Articles de revues : « Global peak »

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Bretherton, Charlotte, et John Vogler. « A global actor past its peak ? » International Relations 27, n^o 3 (septembre 2013) : 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117813497299.

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Van Benthem, M. H., P. G. Kotula, M. Marinella, W. Mook et K. L. Jungjohann. « Global Analysis Peak Fitting Applied to EELS Images ». Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S3 (août 2015) : 1421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615007886.

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Wang, Yuncheng, Weiwu Fang et Tianjiao Wu. « A cut-peak function method for global optimization ». Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 230, n^o 1 (août 2009) : 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2008.10.069.

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Shiuly, Amit. « Global Attenuation Relationship for Estimating Peak Ground Acceleration ». Journal of the Geological Society of India 92, n^o 1 (juillet 2018) : 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-0952-4.

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Seshadri, Ashwin K. « Fast–slow climate dynamics and peak global warming ». Climate Dynamics 48, n^o 7-8 (3 juin 2016) : 2235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3202-8.

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Deng, Beichuan, Seongho Kim, Hengguang LI, Elisabeth Heath et Xiang Zhang. « Global peak alignment for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry using point matching algorithms ». Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 14, n^o 06 (décembre 2016) : 1650032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720016500323.

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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GC-MS) has been used to analyze multiple samples in a metabolomics study. However, due to some uncontrollable experimental conditions, such as the differences in temperature or pressure, matrix effects on samples and stationary phase degradation, there is always a shift of retention times in the two GC columns between samples. In order to correct the retention time shifts in GC[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GC-MS, the peak alignment is a crucial data analysis step to recognize the peaks generated by the same metabolite in different samples. Two approaches have been developed for GC[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GC-MS data alignment: profile alignment and peak matching alignment. However, these existing alignment methods are all based on a local alignment, resulting that a peak may not be correctly aligned in a dense chromatographic region where many peaks are present in a small region. False alignment will result in false discovery in the downstream statistical analysis. We, therefore, develop a global comparison-based peak alignment method using point matching algorithm (PMA-PA) for both homogeneous and heterogeneous data. The developed algorithm PMA-PA first extracts feature points (peaks) in the chromatography and then searches globally the matching peaks in the consecutive chromatography by adopting the projection of rigid and nonrigid transformation. PMA-PA is further applied to two real experimental data sets, showing that PMA-PA is a promising peak alignment algorithm for both homogenous and heterogeneous data in terms of [Formula: see text]1 score, although it uses only peak location information.

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A. Alturki, Fahd, Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a et Hassan M. H. Farh. « Simulations and dSPACE Real-Time Implementation of Photovoltaic Global Maximum Power Extraction under Partial Shading ». Sustainability 12, n^o 9 (1 mai 2020) : 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093652.

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Under partial shading conditions (PSCs), solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems generate multiple peaks; one global peak (GP) and several local peaks (LPs). Thus, tracking the GP of the PV systems under PSCs is necessary to enhance the system reliability and efficiency. Conventional maximum power point tracker (MPPT) algorithms are capable of tracking the unique peak under uniform conditions but they fail to track the GP under PSCs. To the best of our knowledge, this paper represents the first study that introduces a comprehensive comparison of three efficient maximum power point tracker (MPPT) algorithms that are used to extract the GP of the PV system under both uniform and PSCs. These MPPT techniques include two metaheuristic techniques, which are cuckoo search optimization (CSO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques in addition to one conventional MPPT; perturb and observe (P&O). Although the simulation and dSPACE-based experimental results demonstrated the superiority of CSO and PSO in tracking the GP, CSO requires less tracking time and thus provides a higher efficiency than the PSO. In addition, P&O can be used to follow the first peak, regardless if it is a local peak or global peak with notable oscillation.

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MAGGI, STEFANO, et SERGIO RINALDI. « SYNCHRONIZATION AND PEAK-TO-PEAK DYNAMICS IN NETWORKS OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL CHAOTIC OSCILLATORS ». International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16, n^o 12 (décembre 2006) : 3631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127406017026.

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In this paper we study the relationships between local and global properties in networks of dynamical systems by focusing on two global properties, synchronization and peak-to-peak dynamics, and on two local properties, coherence of the components of the network and coupling strength. The analysis is restricted to networks of low-dimensional chaotic oscillators, i.e. oscillators which have peak-to-peak dynamics when they work in isolation. The results are obtained through simulation, first by considering pairs of coupled Lorenz, Rössler and Chua systems, and then by studying the behavior of spatially extended tritrophic food chains described by the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model. The conclusion is that synchronization and peak-to-peak dynamics are different aspects of the same collective behavior, which is easily obtained by enhancing local coupling and coherence. The importance of these findings is briefly discussed within the context of ecological modeling.

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Herold, C., et F. Mouton. « Global flood hazard mapping using statistical peak flow estimates ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, n^o 1 (18 janvier 2011) : 305–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-305-2011.

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Abstract. Our aim is to produce a world map of flooded areas for a 100 year return period, using a method based on large rivers peak flow estimates derived from mean monthly discharge time-series. Therefore, the map is supposed to represent flooding that affects large river floodplains, but not events triggered by specific conditions like coastal or flash flooding for instance. We first generate for each basin a set of hydromorphometric, land cover and climatic variables. In case of an available discharge record station at the basin outlet, we base the hundred year peak flow estimate on the corresponding time-series. Peak flow magnitude for basin outlets without gauging stations is estimated by statistical means, performing several regressions on the basin variables. These peak flow estimates enable the computation of corresponding flooded areas using hydrologic GIS processing on digital elevation model.

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Bodger, P. S., G. D. Irwin, D. A. Woodford et A. M. Gole. « Global Steady-State Chaotic Behaviour of Power Systems Containing D.C. » International Journal of Electrical Engineering & ; Education 34, n^o 4 (octobre 1997) : 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099703400401.

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The steady-state chaotic behaviour of power systems containing dc switching elements is displayed in multiple run diagrams. Poincare sampling bifurcation diagrams, maximum and minimum peak voltage diagrams and diagrams showing all peaks in a waveform indicate transitions in behaviour, overvoltages and waveform distortion respectively.

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Jackson, Peter M. « The Future of Global Oil Production : Plateau or Peak ? » Way Ahead 03, n^o 02 (1 juin 2007) : 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0207-017-twa.

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Gao, Siyang, Leyuan Shi et Zhengjun Zhang. « A peak-over-threshold search method for global optimization ». Automatica 89 (mars 2018) : 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2017.12.002.

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Curtis, Fred. « Peak globalization : Climate change, oil depletion and global trade ». Ecological Economics 69, n^o 2 (décembre 2009) : 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.020.

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Zhou, Heng Jun, Ming Yan Jiang et Xian Ye Ben. « Niche Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm for Multi-Peak Function Optimization ». Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (juillet 2014) : 1626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1626.

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Brain Storm Optimization (BSO) is a novel proposed swarm intelligence optimization algorithm which has a fast convergent speed. However, it is easy to trap into local optimal. In this paper, a new model based on niche technology, which is named Niche Brain Storm Optimization (NBSO), is proposed to overcome the shortcoming of BSO. Niche technology effectively prevents premature and maintains population diversity during the evolution process. NBSO shows excellent performance in searching global value and finding multiple global and local optimal solutions for the multi-peak problems. Several benchmark functions are introduced to evaluate its performance. Experimental results show that NBSO performs better than BSO in global searching ability and faster than Niche Genetic Algorithm (NGA) in finding peaks for multi-peak function.

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Ninglian, Wang, Yao Tandong, Qin Dahe, L. G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson, J. Cole-Dai, M. E. Davis et P. N. Lin. « New evidence for enhanced cosmogenic isotope production rate in the atmosphere ∼37 ka BP ». Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999) : 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821076.

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AbstractA 36C1 peak has been found at about 37 ka BP in the Guliya ice core, drilled from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This peak is indicative of enhanced cosmogenic isotope production in the atmosphere, rather than a change in accumulation rate. Comparison with the records of 10Be and 36C1 in ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland indicates that peaks of the cosmogenic isotopes are global, and that they can be used as time markers for dating ice cores. Interestingly, the 37 ka BP global event coincided with a cold period.

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Kikuchi, Kazuyoshi, et Bin Wang. « Diurnal Precipitation Regimes in the Global Tropics* ». Journal of Climate 21, n^o 11 (1 juin 2008) : 2680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2051.1.

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Abstract Diurnal variations of the global tropical precipitation are documented by using two complementary Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets (3B42 and 3G68) for 1998–2006 in an attempt to provide a unified view of the diurnal cycle and a metric for evaluating numerical model performance. The 3B42 data have better spatial coverage; the 3G68 data offer more accurate diurnal phase information. The first and second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes represent the diurnal cycle and account for 89% of the total variance in 3B42. The third and fourth EOF modes, which account for 10% of the total variance, represent the semidiurnal cycle. Both datasets yield consistent spatial structures and temporal evolution, but they have different advantages: the patterns derived from 3B42 exhibit less noise, while 3G68 yields an arguably more accurate diurnal phase. The diurnal phase derived from 3G68 systematically leads 3B42 by about 3 h. Three tropical diurnal cycle regimes (oceanic, continental, and coastal) are identified according to the amplitude, peak time, and phase propagation characteristics of the diurnal precipitation. The oceanic regime is characterized by moderate amplitude and an early morning peak [0600–0900 Local Solar Time (LST)], found primarily in the oceanic convergence zones in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. In contrast, the continental regime features a large amplitude and an afternoon peak (1500–1800 LST), which is particularly pronounced in South America and equatorial Africa near Lake Victoria. Both the oceanic and continental regimes show little spatial phase propagation. The coastal regime, however, shows not only large amplitude but also prominent phase propagation. Two subregimes can also be recognized, often concurring along the same land–sea boundary. The seaside coastal regime is characterized by offshore phase propagation, with peaks occurring from late evening to noon of the next day (2100–1200 LST), whereas the landside coastal regime has landward phase propagation with peaks occurring from noon to evening (1200–2100 LST). The coastal regime is prominent along the land–sea boundaries of the Maritime Continent, the Indian subcontinent, northern Australia, the west coast of America extending from Mexico to Ecuador, the west coast of equatorial Africa, and Northeast Brazil. Note that the amplitude of the diurnal cycle is dependent on season, but the diurnal phase characteristics are not. The underlying mechanism suggested by this analysis, especially over the coastal areas, is also discussed.

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Belhachemi, Rachid. « Local versus global peak sets in real-analytic convex boundaries ». Pacific Journal of Mathematics 190, n^o 1 (1 septembre 1999) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1999.190.1.

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Itteilag, Richard L. « Global Cooling : Electricity Peak-shaving Techniques to Offset Climate Change ». Energy Engineering 105, n^o 4 (juillet 2008) : 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998590809509384.

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Huang, Kun, Jianyang Xia, Yingping Wang, Anders Ahlström, Jiquan Chen, Robert B. Cook, Erqian Cui et al. « Enhanced peak growth of global vegetation and its key mechanisms ». Nature Ecology & ; Evolution 2, n^o 12 (12 novembre 2018) : 1897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0714-0.

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Feng, Yao, Hong Wang, Wenbin Liu et Fubao Sun. « Global Soil Moisture–Climate Interactions during the Peak Growing Season ». Journal of Climate 36, n^o 4 (15 février 2023) : 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0161.1.

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Abstract Soil moisture (SM) during the vegetation growing season largely affects plant transpiration and photosynthesis, and further alters the land energy and water balance through its impact on the energy partition into latent and sensible heat fluxes. To highlight the impact of strong vegetation activity, we investigate global SM–climate interactions over the peak growing season (PGS) during 1982–2015 based on multisource datasets. Results suggest widespread positive SM–precipitation (P), SM–evapotranspiration (ET), and negative SM–temperature (T) interactions with non-negligible negative SM–P, SM–ET, and positive SM–T interactions over PGS. Relative to the influence of individual climate factors on SM, the compounding effect of climate factors strengthens SM–climate interactions. Simultaneously, variations of SM are dominated by precipitation from 50°N toward the south, by evapotranspiration from 50°N toward the north, and by temperature over the Sahara, western and central Asia, and the Tibetan Plateau. Importantly, the higher probability of concurrent SM wetness and climate extremes indicates the instant response of SM wetness to extreme climate. In contrast, the resistance of vegetation partially contributes to a consequent slower response of SM dryness to extreme climate. We highlight the significance of the compounding effects of climate factors in understanding SM–climate interaction in the context of strong vegetation activity, and the response of SM wetness and dryness to climate extremes.

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Farh, Hassan, Mohd Othman, Ali Eltamaly et M. Al-Saud. « Maximum Power Extraction from a Partially Shaded PV System Using an Interleaved Boost Converter ». Energies 11, n^o 10 (24 septembre 2018) : 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102543.

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The partially shaded photovoltaic (PSPV) condition reduces the generated power and contributes to hot spot problems that may lead to breakdown of shaded modules. PSPV generates multiple peak, one global one and many other local peaks. Many efficient, accurate and reliable maximum power point tracker (MPPT) techniques are used to track the global peak instead of local peaks. The proposed technique is not limited to global peak tracking, but rather it is capable of tracking the sum of all peaks of the PV arrays using an interleaved boost converter (IBC). The proposed converter has been compared with the state of the art conventional control method that uses a conventional boost converter (CBC). The converters used in the two PSPV systems are interfaced with electric utility using a three-phase inverter. The simulation findings prove superiority of the PSPV with IBC compared to the one using CBC in terms of power quality, reliability, mismatch power loss, DC-link voltage stability, efficiency and flexibility. Also, IBC alleviates partial shading effects and extracts higher power compared to the one using CBC. The results have shown a remarkable increase in output generated power of a PSPV system for the three presented scenarios of partial shading by 61.6%, 30.3% and 13%, respectively, when CBC is replaced by IBC.

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Sani, S., G. A. Olarinoye et P. U. Okorie. « Modelling and Analysis of Photovoltaic System under Partially Shaded Conditions using Improved Harmony Search Algorithm ». Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, n^o 4 (11 mars 2021) : 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i4.4.

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With the increasing penetration of solar electricity in residential, institutional and commercial centres around the globe, the phenomenon of partial shading (PS) in Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is gaining attention. Under Partial shading condition (PSC), cells that are shaded tends to have an equivalent current with cells that are unshaded in series-connection, due to this, the shaded cells operates in reverse bias and consequently becomes load and consumes the generated power. This causes a serious problem known as hotspot. This is characterized by the presence of excessive heat which consequently reduces the total generated power. Recently, researchers use the technique of bypass diodes across the PV cells so that the problem of partial shading can be reduced, but this solution taken alone, has made the nonlinearity and complexity of the system to increase. The shaded cells generate multiple peaks with only one global peak. Conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms do not differentiates the global peak from local peaks which may end up tracking local peak as global peak, this results in serious power loss. This paper seeks to solve this problem by modelling a PV system under PSC and through the application of Improved Harmony Search algorithm (IHSA) and variable step Perturb & Observe (P&O) to track the global peak instead of local peaks. Simulation was done in MATLAB/Simulink 2018a environment, and the results under standard test condition (STC) and PSC showed that the proposed IHSA had an improvement of 25%, 3.17% and 2.27%, 3.07% and 2.21%, 3.26% and 2.26% when compared with the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) under STC and PSC conditions respectively, which had a better advantage of minimizing power oscillation and improving the efficiency of the system, improved MPPT tracking, reduced error and a better tracking efficiency in both conditions. Keywords: MPPT, photovoltaic system, partial shading, tracking efficiency, Harmony search algorithm

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Liu, Fang, et Yongxin Feng. « A Main Peak Extraction Method for High-Order BOC Signals ». Journal of Navigation 70, n^o 5 (30 mai 2017) : 1153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000261.

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Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation signals have been applied in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) because they offer a higher positioning accuracy and higher multipath rejection. However, there is a drawback in that the autocorrelation functions have multiple side peaks, meaning that this technique also leads to the large main peak estimation error problem and a low correlation decision efficiency problem. In this paper, we propose a new Main Peak Extraction (MPE) method for high-order BOC signals to solve these problems. In the new method, the synthesis cross-correlation function is established, and the geometry graph is formatted to calculate the estimation main peak. We eliminate all side peaks and improve the main peak phase estimation precision under the condition that the sub-carrier phase is offset. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the new method can achieve better main peak decision efficiency, side peak cancellation ability and phase estimation performance than traditional methods.

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Chalh, Abdelilah, Aboubakr El Hammoumi, Saad Motahhir, Abdelaziz El Ghzizal, Aziz Derouich, Mehedi Masud et Mohammed A. AlZain. « Investigation of Partial Shading Scenarios on a Photovoltaic Array’s Characteristics ». Electronics 11, n^o 1 (29 décembre 2021) : 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010096.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different partial shading scenarios on a PV array’s characteristics in order to develop a simple and easy-to-implement GMPP controller that tracks the PV array’s global maximum power point (GMPP). The P-V characteristic of the PV array becomes more complicated under partial shading, owing to the presence of many power peaks, as opposed to uniform irradiance conditions, when there is only one peak called the maximum power point. In fact, and according to an experiment conducted in this study, when a PV array is partially shaded, the P-V characteristic mostly presents two peaks, given the existence of only two levels of irradiance, one of which is called the global peak (i.e., the GMPP). Furthermore, the first peak is located at Vmpp1 (the PV array’s voltage corresponds to this peak), whereas the second is at Vmpp2. The proposed approach works by estimating the values of Vmpp1 and Vmpp2 using two equations in order to control the DC/DC converter of the PV system. The first equation is used when the GMPP is at the first peak, while the other is used when the GMPP is at the second peak. Several scenarios are simulated and presented in this paper to verify the accuracy of these equations. In addition, some conclusions are drawn to suggest a simple method for tracking the GMPP.

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Chaurasia, G. S., Sanjay Agrawal et N. K. Sharma. « Comparative Analysis of Various MPPT-Techniques for Optimization of Solar-PVEC System ». Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, n^o 3 (27 septembre 2017) : 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/15869.

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<p>The paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of various MPPT Technique under various environmental condition. The photovoltaic array having non-linear power voltage characteristic and under non-uniform irradiances. It shows a many peaks which have many local peaks and one global peak. For getting a global peak among all local peaks, MPPT play an important role in PV system. Therefore a technique like maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is required to optimize the performance. Here the comparison of hill climbing perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm technique, incremental and conductance (I&C) control algorithm, the drift free P&O algorithm technique are discussed in detail with simulation and simultaneously some other intelligent control techniques comparison are given briefly which help the researcher to ease in selecting the appropriate algorithm for specific application.</p>

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Merriman, Dawn K., Omar A. Nava, Eugene V. Dao et Daniel J. Emmons. « Comparison of Seasonal foEs and fbEs Occurrence Rates Derived from Global Digisonde Measurements ». Atmosphere 12, n^o 12 (25 novembre 2021) : 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121558.

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A global climatology of sporadic-E occurrence rates (ORs) based on ionosonde measurements is presented for the peak blanketing frequency, fbEs, and the ordinary mode peak frequency of the layer, foEs. ORs are calculated for a variety of sporadic-E frequency thresholds: no lower limit, 3, 5, and 7 MHz. Seasonal rates are calculated from 64 Digisonde sites during the period 2006–2020 using ionograms either manually or automatically scaled with ARTIST-5. Both foEs and fbEs ORs peak in the Northern Hemisphere during the boreal summer, with a decrease by roughly a factor of 2–3 in fbEs rates relative to foEs rates without a lower threshold on the sporadic-E intensity. This ratio of foEs to fbEs OR increases with increasing sporadic-E intensity, up to a factor of 5 for the 7 MHz threshold. An asymmetry is observed with the Southern Hemisphere peaks during the austral summer, with slightly lower rates compared with the Northern Hemisphere during the boreal summer. A drastic decrease in ORs is observed for the higher intensity thresholds, such that the fbEs occurrence rates for 7 MHz are nearly zero during most locations and seasons. These updated occurrence rates can be used for future statistical comparisons with GPS radio occultation-based sporadic-E occurrence rates.

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Barton, N. H., et S. Rouhani. « Adaptation and the ‘shifting balance’ ». Genetical Research 61, n^o 1 (février 1993) : 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300031098.

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SummaryWright proposed that there is a ‘shifting balance’ between selection within demes, random drift, and selection between demes at different ‘adaptive peaks’. We investigate the establishment and spread of new adaptive peaks, considering a chromosome rearrangement, and a polygenic character under disruptive selection. When the number of migrants (Nm) is small, demes fluctuate independently, with a bias towards the fitter peak. When Nm is large, the whole population can move to one of two stable equilibria, and so can be trapped near the lower peak. These two regimes are separated by a sharp transition at a critical Nm of order 1. Just below this critical point, adaptation is most efficient, since the shifting balance greatly increases the proportion of demes that reach the global optimum. This is so even if one peak is only slightly fitter than the other (ΔW≈1/N), and for both strong and weak selection (Ns (Ns ≪ 1 or Ns ≫ 1). Provided that Nm varies sufficiently gradually from place to place, the fitter peak can be established in regions where Nm≈1, and can then spread through the rest of the range. Our analysis confirms Wright's argument that if selection, migration and drift are of the same order, the ‘shifting balance’ leads to efficient evolution towards the global optimum.

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Baricevic, Zeljko, Maja Cikes, Jana Ljubas Macek, Bosko Skoric, Ivan Skorak, Hrvoje Jurin, Hrvoje Gasparovic, Bojan Biocina, Davor Milicic et Jadranka Separovic Hanzevacki. « Global longitudinal peak systolic strain is reduced shortly after heart transplantation. » Cardiologia Croatica 10, n^o 3-4 (18 mai 2015) : 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15836/ccar.2015.57.

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Tao, Xinmin, Wenjie Guo, Chao Ren, Qing Li, Qing He, Rui Liu et Junrong Zou. « Density peak clustering using global and local consistency adjustable manifold distance ». Information Sciences 577 (octobre 2021) : 769–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2021.08.036.

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Mosquera Benitez, Daniel, Antonio del Corte Valiente et Paola Lanzi. « A novel global operational concept in cockpits under peak workload situations ». Safety Science 102 (février 2018) : 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.09.028.

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Depuev, V. H., et S. A. Pulinets. « Global distribution of night-time F2 peak density (INTERCOSMOS-19 data) ». Advances in Space Research 25, n^o 1 (janvier 2000) : 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00905-9.

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Agee, James K., Mark Finney et Roland De Gouvenain. « Forest fire history of Desolation Peak, Washington ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, n^o 3 (1 mars 1990) : 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-051.

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Forests in the vicinity of Desolation Peak, Washington, are of special ecological interest because of their transitional nature between coastal and interior forest types. The area is west of the Cascade Mountain crest but in the rainshadow of mountains farther to the west. Fire return intervals were hypothesized to be shorter than typical for coastal forest types, such as those dominated by western hemlock and Pacific silver fir, and longer than typical for interior forest types, such as ponderosa pine, owing to the close juxtaposition of these types at Desolation Peak. Seven forest community types were defined, and a 400-year fire history was developed for this 3500-ha area. The average natural fire rotation was 100 years; this varied by a factor of two by century and by topographic aspect. Forest types typical of coastal regions, such as Douglas-fir, – western hemlock and mountain hemlock – Pacific silver fir, had mean fire return intervals (108–137 years) much lower than in other western Washington areas. The most interior forest type, ponderosa pine – Douglas-fir, had a higher mean fire return interval (52 years) than reported for similar forest types east of the Cascades. Historically, fire has created structural and landscape diversity on Desolation Peak and may be an important process in the maintenance of such diversity into the future.

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Agee, James K., Mark Finney et Roland de Gouvenain. « Forest fire history of Desolation Peak, Washington ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1991) : 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-012.

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HSU, S., et A. ZEE. « GLOBAL SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ». Journal of Biological Systems 12, n^o 03 (septembre 2004) : 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339004001154.

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We develop simple models for the global spread of infectious diseases, emphasizing human mobility via air travel and the variation of public health infrastructure from region to region. We derive formulas relating the total and peak number of infections in two countries to the rate of travel between them and their respective epidemiological parameters.

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Holland, Dawn, Ray Barrell, Tatiana Fic, Ian Hurst, Iana Liadze, Ali Orazgani et Rachel Whitworth. « Global Prospects and Sources of Economic Growth ». National Institute Economic Review 212 (avril 2010) : F4—F11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110373209.

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Global output declined by 1 per cent in 2009, but the pace of recovery has been relatively rapid, especially in economies outside the OECD. We estimate that the level of global GDP regained its pre-crisis peak in the first quarter of 2010 (see figure A3 in the Appendix). The volume of world trade in goods and services remained some 6 per cent below its pre-crisis peak in the first quarter, but has rebounded by nearly 10 per cent since the trough reached in the second quarter of 2009 (see figure A2 in the Appendix). China remains a vital source of global demand. GDP increased by 11.9 per cent year-on-year in the first quarter of 2010, while imports of goods in US$ terms rose by more than 60 per cent over the same period. India also bears little scarring from the global crisis and the economy expanded rapidly throughout 2009. Other Asian economies, such as Taiwan, Hong Kong and Korea, have also recovered rapidly from the global recession, expanding by 6.3, 3.3 and 4.5 per cent, respectively, in the second half of 2009. Outside of Asia, Brazil and Mexico have seen a strong rebound in growth, although the level of output in Mexico remains well below its pre-crisis peak.

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Zhang, Yang. « Peak Traffic Prediction Using Nonparametric Approaches ». Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (octobre 2011) : 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.196.

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How to accurately predict peak traffic is difficult for various forecasting models. In this paper, least squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs) are investigated to solve such a practical problem. It is the first time to apply the technique and analyze the forecast performance in the domain. For comparison purpose, other two non-parametric predictors are selected because of their effectiveness proved in past research. Having good generalization ability and guaranteeing global minima, LS-SVMs perform better than the others. Providing sufficient improvement in stability and robustness reveals that the approach is practically promising.

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Kong, Yuan, Chao Feng et Liyang Guo. « Peaking Global and G20 Countries’ CO2 Emissions under the Shared Socio-Economic Pathways ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 17 (4 septembre 2022) : 11076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711076.

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Mitigating climate change requires long-term global efforts. The aim of this study is to simulate the possible paths of CO2 emissions in G20 countries and the world from 2020 to 2050, by using the STIRPAT model and SSP scenarios with different constraints (SSP baseline, SSP-3.4). The results show that: (1) the world’s CO2 emissions cannot peak in the SSP baseline scenarios, but can peak in the SSP-3.4 scenarios through four paths other than the high fossil energy consumption path; (2) for G20 countries, in the SSP baseline scenarios, 13 countries such as China, the United States, and the United Kingdom can achieve the peak, while six countries such as Argentina, India, and Saudi Arabia cannot. In the SSP-3.4 scenarios, Saudi Arabia cannot achieve the peak, while other countries can achieve the peak, and most of them are likely to achieve significant CO2 emission reductions by 2050; (3) climate goals have a crowding-out effect on other sustainable development goals, with less impact on developed countries and a greater impact on developing countries; and (4) the optimization of the energy structure and a low energy intensity can greatly advance the peak time of CO2 emissions.

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Bandari, Naresh, Kummara Venkata Guru Raghavendra, Sujin Heo, Seelam Vasavi Sai Viswanada Prabhu Deva Kumar, Waqar Uddin, Lenin Kumar Reddy Sama, Dinah Punnoose et Hee-Je Kim. « Efficient Electricity Management System for Optimal Peak/Off-Peak Hour Pricing ». Electronics 9, n^o 8 (24 juillet 2020) : 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081189.

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With the advent of new technologies and an alarming increase in the world’s population, there has been a rapid increase in energy consumption. Consequently, this has resulted in a surge in developing sources that generate electricity and concurrently escalating global warming levels. Owing to their contributions in vast applications, dependence on renewable energy is a reliable option. However, it is known that a complete and efficient utilization of the incoming solar radiation is not feasible, taking into account the various losses associated. Our proposal addresses concerns resulting in the efficient utilization of solar energy based on optimal cost analysis by the mathematical procedure. This methodology when used along with a battery-based photovoltaic (PV) system effectively reduces the amount of electricity imported from the grid. The implementation of this method scales down the monthly electricity consumption by 67.1%. Our findings were established considering South Korea’s residential electricity tariff system. Our system works based on a principle where the batteries are charged with solar PV during off-peak hours and discharged during peak hours. The state of charge of the battery could be monitored using a web server. In situations, wherein the load demand cannot be sustained by the batteries, grid power can be utilized during peak hours. The sequence of these events can be implemented by a series of algorithms. Our proposed system also helps in achieving the goal-7 of the sustainable development goals (SDG) prescribed by the United Nations (UN), which is to boost the consumption of renewable energy which ultimately results in monetary savings to a large extent.

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Holmes, Ryan M., Jan D. Zika et Matthew H. England. « Diathermal Heat Transport in a Global Ocean Model ». Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, n^o 1 (janvier 2019) : 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0098.1.

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AbstractThe rate at which the ocean moves heat from the tropics toward the poles, and from the surface into the interior, depends on diabatic surface forcing and diffusive mixing. These diabatic processes can be isolated by analyzing heat transport in a temperature coordinate (the diathermal heat transport). This framework is applied to a global ocean sea ice model at two horizontal resolutions (1/4° and 1/10°) to evaluate the partioning of the diathermal heat transport between different mixing processes and their spatial and seasonal structure. The diathermal heat transport peaks around 22°C at 1.6 PW, similar to the peak meridional heat transport. Diffusive mixing transfers this heat from waters above 22°C, where surface forcing warms the tropical ocean, to temperatures below 22°C where midlatitude waters are cooled. In the control 1/4° simulation, half of the parameterized vertical mixing is achieved by background diffusion, to which sensitivity is explored. The remainder is associated with parameterizations for surface boundary layer, shear instability, and tidal mixing. Nearly half of the seasonal cycle in the peak vertical mixing heat flux is associated with shear instability in the tropical Pacific cold tongue, highlighting this region’s global importance. The framework presented also allows for quantification of numerical mixing associated with the model’s advection scheme. Numerical mixing has a substantial seasonal cycle and increases to compensate for reduced explicit vertical mixing. Finally, applied to Argo observations the diathermal framework reveals a heat content seasonal cycle consistent with the simulations. These results highlight the utility of the diathermal framework for understanding the role of diabatic processes in ocean circulation and climate.

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Alnuaimi, Abdulla N., et Sukumar Natarajan. « The Energy Cost of Cold Thermal Discomfort in the Global South ». Buildings 10, n^o 5 (15 mai 2020) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10050093.

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The Global South, much of it in warm tropical latitudes, is expected to double its total energy demand by 2050. In addition to increased mean demand, greater demand for space cooling during external temperature peaks will exacerbate the strain on already fragile energy networks. Recent anecdotal evidence that a proportion of the increase in cooling demand is driven by cold—rather than warm—indoor thermal discomfort, suggests the imposition of an unnecessary cooling energy cost. Here, we investigate the impact of this cost on the expanding Global South using field data from four cities in India, Philippines, and Thailand. We observe that mean cold discomfort across the four cities is roughly 45 percentage points higher than warm discomfort, suggesting warmer indoor temperatures would not only lower overall discomfort but also reduce cooling energy demand. Computer simulations using a calibrated building model reveal that average savings of 10%/Kelvin and peak reductions of 3%–19%, would be feasible across the expected external temperature range in these cities. This suggests that more climatically appropriate indoor thermal comfort standards in the Global South would not only significantly counteract the expected rise in energy demand, but also produce more comfortable indoor conditions and reduce peak demand.

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Bagger, Thomas, Erik Sloth et Carl-Johan Jakobsen. « Left Ventricular Longitudinal Function Assessed by Speckle Tracking Ultrasound from a Single Apical Imaging Plane ». Critical Care Research and Practice 2012 (2012) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361824.

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Background. Transthoracic ultrasonography of the heart is valuable in monitoring and treatment of critically ill patients. Speckle tracking ultrasound (STU) has proven valid in estimating left ventricular systolic deformation. The aims of the study were to compare conventional and automated STU and to determine whether left ventricular systolic deformation could be estimated from one single imaging plane.Methods. 2D-echocardiography cine-loops were obtained from 20 patients for off-line speckle tracking analysis, consisting of manually tracing of the endocardial border (conventional method) or automatically drawn boundaries (automated method).Results. We found a bias of 0,6 (95% CI −2.2−3.3) for global peak systolic strain comparing the automated and the conventional method. Comparing global peak systolic strain of apical 4-chamber cine-loops with averaged Global Peak Strain obtained from apical 4, 2 and long axis cine-loops, showed a bias of 0.1 (95% CI −3.9−4.0). The agreement between subcostal 4-chamber and apical 4-chamber global peak systolic strain was 4.4 (95% CI −3.7−12.5).Conclusion. We found good agreement between the conventional and the automated method. STU applied to single apical 4-chamber cine-loops is in excellent agreement with overall averaged global peak systolic strain, while subcostal 4-chamber cine-loops proved less compliant with speckle tracking ultrasound.

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Kopytin, I. « World Oil Market : The Pandemics Will Bring Global Peak Oil Demand Closer ». World Economy and International Relations 64, n^o 9 (2020) : 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-9-26-36.

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Wang, J. S., et E. Nielsen. « Behavior of the Martian dayside electron density peak during global dust storms ». Planetary and Space Science 51, n^o 4-5 (avril 2003) : 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-0633(03)00015-1.

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Ramana, Vanjari Venkata, Arjun Mudlapur, Roopa Viswadev Damodaran, Balasubramanian Venkatesaperumal et Sukumar Mishra. « Global Peak Tracking of Photovoltaic Array Under Mismatching Conditions Using Current Control ». IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 34, n^o 1 (mars 2019) : 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2018.2873667.

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Miller, Evonne. « “My hobby is global warming and peak oil” : sustainability as serious leisure ». World Leisure Journal 60, n^o 3 (3 juillet 2018) : 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2018.1496528.

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Huang, Zheng-Hai, Xin-He Miao et Ping Wang. « A revised cut-peak function method for box constrained continuous global optimization ». Applied Mathematics and Computation 194, n^o 1 (décembre 2007) : 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2007.04.045.

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Featherstone, Mike. « Problematizing the Global : An Introduction to Global Culture Revisited ». Theory, Culture & ; Society 37, n^o 7-8 (9 octobre 2020) : 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420957715.

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This paper serves as an introduction to the special section on Global Culture Revisited which commemorates the 30th anniversary of the publication of the 1990 Global Culture special issue. It examines the development of interest in the various strands of globalization and the question of whether there can be a global culture. The paper discusses the emergence of alternative global histories and the problematization of global knowledge. It examines the view that the current Covid-19 pandemic signals a turning point, or change of epoch, that marks the end of peak globalization (Gray, Mignolo). The paper also discusses the view that global was always a limited cartographic term which failed to adequately grasp our terrestrial location on the earth (Latour). Currently, there is considerable speculation about the emergent politics of a new world order, with civilizational states set alongside nation-states, opening up an epoch of greater pluriversality, and at the same time greater uncertainty.

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Sato, Tomonori, Hiroaki Miura, Masaki Satoh, Yukari N. Takayabu et Yuqing Wang. « Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in the Tropics Simulated in a Global Cloud-Resolving Model ». Journal of Climate 22, n^o 18 (15 septembre 2009) : 4809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2890.1.

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Abstract This study analyzes the diurnal cycle of precipitation simulated in a global cloud-resolving model (GCRM) named the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). A 30-day integration of NICAM successfully simulates the precipitation diurnal cycle associated with the land–sea breeze and the thermally induced topographic circulations as well as the horizontal propagation of diurnal cycle signals. The first harmonic of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the 7-km run agrees well with that from satellite observations in its geographical distributions although its amplitude is slightly overestimated. The NICAM simulation revealed that the precipitation diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent is strongly coupled with the land–sea breeze that controls the convergence/divergence pattern in the lower troposphere around the islands. The analysis also suggests that the cold pool often forms over the open ocean where the precipitation intensity is high, and the propagation of the cold pool events is related to the precipitation diurnal cycle as well as the land–sea breeze. Sensitivity experiments suggest a prominent horizontal resolution dependence of the simulated precipitation diurnal cycle. Over continental areas the 14-km run induces the diurnal peak about three hours later than the 7-km run. The 3.5-km run produces the peak time and amplitude that are very similar to those in Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) observations. Meanwhile, the resolution dependence in phase and amplitude is negligibly small over the open oceans. This contrast sensitivity to the horizontal resolution is attributed to the differences in structure and life cycle of convective systems over land and ocean. Diurnal peaks of precipitable water vapor, precipitation, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are compared over land areas using the NICAM 7-km run. The daily precipitable water vapor maximum appears around 1500 local time (LT), which is followed by the precipitation peak around 1630 LT. The diurnal cycle of high clouds tends to peak around 1930 LT, three hours later than the precipitation peak. These results from NICAM simulations can explain the cause of the phase differences among precipitation products based on several satellite observations. The authors demonstrate that the GCRM is a promising tool for realistically simulating the precipitation diurnal cycle and could be quite useful for studying the role of the diurnal cycle in the climate systems in a global context.

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Kucevic, Daniel, Leo Semmelmann, Nils Collath, Andreas Jossen et Holger Hesse. « Peak Shaving with Battery Energy Storage Systems in Distribution Grids : A Novel Approach to Reduce Local and Global Peak Loads ». Electricity 2, n^o 4 (15 novembre 2021) : 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity2040033.

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The growing global electricity demand and the upcoming integration of charging options for electric vehicles is creating challenges for power grids, such as line over loading. With continuously falling costs for lithium-ion batteries, storage systems represent an alternative to conventional grid reinforcement. This paper proposes an operation strategy for battery energy storage systems, targeted at industrial consumers to achieve both an improvement in the distribution grid and electricity bill savings for the industrial consumer. The objective is to reduce the peak power at the point of common coupling in existing distribution grids by adapting the control of the battery energy storage system at individual industrial consumer sites. An open-source simulation tool, which enables a realistic simulation of the effects of storage systems in different operating modes on the distribution grid, has been adapted as part of this work. Further information on the additional stress on the storage system is derived from a detailed analysis based on six key characteristics. The results show that, with the combined approach, both the local peak load and the global peak load can be reduced, while the stress on the energy storage is not significantly increased. The peak load at the point of common coupling is reduced by 5.6 kVA to 56.7 kVA and the additional stress for the storage system is, on average, for a six month simulation, period only 1.2 full equivalent cycles higher.

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Bossolasco, Adriana, Fabrice Jegou, Pasquale Sellitto, Gwenaël Berthet, Corinna Kloss et Bernard Legras. « Global modeling studies of composition and decadal trends of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, n^o 4 (24 février 2021) : 2745–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2745-2021.

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Abstract. The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) traps convectively lifted boundary layer pollutants inside its upper-tropospheric lower-stratospheric Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA). It is associated with a seasonal and spatially confined enhanced aerosol layer, called the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Due to the dynamical variability of the AMA, the dearth of in situ observations in this region, the complexity of the emission sources and of transport pathways, knowledge of the ATAL properties in terms of aerosol budget, chemical composition, as well as its variability and temporal trend is still largely uncertain. In this work, we use the Community Earth System Model (CESM 1.2 version) based on the coupling of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) and the MAM7 (Modal Aerosol Model) aerosol module to simulate the composition of the ATAL and its decadal trends. Our simulations cover a long-term period of 16 years from 2000 to 2015. We identify a typical “double-peak” vertical profile of aerosols for the ATAL. We attribute the upper peak (around 100 hPa, predominant during early ATAL, e.g., in June) to dry aerosols, possibly from nucleation processes, and the lower peak (around 250 hPa, predominant for a well-developed and late ATAL, e.g., in July and August) to cloud-borne aerosols associated with convective clouds. We find that mineral dust (present in both peaks) is the dominant aerosol by mass in the ATAL, showing a large interannual variability but no long-term trend, due to its natural variability. The results between 120 and 80 hPa (dry aerosol peak) suggest that for aerosols other than dust the ATAL is composed of around 40 % of sulfate, 30 % of secondary and 15 % of primary organic aerosols, 14 % of ammonium aerosols and less than 3 % of black carbon. Nitrate aerosols are not considered in MAM7. The analysis of the anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols shows a positive trend for all aerosols simulated by CESM-MAM7.

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