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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Geographical perception »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 30 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Geographical perception"

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Proffitt, Dennis R. « Affordances matter in geographical slant perception ». Psychonomic Bulletin & ; Review 16, n^o 5 (octobre 2009) : 970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.16.5.970.

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Lee, Minboo. « Geographical Perception in Lee Hyoseok’s Literary Works ». Association of Korean Cultural and Historical Geographers 29, n^o 4 (22 novembre 2017) : 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29349/jchg.2017.29.4.22.

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Dushkova, Diana, Sebastian Lentz, Monika Micheel, Alexander Evseev et Boris Kochurov. « ENVIRONMENT IN THE HUMAN PERCEPTION : GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS ». GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 4, n^o 4 (1 janvier 2011) : 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2011-4-4-48-56.

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Grcic, Mirko. « Cvijic's perception of geographical position of Serbia ». Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 88, n^o 2 (2008) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0802003g.

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Jovan Cvijic was a great geographer from the first half of 20th century. In this article, we considered the issue of position and role that Serbia has at Balkan Peninsula, in the context of Cvijic's theory about 'characteristics of integration and permeation', as well as about the opposite 'characteristics of isolation and separation'. This theory has become important in recent time through its relation with the 'center-periphery' theory. The aim of this article is to compare Cvijic's images of the position of Serbia at the first half of 20th century with present situation.

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Bhalla, Mukul, et Dennis R. Proffitt. « Visual–motor recalibration in geographical slant perception. » Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance 25, n^o 4 (1999) : 1076–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.25.4.1076.

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Creem-Regehr, Sarah H., Amy A. Gooch, Cynthia S. Sahm et William B. Thompson. « Perceiving virtual geographical slant : Action influences perception. » Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance 30, n^o 5 (octobre 2004) : 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.30.5.811.

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Creem-Regehr, S. H., A. A. Gooch et W. B. Thompson. « Perceiving virtual geographical slant : action influences perception ». Journal of Vision 2, n^o 7 (15 mars 2010) : 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.7.57.

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Kashiwazaki, Y., Y. Takebayashi et M. Murakami. « The relationship between geographical region and perceptions of radiation risk after the Fukushima accident : The mediational role of knowledge ». Radioprotection 57, n^o 1 (12 octobre 2021) : 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2021027.

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Since the Fukushima accident, radiation risk perception has been of public concern. Factors related to regional differences in radiation risk perception and the role that knowledge of radiation effects plays are still not clearly understood. Here, we first assessed the validity of the Lindell radiation risk perception scale by comparing it with the mortality rate of traffic accidents. We then investigated the relationship between the perceptions and both the geographical regions and the knowledge of genetic effects and, further, verified the mediating role of knowledge in the perception. The sample comprised of 832 participants who responded to an online questionnaire in August 2018 from Tokyo and Fukushima. There was a significant association between the Lindell scale and the perceived magnitude of genetic risk relative to traffic accident mortality. Knowledge of genetic effects, after the atomic bombs, was associated with perceptions of lower genetic risks. The relationship between geographical region and risk perception was mediated by knowledge. However, approximately 40% of those who had knowledge still perceived a high risk, indicating that perception is not governed by knowledge alone. In addition to efforts to share knowledge, it is important to interactively communicate regarding risk to alleviate the anxiety felt by individuals.

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Chuling, Chen, et Qin Xue. « Analysis of the image perception of luxury hotels based on UGC data and customer value theory ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2301, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2022) : 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2301/1/012007.

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Abstract Based on the big data of major network platforms, this article combines the customer value theory and text content analysis to mine and organize the customer reviews of Grand Hyatt Guangzhou. Besides, ROST CM6 software is used to conduct content analysis, coming up with four types of image perceptions of the hotel including that experience perception, hotel service, hotel facilities, geographical environment. Moreover, the social network and semantic network analysis diagram based on UGC data, showing that the evaluation of customers’ perception of hotel image is mainly in terms of service facilities, geographical location and convenience. Finally, this article combines the results of UGC data analysis to provide corresponding conclusions.

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Djudin, Tomo, et Kartono Kartono. « The Perceptions on Digital Citizenship Among Prospective Teachers : A Survey-Explorative Study in Westkalimantan-Indonesia ». Journal of Education and Training Studies 10, n^o 1 (11 octobre 2021) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v10i1.5374.

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Digital citizenship has become a priority in education almost all over the world. This study aims to explore the level of perception of prospective teacher students regarding digital citizenship and analyze differences in the level of perception of digital citizenship in terms of gender, educational background, and various regional geographical characteristics. This research applies descriptive method with survey-explorative study. A total of 345 student teacher candidates in the sixth semester of the 2020/2021 Academic Year at Westkalimantan of Educational Personnel Education Institute (LPTK) were involved as samples. To explore the level of perceptions of digital citizenship of prospective teachers, this study adopted a questionnaire of Likert scale. Based on data analysis, it was found; (1) the perception profile of students (prospective teachers) about digital citizenship is quite varied; (2) there is no significant difference in the level of perceptions between female and male students; (3) there are significant differences in the level of student perception in terms of various educational backgrounds and geographical conditions from the area where they live. Prospective teachers need to be trained on the knowledge, skills, and values of digital citizenship before they provide learning services in schools.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Geographical perception"

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Gaven, Jodie Marie. « Demography of perception : leisure perceptions of inner city children and parents / ». [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17663.pdf.

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Kan, Kwok-chee Joshua. « Cognitive distance scaling methodologies : a comparative study / ». [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12434401.

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簡國治 et Kwok-chee Joshua Kan. « Cognitive distance scaling methodologies : a comparative study ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208629.

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Wardell-Johnson, Angela. « People in context : critical social dimensions in complex landscape systems ». Thesis, Wardell-Johnson, Angela (2007) People in context : critical social dimensions in complex landscape systems. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/476/.

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Landscape-based approaches to solving environmental issues have been widely recommended by scientists and policy makers. These issues are found at the interface of social and ecological systems. Understanding the social dimensions of landscape issues has been suggested as part of the solution. This doctoral research integrated theoretical concepts with survey-based numerical taxonomy and qualitative analysis to explore three social dimensions underpinning decision-making at the landscape scale in rural Australia. These linked social dimensions that provided a research focus were sense of place and accompanying social capital that is embedded within private, social and institutional practice in discourses of the environment. Complex systems theory provided the framework to explore the interactions and relationships between these dimensions and to describe the emergent processes. The first phase of this research developed theoretically and empirically derived conceptual models for the three dimensions. These models provided a basis for operationalisation for the survey-based numerical taxonomy in the second phase. Data for this analysis was collected through survey questionnaires (124 returned with 60% response rate) from two social catchments (the Katanning Zone in the Blackwood Basin in Western Australia and the Condamine Headwaters in the upper reaches of the Murray Darling Basin in Queensland). The results from the numerical taxonomy provided a focus for semi-structured interviews (24 representative participants) that provided further analysis through qualitative methods in the third phase. Combining conceptual models with quantitative and qualitative analysis was used to expose three emergent processes that maintain resilience in these landscape systems. The first was formed through the interactive social relationships between communities of place, identity and interest that constitute social catchments. The second emergent process formed at the nexus of local, scientific and Indigenous frameworks of knowledge. The interactive social catchment relationships and three knowledge frameworks dictated the relative weightings of social, ecological and economic values of the triple bottom line, which formed the third emergent process. It is suggested that the interactions of these emergent processes characterised resilience in these systems. The social dimensions in this thesis provided a focus that suggests that the interactions between community in a social catchment governs the predominance of knowledge form and the accommodation of the values in the triple bottom line. The integration of theoretical, quantitative and qualitative approaches can be couched within a complex systems framework. This contributes to a re-framing of the social relationships in landscapes to identify social catchments as the appropriate focus for interaction in decision-making at the landscape scale.

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Wardell-Johnson, Angela. « People in context : critical social dimensions in complex landscape systems / ». Wardell-Johnson, Angela (2007) People in context : critical social dimensions in complex landscape systems. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/476/.

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Landscape-based approaches to solving environmental issues have been widely recommended by scientists and policy makers. These issues are found at the interface of social and ecological systems. Understanding the social dimensions of landscape issues has been suggested as part of the solution. This doctoral research integrated theoretical concepts with survey-based numerical taxonomy and qualitative analysis to explore three social dimensions underpinning decision-making at the landscape scale in rural Australia. These linked social dimensions that provided a research focus were sense of place and accompanying social capital that is embedded within private, social and institutional practice in discourses of the environment. Complex systems theory provided the framework to explore the interactions and relationships between these dimensions and to describe the emergent processes. The first phase of this research developed theoretically and empirically derived conceptual models for the three dimensions. These models provided a basis for operationalisation for the survey-based numerical taxonomy in the second phase. Data for this analysis was collected through survey questionnaires (124 returned with 60% response rate) from two social catchments (the Katanning Zone in the Blackwood Basin in Western Australia and the Condamine Headwaters in the upper reaches of the Murray Darling Basin in Queensland). The results from the numerical taxonomy provided a focus for semi-structured interviews (24 representative participants) that provided further analysis through qualitative methods in the third phase. Combining conceptual models with quantitative and qualitative analysis was used to expose three emergent processes that maintain resilience in these landscape systems. The first was formed through the interactive social relationships between communities of place, identity and interest that constitute social catchments. The second emergent process formed at the nexus of local, scientific and Indigenous frameworks of knowledge. The interactive social catchment relationships and three knowledge frameworks dictated the relative weightings of social, ecological and economic values of the triple bottom line, which formed the third emergent process. It is suggested that the interactions of these emergent processes characterised resilience in these systems. The social dimensions in this thesis provided a focus that suggests that the interactions between community in a social catchment governs the predominance of knowledge form and the accommodation of the values in the triple bottom line. The integration of theoretical, quantitative and qualitative approaches can be couched within a complex systems framework. This contributes to a re-framing of the social relationships in landscapes to identify social catchments as the appropriate focus for interaction in decision-making at the landscape scale.

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Woelk, Michaela. « The use and perception of urban green spaces through the twentieth century : a case study of the Rondebosch Common ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27238.

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The aim of this research was to unpack and analyse the emergence of narratives around urban green spaces as sites of community interaction, social activity and cultural and conservational value. I used the case study of the Rondebosch Common in Cape Town, South Africa during the period 1900 to 2015 to accomplish these aims. The Rondebosch Common has been fixture of the southern suburbs of the city for over one hundred years and provided a public green space for community interactions. I was able to gather letters and memos sent and received from the Town Clerk's Office from the South African National Archives Repository in Cape Town as well as newspaper articles from the Cape Argus and Cape News newspapers. The archival materials were chosen because they provided the point of view of the local government, the residents of Rondebosch and other users of the Rondebosch Common during the twentieth century. The newspaper articles were used to understand these points of views in the twenty-first century. Public spaces such as the Rondebosch Common are constructed in different ways, i.e. socially, politically, and these constructions determine the appropriate behaviours for the spaces as well as the values and meanings attributed to them. A public open green space such as the Rondebosch Common, which has existed as such for so long, provides an opportunity to examine the inherent political and social nature of old green spaces within the Global South context. Cape Town's colonial and apartheid state added a tension to interactions in the twentieth century as well as a layer of aspiration towards the English or Western ideal. The post-apartheid Cape Town urban and suburban landscape is still fraught with racial and socio-economic divisions. The purpose of my research was to determine how socio-economic, political and ideological context of the Rondebosch Common, in terms of both its physical location and the historical time period, has affected the way in which has been perceived by various groups and how it has been contested by those groups. I also attempt to unpack some of the uses of the Rondebosch Common and how and why they changed over time. It is argued that the demands and claims placed over a public green space such as the Rondebosch Common are represented over broader issues such as belonging, identity and civic entitlements (Di Masso, 2012).

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Lee, Eun Hee. « Social power and perceptual estimates of weight, distance and geographical slant : an embodied perception approach ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709008.

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Bertram, David Verge Carleton University Dissertation Geography. « The Internet as space : shifts in territoriality ». Ottawa, 1999.

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Phouthavongs, Kaviphone. « Employing geographical information systems in fisheries management in the Mekong River a case study of Lao PDR / ». Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1090.

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Masters (M.Sc.)--University of Sydney, 2006.
Title from title screen (viewed 27 February 2007). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science to the School of Geosciences. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

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Bailey, Heidi Leigh. « Geographic interpretation the role of spatial knowledge in the interpretation of natural resources / ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4753.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 85 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-81).

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Livres sur le sujet "Geographical perception"

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Rodaway, Paul. Sensuous geographies : Body, sense and place. London : Routledge, 1994.

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Hong, Ilyoung. Communal ontology for navigation support in urban region : Getting directions from familiar landmarks. Saarbrücken : VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007.

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European, Conference on Spatial Information Theory (1993 Marciana Marina Italy). Spatial information theory : A theoretical basis for GIS : European Conference on Spatial Information Theory, COSIT'93, Marciana Marina, Elba Island, Italy, September 19-22, 1993, proceedings. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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COSIT'95 (1995 Semmering, Lower Austria, Austria). Spatial information theory : A theoretical basis for GIS : international conference, COSIT'95, Semmering, Austria, September 21-23, 1995 : proceedings. Berlin : Springer, 1995.

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COSIT'93 (1993 Marciana Marina, Italy). Spatial information theory : A theoretical basis for GIS : European conference, COSIT'93, Marciana Marina, Elba Island, Italy, September 19-22, 1993 : proceedings. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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Regnauld, Hervé. L' espace : Une vue de l'esprit ? Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 1998.

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Wagener-Wender, Monika. Mentale Repräsentationen räumlicher Informationen. Bonn : Holos, 1993.

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Cséfalvay, Zoltán. Térképek a fejünkben. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiadó, 1990.

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Šípek, Jiří. Úvod do geopsychologie : Svět a putování po něm v kontextu současné doby. Praha : ISV nakl., 2001.

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Paulet, J. P. Les représentations mentales en géographie. Paris : Anthropos, 2002.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Geographical perception"

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Bhalla, Mukul, et Dennis R. Proffitt. « Geographical Slant Perception ». Dans Beyond Dissociation, 99. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aicr.22.07bha.

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Marangão, Camilla Rodrigues. « Cultural Manifestations in the City : Building a Critical Perception of Space ». Dans Geographical Reasoning and Learning, 291–310. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79847-5_16.

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Del Fatto, Vincenzo, Luca Paolino, Monica Sebillo, Giuliana Vitiello et Genoveffa Tortora. « Spatial Factors Affecting User’s Perception in Map Simplification : An Empirical Analysis ». Dans Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems, 152–63. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89903-7_14.

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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Artemi Cerdà, Stefan Doerr, Saskia D. Keesstra, Andrés Caballero-Calvo, Rita Sobczyk et Luca Salvati. « Introduction : FIRElinks, a Community for Society and Science ». Dans Fire Hazards : Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 1–15. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_1.

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AbstractFIRElinks (CA18135) originated from many efforts by a group of researchers after submitting a proposal for a COST Action. During four years, the main aim has been to develop an EU-spanning network of scientists and practitioners involved in forest fire research and land management with backgrounds such as fire dynamics, fire risk management, fire effects on vegetation, fauna, soil and water, and socioeconomic, historical, geographical, political perception, and land management approaches. Communities from different scientific and geographic backgrounds allowing the discussion of different experiences and the emergence of new approaches to fire research were connected. Working group number 5 was developed to power synergistic collaborations between European research groups and stakeholders to synthesize the existing knowledge and expertise and to define a concerted research agenda which promotes an integrated approach to create fire-resilient landscapes from a regional and socioeconomic point of view, taking into account how to teach the population, stakeholders, and policymakers considering the biological, biochemical, and physical, but also socioeconomic, historical, geographical, sociological, perception, and policy constraints. In this edited book, the main conclusion of working group 5 was addressed considering different study cases and methods developed by recognized experts over Europe: there is an urgent societal need to manage wildfires due to the expected further intensification and geographical spreading of its regimes under global change.

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Wang, Jian, Yuchun Pan et Bingbo Gao. « Research on Search Technology of Agricultural Information Based on Geographical Perception ». Dans Proceedings of 2013 World Agricultural Outlook Conference, 321–29. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54389-0_28.

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Graziano, Teresa. « Social Media in Risk Perception and Disaster Management : A Geographical Perspective ». Dans Disaster Resilience and Human Settlements, 139–53. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2248-2_7.

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Ribeiro, António Lopes, Ana Pinto de Moura et Luís Miguel Cunha. « Consumer’s Valuation and Quality Perception of Kid’s Meat from Traditional “Cabrito da Gralheira” : Protected Geographical Indication ». Dans Traditional Foods, 17–30. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7648-2_2.

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Dayé, Christian, Armin Spök, Andrew C. Allan, Tomiko Yamaguchi et Thorben Sprink. « Social Acceptability of Cisgenic Plants : Public Perception, Consumer Preferences, and Legal Regulation ». Dans Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences, 43–75. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10721-4_3.

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AbstractPart of the rationale behind the introduction of the term cisgenesis was the expectation that due to the “more natural” character of the genetic modification, cisgenic plants would be socially more acceptable than transgenic ones. This chapter assesses whether this expectation was justified. It thereby addresses three arenas of social acceptability: public perception, consumer preferences, and legal regulation. Discussing and comparing recent studies from four geographical areas across the globe—Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia and New Zealand—the chapter shows that the expectation was justified, and that cisgenic plants are treated as being more acceptable than other forms of genetic modification. Yet, there are considerable differences across the three arenas of social acceptability. In Australia, Canada, and the United States of America, the legal regulation of cisgenic plants is less restrictive than in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand. Also, the public perceptions are rather diverse across these countries, as are the factors that are deemed most influential in informing public opinion and consumer decisions. While people in North America appear to be most interested in individual benefits of the products (improved quality, health aspects), Europeans are more likely to accept cisgenic plants and derived products if they have a proven environmental benefit. In New Zealand, in contrast, the potential impact of cisgenic plants on other, more or less related markets, like meat export and tourism, is heavily debated. We conclude with some remarks about a possible new arrangement between science and policy that may come about with a new, or homogenized, international regulatory regime.

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Kim, Hyung Min, et GwangYa Han. « Schools as ‘Sacred Enclaves’ or ‘Community Hubs’ ? South Korean Experiences ». Dans Schools as Community Hubs, 157–72. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9972-7_11.

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AbstractThis chapter illustrates the South Korean perception of and policy approaches to schools from the perspective of ‘schools as community hubs’ versus ‘schools as sacred enclaves.’ It historically reviews aspiration to education and the geographical settings for it. High residential density characteristics have created superior environments for independent commutes and interactions between pupils and community members in South Korea. While planning approaches have advocated the role of schools in community building, there have been barriers, among which children’s safety is the most crucial. This chapter juxtaposes these two views by illustrating recent challenges in the removal of school fences and providing an example of community multi-functional buildings on a school site, arguing safety should be a firm pre-condition to leverage school facilities for society-wide community benefits.

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Deysel, Elizabeth. « Chapter 6. Investigating the use of technology in the interpreting profession ». Dans IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature, 142–68. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.37.06dey.

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Over the course of the past decades of human history, technology has reshaped our personal lives as well as our professions. However, technological developments in interpreting have been gradual, more especially when compared to the pace of technological developments in translation. In addition, some interpreters hold a negative perception when it comes to the incorporation of technology in their workflow. This chapter presents research conducted as part of a PhD thesis which investigated the extent of use of technology in the interpreting profession on a global scale as well as an examination on the perceptions of interpreters regarding the use and implementation of technology in the interpreters’ workflow. A comparative multiple case study research design was used to address these research aims. The cases were divided according to geographical regions, namely the Global North and Global South. Data collected by means of a survey provided a reflection on the true state of use of interpreting technology utilised by interpreters in their profession. In the analysis of the data the similarities and differences between the two cases are highlighted and discussed. The key findings from the analysis of the data indicates interpreters are no longer hesitant to the use of technology in their workflow but remain concerned with the issue of divided attention when using technology during interpreting.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Geographical perception"

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Cerba, Otakar, et Karel Jedlicka. « COLLECTIVE PERCEPTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE IN EDUCATION ». Dans 14th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2022.0604.

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Li, Xinyi, Benjamin Beaucamp, Vincent Tourre, Thomas Leduc et Myriam Servières. « Evaluation of Urban Perception Using Only Image Segmentation Features ». Dans 9th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011969700003473.

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RIVERA, Maria, Alina SEEBACHER et José Maria DIAZ PUENTE. « RURAL ECONOMY : A GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE ». Dans Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.083.

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In the political system and in public perception, the well-functioning of economy is frequently equalled to the output of the national economy–that is, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, during the last decades, this narrow conception of economic prosperity started to erode. This paper describes the scientific discussion surrounding the topic of “economy” in rural places, with the objective of exploring who is setting the agenda and which themes are prevalent. We examine 102 journal papers published during the last decade and design a methodological frame based on Nvivo10 software which combines quantitative analysis of geographical attributes (geographical location; journal’s precedence; author’s institution) and qualitative content analysis of the selected articles. Our results put forward that “rural economy” is conceptually linked to different societal spheres in areas such as development and progress, society and community, resources and sustainability. However, it is authors coming from developed countries the ones that mainly treat this issue and base their studies mainly on developing countries. Therefore it can be concluded that scientific discourse around rural economy deals with issues of interest to developed countries, but that it has, however, started to get linked to social and environmental aspects, and it is through achieving a balance between them that rural prosperity will be achieved.

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Zagal, Roberto, Felix Mata et Christophe Claramunt. « Geographical Knowledge Discovery applied to the Social Perception of Pollution in the City of Mexico ». Dans SIGSPATIAL'16 : 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3021304.3021307.

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D'Agata, Rosario, et Simona Gozzo. « #immigrants project : the on-line perception of integration ». Dans CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11655.

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This paper analyses the content of Twitter’s comments during the period covering the last European elections. "#immigrants" is the extraction’s keyword in different national languages. With the exception of English and French, whose extraction would be misleading, all of the other languages have been chosen to catch the geographical area of reference. We made sure to extract at least two sentences for each Welfare area. Once the data have been extracted, three different strategies have been used. The first one, dealing with both a qualitative and a quantitative assessment; the second one, analysing automatically the content of the top 10 extracted tweets during the reference period and the third one based on network analysis. Through a deep analysis of the content, three clusters have been identified: the first one dealing with the cultural risks of multiculturalism; the second one (social risks) dealing with the fear of migrants stealing job vacancies and the third one dealing with economic risks. A deep network analysis of Italian and Spanish contexts follows. What emerges is that: communication is extremely heterogeneous; in Italy there unique and duplicated edges prevails; in Spain there are more groups than in Italy, more themes covered and different kind of users and nets.

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Karlsson, Marianne, et Mikael Johansson. « Understanding drivers' interaction with traffic environments - A traffic semantic approach ». Dans 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005237.

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The pilot study approached traffic environments as semantic constructions to explore the meaning-making processes that shape road users' perceptions of and interactions with traffic environments. Conducted in a basic driving simulator, the study involved eight participants who viewed a pre-recorded video of a driven route, paused at six pre-defined traffic situations. Throughout the session, participants were encouraged to think aloud, and at each interval, they completed a questionnaire. Three interdependent contextual spheres were identified which influenced the participants’ perception and interpretation of the situations, risks involved, and how they would plan their actions: (a) the broader geographical area; (b) the specific traffic site encompassing dynamic traffic elements (i.e. other road users) and non-dynamic infrastructural elements (road layout, speed bumps, signage, etc.), and (c) the individual and their attributes (e.g. driving experience) as well as their earlier familiarity with the type of - or the specific - traffic site.

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Marić, Ivan, Ante Šiljeg et Fran Domazetović. « Derivation of Wildfire Ignition Index using GIS-MCDA from High-Resolution UAV Imagery Data and Perception Analysis in Settlement Sali, Dugi Otok Island (Croatia) ». Dans 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010465000900097.

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Rojas, Juan-Carlos, Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo, Roberto Mora-Salinas, Jessica Galindo et Susana Iñarra Abad. « Printed and 360 Head-Mounted Display Rendering : A Cross-Cultural Study Comparing Utility, Spatial Representation and Emotional Capabilities ». Dans ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87163.

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Environmental simulations through rendering has an important role to play in the design process of and communication regarding the built environment. Technological advances allow for widely used printed renders with 360° panoramic representations to be displayed through head-mounted devices (HMD). However, the adoption of this technology should be done with caution, due to the possible effects of the user’s context relative to his or her expertise and geographic–cultural level. This study compared printed and 360° HMD-render setup capacities for experts and nonexperts in Architecture, from different geographic–cultural contexts of Mexico and Spain. To tackle this, a broad spectrum of 15 components addressing aspects of utility, spatial representation, and the emotional and general capabilities of environmental simulations were assessed using bipolar scales by a total of 120 participants. Analyses showed differences in all aspects for all contexts of the study. The greatest differences were general, with non-experts of an indistinct geographic–cultural context showing the least perception of the capabilities. This indicates a strong conditioning, generated by experience acquired in different geographical–cultural contexts, supporting the idea of incorporating context–aware reasoning into the representation of novel rendering. Hence, our results will have interest for both professionals and instructors.

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Arouca, Murilo Guerreiro, Carlos Daniel S. Cruz, Marcos Ennes Barreto, Isa Beatriz da C. Neves, Federico Costa, Hussein Khalil et Ricardo Lustosa Brito. « Crowdsourcing for the spatialization and signaling of Covid-19 transmission predictors : an approach based on risk perception ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsc.2022.19477.

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Popular participation in public health actions is essential for fighting Covid-19, especially in vulnerable urban communities where the lack of geographical data at fine resolution scale hinders appropriate spatial responses. This work proposes a crowdsourcing-based solution that captures georeferenced data regarding the population's perception of risk in relation to transmission predictors of Coronavirus. The proposed solution allows for mapping and sending real-time alerts regarding the presence of such transmission predictors. A validation study involving 20 people from a community in the city of Salvador revealed that the proposed solution is highly acceptable as user-centred alert tool, especially among young people.

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Pătrașcu, Alexandra. « Motivation of high school students - factor in the formation of geography specific skills in the context of scientific thinking ». Dans Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p91-95.

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The purpose of this article is to highlight the most important aspect aimed at the formation of geography-specific skills in high school students, namely the motivation to learn in the context of the current health crisis. Currently, learning geography is based on the independent work of the student, according to the current methodology, as a result the student becomes his own teacher following the formation of his personality. In the first part of the article we mentioned the perception of learning motivation, in a school context current , by defining according to some authors, and in the second part the role of motivation in the formation of geographical skills in high school students. In this context, the teacher is the main agent of change in the education system, it is a model of learning for students, a model of motivation for all types of learning and the determining element in forming the geographical skills of students inside and outside the school. It must have a different approach depending on the situation and the motivation problems of the students which are diverse and different.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Geographical perception"

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MORELLI, D. Long-distance transport of live animals : WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3334.

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During the 88th General Session held virtually in May 2021, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH: founded as OIE) Regional Commission for Europe agreed “Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects” as the Technical Item I to be presented during the 30th Conference of the Regional Commission in Catania (Italy), from 3 to 7 October 2022. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to WOAH Members of the Regional Commission for Europe from 21 June to 8 July 2022 (with minor finalisations by 2 August 2022). The persons responsible for completing the questionnaire (of 47 Members in total) were mainly WOAH Delegates, National Focal Points for animal welfare or National Contact Points for long-distance transportation. The qualitative analysis of the information provided was carried out by grouping similar answers and, when proper, the United Nations geoscheme was applied to highlight any spatial clustering of the results. The wide majority of the Members (46 out of 47) declared to have in place specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, and most of them stated to be “generally aligned” with WOAH standards, there are still many countries in the Region where certain crucial requirements are not mandatory. Journey and contingency plans are commonly part of the specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the legal requirements concerning animal transport by the Competent Authority or other certification bodies. The presence of major gaps in budget and/or available resources and trained personnel was declared by almost half of the responding Members (21 out of 47). Concerning the awareness of the civil society regarding animal welfare issues during transport, 11 Members reported a “low” level of awareness, and they were mostly included in the areas of Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia. The greatest part of Members responding “high awareness” clustered in the Northern and Western Europe geographical areas. Members were also asked to indicate possible WOAH initiatives that could improve the implementation of the standards, and most of them suggested to develop training activities and provide additional guidance through revised and/or new standards in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and/or through other WOAH documents.

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Холошин, Ігор Віталійович, Ірина Миколаївна Варфоломєєва, Олена Вікторівна Ганчук, Ольга Володимирівна Бондаренко et Андрій Валерійович Пікільняк. Pedagogical techniques of Earth remote sensing data application into modern school practice. CEUR-WS.org, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3257.

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Abstract. The article dwells upon the Earth remote sensing data as one of the basic directions of Geo-Information Science, a unique source of information on processes and phenomena occurring in almost all spheres of the Earth geographic shell (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, etc.). The authors argue that the use of aerospace images by means of the information and communication technologies involvement in the learning process allows not only to increase the information context value of learning, but also contributes to the formation of students’ cognitive interest in such disciplines as geography, biology, history, physics, computer science, etc. It has been grounded that remote sensing data form students’ spatial, temporal and qualitative concepts, sensory support for the perception, knowledge and explanation of the specifics of objects and phenomena of geographical reality, which, in its turn, provides an increase in the level of educational achievements. The techniques of aerospace images application into the modern school practice have been analyzed and illustrated in the examples: from using them as visual aids, to realization of practical and research orientation of training on the basis of remote sensing data. Particular attention is paid to the practical component of the Earth remote sensing implementation into the modern school practice with the help of information and communication technologies.

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Kholoshyn, Ihor V., Iryna M. Varfolomyeyeva, Olena V. Hanchuk, Olga V. Bondarenko et Andrey V. Pikilnyak. Pedagogical techniques of Earth remote sensing data application into modern school practice. [б. в.], septembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3262.

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The article dwells upon the Earth remote sensing data as one of the basic directions of Geo-Information Science, a unique source of information on processes and phenomena occurring in almost all spheres of the Earth geographic shell (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, etc.). The authors argue that the use of aerospace images by means of the information and communication technologies involvement in the learning process allows not only to increase the information context value of learning, but also contributes to the formation of students’ cognitive interest in such disciplines as geography, biology, history, physics, computer science, etc. It has been grounded that remote sensing data form students’ spatial, temporal and qualitative concepts, sensory support for the perception, knowledge and explanation of the specifics of objects and phenomena of geographical reality, which, in its turn, provides an increase in the level of educational achievements. The techniques of aerospace images application into the modern school practice have been analyzed and illustrated in the examples: from using them as visual aids, to realization of practical and research orientation of training on the basis of remote sensing data. Particular attention is paid to the practical component of the Earth remote sensing implementation into the modern school practice with the help of information and communication technologies.

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Sabogal-Cardona, Orlando, Lynn Scholl, Daniel Oviedo, Amado Crotte et Felipe Bedoya. Not My Usual Trip : Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City. Inter-American Development Bank, août 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003516.

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With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.

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Telep, Cody W., et David Weisburd. Police and the Microgeography of Crime : Scientific Evaluations on the Effectiveness of Hot Spots and Places. Inter-American Development Bank, février 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010567.

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This Technical Note suggests that the focus of policing should be on very small geographic units of analysis, such as street segments or small groups of street blocks. Crime at place is not simply a proxy for larger area or community effects; indeed, basic research evidence suggests that crime primarily occurs at very small geographic units of place. This research is reinforced by strong experimental evidence of the effectiveness of place-based policing in reducing crime and disorder so as not to displace crime to nearby areas. In addition, the perception of legitimacy should be a key component of place-based policing programs.

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Ruzante, Juliana M., Ellen Thomas Shumaker, Sidney Holt, Susan Mayer, Adam Kokotovich, Maude Cuchiara, Andrew R. Binder, Jennifer Kuzma et Khara Grieger. Eliciting Stakeholder Perceptions Using a Novel Online Engagement Platform : A Case Study on Nano-Agrifoods. RTI Press, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0071.2201.

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Stakeholder engagement is an important component in developing policies on critical issues such as the use and development of novel methods and technologies, including biotechnologies and nanotechnologies. Understanding the perspectives, needs, and concerns of stakeholder groups can facilitate the development of transparent and trusted policy recommendations. Innovative online research platforms have been developed as alternatives to typical stakeholder engagement methods such as in-person focus groups, interviews, and online and paper surveys. These platforms facilitate the engagement of geographically and linguistically (i.e., individuals who speak different languages) diverse stakeholders using a wide range of methods, from virtual focus groups to surveys. Stakeholders can participate at their own leisure and anonymously, which can facilitate more open interactions on issues where viewpoints may differ. In this work, we used an online stakeholder engagement platform (OSEP) to engage stakeholders and capture their perceptions and views about the application of nanotechnology in food and agriculture (nano-agrifood) and the role of responsible innovation in the development of nano-agrifood products. The OSEP provided a reliable and interactive environment for stakeholders to share their views and exchange ideas. Such OSEPs should be further explored as novel tools for engaging stakeholders on a range of issues from emerging technologies to public health.

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Oviedo, Daniel, Orlando Sabogal-Cardona et Lynn Scholl. Ready to ride : security and transit-related determinants of ride-hailing adoption in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, février 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004656.

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Previous research on ride-hailing has focused on the effects that the built environment, demographic variables, and personal attitudes have on the frequency of ride-hailing use, finding that adopters are mainly young and highly educated people with increased levels of technology embracement. Despite that some scholars have shown that the convenience of ride-hailing such as their flexibility and major geographical coverage has led to users to prefer services provided by Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) over public transportation for some trips, there is a lack of research on how perceptions of public transit systems and TNCs can induce ride-hailing usage. In this article we extend the understanding of ride-hailing phenomena by proposing that structural gaps in public transit are key explanatory variables in the uptake and willingness to pay for ride-hailing trips. Building on an international survey in Mexico City, Bogotá, and Medellín, we develop a Structural Equation Model (SEM) incorporating latent variables expressing perceptions people have about features of ride-hailing and vulnerabilities in public transit. Results show that these variables are relevant. We also confirm that educational attainment and income are instrumental for ride-hailing trips, and that technology embracement is the most important variable to distinguish among levels of adoption. Findings inform public policy by focusing on the negative experiences of using public transit and how this could be generating more ride-hailing trips. TNCs are an attractive transport alternative that can fill gaps in public transit systems but that are also benefiting from structural problems in the transit systems.

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Jones, Theresa, et Elisabeth Storer. Key Considerations : Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures in Greater Kampala, Uganda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.005.

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This brief sets out key considerations for risk communications and community engagement (RCCE) to promote adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in greater Kampala, Uganda. It looks at adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures, assesses the challenges to their adoption and outlines key considerations for partners working in RCCE and the wider COVID-19 emergency response. The brief responds to concern (as of March 2022) about COVID-19 transmission in informal urban areas in Uganda due to their high population density, limited sanitary infrastructure, and reported low uptake of vaccination. Ensuring effective communication and engagement with a series of preventative measures is essential in limiting the spread of COVID-19. The Ministry of Health and response partners have been proactive, however interventions and guidance for COVID-19 have taken limited account of social science research about the perceptions and practices related to COVID-19 regulations. This brief aims to address this gap so these data may be used to inform more effective and practicable guidance for vulnerable groups. This brief draws primarily on an analysis of existing scientific and grey literature. Additional primary data was collected through consultation with six social science and RCCE experts who focus on this geographical area. The brief was requested by UNICEF Uganda in consultation with the Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) RCCE subcommittee and the RCCE technical working group for the Eastern and South Africa region (ESAR). It was developed for SSHAP by Theresa Jones (Anthrologica) and supported by Elizabeth Storer (London School of Economics), with contributions and reviews by colleagues at Anthrologica, the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), UNICEF ESARO and Uganda, Makerere University, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Dreamline Products and the IFRC.

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Arora, Sanjana, et Olena Koval. Norway Country Report. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.232.

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This report is part of a larger cross-country comparative project and constitutes an account and analysis of the measures comprising the Norwegian national response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the year of 2020. This time period is interesting in that mitigation efforts were predominantly of a non-medical nature. Mass vaccinations were in Norway conducted in early 2021. With one of the lowest mortality rates in Europe and relatively lower economic repercussions compared to its Nordic neighbours, the Norwegian case stands unique (OECD, 2021: Eurostat 2021; Statista, 2022). This report presents a summary of Norwegian response to the COVID-19 pandemic by taking into account its governance, political administration and societal context. In doing so, it highlights the key features of the Nordic governance model and the mitigation measures that attributed to its success, as well as some facets of Norway’s under-preparedness. Norway’s relative isolation in Northern Europe coupled with low population density gave it a geographical advantage in ensuring a slower spread of the virus. However, the spread of infection was also uneven, which meant that infection rates were concentrated more in some areas than in others. On the fiscal front, the affluence of Norway is linked to its petroleum industry and the related Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund. Both were affected by the pandemic, reflected through a reduction in the country’s annual GDP (SSB, 2022). The Nordic model of extensive welfare services, economic measures, a strong healthcare system with goals of equity and a high trust society, indeed ensured a strong shield against the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the consequences of the pandemic were uneven with unemployment especially high among those with low education and/or in low-income professions, as well as among immigrants (NOU, 2022:5). The social and psychological effects were also uneven, with children and elderly being left particularly vulnerable (Christensen, 2021). Further, the pandemic also at times led to unprecedented pressure on some intensive care units (OECD, 2021). Central to handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway were the three national executive authorities: the Ministry of Health and Care services, the National directorate of health and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. With regard to political-administrative functions, the principle of subsidiarity (decentralisation) and responsibility meant that local governments had a high degree of autonomy in implementing infection control measures. Risk communication was thus also relatively decentralised, depending on the local outbreak situations. While decentralisation likely gave flexibility, ability to improvise in a crisis and utilise the municipalities’ knowledge of local contexts, it also brought forward challenges of coordination between the national and municipal level. Lack of training, infection control and protection equipment thereby prevailed in several municipalities. Although in effect for limited periods of time, the Corona Act, which allowed for fairly severe restrictions, received mixed responses in the public sphere. Critical perceptions towards the Corona Act were not seen as a surprise, considering that Norwegian society has traditionally relied on its ‘dugnadskultur’ – a culture of voluntary contributions in the spirit of solidarity. Government representatives at the frontline of communication were also open about the degree of uncertainty coupled with considerable potential for great societal damage. Overall, the mitigation policy in Norway was successful in keeping the overall infection rates and mortality low, albeit with a few societal and political-administrative challenges. The case of Norway is thus indeed exemplary with regard to its effective mitigation measures and strong government support to mitigate the impact of those measures. However, it also goes to show how a country with good crisis preparedness systems, governance and a comprehensive welfare system was also left somewhat underprepared by the devastating consequences of the pandemic.

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Hunter, Fraser, et Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, septembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

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