Articles de revues : « Geological heterogeneity »

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Fedorov, A. E., A. A. Amineva, I. R. Dilmuhametov, V. A. Krasnov et A. V. Sergeychev. « Analysis of geological heterogeneity in geological stochastic modeling ». Neftyanoe khozyaystvo - Oil Industry 9 (2019) : 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2019-9-24-28.

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Martin, C. D., et N. A. Chandler. « Stress heterogeneity and geological structures ». International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & ; Geomechanics Abstracts 30, n^o 7 (décembre 1993) : 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90059-m.

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Bagirov, B. A. « Mathematical methods revealing geological heterogeneity ». Mathematical Geology 21, n^o 6 (août 1989) : 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00898124.

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Bockhorn, Britta, Knud Erik Strøyberg Klint, Marina Bergen Jensen et Ingelise Møller. « Use of geological mapping tools to improve the hydraulic performance of SuDS ». Water Science and Technology 71, n^o 10 (18 mars 2015) : 1492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.125.

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Most cities in Denmark are situated on low permeable clay rich deposits. These sediments are of glacial origin and range among the most heterogeneous, with hydraulic conductivities spanning several orders of magnitude. This heterogeneity has obvious consequences for the sizing of sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS). We have tested methods to reveal geological heterogeneity at field scale to identify the most suitable sites for the placement of infiltration elements and to minimize their required size. We assessed the geological heterogeneity of a clay till plain in Eastern Jutland, Denmark measuring the shallow subsurface resistivity with a geoelectrical multi-electrode system. To confirm the resistivity data we conducted a spear auger mapping. The exposed sediments ranged from clay tills over sandy clay tills to sandy tills and correspond well to the geoelectrical data. To verify the value of geological information for placement of infiltration elements we carried out a number of infiltration tests on geologically different areas across the field, and we observed infiltration rates two times higher in the sandy till area than in the clay till area, thus demonstrating that the hydraulic performance of SuDS can be increased considerably and oversizing avoided if field geological heterogeneity is revealed before placing SuDS.

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Shuleikin, Vladimir. « Atmospheric Electricity, Geological Heterogeneity and Hydrogeological Processes ». Proceedings 1, n^o 5 (17 juillet 2017) : 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecas2017-04145.

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Shurygin, D. N., V. M. Kalinchenko et V. V. Shutkova. « INTERPOLATION ERROR ESTIMATION CONSIDERING GEOLOGICAL SPACE HETEROGENEITY ». MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN 5 (2018) : 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2018-5-0-113-121.

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Linsel, Adrian, Sebastian Wiesler, Joshua Haas, Kristian Bär et Matthias Hinderer. « Accounting for Local Geological Variability in Sequential Simulations—Concept and Application ». ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, n^o 6 (26 juin 2020) : 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060409.

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Heterogeneity-preserving property models of subsurface regions are commonly constructed by means of sequential simulations. Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) and direct sequential simulation (DSS) draw values from a local probability density function that is described by the simple kriging estimate and the local simple kriging variance at unsampled locations. The local simple kriging variance, however, does not necessarily reflect the geological variability being present at subsets of the target domain. In order to address that issue, we propose a new workflow that implements two modified versions of the popular SGS and DSS algorithms. Both modifications, namely, LVM-DSS and LVM-SGS, aim at simulating values by means of introducing a local variance model (LVM). The LVM is a measurement-constrained and geology-driven global representation of the locally observable variance of a property. The proposed modified algorithms construct the local probability density function with the LVM instead of using the simple kriging variance, while still using the simple kriging estimate as the best linear unbiased estimator. In an outcrop analog study, we can demonstrate that the local simple kriging variance in sequential simulations tends to underestimate the locally observed geological variability in the target domain and certainly does not account for the spatial distribution of the geological heterogeneity. The proposed simulation algorithms reproduce the global histogram, the global heterogeneity, and the considered variogram model in the range of ergodic fluctuations. LVM-SGS outperforms the other algorithms regarding the reproduction of the variogram model. While DSS and SGS generate a randomly distributed heterogeneity, the modified algorithms reproduce a geologically reasonable spatial distribution of heterogeneity instead. The new workflow allows for the integration of continuous geological trends into sequential simulations rather than using class-based approaches such as the indicator simulation technique.

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Yu, Jiang Tao, Jin Liang Zhang et Shuang Yan Chen. « Application of Three-Dimensional Fine Geological Modeling in Complex Fault-Block Reservoir with Low Permeability ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (février 2014) : 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.779.

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Three dimensional geologic modeling is a powerful tool for reservoir development stages of geological study, it can solves many traditional problems existing in geological research through the establishment of precise three dimensional geologic modeling and represents an important direction for the further development of oilfield geological research. Low permeability and thin interbed reservoir of complex fault block have the characteristics of severe heterogeneity, complex relations of oil-water distribution, poor development effect, it is necessary to built high precision three dimensional geologic modeling in the process of oilfield exploration and to fine reservoir description and prediction on this basis, finally reach the purpose of reduce the risk of development and improve the economic benefit. This paper makes geological modeling research and builds structural models sedimentary micro-facies models and phased property model for Zhuzhuang block of Jiangsu oilfield by utilizing three dimensional geologic modeling technique and petrel geology modeling software on the basis of integrated using of geology, logging, oil production test, production of dynamic information, thus it provide a solid basis for reservoir's development and adjustment.

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Colucci, Francesca, et Fabio Moia. « Thermal Response Tests and effects of geological heterogeneity ». Rendiconti online della Società Geologica Italiana 32 (novembre 2014) : 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2014.142.

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Nguyen, Hung Quoc, et Lan Cao Mai. « ON THE INVESTIGATION OF UPSCALING METHODS WITH THE PURPOSE OF RETAINING THE GEOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE SIMULATION MODEL FOR TE GIAC TRANG FIELD ». Science and Technology Development Journal 14, n^o 2 (30 juin 2011) : 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i2.1915.

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Geological model is normally built with huge number of grid cells (106 – 107 cells) in order to model in details the geological heterogeneity of an oil field. Although increasingly developed nowadays, modern computers would be faced with substantial problems size in reservoir simulation. Upscaling the geological model before running numerical simulation, therefore, is greatly important to reduce the simulation model size while retaining the geological heterogeneity of the oil field. This paper presents an overview of fundamental background on upscaling methods and reports research results in applying various upscaling methods as well as suggests the most suitable methods for Te giac trang oilfield.

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Lemenkova, Polina, et Olivier Debeir. « Seismotectonics of Shallow-Focus Earthquakes in Venezuela with Links to Gravity Anomalies and Geologic Heterogeneity Mapped by a GMT Scripting Language ». Sustainability 14, n^o 23 (30 novembre 2022) : 15966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315966.

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This paper presents a cartographic framework based on algorithms of GMT codes for mapping seismically active areas in Venezuela. The data included raster grids from GEBCO, EGM-2008, and vector geological layers from the USGS. The data were iteratively processed in the console of GMT, converted by GDAL, formatted, and mapped for geophysical data visualisation; the QGIS was applied for geological mapping. We analyzed 2000 samples of the earthquake events obtained from the IRIS seismic database with a 25-year time span (1997–2021) in order to map the seismicity. The approach to linking geological, topographic, and geophysical data using GMT scripts aimed to map correlations among the geophysical phenomena, tectonic processes, geological setting, seismicity, and earthquakes. The practical application of the GMT scripts consists in automated mapping for the visualization of geological risks and hazards in the mountainous region of the Venezuelan Andes. The proposed method integrates the approach of GMT scripts with state-of-the-art GIS techniques, which demonstrated its effectiveness as a tool for mapping spatial datasets and rapid data processing in an iterative regime. In this context, using GMT and GIS to find similarities between the regional earthquake distribution and the geological and topographic setting is essential for hazard risk assessment. This study can serve as a basis for predictive seismic analysis in geologically vulnerable regions of Venezuela. In addition to a technical demonstration of GMT algorithms, this study also contributes to geological and geophysical mapping and seismic hazard assessments in South America. We present the full scripts used for mapping in a GitHub repository.

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Vrdoljak, Ljerka, Mate Režić et Ivan Petričević. « BATHYMETRIC AND GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ADRIATIC SEA ». Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, n^o 2 (2021) : 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.2.9.

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Advance in the visualization of the bathymetric and geological data from charted to digital maps and models opened the possibility to analyse data within Geographic Information System (GIS) functionalities. In this paper, bathymetric and geological properties of the Adriatic Sea were analysed using the General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean (GEBCO) 2020 digital bathymetric model (DBM) and data from the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet). The bathymetric analysis includes depth statistics, area and volume calculation, hypsometry, and analysis of the heterogeneity of bathymetric data from the GEBCO 2020 DBM within the limits of the Adriatic defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and 3 sub-basins delineated according to the bathymetry. The geological analysis includes seabed substrate map from EMODnet data and kilometre-scale seabed variability in the Adriatic. The GEBCO 2020 DBM shows that the Adriatic Sea is a shallow sea with a mean depth of -253 metres and over 50% of area shallower than 100 metres. The area of the Adriatic Sea is 138 516 km2 with a total volume of 35 521 km3. Patterns describing morphological variability coincide with the heterogeneity of the underlying source data of the GEBCO 2020 digital bathymetry model and major structures in the Adriatic Sea.

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Mukhametshin, Vyacheslav, et Ilgizar Khakimzyanov. « Features of grouping low-producing oil deposits in carbonate reservoirs for the rational use of resources within the Ural-Volga region ». Записки Горного института 252 (17 décembre 2021) : 896–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.6.11.

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A methodology has been developed and a procedure for selecting homogeneous groups has been implemented using a set of parameters characterizing the properties of formation fluids, layering conditions, geological and physical properties of formations at different levels of the hierarchy. An algorithm for identifying deposits for monitoring and justifying measures to improve the efficiency of development management is proposed. A justification for the selection of associative groups of long-term developed objects using the parameters of geological heterogeneity according to different tectonic-stratigraphic elements is presented. To reduce the degree of uncertainty in the evaluation of objects by the degree and nature of geological heterogeneity, the parameters reflecting the degree of uncertainty of the system using complex characteristics are proposed. For different deposit associations, a different influence of the features of the object structure on the degree of their division has been established. In the process of deposit drilling, as additional information about development objects is obtained, it is necessary to specify the nature of the distinguished groups of objects first of all based on the use of characteristics of geological heterogeneity. Comparison of various grouping options shows the need to take into account the geological heterogeneity of objects during their drilling. The identification of groups of objects using a limited number of parameters is approximate, but at the stage of drafting the first design documents, it is possible to solve certain tasks aimed at determining the strategy for the development of deposits

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Lucia, F. Jerry, et Graham E. Fogg. « Geological/Stochastic Mapping of Heterogeneity in a Carbonate Reservoir ». Journal of Petroleum Technology 42, n^o 10 (1 octobre 1990) : 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19597-pa.

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Eaton, Timothy T. « On the importance of geological heterogeneity for flow simulation ». Sedimentary Geology 184, n^o 3-4 (février 2006) : 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.002.

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Tamayo-Mas, E., H. Mustapha et R. Dimitrakopoulos. « Testing geological heterogeneity representations for enhanced oil recovery techniques ». Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 146 (octobre 2016) : 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.04.027.

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Yu, Sheng Yun, Chang He Song et Hai Ying Xu. « Study of Scale-Down Method for Dense Grid Points ». Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (août 2013) : 3011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.3011.

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The data of three-dimension geological models are very large, this kind of three -dimension geological model can not be directly used for numerical simulation and must be scaled down. The reservoir parameters, especially permeability, are scaled down by the simple renormalization method. The interbeds and parts of strong heterogeneity are filled back. The simple renormalization method is good through evaluation , not only it reduces the number of grid points, but also retains reservoir heterogeneity.

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MacCormack, Kelsey, Emmanuelle Arnaud et Beth L. Parker. « Using a multiple variogram approach to improve the accuracy of subsurface geological models ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, n^o 7 (juillet 2018) : 786–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0112.

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Subsurface geological models are often used to visualize and analyze the nature, geometry, and variability of geologic and hydrogeologic units in the context of groundwater resource studies. The development of three-dimensional (3D) subsurface geological models covering increasingly larger model domains has steadily increased in recent years, in step with the rapid development of computing technology and software, and the increasing need to understand and manage groundwater resources at the regional scale. The models are then used by decision makers to guide activities and policies related to source water protection, well field development, and industrial or agricultural water use. It is important to ensure that the modelling techniques and procedures are able to accurately delineate and characterize the heterogeneity of the various geological environments included within the regional model domain. The purpose of this study is to examine if 3D stratigraphic models covering complex Quaternary deposits can be improved by splitting the regional model into multiple submodels based on the degree of variability observed between surrounding data points and informed by expert geological knowledge of the geological–depositional framework. This is demonstrated using subsurface data from the Paris Moraine area near Guelph in southern Ontario. The variogram models produced for each submodel region were able to better characterize the data variability, resulting in a more geologically realistic interpolation of the entire model domain as demonstrated by the comparison of the model output with preexisting maps of surficial geology and bedrock topography as well as depositional models for these complex glacial environments. Importantly, comparison between model outputs reveals significant differences in the resulting subsurface stratigraphy, complexity, and variability, which would in turn impact groundwater flow model predictions.

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Pakyuz-Charrier, Evren, Mark Jessell, Jérémie Giraud, Mark Lindsay et Vitaliy Ogarko. « Topological analysis in Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation ». Solid Earth 10, n^o 5 (10 octobre 2019) : 1663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1663-2019.

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Abstract. This paper proposes and demonstrates improvements for the Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation (MCUP) method. MCUP is a type of Bayesian Monte Carlo method aimed at input data uncertainty propagation in implicit 3-D geological modeling. In the Monte Carlo process, a series of statistically plausible models is built from the input dataset of which uncertainty is to be propagated to a final probabilistic geological model or uncertainty index model. Significant differences in terms of topology are observed in the plausible model suite that is generated as an intermediary step in MCUP. These differences are interpreted as analogous to population heterogeneity. The source of this heterogeneity is traced to be the non-linear relationship between plausible datasets' variability and plausible model's variability. Non-linearity is shown to mainly arise from the effect of the geometrical rule set on model building which transforms lithological continuous interfaces into discontinuous piecewise ones. Plausible model heterogeneity induces topological heterogeneity and challenges the underlying assumption of homogeneity which global uncertainty estimates rely on. To address this issue, a method for topological analysis applied to the plausible model suite in MCUP is introduced. Boolean topological signatures recording lithological unit adjacency are used as n-dimensional points to be considered individually or clustered using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm. The proposed method is tested on two challenging synthetic examples with varying levels of confidence in the structural input data. Results indicate that topological signatures constitute a powerful discriminant to address plausible model heterogeneity. Basic topological signatures appear to be a reliable indicator of the structural behavior of the plausible models and provide useful geological insights. Moreover, ignoring heterogeneity was found to be detrimental to the accuracy and relevance of the probabilistic geological models and uncertainty index models. Highlights. Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation (MCUP) methods often produce topologically distinct plausible models. Plausible models can be differentiated using topological signatures. Topologically similar probabilistic geological models may be obtained through topological signature clustering.

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Yu, Sheng Yun, Dong Su et Hai Ying Xu. « Study of Scale-Down Method to Maintain Reservoir Heterogeneity ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (février 2013) : 2766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2766.

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Because of the limited hardware technical level, we seldom use the three-dimensional geological model with a huge amount of data directly for numerical simulation, we must reduce the amount of data.In this paper we use a part of some oilfield as an example, we scale down the parameter of permeability by the harmonic mean method and we use the grid backfilling technology for parts which have interbeds or strong heterogeneity. We evaluate scale-down model by contrast of model maps, colour graphs of frequency distribution, heterogeneous parameters, errors compare, correlation coefficients compare and calculation time-consuming. The scale-down geological model has less grids and maintains reservoir heterogeneity.

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Rathburn, A. E., L. A. Levin, M. Tryon, J. M. Gieskes, J. B. Martin, M. E. Pérez, F. J. Fodrie et al. « Geological and biological heterogeneity of the Aleutian margin (1965–4822m) ». Progress in Oceanography 80, n^o 1-2 (janvier 2009) : 22–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.002.

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Savoy, Heather, Thomas Kalbacher, Peter Dietrich et Yoram Rubin. « Geological heterogeneity : Goal-oriented simplification of structure and characterization needs ». Advances in Water Resources 109 (novembre 2017) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.08.017.

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Shakhverdiev, A. Kh, S. V. Arefyev, A. A. Polishchuk, B. P. Vaynerman, R. R. Yunusov et A. V. Denisov. « Updating a reservoir geological model in order to optimize waterflooding when extracting residual oil reserves from stagnant zones ». Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration 63, n^o 5 (30 août 2021) : 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-5-28-41.

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Background. In the Russian Federation, as well as in many other oil and gas producing countries, waterflooding technology is frequently used as a secondary method of oil production. This technology is aimed, on the one hand, at reservoir pressure maintenance (RPM), and, on the other, at enhancing oil recovery and intensifying oil production. The negative consequences of non-stationary waterflooding can be the premature watering of the produced wells and the imbalance of the reservoir pressure maintenance system, as well as the formation of stagnant and weakly drained zones of the reservoir with residual reserves of hard-to-recover oil.Aim. To improve the efficiency of non-stationary waterflooding under the conditions of high geological and anthropogenic heterogeneity of oil and gas reservoirs in a floating oil reservoir propped up by edge and bottom waters.Materials and methods. We used geological and field information collected on the site of the AB1-2 development object of the Kechimovskoye field in the Western Siberian region. A new methodological approach to optimizing the process of non-stationary waterflooding under complicated conditions of geological and anthropogenic heterogeneity is proposed, including the construction of an improved geological model and the solution of a number of experimental problems using the Hurst method, the Pareto distribution principle and the theory of catastrophes.Results. Using a new version of the geological model of the area of the AB1-2 development object of the Kechimovskoye field and the available geological and field information, we clarified the position of the oil-water contact (OWC) and the correlation of the well section, taking into account the working intervals of production and injection wells. Geological and technical measures were formulated to improve the efficiency of the object under development.Conclusions. An effective development of the geologically complex AB1-2object of the Kechimovskoye field is impossible without updating its geological model. Such updating should be aimed at determining the location of residual reserves in the area and section of the reservoirs, identifying the regularities of the mechanism of oil reserve recovery, assessing the efficiency of the reservoir pressure maintenance system, and developing complex geological-technological measures for achieving the approved value of the final oil recovery factor. The expected efficiency of the proposed optimization methodology provides for additional oil production, a reduction in the flow rate of injected and withdrawal of produced water.

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Zhao, Hong Bing, Xue Li, Feng Hua Wang et Yong Bei Cui. « Three-Dimensional Structure Modeling in Tuo128 Block of Shengtuo Oilfield ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (décembre 2012) : 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.563.

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Three-dimensional geological modeling techniques, developed from 1980s, is a new geological technology used to make reservoir fine description and geological characterization with the combination of seismic, geological and reservoir exploration and development based on geostatistics. Three-dimensional geological modeling can achieve the quantitative characterization of the reservoir and heterogeneity of various scales. So far, it has been the most important content of reservoir description, what’s more, three-dimensional structure modeling can improve the accuracy and reliability of fine reservoir description through the establishment of three-dimensional reservoir model, the quantitative distribution of three-dimensional reservoir parameters and geometry.

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Fagereng, Å., et A. Beall. « Is complex fault zone behaviour a reflection of rheological heterogeneity ? » Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, n^o 2193 (février 2021) : 20190421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0421.

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Fault slip speeds range from steady plate boundary creep through to earthquake slip. Geological descriptions of faults range from localized displacement on one or more discrete planes, through to distributed shearing flow in tabular zones of finite thickness, indicating a large range of possible strain rates in natural faults. We review geological observations and analyse numerical models of two-phase shear zones to discuss the degree and distribution of fault zone heterogeneity and effects on active fault slip style. There must be certain conditions that produce earthquakes, creep and slip at intermediate velocities. Because intermediate slip styles occur over large ranges in temperature, the controlling conditions must be effects of fault properties and/or other dynamic variables. We suggest that the ratio of bulk driving stress to frictional yield strength, and viscosity contrasts within the fault zone, are critical factors. While earthquake nucleation requires the frictional yield to be reached, steady viscous flow requires conditions far from the frictional yield. Intermediate slip speeds may arise when driving stress is sufficient to nucleate local frictional failure by stress amplification, or local frictional yield is lowered by fluid pressure, but such failure is spatially limited by surrounding shear zone stress heterogeneity. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding earthquakes using the geological record’.

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Ganjeh-Ghazvini, Mostafa, Mohsen Masihi et Morteza Baghalha. « Study of heterogeneity loss in upscaling of geological maps by introducing a cluster-based heterogeneity number ». Physica A : Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 436 (octobre 2015) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.05.010.

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Chudinova, D. Yu, D. S. Urakov, Sh Kh Sultanov, Yu A. Kotenev et Y. D. B. Atse. « Improvement of oil recovery factor from geological perspectives ». SOCAR Proceedings, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20210200491.

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At a late stage of development of any oilfield, there are big number of factors that affect recovery factor. One of them is related to presence of isolated zones, that were caused by combination of poor reservoir and oil properties of a rock. To solve the given problem variety of workover operations and enhance oil recovery (EOR) methods can be appled for the complex reservoirs such as Tevlinsko-Russinskoe oilfield. The number of particular studies were presented by reviewing of field data, construction of heterogeneity zones, revision of workover operations and selection of EOR methods. It has obtained that the reservoir has the lenticular structure, consists from 9 different facies and presented by 4 classes of heterogeneity. The immiscible gas injections of Nitrogen were selected as the most suitable EOR method for the given oilfield. Application of different composition of brine water was reccomended for wettability alteration.

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Jacquemyn, Carl, Margaret E. H. Pataki, Gary J. Hampson, Matthew D. Jackson, Dmytro Petrovskyy, Sebastian Geiger, Clarissa C. Marques et al. « Sketch-based interface and modelling of stratigraphy and structure in three dimensions ». Journal of the Geological Society 178, n^o 4 (22 février 2021) : jgs2020–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-187.

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Geological modelling is widely used to predict resource potential in subsurface reservoirs. However, modelling is often slow, requires use of mathematical methods that are unfamiliar to many geoscientists, and is implemented in expert software. We demonstrate here an alternative approach using sketch-based interface and modelling, which allows rapid creation of complex three-dimensional (3D) models from 2D sketches. Sketches, either on vertical cross-sections or in map-view, are converted to 3D surfaces that outline geological interpretations. We propose a suite of geological operators that handle interactions between the surfaces to form a geologically realistic 3D model. These operators deliver the flexibility to sketch a geological model in any order and provide an intuitive framework for geoscientists to rapidly create 3D models. Two case studies are presented, demonstrating scenarios in which different approaches to model sketching are used depending on the geological setting and available data. These case studies show the strengths of sketching with geological operators. Sketched 3D models can be queried visually or quantitatively to provide insights into heterogeneity distribution, facies connectivity or dynamic model behaviour; this information cannot be obtained by sketching in 2D or on paper.Supplementary material: Rapid Reservoir Modelling prototype (executable and source code) is available at: https://bitbucket.org/rapidreservoirmodelling/rrm. Supplementary screen recordings for the different case studies showing sketch-based modelling in action are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5084141 and supplementary figure S1-S4 are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5303043

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Gerginov, Peter. « Geological and tectonic preconditions for hydraulic heterogeneity of the rocks in the area of the Gotse Delchev valley ». Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 35, n^o 1 (décembre 2021) : 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/igh.35.1.51.

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Hydrogeological conditions largely depend on the permeability of the geological environment. In areas with complex geological and tectonic conditions, the detection of hydraulic heterogeneity of the rocks and determination of groundwater-rich zones is a challenge for hydrogeological practice. The aim of the study is to analyze the geological and tectonic prerequisites for hydraulic heterogeneity of the sediments for the Gotse Delchev valley (Southwestern Bulgaria), which predetermine the degree of their water productivity. In order to obtain more precise data for specific sites, a geophysical survey was conducted. The Self-Potential method was chosen, which is one of the most commonly used techniques for applications for hydrogeological purposes. The results of the geophysical survey carried out in selected sites allowed to locate groundwater-rich zones, to establish the depth of occurrence of hard low permeable rocks, as well as to confirm the presence of faults.

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Chernyshev, Sergey Nikolaevich, Tat’yana Valentinovna Zommer et Andrey Aleksandrovich Lavrusevich. « Method of determining the filtration heterogeneity of a rock mass of hydraulic structure foundation ». Vestnik MGSU, n^o 2 (février 2016) : 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.2.116-125.

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N THE ARTICLE THE AUTHOR’S TECHNIQUE OF ESTIMATING THE FLOW HETEROGENEITY OF A ROCK MASS OF WATERWORKS FOUNDATION IS CONSIDERED. THE METHOD FOR ALLOCATING THE ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE FILTRATION HETEROGENEITY OF ROCKY SOILS IS UPDATED ON THE EXAMPLE OF BOGUCHANSKAYA HPP ON THE ANGARA RIVER. THE AUTHORS INVESTIGATED THE APPLICABILITY OF THE PROPOSED METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FILTRATION INHOMOGENEITY OF A ROCK FOUNDATION OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES IN ORDER TO BETTER HIGHLIGHT THE ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BOGUCHANY HYDROELECTRIC COMPLEX. WHEN ANALYZING THE FACTUAL MATERIAL BY THE RESULTS OF ABOUT 1000 FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS FROM GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND IN ORDER TO SEPARATE THE DATA, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THREE ROCKY SOIL MASSES. THE FIRST MASSIF IS THE RIGHT BANK OF THE FOLDED THICKNESS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS THAT SLOPE TOWARDS THE RIVER AND IS SUBJECT TO SIGNIFICANT SUPERGENE CHANGES. THE SECOND MASSIF INCLUDES UNDERFLOW AND LEFT-COAST SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, WHICH ARE LESS ALTERED BY SUPERGENE PROCESSES THAN THE RIGHT COAST FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS. THE THIRD ARRAY CONSISTS OF DOLERITE UNDER THE RIVERBED AND ON THE RIGHT BANK. FOR THESE THREE ARRAYS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF THE FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS, WE HAVE BUILT HISTOGRAMS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF LGQ AND DIFFERENTIAL CURVES OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIFIC ABSORPTION FOR DOLERITES IN THE AREA KODINSKY OF THE BOGUCHANSKAYA HPP. THEN IN THE HISTOGRAM WE IDENTIFIED THE CORRESPONDING VALUES OF THE MODAL COMPONENTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND FOUND THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR EACH OF THE SELECTED DISTRIBUTIONS, AS WELL AS THE MEAN VALUE AND THE VARIANCE. FOR FURTHER OPERATIONS, WE COMPUTED THE STANDARD DEVIATION S FOR EACH OF THE DISTRIBUTIONS. THE DEGREE OF FRACTURE IS EVALUATED BY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INDICATOR OF PERMEABILITY, THEREFORE, THE MAIN GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRACKS ARE THEIR WIDTH AND LENGTH, AND ONLY AFTER ALL THIS WILL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THEIR FREQUENCY. THEN WE BEGIN SEARCHING THE LOCATIONS ON A SECTION OF FRACTURE ZONES, WHICH CORRESPOND TO THE COMPONENTS IN THE DISTRIBUTION FORMULA. SO WE DISTINGUISH THE SUMMANDS OF THE SUM ON THE FORMULA DISTRIBUTION: FOR SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF THE RIVERBED - 3; FOR DOLERITE - 3; FOR A MASSIF OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ON THE RIGHT BANK WITH THE MOST COMPLEX STRUCTURE - 6 ZONES WITH DIFFERENT FRACTURE. THE DETERMINATION OF ZONES WITH DIFFERENT FRACTURING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DESCRIBED PROCEDURE ALLOWED US TO CONSTRUCT A RESULTING FILTRATION SECTION FOR THE THREE MASSIFS. AS A RESULT, ACCORDING TO THE ABOVE METHOD, BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF FACTUAL MATERIAL, INCLUDING THE RESULTS OF NUMEROUS FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS, THE AUTHORS CONSTRUCTED THE RESULTING FILTRATION HYDROGEOLOGICAL SECTION. THIS TECHNIQUE IS STATISTICAL AND GENETIC IN NATURE, THEREFORE IT SEEMS MORE EFFECTIVE COMPARED WITH THE METHOD OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS RECOMMENDED IN THE APPENDIX TO SNIP. THUS, THE PROPOSED FORMALIZED METHODOLOGY FOR THE SEPARATION OF ROCK SOILS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF HPP TO INDIVIDUAL ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL MASS FILTRATION TESTING OF DRILLING WELLS HAS ALLOWED US TO ISOLATE THE HETEROGENEOUS FRACTURE PERMEABILITY AND GEOTECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE BASIS OF HPP (IN THE CASE OF THE BOGUCHANSKAYA HPP, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED 11 ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS), AND ALLOWED US TO FIND THE BOUNDARIES OF ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS. IN ADDITION, WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVE VALUES OF FILTRATION COEFFICIENT FOR EACH ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENT INDICATING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN VALUE AT THE 95 % CONFIDENCE LEVEL.

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Zeng, Yuchao, Fangdi Sun et Haizhen Zhai. « Effect of Vertical Permeability Heterogeneity in Stratified Formation on Electricity Generation Performance of Enhanced Geothermal System ». Processes 9, n^o 5 (22 avril 2021) : 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050744.

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Because geologic sedimentation and hydrofracturing processes are not homogeneous, the reservoirs of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) are also heterogeneous; this has a significant influence on the electricity generation performance of EGS. Presently, there are a lack of systematic and profound studies on the effect of vertical permeability heterogeneity in stratified formation on the electricity generation performance of EGS. In order to uncover the effect of vertical permeability heterogeneity on electricity generation performance of EGS, in this work we analyzed the influence of vertical permeability heterogeneity on electricity generation performance of EGS through a numerical method based on geological data at the Yangbajing geothermal field. The results indicate that when the average permeability of stratified formations is constant for a homogeneous reservoir, the system attains maximum water production rate, maximum electric power, minimum reservoir impedance and maximum pump power; with the increasing of the vertical permeability heterogeneity, the water production rate gradually decreases, the electric power gradually declines, the reservoir impedance gradually increases and the pump power gradually declines. When the average permeability of stratified formations is constant, with the increasing of the vertical permeability heterogeneity, the injection pressure and energy efficiency only changes very slightly; this indicates that the vertical permeability heterogeneity is not the main factor affecting the system injection pressure and energy efficiency.

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Sanina, I. « GEODYNAMICS ». GEODYNAMICS 2(11)2011, n^o 2(11) (20 septembre 2011) : 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2011.02.072.

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Results of comparison of a geological structure of environment along traces of seismic rays from explosions in open pits and the registered form of record at the GO “Mikhnevo” are resulted. It is shown, that among the factors, defining “a wave portrait” of explosion, are the presence of fractures and the geological structures of different age specifying azimuthal heterogeneity of EEP structure.

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Kessler, Timo Christian, Alessandro Comunian, Fabio Oriani, Philippe Renard, Bertel Nilsson, Knud Erik Klint et Poul Løgstrup Bjerg. « Modeling Fine-Scale Geological Heterogeneity-Examples of Sand Lenses in Tills ». Groundwater 51, n^o 5 (18 décembre 2012) : 692–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01015.x.

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Ren, Huan Song, Shuang Fang Lu et Dian Shi Xiao. « Interpretation Methods and Application of Small Faults ». Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (juin 2014) : 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.132.

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It is difficult to distinguish off from <5m fault in sections, because lateral variation of the amplitude and changes arising from differential compaction sand. Seismic coherence cube is to highlight those irrelevant seismic data. Draw three-dimensional seismic coherence with Partial wave analysis in the longitudinal and transverse. Ant agents: the ant, which found in the seismic data volume to meet the pre-fracture conditions, will release of a “signal”. It can call other regions ant for focusing on the breaks in its tracks, until the completion of the fault tracking and identification. Structural heterogeneity imaging can generate several geological attribute bodies, when compound with different geological attribute volume to different geology research target. It can extrude geologic feature we needed. Identifying a series of small faults which development between the main faults using a variety of small faults interpretation. Discovering and implementation of a number of block trap.

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Park, Changhyup, Jaehwan Oh, Suryeom Jo, Ilsik Jang et Kun Sang Lee. « Multi-Objective Optimization of CO2 Sequestration in Heterogeneous Saline Aquifers under Geological Uncertainty ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 20 (19 octobre 2021) : 9759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209759.

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This paper presents a Pareto-based multi-objective optimization for operating CO2 sequestration with a multi-well system under geological uncertainty; the optimal well allocation, i.e., the optimal allocation of CO2 rates at injection wells, is obtained when there is minimum operation pressure as well as maximum sequestration efficiency. The distance-based generalized sensitivity analysis evaluates the influence of geological uncertainty on the amount of CO2 sequestration through four injection wells at 3D heterogeneous saline aquifers. The spatial properties significantly influencing the trapping volume, in descending order of influence, are mean sandstone porosity, mean sandstone permeability, shale volume ratio, and the Dykstra–Parsons coefficient of permeability. This confirms the importance of storable capacity and heterogeneity in quantitatively analyzing the trapping mechanisms. Multi-objective optimization involves the use of two aquifer models relevant to heterogeneity; one is highly heterogeneous and the other is less so. The optimal well allocations converge to non-dominated solutions and result in a large injection through one specific well, which generates the wide spread of a highly mobile CO2 plume. As the aquifer becomes heterogeneous with a large shale volume and a high Dykstra–Parsons coefficient, the trapping performances of the combined structural and residual sequestration plateau relatively early. The results discuss the effects of spatial heterogeneity on achieving CO2 geological storage, and they provide an operation strategy including multi-objective optimization.

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Zhang, Zhaoyang, Ning Du, Chunxia Pu, Zhijian Gu et Zhekun Zhou. « Environmental heterogeneity decides bio-heterogeneity of the Spiraea japonica complex (Rosaceae) in China ». Australian Journal of Botany 56, n^o 1 (2008) : 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07111.

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Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint was the measure used to reveal the patterns of genetic variation within the Spiraea japonica L. f. complex, in the context of physical environment differentiation stemming from the Himalaya–Tibet plateau uplift, the most significant geological event in eastern Asia since the late Paleocene. The complex displays obvious genetic heterogeneity among geographic populations, which was greater in south-western China than in eastern China. The uplift of the Himalaya–Tibet plateau, and consequent increase in environmental complexity in south-western China, is presumed to be responsible for this genetic structure. The obvious genetic heterogeneity among populations or varieties of the S. japonica complex indicates that the rich biodiversity in south-western China is possibly based on genetic variation, suggesting that the biodiversity centre of south-western China represents a tremendous gene pool. It also supports the idea that the protected area and conservation investment made in south-western China should be further augmented. In addition, the greater genetic heterogeneity displayed by plants in south-western China suggests that conservation plans in this region should be more inclusive than those in eastern China.

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Dubei, N. « THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OF LAYERS ON THE WORK OF UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE FACILITIES ». Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, n^o 2 (85) (2019) : 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.85.09.

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As a result of the analysis of studies in the field of the creation and operation of underground gas storage facilities (PSG) in the conditions of heterogeneous reservoirs, the lack of a comprehensive method for incorporating the heterogeneity factor at the stage of their design is established. As a result, there is a significant overestimation of project indicators comparing to actual and a decrease in the efficiency of the operation of the subsystem. In this article, the author presents methodological developments for the account of the heterogeneity of the reservoir at the design stage of the UGS, which contains specific proposals for the refinement of initial stocks and gas-saturated reservoir volume by reinterpreting the dependence of reduced reservoir pressure on the total amount of gas in underground gas storage. The purpose of this work is to assess the impact of geological and industrial factors on the technological performance of the PSG, created in exhausted gas deposits, by comparing the characteristics of the work of Oparsky and Bogorodchansky UGS. To achieve this goal, the geologicalindustrial features of the Oparsky and Bogorodchansky UGS have been investigated; the methodology for studying geological heterogeneity has been developed; the influence of geological factors on the technological parameters of the operation of the UHF is investigated. The results of the study are of practical importance. The use of the methodology for studying the nature of the heterogeneity of reservoir layers is necessary in the design of new gas storage facilities and in the adjustment of technological projects on gas-fired power stations that are in operation and created in non-uniform collectors.

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Zhang, Wu, Hu, Yeh, Hao et Lv. « Fine Characterization of the Effects of Aquifer Heterogeneity on Solute Transport : A Numerical Sandbox Experiment ». Water 11, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2019) : 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112295.

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Hydraulic conductivity (K) and the specific storage coefficient (S) are among the most important hydrogeological parameters of an aquifer. Traditionally, the hydrogeological parameters of a field aquifer system are mainly determined through a range of experiments that are both time-consuming and of poor operability. To accurately characterize aquifer heterogeneity, a synthetic sandbox is constructed using VSAFT2 (Variably Saturated Flow and Transport utilizing the Modified Method of Characteristics, in 2D) as a reference aquifer system by incorporating multilevel a priori geologic information into the sandbox configuration. The spatial distribution of the field of hydraulic conductivity (i.e., K) is inversely obtained by hydraulic tomography (HT). Then HT is compared with traditional kriging-estimated method in the fine characterization of aquifer heterogeneity, and the optimal K field is eventually selected to predict the solute transport. The influence of the number of pumping cycles on the accuracy of heterogeneity characterization is also discussed. The results show that the accuracy of the inversely obtained K field is improved with the increased number of pumping cycles. When incorporating multilevel a priori geological information, HT can characterize aquifer heterogeneity more finely than traditional kriging, and there is also a very good fitting of solute transport between the optimally estimated K field and the reference K field. Our study highlights the importance of the fine characterization of aquifer heterogeneity for the prediction of solute transport.

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Salikhov, Ravil, Konstantin Garanin, Alexander Tolstov, Oleg Kovalchuk, Victor Garanin, Vitaly Polyanichko et Anna Nikiforova. « Geology and mineral composition of Zarya kimberlite pipe, western Yakutia ». Domestic geology, n^o 6 (22 janvier 2021) : 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2020-10030.

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The geological and tectonic settings of new primary low-grade diamond deposit, the Zarya pipe (Alakit-Markhinsky kimberlite field, Yakutian diamond province, Western Yakutia, Russia), are discussed. Data on the geological structure of the diatreme, mineral composition and kimberlite diamond content is presented. The factors determining the vertical and lateral heterogeneity of the mineral-indicative characteristics of kimberlites, diamond assemblage minerals, and diamonds are considered. It is concluded that diamond quality and grades increase with depth.

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Takase, Hiroyasu, Manabu Inagaki et Yasuhiro Suyama. « Implication of spatial heterogeneity in geological environment to development of disposal concept ». Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Environment 13, n^o 1 (2006) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jnuce.13.13.

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Karpin, V. A., A. B. Gudkov, O. I. Shuvalova et O. N. Popova. « GEOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE EARTH CRUST AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER ». Human Ecology, n^o 8 (18 août 2020) : 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2020-8-15-19.

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Spirina, Е. А., S. A. Rabtsevich, D. R. Mulyukov et A. V. Kolonskikh. « Express method for determining development system parameters taking into account geological heterogeneity ». Neftyanoe khozyaystvo - Oil Industry 3 (2020) : 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2020-3-54-57.

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Khramova, E. P., I. G. Boyarskikh, O. V. Chankina et K. P. Kutsenogii. « SR XRF Analysis for studying plants in an area of geological heterogeneity ». Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 6, n^o 3 (mai 2012) : 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1027451012050096.

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Cordes, Erik E., Marina R. Cunha, Joëlle Galéron, Camilo Mora, Karine Olu-Le Roy, Myriam Sibuet, Saskia Van Gaever, Ann Vanreusel et Lisa A. Levin. « The influence of geological, geochemical, and biogenic habitat heterogeneity on seep biodiversity ». Marine Ecology 31, n^o 1 (12 novembre 2009) : 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00334.x.

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Ashraf, Meisam. « Geological storage of CO 2 : Heterogeneity impact on the behavior of pressure ». International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 28 (septembre 2014) : 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.06.018.

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Li, Yukun, Faming Zhang, Tian-Chyi Jim Yeh, Xiaolan Hou et Menglong Dong. « Cross-Correlation Analysis of the Stability of Heterogeneous Slopes ». Water 15, n^o 6 (9 mars 2023) : 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061050.

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Geologic material properties of hillslopes are inherently heterogeneous, with complex layering structures due to geological deposition processes. Lacking detailed sampling of the properties’ spatial distribution has led to the stochastic representation of the properties to address uncertainty in the hillslope stability evaluation. This study treats the spatial distributions of the shear strength parameters, the cohesion (c), and the internal friction angle (φ), in a synthetic two-dimensional slope as stochastic random fields characterized by their means, variances, and correlation scales. This study then evaluates the cross-correlation between these parameters and the factor of safety (FS) using unconditional Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Different from classical sensitivity analyses, the cross-correlation analysis of FS and the stochastic parameter fields stresses the importance of the orientation of the large-scale geological layering, the correlation between the geological media’s cohesion, and the internal friction angle at the local scale on the probability and uncertainty of failure of the heterogeneous hillslope. The analysis further guides the field sampling strategy to reduce uncertainty in the slope stability analysis due to unknown heterogeneity. More importantly, it suggests the location of stability reinforcement measures. The results of this study provide cost-effective tools for geoengineers to deal with field slope stability analysis under uncertainty.

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Yan, Yiming, Liqiang Zhang et Xiaorong Luo. « Modeling Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Structures of Reservoir Lithofacies Using Two-Dimensional Digital Outcrops ». Energies 13, n^o 16 (6 août 2020) : 4082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164082.

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Reservoir heterogeneity is a key geological problem that restricts oil and gas exploration and development of clastic rocks from the early to late stages. Existing reservoir heterogeneity modeling methods such as multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) can accurately model the two-dimensional anisotropic structures of reservoir lithofacies. However, three-dimensional training images are required to construct three-dimensional reservoir lithofacies anisotropic structures models, and the method to use reservoir heterogeneity model of fewer-dimensional to obtain a three-dimensional model has become a much-focused research topic. In this study, the outcrops of the second member of Qingshuihe Formation (K1q2) in the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, which are lower cretaceous rocks, were the research target. The three-dimensional reservoir heterogeneity model of the K1q2 outcrop was established based on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) digital outcrops model and MPS techniques, and the “sequential two-dimensional conditioning data” (s2Dcd) method was modified based on a sensitivity parameter analysis. Results of the parametric sensitivity analysis revealed that the isotropic multigrid simulations demonstrate poor performance because of the lack of three-dimensional training images, conditioning data that are horizontally discrete and vertically continuous, and distribution of lithofacies that are characterized by large horizontal continuities and small thicknesses. The reservoir lithofacies anisotropic structure reconstructions performed well with anisotropic multigrids. The simulation sequence of two-dimensional surfaces for generating the three-dimensional anisotropic structure of reservoir lithofacies models should be reasonably planned according to the actual geological data and limited hard data. In additional to this, the conditional probability density function of each two-dimensional training image should be fully utilized. The simulation results using only one two-dimensional section will have several types of noises, which is not consistent with the actual geological background. The anisotropic multigrid simulations and two-dimensional training image simulation sequence, proposed in this paper as “cross mesh, refinement step by step”, effectively reduced the noise generated, made full use of the information from the two-dimensional training image, and reconstructed the three-dimensional reservoir lithofacies anisotropic structures models, thus conforming to the actual geological conditions.

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Li, Xu Tao, Qing Fu Lin et Chang Song Lin. « Application of Geological Modeling in Carbonate Reservoirs ». Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (janvier 2012) : 2033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2033.

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Stochastic modeling technology of reservoirs has been broadly applied in clastic reservoirs while scarcely applied in carbonate reservoirs. The heterogeneity in carbonate rocks more severe than that in clastic rocks leads to more tough problems for geological modeling precisely. Taking into account of the difficulties such as extensive area to be modeled, insufficient drilling information, incomplete seismic interpretation data, lack of facies controlling constraints and sophisticated gas-water contact, a solution is proposed in this paper in which the inversed information of reservoir thickness is used as plane constraints during attribute simulation, two gas fields are constrained by different correlation coefficients and precise geological models have been set up finally through reserve calculation by use of variable gas-water contact, obtaining good results and providing a reference for this type of geological modeling.

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Bulatov, V., N. Igenbaeva, O. Biryukova et O. Nanishvili. « Characteristics of Reservoir Properties and Formation Heterogeneity of the Yu2-3 of the Zapadno-Tugrovskoye Oil Field ». Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, n^o 9 (15 septembre 2020) : 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/09.

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The paper analyzes geological and geophysical materials in order to study reservoir properties and formation heterogeneity of the Yu2-3 of the Tyumen formation based on the materials of geophysical studies of wells drilled at the Zapadno-Tugrovskoye field. The information analysis of morphological complexity and heterogeneity of the structure of the productive layer Yu2-3, which have a negative impact on the nature and process of development of hydrocarbon reserves within individual areas of the Deposit, is presented.

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Jones, Lewis A., Christopher D. Dean, Philip D. Mannion, Alexander Farnsworth et Peter A. Allison. « Spatial sampling heterogeneity limits the detectability of deep time latitudinal biodiversity gradients ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 288, n^o 1945 (24 février 2021) : 20202762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2762.

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The latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG), in which species richness decreases from tropical to polar regions, is a pervasive pattern of the modern biosphere. Although the distribution of fossil occurrences suggests this pattern has varied through deep time, the recognition of palaeobiogeographic patterns is hampered by geological and anthropogenic biases. In particular, spatial sampling heterogeneity has the capacity to impact upon the reconstruction of deep time LBGs. Here we use a simulation framework to test the detectability of three different types of LBG (flat, unimodal and bimodal) over the last 300 Myr. We show that heterogeneity in spatial sampling significantly impacts upon the detectability of genuine LBGs, with known biodiversity patterns regularly obscured after applying the spatial sampling window of fossil collections. Sampling-standardization aids the reconstruction of relative biodiversity gradients, but cannot account for artefactual absences introduced by geological and anthropogenic biases. Therefore, we argue that some previous studies might have failed to recover the ‘true’ LBG type owing to incomplete and heterogeneous sampling, particularly between 200 and 20 Ma. Furthermore, these issues also have the potential to bias global estimates of past biodiversity, as well as inhibit the recognition of extinction and radiation events.

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