Thèses : « Germans – Europe, Eastern – History »

1

Veal, Stephen Ariel. « The collapse of the German army in the East in the summer of 1944 (Volume 1) ». PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4301.

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The collapse of the German Army in the East in the Summer of 1944 is analyzed and determined to be the result of the following specific factors: German intelligence failures; German defensive doctrine; loss of German air superiority; Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union; German mobile reserves committed in the West; Soviet numerical superiority; and Soviet offensive doctrine and tactics. The collapse of Army Group Center, the destruction of the XIII Army Corps, and the collapse of Army Group South Ukraine in Romania during the Summer of 1944 are examined in detail. The significance of the collapse of the German Army in the East is compared to events occurring on the Anglo-American fronts and the German losses on both theaters of military operations are compared. The Soviet contributions to the defeat of the German Army during the Summer of 1944 are examined and the views of Soviet historiography and American historiography compared.

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Veal, Stephen Ariel. « The collapse of the German army in the East in the summer of 1944 (Volume 2) ». PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4302.

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The collapse of the German Army in the East in the Summer of 1944 is analyzed and determined to be the result of the following specific factors: German intelligence failures; German defensive doctrine; loss of German air superiority; Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union; German mobile reserves committed in the West; Soviet numerical superiority; and Soviet offensive doctrine and tactics. The collapse of Army Group Center, the destruction of the XIII Army Corps, and the collapse of Army Group South Ukraine in Romania during the Summer of 1944 are examined in detail. The significance of the collapse of the German Army in the East is compared to events occurring on the Anglo-American fronts and the German losses on both theaters of military operations are compared. The Soviet contributions to the defeat of the German Army during the Summer of 1944 are examined and the views of Soviet historiography and American historiography compared.

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De, Santiago Ramos Simone C. « Dem Schwerte Muss Der Pflug Folgen : Űber-Peasants and National Socialist Settlements in the Occupied Eastern Territories during World War Two ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3681/.

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German industrialization in the nineteenth century had brought forward a variety of conflicting ideas when it came to the agrarian community. One of them was the agrarian romantic movement led by Adam Műller, who feared the loss of the traditional German peasant. Műller influenced Reichdeutsche Richard Walther Darré, who argued that large cities were the downfall of the German people and that only a healthy peasant stock would be able to ‘save' Germany. Under Darré's definition, “Geopolitik” was the defense of the land, the defense with Pflug und Schwert (plow and sword) by Wehrbauern, an ‘Űberbauer-fusion' of soldier and peasant. In order to accomplish these goals, new settlements had to be established while moving from west to east. The specific focus of this study is on the original Hegewald resettlement ideas of Richard Walther Darré and how his philosophy was taken over by Himmler and fit into his personal needs and creed after 1941. It will shed some light on the interaction of Darré and Himmler and the notorious internal fights and power struggles between the various governmental agencies involved. The Ministry for Food and Agriculture under the leadership of Darré was systematically pushed into the background and all previous, often publicly announced re-settlement policies were altered; Darré was pushed aside once the eastern living space was actually occupied.

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Bücker, Nicola [Verfasser]. « Europe bottom-up : How Eastern Germans and Poles frame the European Union / Nicola Bücker ». Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & ; Co. KG, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1110059620/34.

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Clarke, Kimberly Anne. « The Collapse of Communism in East Germany 1945-1990 ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625687.

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Geralds, Andrea J. « Lyndon Johnson and Eastern Europe ». Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/314930.

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History
M.A.
Between 1963 and 1968, Lyndon B. Johnson struggled to take advantage of increasing instability in Eastern Europe. By negotiating Most Favored Nation trade treaties and using the Import-Export Bank of America to finance "deferred payment" trade arrangements, Johnson hoped to strengthen American and Eastern European relations. Where Johnson failed to arrange new trade agreements he opted for broadening diplomatic ties. Johnson believed advantages to this strategy included weakening Soviet hegemony in the Warsaw nations, generating a new influx of trade to stabilize the American balance of payments, and preventing Soviet expansion into third world nations. I argue that President Johnson was unsuccessful in Eastern Europe because certain segments of Congress would not support deeper ties with Communist nations. Congress' refusal to treat with the Warsaw Nations stemmed from two sources: a refusal to validate the Communist system and increasing American involvement in the Vietnam War. President Johnson promoted improved interactions, desiring stronger East- West ties and weaker Soviet control in the region. Congress endorsed the international isolation of Communist nations, aiming to cause economic collapse in the Communist governments.
Temple University--Theses

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7

Voiculescu, Aurora. « Prosecuting history : political justice in post-Communist Eastern Europe ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1564/.

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Fifty years after the Nuremberg trials, Europe is challenged once again with a question: Who is responsible for state-sponsored violations of human rights. This time, those put on trial or ostracised from power are elements of the Communist structures of control. Some observers have criticised these measures of political justice, comparing them to a 'witch hunt,' and accusing the courts and legislature of often engendering an unjustifiable collective guilt. In contrast, others have claimed that not enough is being done; that the people of Eastern Europe "have asked for justice, and got the rule of law." In this thesis, the author proposes an assessment of the process of political justice taking place in post-Communist Eastern Europe. The approach taken is from the perspective of the role played in this process by the concept of collective responsibility of political organisations for violations of human rights. While concentrating on the way collective responsibility appears in the criminal law measures taken in Hungary, and in the administrative procedures of screening used in the Czech Republic, the thesis also aims to offer a comprehensive picture of the general debate on accountability for past human rights violations which takes place in post-Communist Eastern Europe. The thesis underlines the complexity of the political reality in which the expectations for accountability for state-sponsored violations of human rights are answered. It also emphasises the importance for this answer to acknowledge the nature of the Communist regime, and of its representative structure known under the name of Nomenklatura. Based on these elements, the author argues for the necessity of combining individual and collective responsibility for human rights violations. A reconstructed concept of collective agency and collective responsibility appears to be the solution to the inconsistencies otherwise manifested in a process of political justice. Such concepts, the author argues, should allow for the acknowledgement - through commissions of truth, as well as through prosecution and screening - of the role played by the Communist structure of power in the violations of human rights which took place under its regime.

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Novotná, Tereza. « Negotiating the accession : transformation of the state during German unification and the Eastern enlargement of the European Union ». Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32886.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
This dissertation examines the profound transformations in post-1989 Europe by comparing and contrasting the unification of Germany and the European Union's (EU) eastern enlargement to the Czech Republic as two integration processes during which (post)-communist states were incorporated into Western-style democratic political structures. The main research questions are how and by what means a post-communist state can be transformed through political integration and how the (post)-communist state can influence this process of political integration. The research is thus two-directional: it examines both the 'downloading' side of the process, in which the 'accepting' unit imposes its structures (political institutions, legal order, economic system) on the 'entering' unit, and the 'uploading'/impact side, in which the entering unit changes under pressure from the accepting unit while influencing the transformation process. The dissertation develops two models of political integration, Transplantation and Adaptation. Both possess a wider applicability than the two cases studied. Transplantation involves an immediate integration with a strong leader, no preconditions and no preceding reforms on either part. Rather a simple transfer principle occurs. Adaptation, in contrast, entails a gradual, long-term integration with bureaucratic oversight and the use of 'political conditionality' until the candidate states reach an acceptable political and economic level vis-a-vis the accepting unit. Speed and the impact of the local actors are the key factors distinguishing the two models of political integration. An interdisciplinary methodology is employed which blends the traditions of political science and political sociology. At the center of the research is an extensive series of 90 semi-structured interviews conducted in German, Czech, and English with key political actors that offer new perspectives on the dynamics of the processes of unification and enlargement. The dissertation examines in detail the negotiation processes that led to German unification (Transplantation) and, using the case of the Czech Republic, the eastern enlargement of the EU (Adaptation). It concludes by drawing several general lessons.
2031-01-01

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Niebrzydowski, Paul. « Reining in the Four Horsemen : American Relief to Eastern Central Europe, 1915-1923 ». The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531955257780496.

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10

Mosley, Marcus. « Jewish autobiography in Eastern Europe : the pre-history of a literary genre ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306789.

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Priest, Annie. « The Haskalah : a cultural response to anti-semitism in Eastern Europe 1840-1920 ». Thesis, Kingston University, 2000. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20660/.

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This thesis examines the inter-relationship between the Haskalah and anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe in the period 1840-1920, a focus which it will be argued has been ignored or understated in recent literature. This dynamic inter-relationship produced a cultural response which ushered in a new sense of Jewish identity. This cultural response assumed two dimensions, the analysis of which constitutes the core of this thesis. The first dimension will be explored in the political, the linguistic and the literary domains of the Haskalah. Using close textual analysis of selected Haskalah writers and adopting an inter-disciplinary focus consistent with the methodology of the history of ideas, within all three cultural domains a response to anti-Semitism can be detected in firstly the political domain in which the growth of Jewish nationalism developed into Zionism; secondly, in the linguistic domain resulting in the revival and rebirth of Hebrew and Yiddish; and thirdly, in the literary domain in which new forms of literature and poetry helped to transform attitudes towards modem Jewish identity. The second dimension represents the shift from invisibility to visibility, from assimilation to uniqueness which occurred within the Haskalah movement. The Haskalah in Eastern Europe thus went through two stages and both were a direct response to anti-Semitism. The Haskalah and anti-Semitism acted upon each other in a dialectical process to bring about these two stages. The first can be seen as negative, adopting many of the anti-Semitic stereotypes of the time in which the Jews were persuaded to become invisible, to disappear by total assimilation into the surrounding culture. The second stage was positive in that there was a rejection of anti-Semitic perceptions of the Jew, and a firm declaration of the intrinsic value and worth of Jewish experience and culture. Jewish identity then assumed a unique visibility of its own. This thesis will explore both of these stages and the tension between invisibility and visibility, between assimilation and uniqueness. Using the heuristic device of the two dimensional nature of the Haskalah, an analysis and interpretation of the Haskalah and its contribution to the emergence of a modem Jewish identity will be provided.

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Dynner, Glenn. « Yikhus and the early Hasidic movement : principles and practice in 18th and 19th century Eastern Europe ». Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27940.

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Yikhus--the salient feature of the Jewish aristocracy--may be defined as a type of prestige deriving from the achievements of one's forbears and living family members in the scholarly, mystical, or, to a lesser degree, economic realms. Unlike land acquisition, by which the non-Jewish aristocracy preserved itself, yikhus was intimately linked with achievement in the above realms, requiring a continual infusion of new talent from each generation of a particular family.
A question which has yet to be resolved is the extent to which the founders of Hasidism, a mystical revivalist movement that swept Eastern European Jewish communities from the second half of the eighteenth century until the Holocaust, challenged prevailing notions of yikhus. The question relates to the identities of Hasidism's leaders--the Zaddikim--themselves. If, as the older historiography claims, the Zaddikim emerged from outside the elite stratum, and therefore lacked yikhus, they might be expected to challenge a notion which would threaten their perceived right to lead. If, on the other hand, the Zaddikim were really the same scions of noble Jewish families who had always led the communities, they would probably uphold the value of yikhus. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Pfeifer, Justin Thomas. « The Soviet Union through German Eyes : Wehrmacht Identity, Nazi Propaganda, and the Eastern Front War, 1941-1945 ». University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1417426182.

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14

Bobick, Michael. « The Roma of Eastern Europe in Transition : Historical Marginalization, Misrepresentation, and Political Ethnogenesis ». Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1314105612.

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15

Anderson, Kerry F. « Defining Destinations : Tourism's Relation to East German Identity Before and After Reunification ». Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213723865.

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16

Howkins, T. J. « The impact of border changes on international railway passenger services in the eastern Marchlands of Europe 1918-97 ». Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322174.

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17

Simic, Bojan. « The Organization of State Propaganda in Eastern and Southeastern Europe during the 1930’s : Comparative Perspectives on Poland, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria ». Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86030.

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18

Brackney, Noel C. « The origins of Slavonic : language contact and language change in ancient eastern Europe and western Eurasia ». Thesis, Muenchen LINCOM Europa, 2004. http://d-nb.info/985960000/04.

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19

Batt, Judy. « Economic reform and political change in eastern Europe : a comparison of the Czechoslovak and Hungarian experiences ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1987. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1283/.

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Economic reform - the introduction of elements of the market into a planned economy - has been the central political problem for socialist states for at least three decades. This thesis seeks to elucidate the nature of the problem through a reconsideration of the general theoretical issues, and through a comparative analysis of the practice of economic reform in two countries - Czechoslovakia and Hungary. In Part One, the arguments in favour of the use of the market in socialism are recapitulated, and the implications of various socialist economic models for political freedom, democracy, and the realisation of some concept of the 'social interest 1 are discussed. The case studies presented in Part Two address the practical political problem of introducing market-type reform into communist systems. In Czechoslovakia, the issue of economic reform contributed to a profound political crisis culminating in 1968. But it is argued, economic reform was not the only, or even the most important source of the crisis. In the different political conditions in Hungary, economic reform was embraced by the regime as a means of securing political stability and popular legitimacy. Political crisis was avoided, but at the costof compromise in the economic reform. The conclusion is that while full-scale democratisation of the political system may not be an inevitable concomitant of economic reform, profound changes in the style and instruments of communist rule are required.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 3 ». Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220758.

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Die Konferenz mit dem Thema "Die Oper als Institution in Mittel- und Osteuropa" fand vom 29. bis 31. Mai 1997 in Chemnitz statt. Sie wird in diesem Heft der "Mitteilungen" dokumentiert, war allerdings so umfangreich, daß einige Beiträge in die Hefte 2 und 4 verschoben werden mußten.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 4 ». Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-222054.

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Heft 4 unserer "Mitteilungen" vervollständigt den Tagungsbericht "Die Oper als Institution in Mittel- und Osteuropa" Chemnitz 1997 in Heft 3 um die neun fehlenden Beiträge, dazu kommen vier Aufsätze freier Thematik.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 5 ». Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224469.

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Geller, Joseph. « The manuscript version of the memoirs of Dov Ber Birkenthal (Ber of Bolochew) ». Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22375.

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This thesis is concerned with the manuscript of the memoirs of Dov Ber Birkenthal, Ber of Bolechow. The memoirs describe Jewish existence in eighteenth century Poland and provide valuable information regarding economic, social and cultural matters of that era. Uncovered in 1912, the manuscript was edited and published in Hebrew and translated into English by Dr. M. Vishnitzer.
By primary supposition of the present thesis is that Dr. Vishnitzer's transcription of the manuscript is inaccurate, and for this reason, a re-working of the memoirs has been undertaken. In addition to providing an authentic transcription of the manuscript, this thesis also contains a description of Birkenthal's life, an analysis of the uniqueness of this somewhat exceptional person and an account of how the memoirs have been used in the literature. Moreover, the historical value of the memoirs has been assessed, and an indepth analysis of the flaws contained in Vishniter's transcription has been provided.

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Panaite, Cristian Petru. « The rise and fall of Voivode Peter Earring according to the stories and journals of his companion, Franco Sivori the making of a Romanian historical play / ». Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1179942628.

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Kizilov, Mikhail. « The Karaites, a religious and linguistic minority in Eastern Galicia (Ukraine) 1772-1945 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d1c5b95-5f5a-4805-b90e-d2b54cbb9dd5.

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The dissertation is dedicated to the history of the East European Karaite Jews (Karaites), a highly interesting ethno-religious Jewish group. It focuses on the Karaites of Galicia (Ukraine) from 1772 to 1945. The first four chapters of the dissertation are devoted to the Austrian period in the history of the Galician Karaites (1772-1918). Chapter One demonstrates that the Karaites represent an unparalleled example of preferential treatment of a Jewish community by the Austrian administration. Chapter Two provides readers with an overview of the "internal" history of the Karaite communities of Halicz and Kukizow. Chapter Three outlines the religious and ethnographic customs and traditions of the Galician Karaites. Chapter Four focuses on relations between the Karaites and their ethnic neighbours - the Slavs and the Ashkenazic Jews. Chapter Five is dedicated to the history of the Karaites in Polish Galicia between the two world wars. It is in this period that the Karaites started to become more and more separated from the Ashkenazic Jews. Chapter Six reconstructs the process of dejudaization and Turkicization of the Karaite community, highlighting the role of Seraja Szapszal, the Karaite ideological leader. It ends with an analysis of the history of the community during the period of the Nazi occupation. Chapter Seven outlines the ultimate decline of the Galician community after the Second World War. It also describes the current state of the Galician Karaite community and its historical legacy. The conclusion provides some essential remarks regarding the position of the Karaite case within the wider framework of Jewish and European history.

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Avlijaš, Sonja. « Explaining variation in female labour force participation across Eastern Europe : the political economy of industrial upgrading and service transition ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3341/.

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This thesis proposes a theoretical model to explain the variation in female labour force participation (FLFP) across post-socialist Eastern Europe. The model is then tested empirically on 13 post-socialist Eastern European countries during the period 1997- 2008 using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Embedded in insights from economics and comparative political economy literature, my theoretical model moves beyond linear causal relationships and suggests how different components of post-socialist economic restructuring in Eastern Europe have affected one another and have translated into specific FLFP outcomes. The model specifies the following three components: industrial upgrading, educational expansion and growth of knowledge intensive services and theorises their relationship to each other and to FLFP as the dependent variable. The model suggests that those countries that embarked on the trajectory of economic development driven by re-industrialisation and industrial upgrading created a vicious cycle for FLFP. This took place because industrial upgrading that was driven by foreign direct investment led to the defeminisation of manufacturing. Such a trajectory of economic restructuring also shaped these countries’ education policies and impeded the development of knowledge intensive services, which would have been more conducive to female employment. The virtuous cycle of FLFP, on the other hand, occurred in those Eastern European countries that turned to reforming their educational sector towards general skills and expansion of tertiary education, with the aim of transforming themselves into knowledge economies. Such a transformation required an active social investment state and growth of knowledge-intensive public and private sector employment, which provided greater employment opportunities for women. This development path created a positive causal loop for FLFP.

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Morawska, Lucja. « Lelov : cultural memory and a Jewish town in Poland : investigating the identity and history of an ultra-orthodox society ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7827.

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Lelov, an otherwise quiet village about fifty miles south of Cracow (Poland), is where Rebbe Dovid (David) Biederman founder of the Lelov ultra-orthodox (Chasidic) Jewish group, - is buried. His grave is now a focal point of the Chasidic pilgrimages. The pilgrims themselves are a Chasidic hodgepodge, dressed in fur-brimmed hats, dreadlocked, and they all come to Lelov for the same reasons: to pray, love, and eat with their brethren. The number of pilgrims has grown exponentially since the collapse of Communism in Poland in 1989; today about three hundred ultra-orthodox Jews make a trek. Mass pilgrimage to kevorim (Chasidic graves), is quite a new phenomenon in Eastern Europe but it has already became part of Chasidic identity. This thesis focuses on the Chasidic pilgrimage which has always been a major part of the Jewish tradition. However, for the past fifty years, only a devoted few have been able to undertake trips back to Poland. With the collapse of Communism, when the sites in Eastern and Central Europe became more open and much more accessible, the ultra-orthodox Jews were among the first to create a ‘return movement’. Those who had been the last to leave Poland in search of asylum are now becoming the initiators of the re-discovery of Jewish symbols in this part of the world.

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Ek, Gustav. « Debatten om Ryssland 1992 till 1996 : Argumentationsanalys av Stefan Hedlund och Anders Åslund 1992 till 1996 ». Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8436.

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I Sverige har det alltid funnits ett behov av att förhålla sig till Ryssland och Sovjetunionen, uttryckt här i en debatt mellan de båda forskarna Stefan Hedlund och Anders Åslund i dagstidningar och genom litteratur. Min uppgift har varit att granska debatten och se vilka områden som belystes och vem som kom att få rätt år 2007/2008. Kärnan i mitt arbete är inte den faktiska historien utan argumentationen om samtiden. Där debatten om Ryssland är av det slag att den tål granskning mer än ett decennium efteråt. Rent geografiskt är Sverige ett litet land på randen av det ryska imperiet som spänner sig över nästan hela kontinenten, Sverige och de andra nordiska länderna är placerade nästan som en blockad av det ryska imperiets strävan västerut, en strävan som pågått i flera hundra år. Det ryska imperiet som fortfarande finns kvar kom att omvandlas och försvagas åtskilligt under några år i början på 1990-talet. Detta var dock konsekvensen av en enorm statsapparat, enorma militära utgifter och ett defekt ekonomiskt system.

Jag lyfter fram artiklar och litteratur producerad under de första åren efter Sovjetunionens sammanbrott och relaterar denna till nutiden genom en enkel komparation av debattklimatet. Svaret kan vara att två tydliga vägar urskiljer sig, en där Ryssland utvecklas enligt sina egna mönster och en där Östeuropa utvecklas åt en annan riktning. Idag har Polen, Ungern och Tjeckien inte mycket gemensamt med länder som Vitryssland och Moldavien som är forna Sovjetrepubliker. Det skrivs inte heller några undergångsbeskrivningar av Ryssland, något som producerades tidigare, därför finns en anledning till tillförsikt att det faktiskt inte blev som det beskrivs i några av artiklarna jag studerat.

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Grbin, Carole A. « The role of Britain in Yugoslavia and its successor states, 1991-1995 ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6548/.

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This thesis comprises an empirical study of the British role in Yugoslavia and its successor states between 1991 and 1995, and demonstrates that the British government led the international 'consensus' during that time, through what may be considered a doctrine of assertive appeasement while, at the same time, misleading parliament on issues crucial to an understanding of the situation. It also demonstrates that British policy was consistent, unlike that of its western allies, in obstructing initiatives aimed at effective international military intervention, which resulted in a prolongation of the war, and advanced the agenda of the Belgrade regime. The motives which may have guided British policy in this instance are discussed briefly in the introductory chapter which offers an outline of the global framework within which British policy was formulated in the wake of the Cold War, with particular reference to Britain's place in the New European order, following the downing of the Berlin Wall, and in the lead-up to the Maastricht Treaty. A chronological approach has been adopted as the most appropriate in demonstrating some of the intricate manoeuvres which characterised British diplomacy in the region at crucial junctures of the war.

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Zavatti, Francesco. « The Burden of Sad Times. Another Face of the Twentieth Century : Review of Stefano Bottoni's book 'Un altro Novecento L’Europa orientale dal 1919 a oggi' ['Another twentieth century : Eastern Europe from 1919 to the present day'] ». Södertörns högskola, Centrum för Östersjö- och Östeuropaforskning (CBEES), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-17688.

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Kabala, Jakub Jan. « Imagining Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages : Frankish, Roman and Byzantine Concepts of Space and Power in the Slavlands, c. 750-900 ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13068538.

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This dissertation offers a comparative cross-cultural investigation into the imagination of space in three sibling centers of civilization driving the formative expansion of Europe in the early Middle Ages: the Frankish court, the papacy and Byzantium. At its center stands the Slavic world of eastern Europe, which in the eighth and ninth centuries attracted the expansive energies of a young Carolingian empire, a newly aggressive papacy and a resurgent Byzantine Empire. A close reading of Latin, Greek and Church Slavonic records reveals three models of imagining space, and three ways of conceptualizing power. Frankish authors at the courts of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious represented areas of the world under Frankish power as territories, and areas beyond Frankish reach as ethnicities. Their "imagined territoriality" of power included the Slavic world at those times and in those places when and where Frankish imperial reach was possible. At the same time, and especially in moments of crisis, court authors represented Frankish space as a heterogeneous network of nodes of landed wealth. This complex Frankish imagination of space was ultimately shaped by an exercise of power that was fundamentally economic in nature. Meanwhile, Roman authors at the ninth-century papal court imagined the spaces of eastern Europe very differently as homogeneous areas clearly delimited by strong borders. They reveal a geopolitical brand of territoriality as defined by geographers and historians of the modern nation-state. This papal vision of space was influenced by a power that was jurisdictional in nature. Finally, and in stark contrast, Byzantine authors imagined a non-territorial space of peoples in Eastern Europe: instead of drawing border lines to distinguish territories, they drew lines of faith to distinguish peoples. In the Church Slavonic sources, the most important principle ordering this ethnographic space was jezykb, a term meaning both "language" and "people," emphasizing both a Byzantine imperial ideology that was fundamentally ethnographic in nature as well as an exercise of power grounded in written cultures and even alphabets. This dissertation both exposes the critical role played by eastern European Slavlands in the origins of European conceptions of territoriality and demonstrates the power of cross-cultural investigations to deepen our understanding of the medieval past.
History

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Carty, Robert. « Strategic alliances in emerging markets : an investigation of the effects of culture and emerging market characteristics on the performance of acquisitions in Eastern Europe ». Thesis, City University London, 2000. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7884/.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of culture - national, organisational, and regional - on the performance of strategic alliances (mergers, acquisitions, or joint ventures) in Eastern Europe. From a research perspective Eastern Europe is very much `virgin territory', in which the effect of Western European management techniques and processes should be uniquely detectable as few have previously existed. There are schools of thought that suggest that because of the years of Soviet domination there may be homogeneity of organisational cultures in the region, which will make the effect of national cultural differences easy to detect. Further, freedom from communism will result in the newly liberated economies exhibiting similar `emerging market' characteristics as the economies evolve, hence pointing towards some homogeneity of regional influences. Alternatively, many observers suggest that Eastern Europe, having been freed from Soviet domination, is re-establishing latent forms of free market systems that have been dormant during the Soviet era, and consequently the markets' development can be thought of as 'reemergence'. These issues of cultural differences and emerging market characteristics have not been previously researched at the organisational level in this environment. Hitherto international strategic alliances have largely been unsuccessful from the viewpoints of either management or investors. The reasons for this are thought to lie in the implementation phase of the management of the alliance, as it is now recognised that value can only be added after the deal or agreement has been signed. Within the implementation phase, cultural integration is thought to be the major challenge. Cultural integration may have different challenges in Eastern Europe because of the issues outlined above. An exploratory study based on inductive methods has established that there is nohomogeneity of organisational cultures in the region. The findings are in accordance with the small group of researchers who suggest that is the manner in which different cultures are managed, rather than the cultural differences themselves, which creates a basis for successful integration. Additionally, two factors, the effects of experience and reputation, not prominent in the management literature, are identified as important in the integration process. It is postulated that success in managing the integration process is a function of organisational capability as much as the adoption of a formulaic process based on best practice or theoretical considerations, and a model for assessing such capability is proposed. The findings suggest that the markets of Eastern Europe are following patterns of `reemergence' rather than `emergence', and the study questions whether in fact emerging markets display common characteristics which are observable at the level of the firm.

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Cassis, Ramírez-Gastón Alékxandre Juan-José. « Östeuropéer på Gotland : om anpassning, integration och europeisk gemenskap ». Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1050.

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Eastern Europeans in Gotland is an essay with the purpose to find out how persons born in Eastern Europeans countries have adapted and integrated on Gotland. European community and notions about other groups of immigrants on Gotland have been relevant questions besides. The results of the essay show that the conditions for adaptation and integration are very different between the periods of time and for the individuals, depending on how they arrived to Sweden. The migrant workers quickly adapted to the labour market and had good premises to be in a position of financial independence. The demands of skills were low in the 60’s, but as a result of this, many of them didn’t learn the Swedish language very well and during the crisis in the 90’s they were no longer that attractive on the labour market. My essay also shows that most Eastern Europeans today are more aware of the benefits of their origin countries now becoming members of the EU, compared to immigrants from other parts of the world, they consider themselves to have better chances on the labour market and in the society on Gotland. A curious observation is that the immigrants on Gotland are not automatically seen as “the others” in the society; the local population more likely distinguish “the islanders” and “the mainlanders”.
Östeuropéer på Gotland är en empirisk studie med syfte att ta reda på hur personer som har sina rötter i Östeuropeiska länder har anpassas och integreras på Gotland. Det har även varit relevant att ställa frågor om europeisk gemenskap samt föreställningar om andra invandrargrupper i det gotländska samhället. Uppsatsens resultat visar att förutsättningar för anpassning och integration skiljer sig avsevärt mellan de undersökta tidsperioderna och för individerna, beroende på hur de kom in i landet. Medan de flesta arbetskraftsinvandrare anpassades snabbt på arbetsmarknaden och hade de bästa premisser för att bli ekonomiskt oberoende i samhället, hade de flesta flyktingar under slutet av 1980- och början 1990-talet det väldigt svårt att hitta ett arbete överhuvudtaget. Min studie visar även att de flesta östeuropéer idag är mer medvetna om de fördelar som finns nu, när deras ursprungsländer har blivit/blir medlemmar i EU och att i en jämförelse med utomeuropeiska invandrargrupper, anser de flesta, att det är just de som har bättre förutsättningar för att komma in i det gotländska samhälls- och arbetslivet. En kuriös observation är att invandrarna på Gotland inte ses direkt som ”de andra” i samhället; den lokala befolkningen drar gränserna i första hand mellan ”gotlänningar” och ”fastlänningar” .

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Good, Peter. « The East India Company in the Persian Gulf : the view from Bandar Abbas ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22381/.

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The Persian Gulf represents a vital, yet unexplored region of the East India Company’s sphere of influence. By considering the Gulf as an important space of interaction between the Company and successive Persian regimes, a new relationship can be revealed. From the Company’s foundational action in assisting Shah Abbas I in the capture of Hormuz in 1622, to the creation of a fleet by Nader Shah in the 1730’s, the Company’s experience with Persia represents a different angle on wider trends in Company history. The Company’s factory at Bandar Abbas was a nexus for Indian Ocean trade, as well as the living quarters for a small community of Europeans, whose lives and livelihoods depended on the recognition of rights granted by successive Persian Shahs in the Farman; a legal document of great influence and longevity, originally granted by Abbas I, which lasted for more than a century.

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Persian, Jayne. « Displaced persons (1947-1952) : representations, memory and commemoration ». Thesis, School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10597.

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Loos, Helmut. « Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa : Mitteilungen der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig in Zusammenarbeit mit den Mitgliedern der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig ». Schröder, 1997. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15153.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 3 ». Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa ; 3 (1998), S. IX, 1998. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15415.

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Die Konferenz mit dem Thema "Die Oper als Institution in Mittel- und Osteuropa" fand vom 29. bis 31. Mai 1997 in Chemnitz statt. Sie wird in diesem Heft der "Mitteilungen" dokumentiert, war allerdings so umfangreich, daß einige Beiträge in die Hefte 2 und 4 verschoben werden mußten.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 4 ». Universität Leipzig, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15502.

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Heft 4 unserer 'Mitteilungen' vervollständigt den Tagungsbericht 'Die Oper als Institution in Mittel- und Osteuropa' Chemnitz 1997 in Heft 3 um die neun fehlenden Beiträge, dazu kommen vier Aufsätze freier Thematik.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 5 ». Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa ; 5 (1999), S. IX-X, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15616.

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Loos, Helmut, Eberhard Möller et Klaus-Peter Koch. « Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa : Mitteilungen der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig : in Zusammenarbeit mit den Mitgliedern der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig ». Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16112.

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Loos, Helmut, Eberhard Möller et Klaus-Peter Koch. « Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa : Mitteilungen der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig : in Zusammenarbeit mit den Mitgliedern der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig ». Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16126.

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Loos, Helmut, et Klaus-Peter Koch. « Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa : Mitteilungen der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig : in Zusammenarbeit mit den Mitgliedern der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig ». Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16177.

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Loos, Helmut. « Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa : Mitteilungen der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig : in Zusammenarbeit mit den Mitgliedern der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig ». Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32286.

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Loos, Helmut. « Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa : Mitteilungen der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig : in Zusammenarbeit mit den Mitgliedern der internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig ». Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70688.

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Loos, Helmut, et Eberhard Möller. « Vorwort zu Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa Heft 10 ». Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15948.

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Nordqvist, K. (Kerkko). « The Stone Age of north-eastern Europe 5500–1800 calBC:bridging the gap between the East and the West ». Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526218731.

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Abstract This work focuses on the Stone Age of north-eastern Europe between 5500 and 1800 calBC. Called the Neolithic in Finland and the Neolithic and Eneolithic in north-western Russia, the period and its research are characterized both by the encounters and separations between ‘the East’ and ‘the West’. Still, despite more than 100 years of archaeological research, few inter-regional studies exist. This dissertation aims to provide an overview of the basic concepts of the terminology and periodization and outline a general (absolute) chronological framework of the area. In addition, a historical research review of the present state of affairs is provided. Four case studies aspire to illustrate the varying (east–west-directed) contact networks that existed in the area during the Neolithic. The second central topic of this work is the Neolithic itself. The research area is located on the border of two major traditions defining the period either based on the appearance of productive livelihoods (west) or pottery technology (east). However, the purely Eurocentric and techno-economical views of the Neolithic have been recently challenged. An evaluation of the used terms and criteria are presented here in the context of north-eastern Europe. The Finnish-Russian border and national prehistories have affected and still affect the study of prehistory in north-eastern Europe. They have prevented studying many prehistoric phenomena to their full extent and have restricted the understanding of inter-regional interaction — during much of the Neolithic, the research area was not the last outpost of the western world but rather the north-western part of a vast Eurasian contact zone. The traditional definitions of the Neolithic have placed north-eastern Europe in an anomalous and peripheral position, but understanding the development as genuinely varying and multipolar would facilitate a more holistic and value-free examination of the period
Tiivistelmä Koillis-Euroopan kivikautta aikavälillä 5500–1800 eKr. kutsutaan Suomessa neoliittiseksi, mutta Luoteis-Venäjällä se jaetaan neoliittiseen ja eneoliittiseen kauteen. Ajanjaksoa ja sen tutkimusta luonnehtivatkin ‘idän’ ja ‘lännen’ kohtaamiset ja erot. Huolimatta yli sadan vuoden tutkimushistoriasta on molempien alueiden aineistoja yhdisteleviä esityksiä olemassa vain niukasti. Tämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena on tarjota katsaus terminologian ja periodisaation keskeisiin käsitteisiin sekä hahmotella yleistä (absoluuttista) kronologiaa tutkimusalueella. Lisäksi työ esittelee nykytilanteen tutkimushistoriallisen taustan. Työhön kuuluu neljä tapaustutkimusta, joissa käsitellään Koillis-Euroopassa neoliittisella kivikaudella esiintyneitä (itä–länsi-suuntaisia) yhteysverkostoja. Työn toinen keskeinen teema on neoliittisen kivikauden käsite. Tutkimusalue sijaitsee kahden tutkimustradition rajalla, joista läntinen määrittelee aikakauden tuottavien elinkeinojen, itäinen keramiikan käyttöönoton perusteella. Puhtaasti Eurooppa-keskeinen ja teknologis-taloudellinen kuva neoliittisesta kivikaudesta on kuitenkin äskettäin kyseenalaistettu. Työssä esitellään yleistä terminologiaa ja pohditaan määritelmien käyttökelpoisuutta Koillis-Euroopassa. Suomen ja Venäjän välinen raja ja kansallinen esihistoriankirjoitus ovat vaikuttaneet merkittävästi kuvaan menneisyydestä. Ne ovat rajoittaneet ilmiöiden tutkimista niiden koko laajuudessa ja hämärtäneet alueiden välisiä yhteyksiä — suuren osan kivikautta tutkimusalue oli pohjoisella havumetsävyöhykkeellä vallinneiden verkostojen luoteisin osa, ei niinkään lännen viimeinen etuvartioasema. Perinteiset neoliittisen kivikauden määrittelykriteerit ovat asettaneet Koillis-Euroopan poikkeavaan ja perifeeriseen asemaan, mutta kehityksen ymmärtäminen aidosti varioivana ja moninapaisena mahdollistaisi periodin kokonaisvaltaisen ja ennakkoasenteista vapaan käsittelyn myös tällä alueella
Аннотация Работа посвящена каменному веку северо-восточной Европы от 5500 до 1800 лет до н.э. Этот временной промежуток соответствует периоду неолита по финской периодизации, или периодам неолита и энеолита для древностей Северо-Запада России. Для рассматриваемого периода характерны как сходства, так и различия в археологическом материале между западной и восточной частями региона, и, так же, наличие и сходств, и различий между «западной» и «восточной» научными школами в понимании этого периода и в подходах к его исследованию. Несмотря на более чем 100-летнюю историю археологических исследований, лишь в нескольких работах данная проблематика рассматривается на межрегиональном уровне. В диссертации представлен обзор основных существующих понятий и хронологических схем, очерчены общие (абсолютные) хронологические рамки периода неолита рассматриваемой территории. Кроме того, рассмотрена история формирования современного состояния изучаемого вопроса. На примере четырёх конкретных исследований проиллюстрированы варианты систем коммуникаций (между востоком и западом), существовавших на рассматриваемой территории в неолите. Другая основная тема исследования — неолит как таковой. Изучаемая территория является пограничной для двух основных научных традиций определения неолита, использующих в качестве главного критерия либо появление производящего хозяйства («западная школа»), либо распространение технологии изготовления глиняной посуды («восточная школа»). Однако в последнее время наметилась ревизия евроцентричных и исключительно технологических и экономических подходов к пониманию неолита. В работе приведён критический анализ понятий и терминов, используемых в исследованиях по северо-востоку Европы. Финляндско-российская граница и различия между национальными концепциями доистории оказывали и продолжают оказывать влияние на изучение доистории северо-восточной Европы. Они ограничивают исследование многих явлений доисторического прошлого во всей их полноте, в том числе процессы межрегионального взаимодействия. Ведь в действительности на протяжении большей части периода неолита рассматриваемая территория являлась не крайним аванпостом западного мира, а, скорее, северо-западной частью обширной зоны евразийских контактов. При традиционном понимании неолитической эпохи северо-восток Европы оказывается периферийной территорией с отличным от «нормального» ходом культурного развития. Однако понимание развития как действительно вариативного и полицентричного процесса способствует более целостному и непредвзятому изучению рассматриваемого периода. (Translation: D.V. Gerasimov)

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Pardo, Sierra Oscar. « The governance of the European Union in its Eastern neighbourhood : the impact of the EU on Georgia ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1708/.

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The European Union (EU) has set itself ambitious objectives in order to transform its neighbourhood. It aims to induce domestic reforms in order to promote democracy, good governance and prosperity. Theoretical-oriented empirical analyses on the impact of the EU’s attempts to trigger institutional, regulatory and normative changes in domestic policies remain scarce. It is necessary to increase our understanding of the EU’s potential, limitations, and the conditions under which it may have an impact. This thesis contributes to closing this empirical and theoretical gap by examining the impact of the EU on Georgia, a country included in the Eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This evaluation is derived from original empirical research of four different modes of EU governance in the context of the ENP: Governance by conditionality (access to the single market regarding economic issues); intergovernmental governance (cooperation in foreign and security policies); external governance (energy security); and cooperative governance (Security Sector Reform). This thesis suggests that we can explain the responses to EU policies in neighbouring countries if we use a synthetic ideational/rationalist analytical framework which takes into account additional variables in the EU–neighbour relations in the domestic and regional context. The findings indicate that the impact of the EU is slowly increasing, even in areas dominated by geopolitics such as energy security. Although the impact has been uneven at policy level, the EU has become an important external influence in Georgia. The thesis argues that, although important, EU incentives and geopolitical pressures are less decisive than the existing literature would predict. In contrast, the role of ideas in bilateral relations has had a crucial role across the case studies, showing in some instances the limitations of the alluring power of the EU as a ‘normative power’. Thus, EU impact is based on the existence of a coherent institutional framework of relations; embedded in social, political and economic links that are locked into favourable path-dependence processes and where ideational convergence is present.

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Novokmet, Filip. « Entre communisme et capitalisme Essais sur l’évolution des inégalités de revenus et de patrimoines en Europe de l’Est 1890-2015 (République Tchèque, Pologne, Bulgarie, Croatie, Slovénie, Russie) ». Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0162/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'évolution des inégalités de revenus et de patrimoine dans les anciens pays communistes d'Europe de l'Est depuis le XIXe siècle jusqu'à nos jours. Elle s'articule autour de chapitres explorant l'évolution historique des inégalités dans six pays différents: la République tchèque, la Pologne, la Bulgarie, la Croatie, la Slovénie et la Russie. Cette thèse s'appuie sur la construction d'une nouvelles base de données permettant de mener une analyse détaillée des dynamiques d'inégalités dans une perspective historique et internationale
This dissertation studies the evolution of income and wealth inequality in former communist countries in Eastern Europe from the nineteenth century up to the present. It brings together chapters that explore the historical inequality trends in six different countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia and Russia. We construct novel datasets that allow detailed analysis of inequality trends, providing at the same time broad historical and international perspective

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Duffield, Lee R. « Graffitti on the Wall. Reading History Through News Media : The role of news media in historical crises, in the case of the collapse of the Eastern bloc in Europe 1989 ». Thesis, James Cook University, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/3904/1/3904.pdf.

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The thesis reviews the engagement of news media in the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, most vividly represented by the opening of the Berlin Wall. It uses field observations of the author as a jouralist of the time, extensive interviews with other news correspondents, a review of historical writing on the period, and an exhaustive review of the coverage given by six major news outlets. The work sees the change in Europe being driven by mass social movements, but also examines conventional, institutional politics at work, and describes the engagement of news media in the historical situation as it unfolds. It determines that the daily coverage by leading Western news media judged in terms of accuracy and perspective was successful, validated by later evaluations. It is informed by theoretical writing on mass social movements and on journalistic news values. It concludes by suggesting that the approach followed, a review of history from the perspective of news media of the day, could be applied to many other situations.

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Vickers, Paul Andrew. « Peasants, professors, publishers and censorship : memoirs of rural inhabitants of Poland's recovered territories (1945-c.1970) ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4821/.

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This thesis investigates the phenomenon of memoir competitions in communist-era Poland, focusing on contributions to them by Poles of rural origins inhabiting the lands – known as the Recovered Territories – acquired by the postwar Polish state from Germany in 1945. I explore the history of the memoir method in postwar Poland, the processes involved in producing published volumes of competition memoirs – including editing and censorship, and the use of these sources in communist-era and post-1989 sociological, historiographical and interdisciplinary studies. I focus on existing research both on the Recovered Territories, particularly Polish settlement of those lands and the development of new communities there, and also on postwar peasants’ lives, particularly where theories of social advance are applied. In this respect, this investigation adds to existing literature in social history on early postwar Poland. My study also contributes to work in censorship studies by considering Polish censors’ approach to quite exceptional sources. Because in many cases original competition entries are available, it is possible to establish where editors, publishers and censors have intervened, something that is rarely possible with standard works of literature or academic scholarship produced under communism. I consider what strategies different scholars used in presenting published sources and circumventing restrictions imposed. Subaltern studies approaches to speaking and its critique of nation-centred historiography are, meanwhile, applied in investigating the intersection of peasant autobiographies, academic research, scholars and Party-state institutions and their discourses, as I consider how the published communist-era compilations of competition entries framed peasant writing, experience, culture and consciousness, and how these frames potentially conflicted with the authors’ own interpretations of their experiences and social reality. This investigation also contributes to memory studies, a discipline whose approach to communist and totalitarian states is particularly problematic as many studies assume significant restrictions were imposed not only on publication but also on autobiographical memory expressed in usually unrecorded private and local spheres. I explore whether memory studies’ typical approach, based in notions of competing claims might also apply to Poland under state socialism. Bakhtin’s theories of dialogism prove useful in exploring the history of memory under communism, rather than the memory of it – as is commonplace today in oral history-based studies, for example. It is in respect of censorship studies and memory studies that this thesis makes its most substantial original contributions to research. My research draws on substantial archival research conducted in Poland, where I explored censorship archives in Warsaw and Poznań, Party and ministerial archives, and the Polish Academy of Science archive, since numerous memoir sociologists and rural sociologists were based there. I also used archives housing original competition entries, the main locations being: The Institute of Western Affairs in Poznań (Instytut Zachodni – IZ), the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Science (Instytut Historyczny PAN – IH PAN) and the Museum of the History of the Polish Peasant Movement (MHRPL in Piaseczno, near Tczew). I consider published volumes alongside original sources where possible, although substantial losses have occurred to the store of popular autobiography. Chapter 1 outlines the background of Polish memoir sociology and the main methods and theories used in this investigation, ranging from subaltern studies through Bakhtin to autobiography studies. Chapter 2 focuses on memory studies, including the field’s approach to communist and postcommunist countries, before outlining aspects of censorship studies relevant to this investigation. I end Chapter 2 on a case study of the memoir compilation Miesiąc mojego życia [A Month in my Life – MMŻ; (1964)] and its treatment by censors. Chapter 3 explores recent English- and Polish-language historiography on the Recovered Territories, concentrating on, firstly, how historians have used the memoir resources in considering the early postwar years, and, secondly, how peasants are represented within the recent wave of works exploring Polish communism through nationalism and popular legitimation. I end on a case study of one particular memoir by a female settler to the new Polish lands, highlighting the value of the competition entries as thick descriptions. Chapter 4 investigates the mainstream communist-era memoir movement where the leading analytical concept for approaching peasants and social change was ‘social advance’, developed from Józef Chałasiński’s prewar sociology. I explore how the nine-volume series Młode pokolenie wsi Polski Ludowej [The Young Generation of Rural People’s Poland – MPWPL; (1964-1980)] and other memoir-based studies approached peasants and the Recovered Territories, which were often framed as a site of quicker and more intensive social advance and urbanisation. I also explore the autobiographies of Poles who lost their homelands in the prewar eastern borderlands in the context of today’s assumptions that ‘repatriants’, as the eastern Poles were known under communism, were largely absent from communist-era publications. 4 Chapter 5 considers the academic sociology of the Western Territories, developed at IZ, and how materials from its 1956/57 memoir competition on settlers were used alongside fieldwork. I explore the sociological frameworks developed for analysing migration, settlement and community development, noting that some studies from the 1960s can today be considered forerunners of migration studies and memory studies. Chapter 6 specifically considers the publication Pamiętniki osadników Ziem Odzyskanych [Memoirs of Recovered Territories Settlers – POZO; (1963)], investigating original entries alongside published materials to explore editors’ and academics’ role in censorship, while also investigating how the volume was received in the press. Chapter 7 explores the production of the four-volume series Wieś polska 1939-1948 [Rural Poland 1939-1948; (1967-1971)] by historian-editors Krystyna Kersten and Tomasz Szarota, who treated these previously-unpublished texts written in 1948 explicitly as historical sources, thus contrasting with previously dominant sociological approaches while also posing specific problems for censors as the editors employed a unique method of summaries in an attempt to make the entire set of some 1700 texts available to readers. Exploring different approaches to memoir publication, I aim to illustrate the diversity of the published sphere in People’s Poland, while demonstrating the heterogeneity of ordinary Poles’ memories submitted to different competitions between 1948 and 1970. While the value of the archived sources should be quite evident, exploration of censorship and editing processes should demonstrate the value of compilations and indeed communist-era scholarship, which is often overlooked today. By avoiding totalitarian schools of historiography and memory studies, I aim to demonstrate that competition memoirs illustrated ordinary Poles’ agency within historical and social processes, while also stressing their agency over their memories and autobiographical narratives which at the same time were, as in any society, cultural and social constructs.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Germans – Europe, Eastern – History »

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