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1
Enns, James Cornelius. « Saving Germany : North American Protestants and Christian mission to West Germany, 1945-1974 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610651.
Texte intégral
2
Thomsett, Andrea Irma Irene. « Festival representation beyond words : the Stuttgart baptism of 1616 ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29760.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The representation of a Stuttgart court festival in a fascinating book of prints has received no art historical attention. The cultural production of German lands in a complex and obscure time described by one historian as being particularly bereft of "textbook facts", has not elicited much scholarly interest. In the seventeenth century before confessional disputes within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation turned into armed conflict, small German territorial courts modelled themselves on and assumed the courtly style of the larger European courts. The Stuttgart baptism of 1616 presents an interesting case study of the use of a courtly spectacle by a secondary court at a time of great instability. The baptism festival served as a stage to display an alliance of some German Protestant princes that held a promise of international support for the Protestant cause.
The Wurttemberg court commissioned lengthy texts and a large number of engravings to represent the event. This study will address the contributions made by printed images to the festival program. The key documents for this study are the texts which complement and at times diverge from the visual representation. The differences between the visual and textual material will serve to locate the function of the visual representation of a festival held at a time of impending conflict. The triumphal procession format of the
engravings discloses a strategy of disenfranchisement of a powerful parliament while it serves to assert the rank of the court within and outside the German empire. The complex amalgams of imagery that are interspersed in the paper procession allude, I suggest, to the problems presented to the Wurttemberg court by an uneasy alliance of Protestant courts within the empire. The engravings served to encode references to problematic issues such as the survival of the Holy Roman Empire, the rights of Protestant territorial princes to form an alliance and the hopes for outside help for the Protestant cause.Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
Graduate
3
Schürger, André. « The archaeology of the Battle of Lützen : an examination of 17th century military material culture ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6508/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the late 20th century, historical research on the 1632 Battle of Lützen, a major engagement of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), came to a dead end after 150 years of mostly unfruitful discussions. This thesis examines the battle’s military material culture, including historical accounts and physical evidence in the form of archaeological finds from the battlefield to provide new insight into the battle’s events, but also to develop a methodology which allows a comparison between two very different sources: the eyewitness account and the ‘lead bullet.’ To achieve this aim, the development of 17th century firearms is highlighted through an assessment of historical sources and existing weapons and by an evaluation of various collections of ‘lead bullets’ from Lützen and other archaeological sites, thus providing a working baseline for interpreting bullet distribution patterns on the battlefield. The validity of bullet distribution patterns is also dependant on the deposit process during the battle and metal detector survey methodologies, which also provides vital information for battlefield surveys in general. In an overarching methodology, statements from battle eyewitnesses are evaluated and compared to bullet distribution patterns, in conjunction with the historic landscape, equipment and tactics. Together, these ultimately lead to a better understanding of the battle and its historic narrative, by asking why reported events actually did not happen at Lützen. This last element is also important for understand the reliability of early modern battle accounts in general. Overall, a more general aim of this case study has been to provide a better insight into the wider potentials of early modern battle research in Europe.
4
Norquist, Jordan Faith. « RevolutionärInnen am Fließband : a Comparative Gendered Analysis of the 1973 Pierburg and Ford Migrant Labor Strikes ». PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4824.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the years following the end of the Second World War, the Federal Republic of Germany experienced a "golden age" of economic upturn. Due to the labor shortage in the aftermath of war and the division of Germany, West Germany initially looked to its eastern counterpart, the German Democratic Republic, to meet its labor needs in the immediate postwar years. Once East Germany tightened its border control, the Federal Republic of Germany extended bilateral agreements to Southern Mediterranean countries to meet the nation's labor needs. Italy was the first official nation to have a bilateral work agreement with West Germany in 1955, yet by the end of the labor program, the greatest population of "guest workers" in West Germany were Turkish nationals. The West German public initially heralded the arrival of guest workers as a boon, but by the program's end in November of 1973, the West German press reviled the Turkish migrant worker as they gradually moved out of isolated company employee barracks into single apartments, often with families or spouses joining them from Turkey. In spite of a lack of rights on West German soil, the year of 1973 was witness to a swell in migrant political activity, in the form of unsanctioned labor strikes.
Utilizing two of these strikes, this thesis will compare the strategies, support, opposition, and success of the Ford Cologne (Ford Köln-Niehl) Factory strike and the Pierburg factory strike in Neuss. In both instances, the degree of support by ethnic German coworkers and factory management influenced the success of the strike. Additionally, this analysis will demonstrate that gender, in concert with nationality, negatively affected the results of the Ford Cologne Strike by way of public reception, while the negotiation of the Pierburg strike through a gendered lens aided woman migrant workers in the cooperation of factory management, the worker's council, union, and the West German public. Regardless of the strikes' outcomes, the significance of the labor strikes of 1973 is emblematic of both the lack of human rights afforded migrant workers in West Germany at the time and the persistent determination of blue-collar migrant workers to claim space for themselves and their families.
5
Esra, Jo Ann. « The shaping of 'West Barbary' : the re/construction of identity and West Country Barbary captivity ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13906.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Divided into three parts, this thesis maps a cultural history of Barbary captivity; concentrating on the early 17th century leading up to the Civil Wars; an aspect of British-Muslim contact within which the West Country is overrepresented in the archives. However, this wealth of material contrasts sharply with the paucity of popular and public-facing representations. Situating these accounts within wider contexts, this thesis investigates this contrast, exploring the social, cultural, emotional and economic impact of Barbary captivity upon understandings of place and identity. The first part examines representations of being taken captive, the terror and distress of West Country inhabitants, and the responses and concerns of the authorities. The on-going failure to protect the region and its seafarers exacerbated this distress, producing marginalised geographies of fear and anxiety. The second part explores the themes of memory and identity, arguing that how captives were remembered and forgotten had implications for localised and national identities. For those held in Barbary, families and communities petitioned and undertook ransom collections to redeem the captives, providing reminders to the authorities and appealing for wider remembrance as part of the processes of Christian compassion. Nevertheless, the majority of captives were ‘forgotten’, neither ransomed nor leaving their individual mark within the historical record. This part concludes with a discussion of the role of memory in managing and articulating the ‘trauma’ of captivity. The final part examines mobile and fluid identities, concentrating on returning captives and Islamic converts. Early modern theories of identity situated the humoral body of the captive as susceptible to ‘turning Turk’, contributing to wider negotiations of national, ethnic and religious identities. Cultural anxieties were preoccupied with the ill-defined borders of the geographically displaced material body, generating mutable, hidden and shameful identities. In conclusion, sites of cultural trauma are produced, indicated by the subsequent silence regarding this aspect of localised history.
6
Strickrodt, Silke. « Afro-European trade relations on the western slave coast, 16th to 19th centuries ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2616.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis deals with the Afro-European trade on the Western Slave Coast from about 1600 to the 1880s, mainly the slave trade but also the trade in ivory and agricultural produce. The Western Slave Coast comprises the coastal areas of modem Togo and parts of the coastal areas of Ghana and Benin. For much of the period under discussion, this region was dominated by two kingdoms, the kingdom of the Hula (or Pla), known to European traders as Great or Grand Popo, after its coastal port (in modern Benin), and the kingdom of the Ge (Gen/Guin/Genyi), known to European traders as Little Popo, after its main coastal port (in modern Togo). In the nineteenth century, two more ports of trade appeared in the region, Agoud (in modem Benin) and Porto Seguro (in modern Togo). In terms of the Afro-European trade, this was an intermediate area between regions of greater importance to slave traders, the Gold Coast to the west and the eastern Slave Coast (mainly the kingdom of Dahomey) to the east. This thesis gives a detailed reconstruction of the political and commercial developments in the region, especially for the period from the 1780s and the 1860s. The discussion is based mainly on archival material from British, French and African archives, but also makes use of a wide range of published accounts, mainly in English, French and German, and information from oral traditions. Beyond its immediate local interest, the thesis contributes to our understanding of the operation of the Afro-European trade and its impact on African middleman societies. The intermittent commercial success of 'the Popos' illustrates the dynamics of the trade especially clearly. The Western Slave Coast is placed into the wider transatlantic trade network and its role in the trade re-evaluated. The link between the local and overseas economy is illustrated by the centrality of the lagoon, which is discussed in detail. Other important issues that are addressed include the role of the canoemen in the trade, the transition from the slave trade to the palm oil trade and the Afro-Brazilian settlement at Agoue.
7
ADAMOPOULOU, Maria. « West side stories : the Greek Gastarbeiter’s migration to the Federal Republic of Germany and their return to the homeland (1960-1989) ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73949.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 31 January 2022Examining Board: Professor Laura Lee Downs, (EUI); Professor Corinna Unger, (EUI); Professor Emerita Efi Avdela, (University of Crete); Professor Lauren Stokes, (Northwestern University)
This doctoral thesis is a social history of the Greek migrant workers in West Germany, with an emphasis on the role of the sending country in all the stages of their migration journey. It examines the different ways the Greek migrants’ transnational bonds were formed, expressed and preserved in their daily life in West Germany in the period 1960-1989. Heated debates about the desirability of emigration and return, confrontations and divisions in the realms of the Greek migrant community in West Germany, manipulation efforts and failed initiatives of the sending state are at the centre of my investigation. Starting from the postwar reconstruction period, I set the background of the political and social transformations in Greece and West Germany, which made up the push and pull factors of the Gastarbeiter system. In the three Cold War decades, the Greek Gastarbeiter were present in West Germany and continuities and ruptures in policymaking and social attitudes determined their fate. In a nutshell, this research project seeks to answer the following questions: who were the Greek Gastarbeiter? What did the Greek state do for them? How was their agency expressed? The Greek Gastarbeiter might have been “birds of passage”, but their imprint in the evolving realities of postwar Greece was indelible.
8
Chan, Catherine See. « Alliance en garde : the United States of America and West Germany, 1977-1985 ». HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1300.
Texte intégral
9
Rusak, Helen Kathryn. « Rhetoric and the motet passion ». Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armr949.pdf.
Texte intégral
10
Richter, Konstantin Alexander. « The historic religious buildings of Ribeira Grande : implementation of christian models in the early colonies, 15th till 17th century, on the example of Cape Verde Islands ». Doctoral thesis, Universidade da Madeira, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/256.
Texte intégral
11
Lyon, Nicole M. « Between the Jammertal and the Freudensaal the existential apocalypticism of Paul Gerhardt (1607-76) / ». Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243366861.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: Richard Schade. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 12, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Early Modern Germany; Paul Gerhardt; Apocalypticism; Protestant Hymns; Revelations; 17th Century; Thirty Years' War; Poetry; Protestantism. Includes bibliographical references.
12
Alford, Brandon Wade. « Robert Searle and the Rise of the English in the Caribbean ». UNF Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/885.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research examines the career of Robert Searle, an English privateer, that conducted state-sponsored attacks against the Spanish and Dutch in the Caribbean from 1655 to 1671. Set within the Buccaneering Period of the Golden Age of Piracy (1650-1680), Robert Searle’s personal actions contributed to the rise of the English in the Caribbean to a position of dominance over Spain, which dominated the region from 1492 until the 1670s. Searle serves as a window into the contributions of thousands of nameless men who journeyed to the Caribbean as a member of Oliver Cromwell’s Western Design Fleet. These men failed in their endeavor to take Hispaniola from the Spanish, successfully invaded Jamaica, and spent the next fifteen years securing England’s largest possession in the region, transitioning Jamaica from a military outpost to a successful plantation colony. These men, including Searle himself, have been overshadowed in the history of English Jamaica by more well-known figures such as Sir Henry Morgan, the famed “Admiral of the Buccaneers.”
Searle and his compatriots pursued the objectives of the core in London throughout the contested periphery of the Caribbean region. These goals were first framed as the complete destruction of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and later as achieving trade between Jamaica and Spain’s American colonies. The examination of Robert Searle through the core-periphery relationship between the metropole and the Caribbean illustrates how the totality of his actions contributed to the rising English position in the Caribbean. Ultimately, Searle and his fellow privateers proved vital to Spain conceding to England the rights of trade and formal recognition of their colonies in the region with a series of succeeding Treaties of Madrid.
13
Little, Andrew Ross. « British personnel in the Dutch navy, 1642-1697 ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/67714.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An international maritime labour market study, the thesis focuses on the Dutch naval labour market, analysing wartime Zeeland admiralty crews. The research is based primarily on unique naval pay sources. Analysis of crew compositions has not been made on this scale in the period before. The 1667 Dutch Medway Raid is the starting point, where a few British played a leading role – amongst many others reported on the Dutch side. Pepys and Marvell primarily blamed their joining the enemy on the lure of superior Dutch payment. The thesis asks how many British there were really, how they came to be in Dutch service, and whether this involvement occurred, as indicated, at other times too. Part One is thematic and explores the background mechanisms of the maritime environment in detail, determining causation. First, the two naval recruitment systems are compared and completely reassessed in the light of state intervention in the trade sphere. Two new sets of ‘control’ data – naval wages and foreign shipping – are amongst the incentives and routes determined. British expatriate communities are examined as conduits for the supply of naval labour and civilian support. British personnel are compared and contrasted with other foreigners, against the background of Anglo-Dutch interlinkage and political transition from neutrality through conflict to alliance. Part Two is chronological, covering four major wars in three chapters. Micro-case studies assembled from the scattered record streams enable analysis of the crews of particular officers and ships. Seamen were an occupation that made them a very little known group: the thesis examines the different career types of British personnel of many different ranks, shedding light on their everyday lives. The thesis shows that British personnel were an integral part of Dutch crews throughout the period, even when the two nations were fighting each other. The basic need of subsistence labour for employment took precedence over allegiance to nation/ideology, demonstrating limitations in state power and the continual interdependence forced on the maritime powers through the realities of the labour market.
14
Vercauteren, Pierre. « Des politiques européennes à l'égard de l'URSS : la France, la RFA et la Grande-Bretagne de 1969 à 1989 ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211974.
Texte intégral
15
VOSKAMP, Henk. « Peasant revolts reconsidered : South West Germany and Languedoc in the 16th and early 17th century ». Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6011.
Texte intégral
16
BERG, Holger. « Military occupation under the eyes of the Lord : studies in Erfurt during the Thirty Years War ». Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10412.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 14 November 2008Examining Board: Prof. Martin Van Gelderen (EUI) - supervisor Prof. Thomas Kaufmann (University of Göttingen) Prof. Giulia Calvi (EUI) Prof. Sebastian Olden-Jørgensen (University of Copenhagen)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The growing interest in ways of coping with past wars has led researchers to reexamine the role of religion. Focus has shifted away from religious enmities to a set of less-explored issues. Which of the messages propagated in homilies did laymen adopt and adapt or reject? Did believers focus on consolation and protection or emphasise punishments and sin? These questions are addressed by studying the Thirty Years War at a local level. The study compares how pastors and lay chroniclers described divine interventions. Erfurt in Central Germany is well-suited for such a case-study. The Lutheran town, with a Catholic minority, hosted a Swedish garrison in 1631-1635 and 1637-1650. The historical works of twenty-six local authors who lived during the war are described in the appendix. The analysis proceeds in three steps. The first examines the many prodigies that never made it to print; the second section inspects debates amongst Lutheran pastors; the third analyses lay war-time piety. Erfurt is examined in order to take a closer look at general developments. Hence, local debates are connected to broader theological discussion. The contextualisation shows that the war strengthened the Lutheran reform movement and proved detrimental to millenarian policy-making. The potential for change was restrained in other fields. During the war, lay commitment to the call for repentance was lowered by practical considerations and alternative ways of apportioning blame. These challenges diminished after war. Authors highlighted prodigies and exempla in harmony with the penitential baseline. The theory of cognitive dissonance is used to explain the selection and gradual stabilisation of religious beliefs. The findings thus refine existing hypotheses, outlining a range of long-term cultural changes in the wake of the war. More casestudies are needed to test how representative Erfurt findings are. Sources on the Catholic minority only sufficed to profile some denominational peculiarities.
17
THUER, Christoph. « Kooperation statt Konflikt : Gewerkschaftsstrategien in Westdeutschland und Österreich 1945 bis 1960 ». Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5998.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 23 October 1995Examining board: Prof. Dr. Werner Abelshauser, Bielefeld (Co-Supervisor) ; Prof. Dr. Felix Butschek, Wien ; Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Halle (Supervisor) ; Prof. Dr. Michael Müller, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. Bo Strath, Göteborg
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
18
Martin, Lucinda. « Women's religious speech and activism in German Pietism ». 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3110650.
Texte intégral
19
Ganzenmueller, Petra. « Wider die Ges(ch)ichtslosigkeit der Frau : Weibliche Selbstbewusstwerdung zu Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel der Sibylle Schwarz (1621-1638) ». Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8501.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation focuses on the emergence of self-awareness in women of the early 17th
century as exemplified by Sibylle Schwarz (1621-1638), a native of Greifswald in North
Germany. It analyses the feminist components of her work. Her poetic production,
preserved in the anthology Deutsche Poetische Gedichte (1650), consists of 105 poems,
four prose introductions and three letters. It is the output of a writer whose short life of
17 years plays itself out against the backdrop of a century shattered by the Thirty Years'
War, religious strife, the plague, oppression and social unrest.
Topics such as friendship, love, female self-awareness, or the contrasting realities of
women and men are the themes through which she explores an androcentric society
and establishes herself as an advocate for the acceptance of women as full members of
society. With her motto Du solst mich doch nicht unterdrucken ("You shall not suppress
me") she insists on her equality as a woman and a writer. The defiance of her "natural"
role as a woman expresses itself ambivalently, through observing social conventions
while at the same time striving to undermine them. Sibylle Schwarz, unlike any other
German bourgeois woman author between 1550 and 1650, has written poetry engaging
in social criticism that corroborates and at the same time transcends the inferior status
of women within a patriarchal structure. This unique nature of her writings makes
them an important milestone in the emergence of female intellectual autonomy.
The first two of six major sections state the goals of my research, a survey of the
materials used and the methodology to be followed. Part III sets the context of a society
in which women were limited to a narrow range of roles. In Part IV the conditions in
which women lived, worked, and were brought up, from the institutionalised lack of
educational opportunity to social, conventional and legal barriers to their full
participation in society are being explored. Part V gives an extensive analysis of Sibylle
Schwarz's work, relating it to her personal situation and to the themes already
developed, with an accounting of her thoughts and ideas about her culture, her society
and her gender. Part VI summarises the work and states its conclusions.
20
VON, KROSIGK Rudiger. « Der Bezirksrat im Grossherzogtum Baden : vom Oppositionsprogramm zur staatlichen Einrichtung. Ein Beitrag zur Bürokratiekritik und Bürgerbeteiligung in der Staatsverwaltung, 1831-1884 ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5864.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 18 January 2005Examining Board: Prof. Peter Becker, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Tim Blanning, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University ; Prof. Heinz-Gerard Haupt, European University Institute ; Prof. Bernd Wunder, University of Konstanz
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Der von Zeitgenossen als Entfremdung und Bedrohung empfundene 'Dualismus' von Staat und Gesellschaft im Zeichen einer wachsenden Bürokratisierung des Fürstenstaates ist ein zentrales Thema der Geschichte 'moderner' Staatlichkeit im 19. Jahrhundert. Von der vormärzlichen Bürokratiekritik ausgehend schildert dieser Band den Kampf der liberalen und demokratischen Bewegung in Baden für eine Demokratisierung der Staatsverwaltung: 'Volkstümlich' sollte die Verwaltung werden! Diese Forderung verstummte mit dem Scheitern der Revolution von 1848/49 nicht, sondern wurde vielmehr in Badens 'Neuer Ära' der 1860er Jahre unter neuen Vorzeichen mit dem Bezirksrat realisiert.
21
Mathews, Heather Elizabeth. « Making histories : the exhibition of postwar art and the interpretation of the past in divided Germany, 1950-1959 ». Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3457.
Texte intégral
22
(8698872), Erich Wilhelm Drollinger. « "For Training Purposes Only" : West German Military Aid to Nigeria and Tanzania, 1962-1968 ». Thesis, 2020.
Trouver le texte intégralRésumé :
Amidst the confrontation between the East and the West Bloc during the Cold War, the decolonization of Africa created an entirely new ideological battlefield for these two sides to compete with one another for power and influence. The Federal Republic of Germany, having been allowed to rearm its military less than a decade prior, sought to gain influence in Nigeria and Tanzania by providing them with military aid. However, in both cases it failed to fulfill its promises of aid. Through the examination of these case studies, this study argues that the Federal Republic’s ability to provide effective military aid to non-NATO countries was limited due to the combination of its cautious foreign policy and the dynamic political landscape of the countries to which it offered aid. Formerly classified government documents and newspaper articles constitute the majority of this study’s source material. While current historiography focuses on the impact of the Cold War superpowers in regions outside of Europe, less attention has been given to the important roles that smaller powers such as the Federal Republic have played. By analyzing a smaller global player, the goal of this study is to complicate the notion of the Cold War being binary in nature. Furthermore, it aims to illustrate the political tightrope that the Federal Republic walked when conducting military aid which stemmed from the legacy of its violent past and its status as a divided nation.
23
Martini, Allesandro. « Norms for the evaluation of literature focusing primarily on the Frankfurt School ». Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18637.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Critical Theory, as posited by members of The Frankfurt School, was evaluated with the
objective of attaching an implied ethical dimension. This was discovered in their
privileging of a particular type of aesthetic, as evinced in their analysis of certain works
of autonomous High Modernism. This implied ethic, which is one based around the
concept of enlightenment as potential for emancipation, was then applied as a norm for
the evaluation of art. This ethic, however, does not seek to impose a particular reading on
(specifically) literary production: Rather, it seeks to impart the importance of a
commitment by the literary critic in the use of an ethically based norm, an ethic, what is
more, that is based and supported by a discussion of the concepts 'freedom' and
Enlightenment. Finally, with this ethic firmly established, the discussion then attempted
to distinguish between modernism and post-modernism, using this implied ethic as a
guide to separation.Afrikaans & Theory of Literature
M.A. (Theory of Literature)