations, a renunciation of revanche, overcoming of historical myths and negative stereotypes, mutual forgiveness, peace culture education, working out of cooperation projects and having for an object elimination of reasons being at the bottom of confrontation as well as prevention of recurring conflicts. Completion of formation of nations, democratic regime and community of civilizational values are important preconditions for the achievement of interethnic reconciliation.
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qizi, Yoqubova Mahliyo Jabborali. « INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ». International Journal Of Literature And Languages 4, no 2 (1 février 2024) : 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue02-04.
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English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands. The language has undergone major changes and developments in its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and orthography throughout its over 1500 year history. This article provides an overview of the key influences and developments that have shaped the English language into its present global form. It examines the linguistic influences of Celtic, Norse, French, Latin, Greek and other languages on English. It also explores the impact of historical events, the growth of literacy, the invention of the printing press, dictionary compilation and standardized spelling on the development of English. The analysis shows that English has an unparalleled capacity to absorb, adapt and incorporate words and features from other languages. Through the early spread of English around the British Isles, and later via 19th and 20th century colonization and globalization, English has become the most widely spoken language worldwide with over 1.35 billion speakers.
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Bogumil, Tatiana. « Biblical Plots in the Siberian Text ». Проблемы исторической поэтики 18, no 4 (novembre 2020) : 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j9.art.2020.8742.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article describes and systematizes biblical plots characteristic of the Siberian text in Russian culture. The colonization of Siberia was accompanied by the Christianization of its autochthons. The influence of the church on the formation of the local literary tradition was very strong. The regional specifics of Siberia (nature, history, ethnos) influenced the selection of biblical motifs and plots in the works about this space. The comparative approach made it possible to identify and chronologically organize the following biblical themes paradigmatic for the Siberian text: apostolic / missionary. Christological initiation, exodus, the prodigal son. Biblical stories related to Siberia were inverted over time, and religious semantics were supplanted by other topics. The single core that allows to amalgamate these plots and motives is the idea of transformation (of oneself, another person, space). Hypothetically, each plot has its own period of maximum productivity, followed by a recession. The missionary plot and the plot of Christological initiation were revised in the 17th century and remained productive until the end of the 19th century. The narrative of the search for Belovodye, isomorphic to the exodus of Jews from Egypt, arose at the end of the 18th century. It was active until the end of the 20th century. The motive of the prodigal son was relevant in the middle of the 19th century in the work of the regionalists and, later, their heirs. Globalization and informatization processes and the blurring of spatial and cultural boundaries gradually make this plot irrelevant. It is possible to expand the “canonical” spectrum of biblical images, motifs, and plots for the Siberian text by engaging new material.
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Makhmudov, Rashid. « SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS OF TERRORISM IN THE MODERN SOCIOCULTURAL SITUATION OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY ». Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta 13, no 2 (2021) : 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2021-13-2-115-122.
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The article examines the socio-cultural preconditions of terrorism in the world history of the 20th century. The current situation in the Russian Federation indicates the need to create an effective organizational and legal mechanism for countering terrorism, which infringes on the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the population of the Russian Federation and its state sovereignty. The provisions have been stated that determine the importance of studying the phenomenon of terrorism in the context of the growth of globalization processes and active opposition to them on the part of opponents of globalization. The author emphasizes the idea that deepening of the modern spiritual crisis influences the replacement of traditional moral values with a pragmatic orientation towards personal material success, which greatly contributes to the development of international terrorism. Despite a fairly wide list of subjects empowered by the national legislation of the Russian Federation to fight terrorism, the current legal field has not developed a concept that defines terrorism not only as a form of illegal action, but as a socio-cultural problem. In many respects, this became one of the reasons for the lack of interaction and coordination between the executive authorities and management in terms of its organization and implementation of measures aimed at countering terrorist manifestations. The study concludes that victory in the fight against terrorism cannot be achieved solely by forceful methods and state institutions. Civil society must make its contribution to the fight against terrorism.
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Dewi, Trisna Kumala Satya. « Arok Dedes dan Pararaton : Transformasi Dan Dinamika Sastra dalam Wacana Globalisasi Sastra ». ATAVISME 16, no 1 (28 juin 2013) : 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v16i1.87.119-128.
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Arok Dedes karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1999) merupakan sebuah potret dinamika sastra sebagai akibat transformasinya dari karya terdahulu, yaitu Pararaton karya sastra Jawa Kuna yang termashur. Novel Arok Dedes, dalam hal relevansinya dengan konteks sejarah pun, merupakan suatu gejala sastra yang dinamis sebab dinamika sastra tidak terlepas dari sejarah. Dalam novel Arok Dedes, lewat kepiawaian dan proses kreatifnya, Pramoedya Ananta Toer berusaha mengungkapkan kembali peristiwa pada abad ke-13 sebagai sebuah sindiran untuk peristiwa masa kini, khususnya pada abad 20-an. Arok Dedes mengisahkan perebutan kekuasaan pertama dalam sejarah bangsa Indonesia, yang konon merupakan pengulangan peristiwa masa lalu. Pramoedya Ananta Toer sebagai pengarang Arok Dedes cukup berhasil dalam mengangkat ’mitos’ Dedes dan mengungkapkannya dalam wacana globalisasi. Peran Dedes cukup menonjol dalam percaturan politik, kekuasaan, dan negara sebab Dedeslah penyusun strategi pemindahan kekuasaan dari suaminya (Tunggul Ametung) ke tangan Arok. Mitos tentang Ken Dedes yang memiliki kharisma ’kebesaran’ atau ’prabawa’ (kewibawaan) yang digali oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer dari Pararaton ini menjadikan Arok Dedes sebagai karya sastra modern yang patut disimak, khususnya dalam wacana globalisasi sekarang ini. Dedes, sebagai sosok perempuan, berkaitan dengan kekuasaan, politik, dan kenegaraan.
Abstract:
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Arok Dedes (1999) is a portrait of literary dynamics as the result of its transformation from the previous work, namely Pararatonan outstanding literary work of old Java. The novel of Arok Dedes, in its relevance with historical context, means a dynamic literary phenomenon because the literary dynamics cannot be separated from history. In the novel Arok Dedes, through his creative sophistication and process, Pramoedya Ananta Tour attempted to retell the 13th century of the event as a satire on present events, especially in the 20th century. Arok Dedes narrated the struggle for the first power in Indonesian history, which is a repetition of preceding events. Pramoedya Ananta Tour, as the author of Arok Dedes, was successful enough in presenting Dedes’ myth and expressing it in globalization discourses. The role of Dedes was noteworthy in the political domain, power, and state because Dedes was the mastermind of power transfer from her husband (Tunggul Ametung) to Arok. The myth of Ken Dedes having prestige or wisdom dug by Pramoedya Ananta Tour from Pararaton makes Arok Dedes a significant modern literary work, particularly in the current globalization discourses. Dedes, as woman figure, was related to power, politics, and state.
Key Words: transformation, discourse, globalization
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Amran, Rinni Haji. « Technologizing Islam, Islamifying Technology : The Use of Modern Technologies in Brunei’s First Film, Gema Dari Menara (1968) ». Southeast Asia : A Multidisciplinary Journal 20, no 2 (15 décembre 2020) : 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/seamj-02-2020-b1004.
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Historians of technology have for the past decade begun to recognize the important role that technology plays in nation-building. From the development of the steam locomotive in Britain in the early 19th century that was integral to the Industrial Revolution to America’s emphasis on its technological progressiveness in its national narratives in the 20th century, studies have shown that the history of technology is necessarily the history of nations as well. While the majority of previous research focuses primarily on Western nations (and unsurprisingly so, considering that a greater proportion of technological advancements have happened in these countries in the recent past centuries), less have studied how other countries have dealt with the rise of modern technologies in the development and maintenance of their national identity. This paper seeks to expand the critical scope by examining Brunei’s stance on technology in the 1960s – just after the 1959 Constitution was established declaring the nation an independent, sovereign Sultanate – a time when Brunei was still in the early stages of defining its own identity. I propose that Brunei used modern technologies in order to further solidify its Muslim identity as a response to modernization and globalization, which is distinct to many previously-studied countries that focus more on boosting their military and/or industrial prowess. Brunei’s approach, then, notably counters oft-perceived contradictions between religion and technology. This study will focus on Brunei’s first film, Gema Dari Menara (1968), which was tellingly commissioned by the Religious Affairs Department, and will examine the portrayal of modern technologies that seek to break the binary between religion and modernity to show an image of Islam that is compatible with a developing Brunei.
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Lansford, Jennifer, Susannah Zietz, Suha Al-Hassan, Dario Bacchini, Marc Bornstein, Lei Chang, Kirby Deater-Deckard et al. « Culture and Social Change in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Individualism, Collectivism and Parenting Attitudes ». Social Sciences 10, no 12 (30 novembre 2021) : 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120459.
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Cultures and families are not static over time but evolve in response to social transformations, such as changing gender roles, urbanization, globalization, and technology uptake. Historically, individualism and collectivism have been widely used heuristics guiding cross-cultural comparisons, yet these orientations may evolve over time, and individuals within cultures and cultures themselves can have both individualist and collectivist orientations. Historical shifts in parents’ attitudes also have occurred within families in several cultures. As a way of understanding mothers’ and fathers’ individualism, collectivism, and parenting attitudes at this point in history, we examined parents in nine countries that varied widely in country-level individualism rankings. Data included mothers’ and fathers’ reports (N = 1338 families) at three time points in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. More variance was accounted for by within-culture than between-culture factors for parents’ individualism, collectivism, progressive parenting attitudes, and authoritarian parenting attitudes, which were predicted by a range of sociodemographic factors that were largely similar for mothers and fathers and across cultural groups. Social changes from the 20th to the 21st century may have contributed to some of the similarities between mothers and fathers and across the nine countries.
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Patomäki, Heikki. « Neoliberalism and Nationalist-Authoritarian Populism ». ProtoSociology 37 (2020) : 101–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/protosociology2020376.
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Can the rise of nationalist-authoritarian populism be explained in terms of neoliberalism and its effects? The frst half of this paper is about conceptual underlabouring: in spite of signifcant overlap, there are relatively clear demarcation criteria for identifying neoliberalism and nationalist-authoritarian populism as distinct entities. Neoliberalism has succeeded in transforming social contexts through agency, practices and institutions, with far-reaching efects. The prevailing economic and social policies have also had various causal efects such as rising inequalities, progressively more insecure terms of employment, and recurring economic crises. I argue that these have led to discontent with globalization and various political responses, including those of nationalist and authoritarian populisms. Finally, by juxtaposing constitutive and causal explanations, and by stressing the history of national-authoritarian populism, I raise questions about geo-historical specifcity of diferent formations. The standard Karl Polanyian interpretation of Trump, Brexit and such like phenomena is misleading, yet a partial historical analogy especially to the interwar era populism is valid if understood in a subtle, processual, and suffciently contextual way. The Polanyi-inspired historical analogy can be explored further. While the 19th and 20th century working class movement emerged from a variety of socio-economic conditions, socialists who believed in its world-historical role actively made it. Since the 1970s the working class has been largely unmade both as a result of impersonal processes and deliberate attempts to undermine it. Only a learning process towards qualitatively higher levels of refexivity can help develop global transformative agency for the 21st century.
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Steinmetz, Alexis, et Ronald Rabinowitz. « The Plague Doctor, the Pandemic Doctor, and Surgical Protective Clothing ». International Journal of Urologic History 2, no 2 (5 janvier 2023) : 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.2.2.01052304.
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Objectives Infectious diseases have tormented humans for thousands of years, and severe outbreaks have led to the devastation of entire communities. Even before globalization, parasites and pathogens traveled along trade routes with their human hosts. The protective clothing worn by physicians during epidemics serves as a powerful historical record chronicling accepted theories of disease transmission and treatments. The materials and designs of modern-day protective equipment reflect the contributions of surgeons to the ways doctors protected themselves and their patients during epidemics. Methods Historical texts and journal articles were reviewed regarding the history, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of epidemics of plague, influenza, and coronavirus. Results The Justinian Plague of the 540s CE was the first pandemic to be fully documented and began the long history of plagues through the Black Death of the Middle Ages. Believing that the etiology was foul-smelling bad air (miasma), doctors protected themselves by wearing dramatic head-to-toe coverings. Heavy boots, pants, long coats, gloves, and brimmed hats were made of leather sealed with animal fat. Most important was the infamous face mask with glass eye coverings and a long beak filled with aromatics intended to purify disease-causing vapors. An appreciation of droplet theory in the 19th century made beaked masks obsolete, replacing them with cloth face masks. Surgeons continued to pioneer the development of gloves and gowns, initially to protect themselves and later to protect their patients. Their outfits were worn by healthcare workers during the epidemics of the 20th century. Similar to the plague doctors, present-day physicians treating patients suffering from COVID-19 don themselves in head-to-toe protective outwear, although heavy leather and beaked-masks have long since been replaced by disposable fabrics and the N95 respirator. Conclusions The evolution of physicians’ protective clothing from the iconic beaked mask of the 17th century plague doctor to the hazmat-esque suits of the COVID-19 pandemic doctor reflects the substantial advancements in the detection, treatment, and containment of communicable diseases. Much of this is due to the dedicated efforts of surgeons to better safeguard their patients as well as protect themselves against diseases contained in bodily fluids.
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АЙЛАРОВА, С. А. « THE BEGINNING OF OSSETIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY : IDENTITY AND INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE ». Kavkaz-forum, no 16(23) (11 décembre 2023) : 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2023.23.16.001.
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Статья посвящена анализу осетинской историографии начала ХХ в. В центре внимания – историографическая полемика о духовном основании исторического пути, пройденного Осетией, о ее религиозной идентичности. В рамках двух дискурсов – православно-христианского и «традиционно-народного» – первые историки утверждали религиозные ценности в современной Осетии, стремились опереться на созидательные принципы сплочения общества. В стремлении к европейской и российской интеграции общества просветители опирались на разные стороны национальной традиции, представили разные формы культурно-исторической идентификации. Христианские историки А. Гатуев и А. Кодзаев представили целостную картину истории христианства у осетин и их предков, констатировали древность осетинской христианской истории и традиции. С. Темирханов настаивал на монотеистической основе древней «народной» религиозной традиции, индоиранской по своим истокам. Эта традиция, по его мнению, образовала фундамент этнической индивидуальности, сформировала ядро ценностного мира осетин. Первые осетинские историки подчеркивали в истории Осетии традиции солидарности, единения, воспитываемые христианством и традиционной религией. Это было востребовано общественным сознанием формирующейся нации, столкнувшейся с деструктивными, атомизирующими социум тенденциями рыночной реальности. Сама постановка проблемы религиозно-культурной идентичности была реакцией осетинской общественно-исторической мысли на объективные процессы мировой модернизации и глобализации, происходившие в XIX – XX вв. и противоречивое участие в них Осетии и Северного Кавказа. Труды историков-просветителей свидетельствуют о зрелости исторического сознания осетинского народа, демонстрируют глубину и разносторонность историко-культурных потребностей гражданского общества Осетии начала XX в. The article is devoted to the analysis of Ossetian historiography of the early 20th century. The focus is on the historiographical debate about the spiritual basis of the historical path traversed by Ossetia, about its religious identity. Within the framework of two discourses – Orthodox Christian and “traditional folk” – the first historians affirmed religious values in modern Ossetia and sought to rely on the creative principles of social cohesion. In their pursuit of European and Russian integration of society, educators relied on different aspects of the national tradition and presented different forms of cultural and historical identification. Christian historians A. Gatuev and A. Kodzaev presented a holistic picture of the history of Christianity among the Ossetians and their ancestors, and stated the antiquity of Ossetian Christian history and traditions. S. Temirkhanov insisted on the monotheistic basis of the ancient “folk” religious tradition, Indo-Iranian in its origins. This tradition, in his opinion, formed the foundation of ethnic individuality and formed the core of the value world of Ossetians. The first Ossetian historians emphasized in the history of Ossetia the traditions of solidarity and unity, fostered by Christianity and traditional religion. This was in demand by the public consciousness of the emerging nation, which was faced with the destructive, atomizing tendencies of market reality. The very formulation of the problem of religious and cultural identity was a reaction of Ossetian socio-historical thought to the objective processes of world modernization and globalization that took place in the 19th - 20th centuries and the contradictory participation of Ossetia and the North Caucasus in them. The works of historians and educators testify to the maturity of the historical consciousness of the Ossetian people, demonstrate the depth and versatility of the historical and cultural needs of the civil society of Ossetia at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Troyak, I. S. « Publishing houses and publishing organizations in Siberia and the Far East as popularizers of the historical and cultural heritage of the region ». Bibliosphere, no 1 (29 avril 2020) : 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2020-1-32-38.
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Due to the rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century the problems of preserving and studying the historical and cultural heritage of certain territories of national states have become especially relevant and socially significant. Since the book is a form of presentation of cultural heritage values, the memorial function responsible for preserving the heritage of certain territories and making population familiar to it is of fundamental importance for regional book culture. The purpose of the study presented in the article is to reveal ways to implement the memorial function of the regional book culture in Siberia and the Far East in the 2000–2010s. As a methodological basis, the theoretical model of book culture proposed by K. Migoń was used, who distinguishes the local, regional, national, supranational, cultural-civilizational and world “cultural circles of the book”. The activities of publishing houses and publishing organizations in Siberia and the Far East are treated within the local and regional “circles” as a part of the national Russian book culture. The article shows the main actors of modern local history book publishing in Siberia and the Far East: these are the majority of regional publishing houses and those publishing organizations whose activities are institutionally related to the preservation of historical and cultural heritage (museums, archives and libraries). Methods for popularizing their products are presented. For the first time, examples of product placement in advertising local history literature are identified and presented. The author concludes that Internet is becoming the main channel for the dissemination and popularization of regional local history book production, that opens the access to a wider circle of readers of historical and cultural heritage of Siberia and the Far East.
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Kajtez, Ilija, et Srđan Starčević. « Justification of military neutrality of the Republic of Serbia at a time of erosion of neutrality in Europe ». Srpska politička misao 82, no 4 (2023) : 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spm82-46850.
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This paper aims to examine the justifiableness of the Republic of Serbia's politics of military neutrality after the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, i.e., in an era of extreme tensions between Western countries and Russia. The significance of this topic has been additionally elevated after two neutral countries, Sweden and Finland, renounced neutrality while debates about the appropriateness of neutrality emerged in other neutral countries, such are Ireland, Malta, and Austria. The purpose of the paper is to examine, from a perspective of sociology of politics, whether the position of military neutrality still represents a good foreign-policy strategy aiming to preserve sovereignty and territorial integrity. The hypothesis of this paper is that Serbia's military neutrality is justified by the social reality in Serbia. The first chapter briefly describes the historical decline of neutrality during the first half of the 20th century. In that context, observation made in mid last century, according to which neutrality was becoming an obsolete concept, is true. Increase of NATO members, as well as abandoning neutrality under the influence of globalization and negative experiences of neutral countries in the 20th century, strengthens this assertion. However, we can conclude that neutrality has existed in continuity in Europe throughout the entire modern period of history, and that there were always some states that chose neutrality, with larger or lesser prospects of success in realization of their security interests. The great revolution, one might say the collapse of neutrality or even a frenzy to align, was the result of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict and new increasing tensions between the West and Russia. The second chapter is dedicated to the causes of Serbia's decision to be military neutral. These causes include: internal division of key political acters in regards to strategic alignment, the issues of the status of Kosovo and Metohija in which the Russian Federation provides key support to Republic of Serbia in the United Nations, and the role of NATO in wars during the disintegration of Yugoslavia and currently in Kosovo and Metohija. The third chapter lists the advantages in regards to social values implied by the position of military neutrality. Authors conclude that military neutrality represents a favorable strategic option for the Republic of Serbia, not just due to painful collective memory of Serbian citizens of the NATO aggression on Yugoslavia and the support of the Russian Federation to Serbia in regards to Kosovo and Metohija, but also due to the intrinsic values of neutrality which could become an identity attribute and a foundation of the renewal of solidarity in Serbian society.
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Kobrak, Christopher. « Ivan T. Berend. An Economic History of 20th Century Europe : Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006. xv + 356 pp. ISBN 0-521-67268-6, £19.00 (paper). » Enterprise & ; Society 9, no 1 (mars 2008) : 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700006789.
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Hasegawa, Robert. « Musical Composition in the Context of Globalization : New Perspectives on Music History of the 20th and 21st Century, by Christian Utz, Translated by Laurence Sinclair Willis. Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag, 2021, 527 pages ». Circuit : Musiques contemporaines 32, no 1 (2022) : 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1088790ar.
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Tarocco, Francesca. « The Politics of Buddhist Organisations in Taiwan : 1989–2003. Safeguarding the Faith, Building a Pure Land, Helping the Poor. By ANDRÉ LALIBERTÉ . [London and New York : RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. xii+178 pp. ISBN 0-415-32235-9.] Establishing a Pure Land on Earth. The Foguang Buddhist Perspective on Modernization and Globalization. By STUART CHANDLER. [Honolulu : University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004. xvii+371 pp. ISBN 0-8248-2746-5.] ». China Quarterly 181 (mars 2005) : 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005360103.
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In open contrast to the abundance of studies concerning the first millennium of Chinese history, many aspects of the institutional, intellectual and cultural history of Chinese Buddhism during the past one thousand years remain, with some notable exceptions, largely unstudied. In particular, Western language scholarly accounts of Chinese Buddhism since the end of the 19th century are still rare and, with regards to the first part of the 20th century, largely limited to the efforts of one individual, the late American scholar, Holmes Welch (1921–1981). During the last ten or 15 years, however, there have been signs of a reversal of this tendency as an increasing number of researchers began to devote themselves to the study of modern and contemporary Chinese Buddhism. The lion's share of this emerging scholarly trend belongs to studies of Taiwanese rather than mainland Chinese Buddhism. This choice can partly be attributed to the increasing international visibility of Taiwanese Buddhist associations, but I also suspect that funding opportunities and a comparatively more welcoming research environment may have something to do with it!The two books under review are also concerned with contemporary Taiwanese Buddhism. Their authors adopt different but somehow complementary approaches. Whereas André Laliberté's instructive study of the attitudes towards the active political participation of Taiwanese Buddhist organizations focuses on the activities of the three main Taiwanese Buddhist organizations, namely the Buddha Light Mountain (or Foguangshan) monastic order, the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Association (or Ciji gongdehui), and the Buddhist Association of the Republic of China (Zhongguo fojiaohui), Stuart Chandler's engaging study focuses on Foguangshan and the views of its founder and charismatic leader, Ven. Xingyun.