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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Germans – Europe, Eastern – History"
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NACHUM, IRIS, et SAGI SCHAEFER. « The Semantics of Political Integration : Public Debates about the Term ‘Expellees’ in Post-War Western Germany ». Contemporary European History 27, no 1 (14 décembre 2017) : 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731700042x.
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In the immediate period following the Second World War the Western occupation zones of Germany received eight million ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe. Initially these newcomers were lumped in Western German discourse under the term ‘refugees’. Yet, within less than a decade, the term ‘expellees’ emerged as a more popular denotation. Scholarship has offered two explanations for this semantic change, emphasising the political influence of both the Allies and the ‘expellee’ leadership. This article presents a complementary reason for this discursive shift. We argue that ‘expellees’ marked the symbolic weight that the ethnic Germans offered as expulsion victims in order to balance out German guilt for Nazi crimes.
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Beer, Matthias. « Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik.” Integrationskonflikte in der deutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft und die Assimilationsstrategien in der SBZ/DDR 1945-1961 ». Central European History 39, no 1 (mars 2006) : 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906370069.
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Among forced population transfers in the twentieth century, the expulsion of the German population from East Central Europe at the end of World War II was remarkable. More than twelve million Germans were expelled from the eastern parts of the German Reich and some eastern European states. These refugees arrived in a defeated, occupied, destroyed, and divided country. Initially, the percentage of expelled persons in the Soviet Occupation Zone was much higher than in the western zones. With almost 4.5 million individuals, the expellees made up twenty-four percent of the total population in the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1949. By contrast, western Germany had eight million expellees, who comprised roughly sixteen percent of the total population.
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Langenbacher, Eric. « Twenty-first Century Memory Regimes in Germany and Poland : An Analysis of Elite Discourses and Public Opinion ». German Politics and Society 26, no 4 (1 décembre 2008) : 50–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2008.260404.
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One of the most important developments in the incipient Berlin Republic's memory regime has been the return of the memory of German suffering from the end and aftermath of World War II. Elite discourses about the bombing of German cities, the mass rape of German women by members of the Red Army, and, above all, the expulsion of Germans from then-Eastern Germany and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe have gained massive visibility in the last decade. Although many voices have lauded these developments as liberating, many others within Germany and especially in Poland—from where the vast majority of Germans were expelled—have reacted with fear. Yet, do these elite voices resonate with mass publics? Have these arguments had demonstrable effects on public opinion? This paper delves into these questions by looking at survey results from both countries. It finds that there has been a disjuncture between the criticisms of elites and average citizens, but that the barrage of elite criticisms leveled at German expellees and their initiatives now may be affecting mass attitudes in all cases.
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BURZLAFF, JAN. « CONFRONTING THE COMMUNAL GRAVE : A REASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL RELATIONS DURING THE HOLOCAUST IN EASTERN EUROPE ». Historical Journal 63, no 4 (19 décembre 2019) : 1054–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000566.
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AbstractThis historiographical review focuses on the complex interactions between Nazi Germany, local populations, and east European Jews during the Holocaust. Braving fierce historical revisionism in eastern Europe and the Baltic states, recent studies have shifted the spotlight from Germans to Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Lithuanians, and other ethnicities. As a result, the analytic categories with which most historians still work – notably ‘perpetrator/victim/bystander’ and ‘collaboration/resistance’ – have outlived their usefulness. A more complex picture of the Nazi-occupied territories in eastern Europe has emerged and now awaits new theoretical frameworks. This article argues that past paradigms blinded scholars to a range of groups lost in the cracks and to behaviours remaining outside the political sphere. Through four criteria that shed light on the social history of the Holocaust in eastern Europe, it draws connections between central and east European, German, Jewish, and Soviet histories, in order to engage with other fields and disciplines that examine modern mass violence and genocide. As Holocaust studies stands at a crossroads, only a transnational history including all ethnicities and deeper continuities, both temporal and geographical, will enhance our knowledge of how social relations shaped the very evolution of the Holocaust.
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Brinkmann, Tobias. « German Migrations : Between Blood and Soil ». German Politics and Society 20, no 4 (1 décembre 2002) : 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503002782385345.
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Dieter Gosewinkel, Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Die Nationalisierung der Staatsangehörigkeit vom Deutschen Bund bis zur Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001)Daniel Levy, Yfaat Weiss, ed., Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002)Barbara Marshall, The New Germany and Migration in Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)Jan Motte, Rainer Ohliger, Anne von Oswald, ed., 50 Jahre Bundesrepublik – 50 Jahre Einwanderung: Nachkriegsgeschichte als Migrationsgeschichte (Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus, 1999)David Rock and Stefan Wolff, ed., Coming Home to Germany? The Integration of Ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe in the Federal Republic since 1945 (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002)Stefan Wolff, ed., German Minorities in Europe: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2000)
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PENNY, H. GLENN. « Ambiguities, Fractures and Myopic Histories : Recent work on German Minorities in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe ». Contemporary European History 23, no 1 (6 janvier 2014) : 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000544.
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Germans have long been part of the multi-ethnic and multicultural histories that shaped the territory between the Oder and the Urals. The presence of Germans, however, was seldom the same as ‘a German presence’ nor has it always been clear who the ‘Germans’ might be, or might have been. During the medieval period, for example, as Roger Bartlett and Karen Schönwälder reminded us more than a decade ago, a German in eastern Europe ‘might be one who came from a core German territory, spoke a Germanic language, or to whom German law applied; but none of these criteria was necessarily decisive or historically unambiguous’. That equivocality proved tenacious, and consequently the clichéd polarity of Teuton and Slav has frequently obscured the ‘fluidity of identity and multiplicity of interaction’ that remain ‘crucial’ to understanding the history of this region, where ‘impulses of culture, religion, political and economic interest, whether uniting or dividing, have often cut across linguistic or ethnic differences’.
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Swanson, John C. « Minority Building in the German Diaspora : The Hungarian-Germans ». Austrian History Yearbook 36 (janvier 2005) : 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800004872.
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Issues concerning the status and rights of ethnic minorities in Central and Eastern Europe have become significant in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. A focus on co-nations in neighboring states, “others” in so-called nation-states, and questions of immigration dominate the media in many areas in Europe. Even though ethnic minorities and ethnic identity are part of modern conversation, the subject of ethnic minorities needs to receive serious scholarly attention to demonstrate its nuanced sense of meaning. Like nations, ethnic minorities are not static entities; they are not primordial. They are constructed or imagined in the same way nations are, even though there has been little scholarly attention devoted to minority building. In order to understand the complex meaning of an ethnic minority, one needs to view the creation of a minority—minority building—on different levels, and understand it as members of the minority understand it and as others perceive it.
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Cordell, Karl, et Stefan Wolff. « Germany as a Kin-State : The Development and Implementation of a Norm-Consistent External Minority Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe ». Nationalities Papers 35, no 2 (mai 2007) : 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990701254367.
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Germany's role as a kin-state of ethnic German minorities in Central and Eastern Europe stems from a number of factors. At one level it is part and parcel of a unique historical legacy. It is also inextricably linked with the country's foreign policy towards this region. The most profound policy that the Federal Republic of Germany developed in this context after the early 1960s was Ostpolitik, which contributed significantly to the peaceful end of the Cold War, but has remained relevant thereafter despite a fundamentally changed geopolitical context, as Germany remains a kin-state for hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans across Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in the former Soviet Union, in Poland, Romania, and Hungary. As such, a policy towards these external minorities continues to form a significant, but by no means the only, manifestation of Ostpolitik.
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Bryant, Chad. « Habsburg History, Eastern European History … Central European History ? » Central European History 51, no 1 (mars 2018) : 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000225.
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Germany and all things German have long been the primary concern ofCentral European History(CEH), yet the journal has also been intimately tied to the lands of the former Habsburg monarchy. As the editor stated in the first issue, published in March 1968,CEHemerged “in response to a widespread demand for an American journal devoted to the history of German-speaking Central Europe,” following the demise of theJournal of Central European Affairsin 1964. The Conference Group for Central European History sponsoredCEH, as well as the recently mintedAustrian History Yearbook(AHY). Robert A. Kann, the editor ofAHY, sat on the editorial board ofCEH, whose second issue featured a trenchant review by István Deák of Arthur J. May'sThe Passing of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. The third issue contained the articles “The Defeat of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the Balance of Power” by Kann, and Gerhard Weinberg's “The Defeat of Germany in 1918 and the Balance of Power.” That same year,East European Quarterlypublished its first issue.
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Alvis, Robert E. « Holy Homeland : The Discourse of Place and Displacement among Silesian Catholics in Postwar West Germany ». Church History 79, no 4 (26 novembre 2010) : 827–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640710001046.
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The author of the above quotation, Rudolf Jokiel, was one of over twelve million ethnic Germans expelled from their homes in Germany's eastern provinces (East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Silesia), the Sudetenland, and other pockets of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and resettled within the country's truncated postwar borders. The expellees bitterly lamented their enforced exile, and many Christians within this population shared Jokiel's sentiments concerning the connection between faith and homeland. Those who settled in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) developed an elaborate network of overlapping subcultures dedicated to preserving their memories of lost homelands and advocating for their right to return there. In the process, these lands came to acquire a distinctly religious aura, holy places that were integral to their spiritual well-being.
Thèses sur le sujet "Germans – Europe, Eastern – History"
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Veal, Stephen Ariel. « The collapse of the German army in the East in the summer of 1944 (Volume 1) ». PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4301.
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The collapse of the German Army in the East in the Summer of 1944 is analyzed and determined to be the result of the following specific factors: German intelligence failures; German defensive doctrine; loss of German air superiority; Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union; German mobile reserves committed in the West; Soviet numerical superiority; and Soviet offensive doctrine and tactics. The collapse of Army Group Center, the destruction of the XIII Army Corps, and the collapse of Army Group South Ukraine in Romania during the Summer of 1944 are examined in detail. The significance of the collapse of the German Army in the East is compared to events occurring on the Anglo-American fronts and the German losses on both theaters of military operations are compared. The Soviet contributions to the defeat of the German Army during the Summer of 1944 are examined and the views of Soviet historiography and American historiography compared.
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Veal, Stephen Ariel. « The collapse of the German army in the East in the summer of 1944 (Volume 2) ». PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4302.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The collapse of the German Army in the East in the Summer of 1944 is analyzed and determined to be the result of the following specific factors: German intelligence failures; German defensive doctrine; loss of German air superiority; Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union; German mobile reserves committed in the West; Soviet numerical superiority; and Soviet offensive doctrine and tactics. The collapse of Army Group Center, the destruction of the XIII Army Corps, and the collapse of Army Group South Ukraine in Romania during the Summer of 1944 are examined in detail. The significance of the collapse of the German Army in the East is compared to events occurring on the Anglo-American fronts and the German losses on both theaters of military operations are compared. The Soviet contributions to the defeat of the German Army during the Summer of 1944 are examined and the views of Soviet historiography and American historiography compared.
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De, Santiago Ramos Simone C. « Dem Schwerte Muss Der Pflug Folgen : Űber-Peasants and National Socialist Settlements in the Occupied Eastern Territories during World War Two ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3681/.
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German industrialization in the nineteenth century had brought forward a variety of conflicting ideas when it came to the agrarian community. One of them was the agrarian romantic movement led by Adam Műller, who feared the loss of the traditional German peasant. Műller influenced Reichdeutsche Richard Walther Darré, who argued that large cities were the downfall of the German people and that only a healthy peasant stock would be able to ‘save' Germany. Under Darré's definition, “Geopolitik” was the defense of the land, the defense with Pflug und Schwert (plow and sword) by Wehrbauern, an ‘Űberbauer-fusion' of soldier and peasant. In order to accomplish these goals, new settlements had to be established while moving from west to east. The specific focus of this study is on the original Hegewald resettlement ideas of Richard Walther Darré and how his philosophy was taken over by Himmler and fit into his personal needs and creed after 1941. It will shed some light on the interaction of Darré and Himmler and the notorious internal fights and power struggles between the various governmental agencies involved. The Ministry for Food and Agriculture under the leadership of Darré was systematically pushed into the background and all previous, often publicly announced re-settlement policies were altered; Darré was pushed aside once the eastern living space was actually occupied.
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Bücker, Nicola [Verfasser]. « Europe bottom-up : How Eastern Germans and Poles frame the European Union / Nicola Bücker ». Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & ; Co. KG, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1110059620/34.
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Clarke, Kimberly Anne. « The Collapse of Communism in East Germany 1945-1990 ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625687.
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Geralds, Andrea J. « Lyndon Johnson and Eastern Europe ». Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/314930.
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HistoryM.A.
Between 1963 and 1968, Lyndon B. Johnson struggled to take advantage of increasing instability in Eastern Europe. By negotiating Most Favored Nation trade treaties and using the Import-Export Bank of America to finance "deferred payment" trade arrangements, Johnson hoped to strengthen American and Eastern European relations. Where Johnson failed to arrange new trade agreements he opted for broadening diplomatic ties. Johnson believed advantages to this strategy included weakening Soviet hegemony in the Warsaw nations, generating a new influx of trade to stabilize the American balance of payments, and preventing Soviet expansion into third world nations. I argue that President Johnson was unsuccessful in Eastern Europe because certain segments of Congress would not support deeper ties with Communist nations. Congress' refusal to treat with the Warsaw Nations stemmed from two sources: a refusal to validate the Communist system and increasing American involvement in the Vietnam War. President Johnson promoted improved interactions, desiring stronger East- West ties and weaker Soviet control in the region. Congress endorsed the international isolation of Communist nations, aiming to cause economic collapse in the Communist governments.
Temple University--Theses
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Voiculescu, Aurora. « Prosecuting history : political justice in post-Communist Eastern Europe ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1564/.
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Fifty years after the Nuremberg trials, Europe is challenged once again with a question: Who is responsible for state-sponsored violations of human rights. This time, those put on trial or ostracised from power are elements of the Communist structures of control. Some observers have criticised these measures of political justice, comparing them to a 'witch hunt,' and accusing the courts and legislature of often engendering an unjustifiable collective guilt. In contrast, others have claimed that not enough is being done; that the people of Eastern Europe "have asked for justice, and got the rule of law." In this thesis, the author proposes an assessment of the process of political justice taking place in post-Communist Eastern Europe. The approach taken is from the perspective of the role played in this process by the concept of collective responsibility of political organisations for violations of human rights. While concentrating on the way collective responsibility appears in the criminal law measures taken in Hungary, and in the administrative procedures of screening used in the Czech Republic, the thesis also aims to offer a comprehensive picture of the general debate on accountability for past human rights violations which takes place in post-Communist Eastern Europe. The thesis underlines the complexity of the political reality in which the expectations for accountability for state-sponsored violations of human rights are answered. It also emphasises the importance for this answer to acknowledge the nature of the Communist regime, and of its representative structure known under the name of Nomenklatura. Based on these elements, the author argues for the necessity of combining individual and collective responsibility for human rights violations. A reconstructed concept of collective agency and collective responsibility appears to be the solution to the inconsistencies otherwise manifested in a process of political justice. Such concepts, the author argues, should allow for the acknowledgement - through commissions of truth, as well as through prosecution and screening - of the role played by the Communist structure of power in the violations of human rights which took place under its regime.
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Novotná, Tereza. « Negotiating the accession : transformation of the state during German unification and the Eastern enlargement of the European Union ». Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32886.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
This dissertation examines the profound transformations in post-1989 Europe by comparing and contrasting the unification of Germany and the European Union's (EU) eastern enlargement to the Czech Republic as two integration processes during which (post)-communist states were incorporated into Western-style democratic political structures. The main research questions are how and by what means a post-communist state can be transformed through political integration and how the (post)-communist state can influence this process of political integration. The research is thus two-directional: it examines both the 'downloading' side of the process, in which the 'accepting' unit imposes its structures (political institutions, legal order, economic system) on the 'entering' unit, and the 'uploading'/impact side, in which the entering unit changes under pressure from the accepting unit while influencing the transformation process. The dissertation develops two models of political integration, Transplantation and Adaptation. Both possess a wider applicability than the two cases studied. Transplantation involves an immediate integration with a strong leader, no preconditions and no preceding reforms on either part. Rather a simple transfer principle occurs. Adaptation, in contrast, entails a gradual, long-term integration with bureaucratic oversight and the use of 'political conditionality' until the candidate states reach an acceptable political and economic level vis-a-vis the accepting unit. Speed and the impact of the local actors are the key factors distinguishing the two models of political integration. An interdisciplinary methodology is employed which blends the traditions of political science and political sociology. At the center of the research is an extensive series of 90 semi-structured interviews conducted in German, Czech, and English with key political actors that offer new perspectives on the dynamics of the processes of unification and enlargement. The dissertation examines in detail the negotiation processes that led to German unification (Transplantation) and, using the case of the Czech Republic, the eastern enlargement of the EU (Adaptation). It concludes by drawing several general lessons.
2031-01-01
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Niebrzydowski, Paul. « Reining in the Four Horsemen : American Relief to Eastern Central Europe, 1915-1923 ». The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531955257780496.
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Mosley, Marcus. « Jewish autobiography in Eastern Europe : the pre-history of a literary genre ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306789.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Germans – Europe, Eastern – History"
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W, Ingrao Charles, et Szabo Franz A. J, dir. The Germans and the East. West Lafayette, Ind : Purdue University Press, 2007.
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Böttcher, Bernhard. Gefallen für Volk und Heimat : Kriegerdenkmäler deutscher Minderheiten in Ostmitteleuropa während der Zwischenkriegszeit. Köln : Böhlau, 2009.
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1939-, Bartlett Roger P., et Schönwälder Karen 1959-, dir. The German lands and eastern Europe : Essays on the history of their social, cultural and political relations. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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Cowles, Peter. Homelands and heartlands : Forgotten victims of World War II. Leeds : Roundhay Park, 2004.
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Zayas, Alfred M. De. 50 theses on the expulsion of the Germans from Central and Eastern Europe 1944-1948. Arlington, VA : Kearn C. Schemm & Friends, 2012.
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Merten, Ulrich. Forgotten voices : The expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II. New Brunswick, N.J : Transaction Publishers, 2012.
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Ahonen, Pertti. After the expulsion : West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945-1990. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Walter, Engel, et Haus des Deutschen Ostens (Düsseldorf, Germany)., dir. Fremd in der Heimat : Aussiedler aus Ost- und Südosteuropa unterwegs nach Deutschland. Dülmen : Laumann-Verlag, 1990.
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Ogden, Alan. Fortresses of faith : A pictorial history of the fortified Saxon churches of Romania. Iași ; Portland, OR : Center for Romanian Studies, 2000.
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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum., dir. "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich : The Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939-1945. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Germans – Europe, Eastern – History"
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Buggeln, Marc. « Slave Labor in Nazi Germany ». Dans The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History, 605–23. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_34.
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AbstractThe National Socialists regarded the population of Eastern Europe, if they were not to be killed or left for dead, as a reservoir of slave labor that would guarantee the Germans a higher standard of living. The Reichsführer SS, Heinrich Himmler, formulated this in unvarnished clarity in his infamous Posen speech from October 4, 1943: “Whether the other peoples live in prosperity or whether they die of hunger, that interests me only to the extent that we need them as slaves for our culture, otherwise it does not interest me.” This chapter examines the use of state-sponsored slave labor in Nazi Germany.
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Mouralis, Guillaume. « The Rejection of International Criminal Law in West Germany after the Second World War ». Dans History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe, 226–41. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137302052_14.
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Guzowski, Piotr. « Eastward Migration in European History : The Interplay of Economic and Environmental Opportunities ». Dans Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 325–32. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_21.
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AbstractDuring the preindustrial era one of the major migration waves headed eastward to Eastern Europe, where scores of migrants, in their pursuit of happiness, hoped to fulfil their dreams, have their own farm or set up a company, achieve a higher social status, and benefit from religious freedom and tolerance. The first wave of migration was connected with German colonization and the establishment of settlements following the German law. The alluringly large expanses of “pristine” land, together with tax privileges and the prospects of relative autonomy, attracted scores of bold, enterprising and hard-working settlers to relocate to the East. Most of them were peasants and townsfolk from the German states and the Netherlands, but there were also Jews escaping discrimination in Western Europe as well as West-European Protestants and Catholics attracted by religious tolerance in the East. Prospects of freedom and economic success encouraged them all to choose Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their second homeland.
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Weber, Klaus. « Injection : Atlantic Slavery and Commodity Chains ». Dans The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History, 413–26. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_23.
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AbstractSouth Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe were more closely involved with slavery in the Americas than is commonly assumed. Lower costs for labor, raw materials, and solid fuel gave specific regions a competitive edge in the production of commodities used in the barter trade for slaves from West Africa, as well as in provisioning New World plantations. Ironware from the Rhineland; copper and iron from Sweden; Bohemian glassware; and especially Indian cottons and German linen, all contributed to lowering costs in the acquisition of slaves and in the maintenance of plantations. The purchasing power thus generated in Central Europe contributed to the growth of the population and of proto-industries, and ultimately to industrialization. This injection essay illuminates the impact of commodity chains on New World slavery by focusing on the single most important plantation product destined for Europe—sugar—and the two single most important barter commodities destined for Africa: textiles and metalware.
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Donohue, Christopher. « “A Mountain of Nonsense” ? Czech and Slovenian Receptions of Materialism and Vitalism from c. 1860s to the First World War ». Dans History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 67–84. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_5.
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AbstractIn general, historians of science and historians of ideas do not focus on critical appraisals of scientific ideas such as vitalism and materialism from Catholic intellectuals in eastern and southeastern Europe, nor is there much comparative work available on how significant European ideas in the life sciences such as materialism and vitalism were understood and received outside of France, Germany, Italy and the UK. Insofar as such treatments are available, they focus on the contributions of nineteenth century vitalism and materialism to later twentieth ideologies, as well as trace the interactions of vitalism and various intersections with the development of genetics and evolutionary biology see Mosse (The culture of Western Europe: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Westview Press, Boulder, 1988, Toward the final solution: a history of European racism. Howard Fertig Publisher, New York, 1978; Turda et al., Crafting humans: from genesis to eugenics and beyond. V&R Unipress, Goettingen, 2013). English and American eugenicists (such as William Caleb Saleeby), and scores of others underscored the importance of vitalism to the future science of “eugenics” (Saleeby, The progress of eugenics. Cassell, New York, 1914). Little has been written on materialism qua materialism or vitalism qua vitalism in eastern Europe.The Czech and Slovene cases are interesting for comparison insofar as both had national awakenings in the middle of the nineteenth century which were linguistic and scientific, while also being religious in nature (on the Czech case see David, Realism, tolerance, and liberalism in the Czech National awakening: legacies of the Bohemian reformation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2010; on the Slovene case see Kann and David, Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918. University of Washington Press, Washington, 2010). In the case of many Catholic writers writing in Moravia, there are not only slight noticeable differences in word-choice and construction but a greater influence of scholastic Latin, all the more so in the works of nineteenth century Czech priests and bishops.In this case, German, Latin and literary Czech coexisted in the same texts. Thus, the presence of these three languages throws caution on the work on the work of Michael Gordin, who argues that scientific language went from Latin to German to vernacular. In Czech, Slovenian and Croatian cases, all three coexisted quite happily until the First World War, with the decades from the 1840s to the 1880s being particularly suited to linguistic flexibility, where oftentimes writers would put in parentheses a Latin or German word to make the meaning clear to the audience. Note however that these multiple paraphrases were often polemical in the case of discussions of materialism and vitalism.In Slovenia Čas (Time or The Times) ran from 1907 to 1942, running under the muscular editorship of Fr. Aleš Ušeničnik (1868–1952) devoted hundreds of pages often penned by Ušeničnik himself or his close collaborators to wide-ranging discussions of vitalism, materialism and its implied social and societal consequences. Like their Czech counterparts Fr. Matěj Procházka (1811–1889) and Fr. Antonín LenzMaterialismMechanismDynamism (1829–1901), materialism was often conjoined with "pantheism" and immorality. In both the Czech and the Slovene cases, materialism was viewed as a deep theological problem, as it made the Catholic account of the transformation of the Eucharistic sacrifice into the real presence untenable. In the Czech case, materialism was often conjoined with “bestiality” (bestialnost) and radical politics, especially agrarianism, while in the case of Ušeničnik and Slovene writers, materialism was conjoined with “parliamentarianism” and “democracy.” There is too an unexamined dialogue on vitalism, materialism and pan-Slavism which needs to be explored.Writing in 1914 in a review of O bistvu življenja (Concerning the essence of life) by the controversial Croatian biologist Boris Zarnik) Ušeničnik underscored that vitalism was an speculative outlook because it left the field of positive science and entered the speculative realm of philosophy. Ušeničnik writes that it was “Too bad” that Zarnik “tackles” the question of vitalism, as his zoological opinions are interesting but his philosophy was not “successful”. Ušeničnik concluded that vitalism was a rather old idea, which belonged more to the realm of philosophy and Thomistic theology then biology. It nonetheless seemed to provide a solution for the particular characteristics of life, especially its individuality. It was certainly preferable to all the dangers that materialism presented. Likewise in the Czech case, Emmanuel Radl (1873–1942) spent much of his life extolling the virtues of vitalism, up until his death in home confinement during the Nazi Protectorate. Vitalism too became bound up in the late nineteenth century rediscovery of early modern philosophy, which became an essential part of the development of new scientific consciousness and linguistic awareness right before the First World War in the Czech lands. Thus, by comparing the reception of these ideas together in two countries separated by ‘nationality’ but bounded by religion and active engagement with French and German ideas (especially Driesch), we can reconstruct not only receptions of vitalism and materialism, but articulate their political and theological valances.
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Keep, J. L. H. « Eastern Europe ». Dans Handbook for History Teachers, 926–27. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-148.
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Sobol, Valeria. « Eastern Europe ». Dans The Routledge History of Emotions in the Modern World, 139–53. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003023326-12.
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Lemberg, Hans. « The Germans and Czech Statehood in the Twentieth Century ». Dans The German Lands and Eastern Europe, 182–97. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27094-1_9.
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Alcock, Antony. « Eastern Europe 600–1100ad ». Dans A Short History of Europe, 64–74. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597426_5.
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Alcock, Antony. « Eastern Europe 600–1100ad ». Dans A Short History of Europe, 64–74. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-50093-8_5.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Germans – Europe, Eastern – History"
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Grytsai, Denys, Petro Shtefura et Vadym Dodukh. « A Novel Integrated Approach to 3D Modeling and History Matching of Gas Condensate Fields with Paucity of Geological and Production Data ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208518-ms.
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Abstract A methodology has been developed that, in conditions of limited geological and production data, ensures the integration of petrophysical, geological, and hydrodynamic models as components of a permanent 3D model, establishing physical relationships between parameters that describe the entire system. In the proposed method, the modelling is based on the results of the interpretation of continuous shale volume and porosity curves. Based on the analysis of core data, the multi-vector physical correlations with other parameters are made. To distinguish the reservoirs and non-reservoirs, the cut-off values of shale volume are defined; to exclude tight reservoirs with no filtration, the cut-off values of porosity are set. Using the Winland R35 method the radius of the pore throat is computed, allowing dividing the reservoirs into classes. For each class of reservoirs, the permeability vs porosity dependence is determined, and the Wright-Woody-Johnson method allows deriving equations for the bound water content. A system of configured workflows has been developed and allows automating re-modelling and simplifying its history matching. This technique was successfully applied to several 3D models of gas condensate fields, which, with a significant drilling level on the areas and a long development history, are characterized by limited geological and production data. Workflows System together with the proposed approach allowed simplifying the history matching process by splitting it into several stages. At each stage, depending on the type of input data, various parameters were matched (production, reservoir and wellhead pressures, etc.). Due to cross-functional correlation of all components, the model has significantly reduced the uncertainty parameters and allowed a detailed history matching of the development history for the entire well stock. The results obtained were tested by several geological and technological measures, including drilling new wells, and showed high convergence with the forecast indicators. The proposed approach to modelling and history matching in conditions of limited geological and production data allows: – ensuring integration and correlation of petrophysical, geological, and hydrodynamic models as components of a permanent 3D model; – automating and simplifying the modelling, history matching, and updating a model; – improving the quality of parameters’ matching results.
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Kostyleva, Elena. « Early Neolithic Upper-Volga culture : toward the history of the study ». Dans Evolution of Neolithic cultures of Eastern Europe. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-189-4-2019-46-48.
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Xiao, Jinjiang, Mulad Winaro, Mohammas Eissa et Akram Mahmoud. « Overcoming Deployment and Retrieval Challenges with Killed Well Cable Deployed Electric Submersible Pump Systems – Lessons Learned from Five Years of CDESP History ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208551-ms.
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Abstract The advantage of cable deployed electric submersible pump (CDESP) systems are beginning to be understood and realized as experience has been gained with the deployment and retrieval of these systems. Cable deployed ESP systems have at times been touted as a temporary system for failed conventional ESP systems. Long-term successes have demonstrated the value of permanently installed CDESP systems, which provide the benefit of reduced production deferral, less costly change-out, and reduced HSE risk. The decision to change from conventional ESP to a rigless CDESP system is not necessarily a simple conclusion. The decision must consider technical, economic, and operational considerations to gain the full benefit from the technology. The learnings developed over multiple deployments and retrievals will benefit decision makers in the evaluation of the technology use. The technology application presented in the paper sheds the light on a journey to develop and bring alternative ESP deployment from concept to reality, overcoming technical and operational challenges. The current CDESP requires a rig to initially construct the permanent completion to accept the rigless CDESP system. Production rates requirements determine the ESP size, and in turn the tubing and wellhead size. Pressure control equipment is installed on top of the Christmas tree. Rigless installation and retrieval of the CDESP is performed on an elevated tower with the wellhead in place. The tower design has been improved to allow the production flowline to remain in place. A minimum of two well barriers, with one barrier well kill fluid, are in place at all times. A key learning of the killed well CDESP system is the need to understand the potential changes to the reservoir after sustained production in planning the replacement of a failed ESP. Kill fluid losses can be higher than expected with restorative well cleanup and production. Actual deployment or retrieval time can be improved with successive change-outs. Long-term operational robustness of the CDESP is proven with a system continuing to operate after 5 years of cumulative operations. This paper shares the lessons learned from an early technology adopter with multiple deployment and retrievals in various well environments including highly fractured reservoirs and high hydrogen sulfide wells.
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Hedzyk, Nazarii, Roman Malyk, Serhii Tyvonchuk, Volodymyr Vaskiv, Oksana Vanchak et Viktoriia Mykytiuk. « Investment Planning in Oil Production Enhancement Projects in Ukraine Based on Joint Usage of 3D Modelling and SPE-PRMS Reserves Classification ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208503-ms.
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Abstract Most of the discovered oil fields in Ukraine entering a declining production stage. Many of these assets have good potential for production increasing and require investments. The risks of such investments are related to the uncertainty of geological information, production data, and the total amount of reserves and resources. This paper describes the study of the joint use of 3D hydrodynamic modeling and reserves estimation according to the SPE-PRMS classification, which together allowed to assess and significantly reduce investment risks for oil production enhancement projects. The use of 3D modeling is one of the key elements during field exploration and production, because of coordination of all available geological and field data it is often possible to discover new, previously unknown features of the geological structure and identify high potential areas to increase production. In this paper petrophysical, geological and hydrodynamic modeling tools and material balance method have been used to consolidate existing geological and field data and create 3D model of the field in Western oil and gas bearing region of Ukraine. Also, for uncertainty analysis of the initial hydrocarbons in-place and IOR project investment presentation the SPE-PRMS classification was used. Comprehensive usage of material balance tools, field development history analysis, well performance changes, and fluid properties behavior revealed inconsistencies in the geological data and hypothesized the existence of a gas cap in the oil deposit and identify a faults system through the reservoir. After well logging these hypotheses has been confirmed, which allowed achieving a good history match of the model for the entire field and each well. Based on the matched model, a comprehensive field development strategy was proposed, which also considered all existing limitations related to production and infrastructure issues. The best scenario of field development was selected, according to the results of the economic assessment in terms of investment attractiveness. Based on the created 3D geological model, hydrocarbons reserves and resources were estimated using deterministic and stochastic methods and have been classified according to the SPE-PRMS. Reserves categories were assessed by the degree of commercial maturity of the project based on ten possible field development scenarios and high potential zones for infill drilling, plays exploration, and IOR project implementation was selected. The integrated approach to the field development strategy assessment and the input data uncertainties allowed to consider all available geological information and field data to create a comprehensive pilot investment IOR project. The proposed approach allows to solve complex problems of potential investments risks assessment and reduction in IOR projects and discover new assets' potential on the example of a complex field in the inner zone of the Pre-Carpathian Depression.
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Karpenko, Ivan, et Oleksii Karpenko. « Preservation and Destruction of Accumulations in Petroleum Systems of Western Margin of East European Craton ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208542-ms.
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Abstract The offshore segments of the Pre-Dobrogea foredeep is absolutely unexplored, there is no a single well penetrated Paleozoic units within offshore areas. This study, a deep dive into petroleum system evolution of similar foredeep basin based on a 3D basin modeling was performed in order to get understanding of petroleum systems and geology of offshore segment of Pre-Dobrogea. Western edge of East European craton is about 1450 km takes from Western Black sea shore to Southern shore of Baltic sea. This area within Ukraine includes Pre-Dobrogea foredeep basin, Pre-Carpathian foredeep basin (Bylche-Volytsa foredeep), Lviv Paleozoic basin and extensive Paleozoic margin called Volyno-Podillia area (Figure 1). All mentioned basins have similar sedimentary history, similar dynamics of tectonic evolution, proven petroleum systems of almost the same age, discovered commercial and sub-commercial accumulations and are heavily underexplored and undervalued. 3D basin modeling as a primary exploration technique was applied to mentioned basins in order to identify common features in tectonic development, in sedimentation and evolution of petroleum systems. Identified basins’ similar features now could be extrapolated to underexplored formations and areas within the study area. Figure 1 Western margin of East European Craton with marked areas of study (edited after Mikołajczak, 2016)
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Doroshenko, Oleksandr, Miljenko Cimic, Nicholas Singh et Yevhen Machuzhak. « Integrated Production Model as a Tool for Optimization the Development Strategy of the Sakhalin Oil and Gas Condensate Field ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208502-ms.
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Abstract A fully integrated production model (IPM) has been implemented in the Sakhalin field to optimize hydrocarbons production and carried out effective field development. To achieve our goal in optimizing production, a strategy has been accurately executed to align the surface facilities upgrade with the production forecast. The main challenges to achieving the goal, that we have faced were: All facilities were designed for early production stage in late 1980's, and as the asset outdated the pipeline sizes, routing and compression strategies needs review. Detecting, predicting and reducing liquid loading is required so that the operator can proactively control the hydrocarbon production process. No integrated asset model exists to date. The most significant engineering tasks were solved by creating models of reservoirs, wells and surface network facility, and after history matching and connecting all the elements of the model into a single environment, it has been used for the different production forecast scenarios, taking into account the impact of infrastructure bottlenecks on production of each well. This paper describes in detail methodology applied to calculate optimal well control, wellhead pressure, pressure at the inlet of the booster compressor, as well as for improving surface flowlines capacity. Using the model, we determined the compressor capacity required for the next more than ten years and assessed the impact of pipeline upgrades on oil gas and condensate production. Using optimization algorithms, a realistic scenario was set and used as a basis for maximizing hydrocarbon production. Integrated production model (IPM) and production optimization provided to us several development scenarios to achieve target production at the lowest cost by eliminating infrastructure constraints.
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Kaeng, Geovani Christopher, Kate Evans, Florence Bebb et Rebecca Head. « Hydrocarbon Retention and the Case for Vertical Migration ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208526-ms.
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Abstract Complex hydrocarbon charging and distribution in which reservoirs are filled by oil and gas phases with different densities and genetic types inter-fingering within the basin, are common phenomena, and often attributed to vertical migration. This paper discusses the factors that control vertical hydrocarbon migration and presents modelling of the hydrocarbon charging and entrapment history in a tertiary basin in Southeast Asia as a case study. According to the Young-Laplace flow theory of the secondary hydrocarbon migration mechanics, migration occurs in a state of capillary equilibrium in a flow regime dominated by buoyancy and capillary forces. In this study, the invasion percolation simulation algorithm, based on the Young-Laplace flow, was used. During the simulation, three-dimensional (3D) seismic data were used as the high-resolution base grid for migration to capture the effect of both structure and facies heterogeneities on fluid flow. A model of an unfaulted system was presented to make the case. In the study area there is inter-fingering between oil and gas across different formations; most oils are trapped in the deeper formation, oil and gas inter-fingering occurs in the middle formation, and the upper formation contains mostly gas. This arrangement is possible because of the interplay between the expelled fluid buoyancy and relatively weak intra-formational seals within the basin. The modeling results were then calibrated to known accumulations or fluid presence in wells. In a basin dominated by a vertical migration regime, hydrocarbons are prevented from travelling far from the kitchen, thus decreasing prospectivity away from the kitchen. Through a case study, this paper helps to understand the factors that influence hydrocarbon retention and migration that control fluid distribution within a basin. Eventually the study helps geologists to understand prospectivity risking related to hydrocarbon charging, which is one of the main risks in exploration especially in mature basins.
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Konovalova, Irina. « Cumania in the System of Trade Routes of Eastern Europe in the 12th Century ». Dans 7thInternational Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe. Szeged : University of Szeged, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/sua.2019.53.137-147.
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Siew Hiang, Khor, Petrunyak Volodymyr, Yevgen A. Melnyk, Prykhodchenko Oleksii, Stefaniv Viktor, Dogar Andrew, Ojukwu Michael et Viscaino Andres. « Adoption of Integrated Asset Modeling Approach to Kick-Start the Corporate Digital Transformation Strategy ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208525-ms.
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Abstract The adoption of an integrated asset modeling approach was explored to kick-start the corporate digital transformation strategy for its oil and gas section. Besides the integrated asset model, the digital initiatives included predictive maintenance, well performance optimization, and a flow assurance advisor aimed at daily production operations and maintenance, creating a pathway to the digital oilfield (DOF). The integrated asset model would be the main pillar of DOF realization and implementation, its offered technology aimed at short-term, medium-term, and long-term planning. The adopted well-proven integrated asset modeling methodology enabled a geological complex with a high-fidelity physics reservoir model, multiple interdependent wells, pipeline networks, process facility models to be integrated seamlessly on a single platform for validation of its existing production operation strategy and field development plan. The black-oil reservoir model was history matched, and the production network models had detailed wellbore and pipeline hydraulics calibrated with the latest well-test data. The compositional fluid modeling allowed the capture of any flow assurance issues that arose across the networks, which were mapped to the corresponding process facility models with physical specifications and operational constraints defined. A fully integrated asset model was developed for the studied asset, where liquid/vapor tables were prepared for black-oil delumping (Ghorayeb and Holmes, 2005) of the reservoir models to surface network models (Mora et al. 2015), while fluid models of both production network and process models were validated before mapping to ensure fluid fidelity. The availability of this integrated asset model with an embedded spreadsheet program incorporating some simple economic calculations allowed the flexibility of short-term production optimization and long-term asset planning, which was focused to provide all the vital valuable inputs to better field management, fast and accurate decision making, and optimum safe operation of process units in meeting the sales contract. The integrated asset model offered a platform for engineers from different domains to collaborate with aligned common operational and planning objectives. It empowered assessments of production operation strategy and field development scenarios conducted at full field level from pore to process. The customized reporting, the ability to connect to other tools, and to push results to dashboards helped to kick-start the corporate digital transformation strategy.
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Голофаст, Л. А. « PHANAGORIA IN THE 4th – 7th CENTURIES (WRITTEN SOURCES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA) ». Dans Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-350-3.42-57.
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В статье прослеживается история Фанагории с середины 3 в., когда жизнь Боспорского царства, в состав которого входила Фанагория, была нарушена вторжением племенных союзов готов, до конца 7 столетия, когда Боспор захватили хазары, и в истории Фанагории начался новый период. Сопоставляются сведения, содержащиеся в письмен - ных источниках и эпиграфических памятниках, данные археологии и нумизматики. История Фанагории рассматривается на фоне политической и экономической ситуации в Северном Причерноморье. Уточнение хронологии ключевых групп материала и ряд новых находок позволили пересмотреть даты некоторых важных событий в истории города. В середине 3 в. относительно спокойная жизнь Боспорского царства была нарушена появлением племенных союзов готов и других восточногерманских народов, которые в 255 г. по суше достигли Боспора и, переправившись через Меотиду, разорили хору каких-то городов и разгромили Танаис. С берегов Меотиды готы в течение двадцати лет совершали практически ежегодные морские и сухопутные набеги на римские владения в Причерноморье и Восточном Средиземноморье. Поскольку европейская сторона, пострадавшая при готских вторжениях, не могла предоставить необходимый провиант и корабли, подготовка этих походов была возможна только при использовании ресурсов городов и хоры азиатской половины Боспорского государства. Именно в города Азиатского Боспора, в том числе Фанагорию, «скифы» свозили награбленное добро, ставшее источником подъема экономики Боспорского царства. После разгрома германцев в 276 г. на Боспоре наступает относительно спокойный период. Правители Боспора контролируют прежнюю территорию, в том числе Азиатский Боспор. В последней четверти 3–4 вв. оживляется сильно нарушенная германцами экономика Боспора, в которой, как свидетельствует нумизматический материал, преобладает его азиатская сторона, где развернулась активная строительная деятельность. В частности, в Фанагории ко времени не ранее конца 3–4 вв. н. э. относится строительство портовых сооружений; несколько меняется облик города: на месте богатых общественных сооружений появляются крупные винодельческие комплексы и жилые дома. Следы разрушений и пожаров, выявленные на различных поселениях Таманского полуострова, и клады, сокрытые не ранее 341–342 гг., говорят о внезапной атаке, возможно, каких-то северокавказских племен. Однако Фанагория, по-видимому, избежала разгрома: город сохраняет территорию в прежних границах и продолжает оставаться крупным ремесленным и торговым центром. В какой-то момент жизнь города была прервана неким событием, оставившим после себя следы разрушений и пожара, выявленные в нескольких районах города. Боль шинство исследователей связывает это разрушение с нашествием гуннов и относит ко времени правления императора Валента (364–378). Однако на основе анализа данных письменных источников и состава комплекса керамики из слоя пожара и комплексов, связанных с расчисткой города перед новым строительством, оно может быть датировано временем около середины 5 в., хотя виновника этих разрушений определить не удается. Приблизительно в это же время прекращают существование Кепы, Батарейка I и II, Красноармейское, Каменная батарейка. Остались лишь крупные города – Фанагория и Гермонасса и, может быть, какие-то производственные центры. В результате описанных событий территория города несколько сократилась: строительные остатки, которые можно было бы датировать временем после первой половины 5 в., не прослежены на юго-восточной и юго-западной окраине города. Однако в централь - ной части нижнего и верхнем плато города жизнь возобновляется довольно быстро. В конце 5 или начале 6 в. Боспорское царство входит в сферу влияния Византийской империи. Однако период относительной стабильности под крылом Византии в Фанагории по сведениям письменных источников и данным археологии внезапно обрывается в середине 6 в. С одной стороны, упоминание о разрушении Фанагории и Кеп Прокопием Кесарийским в книге VIII «Истории войн», законченной в 554 году, а с другой, – комплекс керамики, открытый в слое пожара на раскопах «Береговой стратиграфический» и «Нижний город», и особенно недавние находки на последнем двух солидов Юстиниана I 545–565 гг., позволяют датировать слой разрушения временем не ранее 545 года, но не позднее 554 года. Складывается впечатление, что после этих событий жизнь в Фанагории на какое-то время замирает: отмечается отсутствие материалов второй половины 6–7 вв. на некрополе Фанагории, а в коллекции краснолаковой керамики из раскопок города – поздних форм. Но вый период истории города начинается, по-видимому, около 665 г., когда Боспор захватили хазары. Именно с ними связано появление на месте сгоревших домов построек, возведенных в технике «елочка», характерной для хазарских памятников второй половины 7–10 вв. The article traces the history of Phanagoria from the middle of the 3rd century, when the life of the Bosporan kingdom, Phanagoria being its part, was disturbed by the invasion of Gothic tribes, till the late 7th century, when Bosporos was occupied by the Khazars, the event which opened a new period of its history. Here we compare information from written sources, epigraphic documents, numismatics and archaeology. The history of Phanagoria is considered against the background of the political and economic situation in the North Black Sea area. The verification of chronology of the principal groups of materials and a number of new discover ies allows to reconsider the dates of certain important events in the history of the city. In the middle of the 3rd century the relatively peaceful life of the Bosporan kingdom was disturbed by the appearance of Gothic tribes and other East Germanic peoples, who in 255 reached Bosporos and after crossing Lake Maeotis ravaged the suburban areas of several cities and destroyed Tanais. From the Maeotic banks in the course of twenty years the Goths raided Ro man territories in the North Black Sea area and the East Mediterranean by land and sea. As the European side much affected by Gothic invasions could not provide supplies and ships, the provision of these raids was possible only by the use of resources obtained from the Eastern half of the Bosporan state. The cities of the Asian Bosporos including Phanagoria became the stores where ‘the Scythians’ concentrated their loot, which ensured the economic development of the Bosporan kingdom. After the defeat of the Germans in 276 followed a relatively peaceful period. The Bosporan rulers controlled their initial territory, including the Asian Bosporos. In the last third of the 4th century the Bosporan economy affected by German invasions revives significantly. Numismatic data testifies to the development of its Asiatic part, where building activities were noticeable. In Phanagoria in particular, by the late 3rd – 4th centuries its sea-port was reconstructed and in the whole appearance of the city there were important changes: rich public buildings were replaced by large wineries and dwelling houses. Ruins and traces of fire revealed at different settlements of the Taman Peninsula, hoards hidden not earlier than 341–342 tell of some unexpected attack, possibly by certain North Caucasian tribes. Phanagoria evidently avoided destruction. The city retained its original borders and continued as a prominent center of trade and industry. At some point, the life of the city was interrupted by some event, leaving traces of destruction and fire visible in its several districts. Most scholars connect this event with the coming of the Huns in the reign of Emperor Valens (364–378). However, written sources and sets of pottery from burnt layers connected with the removal of ruins before the reconstruction of the city point Л. А. Голофаст 44 to the time around mid–fifth century, even though they do not define those guilty of the event. Approximately at the same time disappear such settlements as Kepoi, Batareika I and II, Krasnoarmeiskoe, Kamennaya Batareika. Only large cities survived – Phanagoria and Hermonassa and probably some industrial centres. The events described above reduced the territory of the city: there are no traces of building activity in the South-East and South-West districts. But in the central part of the lower plateau and upon the upper one the city-life revived quickly. In the late 5th or the early 6th century the Bosporan kingdom became involved into the Byzantine sphere of influence. However, the period of relative stability under the Byzantine protection was suddenly interrupted in the middle of the 6th century. Procopius mentions the destruction of Phanagoria and Kepoi in the eighth book of his “History of Wars” accomplished in 554. On the other hand the sets of pottery from the strata of ruins and fire from the “Shore stratigraphic” trench and the “Lower city” trench as well as recent finds in the last one of two solidi of Justinian I (545–565) allow to date the strata to the time not earlier than 545 but not later than 554. It looks like after these events any active life in Phanagoria stopped for a while: there are no materials of the second half of the 6th – 7th centuries from the city necropolis, no finds of later forms of red-ware pottery from the city. A new period in the history of the city began around 665, when Bosporos was occupied by the Khazars. That was the time when burnt structures were re placed by buildings constructed after the opus spicanti technique characteristic of the 7th – 10th century Khazar architecture.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Germans – Europe, Eastern – History"
1
Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis et al. Two-lined Chestnut Borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228443.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The 2-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus) is a pest native to eastern North America, affecting oak (Quercus spp.) and chestnut (Castanea spp.). The larvae feed under the bark, leading to tree death within one to four years. While primarily a secondary pest attacking stressed trees, it can affect healthy trees during outbreaks. Recently established in Turkey, it poses a significant threat to European oak and chestnut species. There is no history of classical biological control against A. bilineatus. The parasitoid Phasgonophora sulcata, native to North America, shows potential as a biological control agent but is not species-specific. Other natural enemies, including various parasitoids and predators, have been identified, but their effectiveness and associations with A. bilineatus require further research. The potential for significant impact in Europe and the EPPO region underscores the need for monitoring and possible control measures if the pest spreads.
2
Horejs, Barbara, et Ulrike Schuh, dir. PREHISTORY & ; WEST ASIAN/NORTHEAST AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2021–2023. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, décembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/oeai.pwana2021-2023.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The long-established research of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African archaeology (the former Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, OREA) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences was transformed into a department of the »new« Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2021. This merging of several institutes into the new OeAI offers a wide range of new opportunities for basic and interdisciplinary research, which support the traditional research focus as well as the development of new projects in world archaeology. The research areas of the Department of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African Archaeology include Quaternary archaeology, Prehistory, Near Eastern archaeology and Egyptology. The groups cover an essential cultural area of prehistoric and early historical developments in Europe, Northeast Africa and West Asia. Prehistory is embedded in the world archaeology concept without geographical borders, including projects beyond this core zone, as well as a scientific and interdisciplinary approach. The focus lies in the time horizon from the Pleistocene about 2.6 million years ago to the transformation of societies into historical epochs in the 1st millennium BC. The chronological expertise of the groups covers the periods Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The archaeology of West Asia and Northeast Africa is linked to the Mediterranean and Europe, which enables large-scale and chronologically broad basic research on human history. The department consists of the following seven groups: »Quaternary Archaeology«, »Prehistoric Phenomena«, »Prehistoric Identities«, »Archaeology in Egypt and Sudan«, »Archaeology of the Levant«, »Mediterranean Economies« and »Urnfield Culture Networks«. The groups conduct fieldwork and material analyses in Austria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Greece, Cyprus, Türkiye, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Sudan and South Africa.