Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Girolamo Bartolommei »

The analysis of scientific literature shows that the study of adrenal morphology in humans and animals is an urgent problem of biology and medicine from ancient times to the present day. In the historical aspect, we can distinguish three stages of studying the adrenal gland that differ in the directions of research. The first stage corresponds to the research of scientists of the XVI–XVIII centuries (Bartolomeo Eustachio, Andreas Vesalius, Gabriele Folloppio, Girolamo Fabrici, Andriaan Spieghel, Johann Vesling, Giulia Casseria, Caspar Bauhin, Johann Grafenberg, Caspar Bartholin, Thomas Bartholin, Giulio Casserio, Antonio Molinetti, Jean Riolan, Thomas Wharton, Giovanni Lancisi, Jakob Winslow, Antony Valsalva, Albrecht Haller, Johann Meckel, Jean Senac, Armand Cassan). Their works is devoted to the study of topography, macroscopic structure and function of the adrenal gland. Studies of morphological scientists of the second stage (late XVIII – mid XX century) correspond to the study of the structure of the adrenal gland at the microscopic level. Scientists like Albert Kelliker, Johann Ecker, Thomas Addison, Gabriel Colin, Alfred Kohn and Jay Arnold used histological and histochemical research methods. Edward Schafer, George Oliver, Vladislav Szymonowicz, John Abel, Jokiti Takmine, Welter Cannon, Edward Kendall to the study of the features of adrenal hormone secretion. Scientific works of the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries can be combined in the third stage of research on the morphology of the adrenal gland. It is devoted to solving issues related to the formation of the adrenal gland in the process of filogenesis and ontogenesis, the features of the structure and function of the organ in normal and pathological conditions. A significant contribution to the study of the morphology of the adrenal gland of animals at the third stage was made by such scientists as Ziyade A. M., Dardykina O. N., Harina V. V., Atagimov M. Z., Torguj P. M., Antipin I. A., Shishkin A. P., Volkova M. V., Shevchenko L. F., Sidorova O. G., Vovchenko M. B., Salekh M. M., Ovcharenko N. D., Zaika S. V., Samatova I. M., Gorbacheva E. S., Pronin V. V., Kuznecov A. V., Pashinin N. S., Strel’nikova I. G., Barvenko A. D., Fedotov D. N., Izatulin A. V., Kvarackheliya A. G., Silkina A. V., Muhametov A. I. Among the studies of morphologists of the third period, the method of electron microscopy prevails.

Background. The article deals with the interaction of the constructive evolution of the instrument and the development of bassoon performing of the 16–17 centuries. The aesthetics of that time was associated with the search for new expressive means, realization of which could be ensured by new instruments with rich and expressive sound. One of such instruments is bassoon; it was during the Baroque era when the bassoon took its shape and the sound image we know today. Thanks to technical evolution, the instrument acquired new artistic capabilities and new sound quality. A new repertoire was formed; bassoon became the part of such instrumental genres as sonata and concerto, it was firmly fixed in the score of the symphony orchestra. In music science, there are a number of studies devoted to wind instruments, the most significant of which are researches by G. Abadzhyan, V. Apatskiy L. Belenov, V. Berezin, V. Bohdanov, N. Volkov, V. Gromchenko, Yu. Dolzhikov, V. Kachmarchyk, V. Lebedev, V. Popov, I. Pushechnikov, Yu. Usov, and A. Kiziliayev. There are works, which focus on the bassoon, its history, expressive and technical capabilities (G. Abadzhyan, V. Apatskiy, V. Bubnovich, N. Karaulovsky, S. Levin, V. Leonov, V. Popov, V. Starko, Anthony Baines). It is worth noting the rather important and comprehensive work by V. Apatskiy “Bassoon from A to Z”. There are numerous scientific publications of international woodwind performers associations, such as the International Double Reed Society, the Australian double reed community, the British double reed community, the Japan bassoon society, the Finnish double reed community. The purpose of the article is to reveal the specifics of the relationship between the structural improvements of the bassoon and the performance on the bassoon in the period of 16–17 centuries. Achieving this goal will help to perform tasks such as a historical overview of the development of the bassoon in the Baroque era and identify the relationship between constructive changes, artistic possibilities, repertoire potential (including the genre palette of the instrument) and composer work for the bassoon of this period. The presented article is a material used in the candidate’s dissertation, which is devoted to a wide range of issues of performance on the bassoon from the origins to the present. Methodology. The main research methods are historical, organological and performing. The historical method is associated with the characterization of the historical conditions of origin and development of the bassoon; the organological method is necessary to establish the connection between the constructive changes of the instrument with the new quality of its sound; the performing method helps to reveal new tendencies in bassoon performance of the 16–17 centuries from the new repertoire to the functional purpose of the instrument. Research results. Around the middle of the 17th century, fundamental changes occurred in the construction of the bassoon. They were caused by the need to regulate the overall tuning system of the instrument in such a way that it could participate in joint music-making with other instruments, as well as by the desire to make the instrument more portable. At the turn of the 16–17 centuries, in the process of bassoon chromatization as the result of complication of composer creativity, fundamental changes were made in the design of the instrument: new “chromatic” holes and valves, as well as fork fingering appeared. It was all connected with the formation of certain musical and aesthetic needs and developed along with them. So, the evolution of the bassoon 16–17 centuries led to such qualitative changes in the sound of the instrument as: softness of the tone, pitch control, expansion of the working range, great power of sound, ease of playing the instrument. The above-mentioned factors entailed fundamental changes in the composers’ attitude towards the instrument. The bassoon enters a more complex functional level in the works of various music genres (interlude to the comedy “La Pellegrina” by Girolamo Bargalia, “Sacrae symphoniae” by Giovanni Gabrieli, “Messa a 4 voci et Salmi” by C. Monteverdi, “Fantasy for basso continuo” by Bartolome deSelma-i-Salaverde, sonata “Lamonica” by PhilipFriedrich Bodekher, nine sonatas for solo bassoon and basso continuo by Giovanni Antonio Bertoli, sonata for two bassoons by Philipp Friedrich Buchner, opera “Il pomo d’oro” by Antonio Cesti, singspiel “Seelewig” by Sigmund Theophil Staden). The role of Antonio Vivaldi in the formation of the concerto, including concerto for bassoon, is difficult to overestimate, and thirty-nine Vivaldi’s concertos for bassoon are evidence of that. The creative work of Antonio Vivaldi affected Johann Sebastian Bach, who wrote bassoon parts in his works of different genres. George Philippe Telemann, Bach’s contemporary, is known for a large number of pieces with bassoon parts. Conclusions. Constructive changes resulted in the arrival of the bassoon to a new timbre, figurative-intonational, genre, and performance level. Meanwhile, there is a linear rather than reciprocal relationship between the above-mentioned levels. On the one hand, there is a direct dependence in the evolution of bassoon performance: new constructive features – technical capabilities of the instrument – more individual timbre character – new expressive possibilities – solo parts – solo pieces. On the other hand, all this creates new requirements both for the performer and for the instrument, which brings the situation back to the need for further search. The results of this research can be used in further studies devoted to the history and theory of bassoon performance in the historical, organological and genre-stylistic directions.

The works on the Dominican religious reformer Girolamo Savonarola did not vanish from sight with his execution in 1498. The preacher's works began appearing in print during the last decade of his life, and they continued appearing after his death. Most were published in Florence, but some appeared in other cities. A few even were printed in Germany. The printers most associated with dissemination of the friar's works are Bartolomeo de' Libri and Lorenzo Morgiani. This selection of early editions of Savonarola's works illustrates the rapid passage or his words into print and the long afterlife of the friar as a religious figure. The collection also contains writings of both supporters and opponents of Savonarola, most of them published in his lifetime. Thus the microfiche collection (212 titles on 263 microfiche) illustrate every aspect of the friar's impact on both the book trade and the reading public of his day. (MARC21 Bibliographic Records are also available but were not reviewed.)

Il presente elaborato esamina la trasformazione degli assetti istituzionali adottati dalle accademie letterarie milanesi nell’arco cronologico racchiuso fra la comparsa delle adunanze tra le mura cittadine e l’avvicendamento della dinastia regnante conseguente al trattato di Utrecht. La ricostruzione della fisionomia assunta dal fenomeno associativo nel periodo considerato è compiuta attraverso l’individuazione delle personalità che alimentarono gli sforzi eruditi, il riconoscimento dei gruppi che componevano la costellazione delle élite intellettuali attive nella compagine urbana, la contestualizzazione dei progetti culturali, nonché delle frizioni politiche, poste a sostrato delle iniziative intraprese e la definizione dei tratti spiccatamente ambrosiani progressivamente stratificatisi nei recinti accademici. La proposta esegetica dei componimenti ad opera dall’Accademia della Val di Blenio, mossa a partire dai rilievi storici effettuati intorno alla parabola bio-bibliografica del Facchino Cosme de Aldana, precede lo studio documentario relativo alle fondazioni accademiche occorse nei centri scolastici cittadini, frutto della sinergia tra la curia arcivescovile, gli ordini religiosi coinvolti nell’educazione dei giovani e gli organi di rappresentanza patrizia milanesi. I rinvenimenti archivistici relativi alle riunioni degli Inquieti introducono quindi alla disamina del percorso di consolidamento di un “sistema di virtù”, metronomo delle radunanze barocche, nella sua declinazione ambrosiana, che entrerà in crisi allo scadere del XVII secolo.
By adopting a long-term period chronological perspective, this research analyses the institutional frameworks’ development of Milanese literary academies between their appearance in the city area and the beginning of Austrian government’s jurisdiction after the Peace of Utrecht. Key objectives of the phenomenon’s historical reconstruction are: the identification of patrons who promoted the academies’ dissemination; the description of associational networks made up by different intellectual elite groups operating in Milan; the contextualization of cultural projects - and resulting under covered political tensions - that influenced the academical pattern’s expansion process; finally, the gradual constitution of a peculiar Ambrosian identity related with this associations’ typology. The exegesis of the “Badia della Val di Blenio” academy’s literary production, deduced by the historical examine of the “Facchino” Cosme de Aldana’s bio-bibliographical experience, introduces the enquiry on students’ academical foundations, which were the result of the cooperation between the archiepiscopal curia, religious orders involved in the educational programs and representative bodies of Milanese patricians. Archival discoveries on Inquieti’s meetings contribute in depicting the progressive composition of a coherent Ambrosian “system of virtues” (the baroque reference point for academical activities), that got into a substantial crisis at the end of seventeenth century.

Il presente elaborato esamina la trasformazione degli assetti istituzionali adottati dalle accademie letterarie milanesi nell’arco cronologico racchiuso fra la comparsa delle adunanze tra le mura cittadine e l’avvicendamento della dinastia regnante conseguente al trattato di Utrecht. La ricostruzione della fisionomia assunta dal fenomeno associativo nel periodo considerato è compiuta attraverso l’individuazione delle personalità che alimentarono gli sforzi eruditi, il riconoscimento dei gruppi che componevano la costellazione delle élite intellettuali attive nella compagine urbana, la contestualizzazione dei progetti culturali, nonché delle frizioni politiche, poste a sostrato delle iniziative intraprese e la definizione dei tratti spiccatamente ambrosiani progressivamente stratificatisi nei recinti accademici. La proposta esegetica dei componimenti ad opera dall’Accademia della Val di Blenio, mossa a partire dai rilievi storici effettuati intorno alla parabola bio-bibliografica del Facchino Cosme de Aldana, precede lo studio documentario relativo alle fondazioni accademiche occorse nei centri scolastici cittadini, frutto della sinergia tra la curia arcivescovile, gli ordini religiosi coinvolti nell’educazione dei giovani e gli organi di rappresentanza patrizia milanesi. I rinvenimenti archivistici relativi alle riunioni degli Inquieti introducono quindi alla disamina del percorso di consolidamento di un “sistema di virtù”, metronomo delle radunanze barocche, nella sua declinazione ambrosiana, che entrerà in crisi allo scadere del XVII secolo.
By adopting a long-term period chronological perspective, this research analyses the institutional frameworks’ development of Milanese literary academies between their appearance in the city area and the beginning of Austrian government’s jurisdiction after the Peace of Utrecht. Key objectives of the phenomenon’s historical reconstruction are: the identification of patrons who promoted the academies’ dissemination; the description of associational networks made up by different intellectual elite groups operating in Milan; the contextualization of cultural projects - and resulting under covered political tensions - that influenced the academical pattern’s expansion process; finally, the gradual constitution of a peculiar Ambrosian identity related with this associations’ typology. The exegesis of the “Badia della Val di Blenio” academy’s literary production, deduced by the historical examine of the “Facchino” Cosme de Aldana’s bio-bibliographical experience, introduces the enquiry on students’ academical foundations, which were the result of the cooperation between the archiepiscopal curia, religious orders involved in the educational programs and representative bodies of Milanese patricians. Archival discoveries on Inquieti’s meetings contribute in depicting the progressive composition of a coherent Ambrosian “system of virtues” (the baroque reference point for academical activities), that got into a substantial crisis at the end of seventeenth century.

Saggio ed edizione critica del trattato di Girolamo Bartolommei, Didascalia cioè dottrina comica libri tre: opera stampata a Firenze la prima volta nel 1658 e successivamente ripubblicata nella stessa città nel 1661 con ampliamenti e correzioni. L’intento dichiarato di Bartolommei (Firenze1584 - ivi 1662) è quello di offrire ai giovani accademici un vademecum di precetti poetici necessari a ridefinire le caratteristiche della ‘ben ordinata commedia’, che viene da lui idealmente identificata con la «commedia di mezzo» dei greci. Di questo modello mediano, lontano dagli eccessi comici e caratterizzato dal valore etico e sociale della fabula allegorica, il letterato fiorentino propone, nel terzo libro, diciannove «abbozzi di commedie di mezzo» (un repertorio di favole nelle quali si colpiscono i vizi e si premiano gli atteggiamenti virtuosi) che traducono sul piano della finzione letteraria i principi poetici enunciati nei primi due libri. Il senso didascalico del trattato trova così il suo compimento, procedendo, secondo il metodo deduttivo, da questioni di ordine generale –definite sulla scorta delle molte auctoritaes antiche e moderne citate- alla particolarità degli esempi. Lo scritto di Bartolommei, che rientra a pieno nel genere dei trattati didascalici, offre una dissertazione sulla commedia colta, quale elogio della virtù e satira dei vizi, una tipologia drammaturgica da contrapporre alle licenziosità amorose delle commedie moderne. La Didascalia si colloca nell’ambito di una speculazione poetica controriformista che interessa il teatro d’accademia e delle confraternite, dal circolo romano degli Umoristi ai consensi fiorentini dei Cruscanti, degli Svogliati, degli Apatisti, degli Immobili, dell’Arcangelo Raffaello. Cenacoli dei quali Bartolommei fece parte attivamente e nei quali il diletto poetico era interpretato in funzione della sua utilità etica e sociale, secondo l’assimilata rilettura cristiana dell’Etica Nicomachea di Aristotele. La tesi propone nella prima parte i risultati della ricerca sul letterato Bartolommei e la sua opera che, a buon diritto, può essere considerata rappresentativa della cultura letteraria del pieno Seicento, fra visioni etico moraleggianti dell’arte e istanze di fruibilità del prodotto artistico nella sua resa drammaturgica. Nella seconda parte si presenta la prima edizione critica moderna della Didascalia corredata da apparati critici, indici delle fonti e dei nomi e da un’introduzione nella quale si avanza una lettura commentata del trattato. A testo si è messa l’ultima versione, ampliata e corretta dall’autore per la stampa del 1661 ed in apparato si registrano le varianti con la precedente edizione del 1658.

La composizione di azioni con soggetti sacri e profani e il riutilizzo di fabulae antiche, declinate secondo il principio dell’utilità morale dei temi trattati, caratterizza la ricerca letteraria di Girolamo Bartolommei che si cimentò nelle forme della scrittura lirica, epica, drammaturgica e musicale, richiamando ‘i benigni lettori’ delle sue opere alla funzione etica e sociale della poesia. La sua Didascalia cioè dottrina comica (stampata a Firenze nel 1658 e ristampata nel 1661), di cui presentiamo l’edizione critica, si rende interessante per la peculiarità della proposta teorica, riconducibile alle ragioni del teatro d’accademia, tesa a dimostrare ai giovani letterati, procedendo da questioni di poetica generale fino agli ‘abbozzi di commedie di mezzo’ da lui stesso composti, come solo l’ ‘onestà’ e il decoro di una ‘ben ordinata commedia’ potessero risollevare le sorti dell’arte comica dal degrado in cui era caduta.

The first part of this paper consists of a theatre play written specifically for the international congress El teatro Español en Europa and performed on that occasion by the Segugi theatre company. The play stages the generational and poetic conflict between two seventeenth-century Florentine playwrights: the tragedian Girolamo Bartolommei (1584-1662) and his son, the comedian Mattias Maria (1640-1695). Girolamo, contrary to the innovations of modern comedy and the mixture of tragic and comic, dedicated in 1658 a treatise entitled Didascalia comica to Mattias in which he sought to bring his son to traditional positions; nevertheless, Mattias became a leading exponent of that new Spanish imitation comic theatre that, since the times of Giacinto Andrea Cicognini (1606-1649), had found in Florence a fertile place of reworking and diffusion. The second part offers a critical note on the historical issues illustrated in the pièce.