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1
Horbal, Bohdan. « Lemko Generals and Senior Officers ». Rocznik Ruskiej Bursy 17 (26 décembre 2021) : 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rrb.17.2021.17.07.
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Łemkowscy generałowie i wyżsi oficerowie
Każda wspólnota etniczna szczyci się swoimi wybitnymi postaciami, niezależnie od tego, czy funkcjonują one wewnątrz grupy, czy wykazują jakikolwiek związek ze wspólnotą. Wśród Łemków informacje o takich postaciach przekazywano z pokolenia na pokolenie, a także utrwalano w publikacjach, źródłach drukowanych. W artykule dokonano przeglądu informacji o kilku wyższych oficerach wojskowych, w tym o generałach, o których wspominano, że byli Łemkami. Badania zawierają główne informacje biograficzne o nich i wykazują, że choć istotnie większość z tych osób była pochodzenia łemkowskiego, to jednak nie wszyscy.
2
CHUVARDIN, G. S., I. V. GONCHAROVA et O. A. HARCHENKO. « GENDER ASPECT OF THE STUDY OF THE COMMAND STAFF OF THE LIFE GUARDS PREOBRAZHENSKY REGIMENT 1881-1914 (IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORY OF EVERYDAY LIFE) ». Scientific Notes of Orel State University 100, no 3 (26 septembre 2023) : 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/1998-2720-2023-100-3-62-67.
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The article studies the social space of the officer service of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment in the late XIX - early XX centuries on the basis of archival documents and sources of personal origin. The set of the main social indices of officers and generals of the regiment is analyzed. The gender aspects of officers’ everyday life and their impact on the military institute are considered. The influence of the social and household space of family life on the service of officers and generals-commanders of the regiment, their mental experiences and the formation of career trajectories is highlighted. In conclusion, the conclusion is made about the special place of the officers of the transfiguration in the process of formation of the military-political elite of the transition period.
3
Wojtaszak, Andrzej. « Generałowie tytularni Wojska Polskiego w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej – biografia zbiorowa. Część I : Uwarunkowania prawne i analiza statystyczna ». Polish Biographical Studies 5, no 1 (2017) : 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pbs.2017.04.
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The article is about analysis of group of Polish Army officers which under the law got rights to general title. In that time rights achieved 100 offices. The largest group were the ex Austro – Hungarian soldiers – 53 officers (more than the half of promoted). Second group were Russian (Tsarist army) – 38 persons. There were five officers form ex – German army and 2 from Polish Legions. Zdzisław Dmochowski has never served in the army. His past requires more research. The largest group of generals were infantry army – 36, and doctors – 24, troopers – 13, gunners – 8, sappers – 5, authorizing officers – 6 and controllers – 3 and train troops – 2. Another services had only once representative.
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Schuette, Cody. « Improving the Civil-Military Relationship : Diversity and the U.S. Army ». Journal of Strategic Security 14, no 4 (janvier 2021) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.4.1880.
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Although the U.S. Army has significantly increased racial diversity in the aggregate, non-white Americans remain underrepresented as commissioned officers, especially in the General Officer ranks. This is a significant defense policy problem because research shows a strong correlation among the diversity of senior leaders and effectively processing complex information to generate innovative, creative, and efficient solutions. These positive traits of diversity will help General Officers prepare for and manage the long-term and strategic threats posed by peer or near-peer competitors and violent non-state actors. Increased diversity also improves the civil-military relationship by ensuring Army Generals mirror the nation they serve and the soldiers they lead. This paper addresses the lack of racial diversity among U.S. Army General Officers by using descriptive statistical analysis to outline racial diversity trends over the past 10-years and then identifying where and how policies can be most effective. The paper’s findings provide policy makers three options to increase U.S. Army General’s racial diversity.
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Dunn, Walter S., Aleksander A. Maslov et David Glantz. « Fallen Soviet Generals : Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945 ». Journal of Military History 64, no 1 (janvier 2000) : 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120842.
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Brun, Jean-François. « Les états-majors des armées napoléoniennes ». Revue Historique des Armées 241, no 4 (2005) : 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5763.
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The staff officers of the armies of Napoleon ; During the course of the Napoleonic wars the French army benefited from superbly well organised military staffs at all levels, to support the command. At the top of the organisational pyramid stood the Imperial General Staff. This consisted of three bodies : the ‘Imperial Household’, the ‘Emperor’s General Staff’, and the ‘War Administration’. The military staffs of subordinate formations (army corps and divisions ) were divided into three in exactly the same manner. Whatever level one examines in the Napoleonic French army, the staffs all shared the common characteristic of providing the commanding general with the means to plan and direct the movement of his formation’s constituent units. It was this that made possible in that era the material and technical ‘way of war’ that Napoleon pursued. Within each of the military staffs there were specialists, adjutant-majors and their assistants, who ran the offices that generally dealt with non-tactical business, whilst the other officers (including the aides-de-camp to the generals and Napoleon’s personal adjutant officers) took care of observation missions and troop inspections, and acted as courriers -roles that did not require specialist training.
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Orr, Andrew. « Plan Z : The Popular Front, Civil-Military Relations and the French Army’s Plan to Defeat a Second Paris Commune, 1934–1936 ». International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39, no 1 (30 avril 2019) : 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03901004.
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Following the formation of the Popular Front in 1934, French generals feared that the alliance, which included the French Communist Party (pcf), could foreshadow a coming revolt in Paris. Generals Maxime Weygand and Maurice Gamelin responded by preparing to implement Plan Z, a plan to defeat a Parisian revolt. Given politicians’ fear that many French officers were antirepublican, the French Army would have faced a major political crisis if Plan Z had leaked. Plan Z called for a multidivisional assault on Paris, which showed that the General Staff believed a large-scale revolution was possible. Understanding the development of Plan Z adds to scholars’ recognition of French officers’ long-term fear of communism and mistrust of civilians. It reveals that senior officers were more politicized and afraid of civilians than most scholars have realized and helps explain the military’s central role in betraying the Third Republic and creating the Vichy Regime in 1940.
8
Yang, Shao-yun. « Letting the Troops Loose : Pillage, Massacres, and Enslavement in Early Tang Warfare ». Journal of Chinese Military History 6, no 1 (31 mai 2017) : 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341307.
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By analyzing examples ranging from the Sui-Tang transition to the An Lushan Rebellion, I argue that in a practice known as “letting the troops loose,” Tang generals frequently rewarded their officers and soldiers (and themselves) for a victory with the freedom to seize the wives, children, and property of the defeated with impunity, and to kill any who resisted. Attempts to censure or prosecute the generals responsible were rare and usually overruled, because military morale was seen as a higher priority than discipline or humaneness. Tang generals were also authorized to massacre surrendered enemy soldiers and conquered civilians for a range of strategic purposes. Moreover, taking slaves from a defeated population was a common prerogative among generals and officers even when an army was not “let loose.” When generals refrained from pillage, massacres, and enslavement, therefore, this was usually for reasons that were pragmatic and strategic, not moral or legal.
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White, Peter. « Generals in the Cabinet : Military Participation in Government and International Conflict Initiation ». International Studies Quarterly 65, no 2 (18 février 2021) : 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab012.
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Abstract How does the presence of military officers in national government affect a state's likelihood of international conflict? We know a great deal about how overall regime type affects international conflict, but there is substantial variation within regime types in the participation of military officers in the government. We know little about how this variation affects a state's conflict propensity. In this Research Note, I examine three competing arguments for the effect of military participation in government on conflict initiation: Military Aggression, Military Conservatism, and Civil–Military Competition. Military Aggression suggests that military involvement in government will tend to guide the state toward conflict, given a military predisposition to favor the use of force. In contrast, Military Conservatism argues that military officers in government will lead the state to less conflict, given their personal familiarity with its costs. Civil–Military Competition holds that when military officers and civilians share political power, a variety of pathologies in national security deliberation and decision-making emerge, increasing conflict propensity. I test these three propositions cross-nationally using data on the number and type of positions held by military officers in cabinets and state councils and international conflict and find the strongest support for Civil–Military Competition.
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Matkhanova, Natalia P., et Natalia N. Rodigina. « The Representations of the Rural Population of the Region in the Reports of Siberian Governor-Generals in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century : The Peasantry ». Vestnik NSU. Series : History, Philology 20, no 8 (28 octobre 2021) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-8-49-60.
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The article indicates the factors influencing the representations of the rural population in the reports of the Siberian governors-general; demonstrates historiographic results of the analyses of these reports; substantiates the possible outcomes of using the discourse analysis for identifying their authors’ ideas on the subject matter. The reports were compiled by local-level imperial experts – functionaries and officers, who participated in gathering and handling of primary data; governors, who accumulated and relayed these data to governor-generals; governor-generals, at least, the ones, who actively participated in reports writing; the Emperor, leaving his notes on the reports; representatives of involved ministries and governmental offices, preparing answers to the “highest reprimands”. It is important that among the experts there were members of various public organizations, primarily, local departments of the Russian Geographical Society. It was found that representations of the rural population were quite conservative (traditional) and changed little over time. The peasantry was described in a paternalistic manner as an object of care and custody. Representations of the peasantry were influenced by central authorities’ stance towards both the region as a whole and specific groups of rural population; the perception of the peasantry by a governor-general and his surroundings; the standpoint of the we-groups, expressing public opinion, who were seen as influential by a governor-generals.
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Puzanov, Vladimir D. « Commanders of the Siberian Corps in 1777–1789 Generals N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov ». Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no 1 (15 mars 2024) : 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/24-1/03.
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The Siberian corps of the Russian Army defended the territories of Western and Eastern Siberia. The purpose of the paper is to study the biographies of the Siberian Corps commanders in 1777–1789, the tasks are to study the biographies of N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov, the Siberian Corps generals. The methodological basis of the work is the most important principles of historical science – historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. The research is based on biographical, descriptive, problem-chronological, structural, quantitative and comparative-historical methods. The results of the study make it possible to restore the main stages of the biographies of the Siberian Corps commanders, Lieutenant General N. G. Ogarev and Major General N. S. Fedtsov. Generals N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov belonged to old Russian noble families, landowners. Generals N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov were almost the same age and began serving as soldiers in the Guard regiments – Izmailovsky and Horse Guards, which allowed them to become army officers at the age of 20. N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov passed the hard school of the Seven Years' War, later participated in the wars with the Ottoman Empire and with the Confederates of Poland. As a result of their participation in these conflicts, officers N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov were able to make a successful military career in the Russian army. The Military Collegium promoted N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov to generals and sent them to command the distant Siberian Corps. In Siberia, the generals carried out the transformation of the military forces of the Siberian Corps according to the plan by the president of the Military College, Field Marshal G. A. Potemkin.
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Winkel, Carmen. « Adliger Stand und militärischer Rang. Konflikt- muster hochadliger Offiziere in der brandenburgisch- preußischen Armee (1713–1786) ». Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 72, no 2 (1 décembre 2013) : 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2013-0011.
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Abstract During the 18th century, the officers of the European standing armies were usually of noble origin. The requirements the army had towards the officers conflicted with their own self understanding. It was requirement of them to leave their »lone soldier « attitude behind and subordinate into a hierarchically system. The officer corps of the early modern times were dominated by nobles and the aforementioned conflicts had an impact of different intensity on the relation between the point d’honneur and the requirements of the military service. As for the Prussian example, it was assumed that this conflict between noble origin and military rank was less virulent than in the French army. Reason for that believe was mainly that the majority of the Prussian officers originated from the gentry. It was also assumed that the monarch was able to impose a better discipline among his officers. One group of officers, members of the high nobility, has been completely ignored so far. That comes as a surprise given the fact that they accounted for 10 percent of all generals. Those princes had a protestantic background, served in the army for several reasons and were preferentially promoted. Their service in the army did not come without potential conflicts which required the monarch to compromise and using different strategies to solve them.
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Telepen, Sergey V. « The Highest Command Structure of the Roman Army (Principate Period) : to the Question of Viri Militares ». IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no 2 (214) (30 juin 2022) : 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2022-2-53-59.
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The article analyzes the social characteristics of the senior officers of the Roman army in the period of the early Roman Empire in connection with the problem of its professionalization. Some features of the career and official activities of the legates of the legions and military tribunes are considered as an expression of this professionalization. The article notes that the fulfillment of the duties of commanders of the highest rank during the period of the Principate was an expression of the social function of representatives of the highest Roman ordines. The reason for such an attitude towards commanding functions among the nobility was the vitality of ancient aristocratic traditions. With regard to the “officers” and “generals” of the period of the early Roman Empire, one should speak of that aristocratic service, which was determined by the class affiliation of legates and tribunes, including representatives of equites. Only in isolated cases did it lead to the emergence of professional commanders, that is, viri militares. The article argues that the application of the concept of “officer corps” to the latter seems quite acceptable. At the same time, in relation to most Roman commanders, it can only be used with reservations, based on the fact that they held their posts for, as a rule, only a limited period of time, that is, they were not professionals in the real sense. The article concludes that there was a significant difference between the legates, to whom the designation “generals” is applicable, and the military tribunes, who corresponded to the concept of “officers”. Among both categories, viri militares can be found, but in the category of legates, these were more prominent that can be associated with the direct responsibility of the legates for ensuring the security of the borders of the Roman state.
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Eko Cahyono, Kamila Suci Cahyani, Muhamad Alvin Fadillah et Yunita Dwi Alfiani. « The Rivalry of Retired Soldier in the 2019 Indonesian Election ». Social Impact Journal 1, no 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.61391/sij.v1i2.22.
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The role of retired TNI officers in Indonesian politics is very significant, especially during the New Order era, when they had considerable influence in political and electoral processes. Competition between retired officers can influence election results, as shown by the conflict between the "Red and White" and "Cendana" groups during the 1987 and 1992 elections. In general, however, retired TNI officers still supported the New Order government and did not significantly affect the election results. After the Reformation era, many military retirees entered the world of politics and government, but competition between them became a complex problem. The government and related institutions are trying to address this problem by promoting communication and cooperation among retired military officers and educating them about democratic values and human rights. Many retired generals, such as Suharto, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Wiranto, and Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, have played important roles in Indonesian politics as politicians. However, their involvement in politics can lead to competition and conflict, especially since they are often divided into opposing camps in the political arena.
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Brennan, Jason. « WHEN MAY WE KILL GOVERNMENT AGENTS ? IN DEFENSE OF MORAL PARITY ». Social Philosophy and Policy 32, no 2 (2016) : 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052516000108.
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Abstract:This essay argues for what may be called the parity thesis: Whenever it would be morally permissible to kill a civilian in self-defense or in defense of others against that civilian's unjust acts, it would also be permissible to kill government officials, including police officers, prison officers, generals, lawmakers, and even chief executives. I argue that in realistic circumstances, violent resistance to state injustice is permissible, even and perhaps especially in reasonably just democratic regimes. When civilians see officials about to commit certain severe injustices — such as police officers engaging in excessive violence — they may sometimes act unilaterally and kill the offending officials. I consider and rebut a wide range of objections, including objections against vigilantism, objections based on state legitimacy, and objections that violence can produce bad fallout.
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Xu, Cheng. « A Study for the Po family, Mongolian Military Officers in Xuan-Fu during the late Ming and early Qing ». Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 76 (28 février 2024) : 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2024.76.229.
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In the late Ming Dynasty, a family of the Po, who was a Mongolian military officer, emerged in Xuanfu. At first, they served as “Yi Ding(Tatar Soliders)” in Jiubian(nine-frontier fortification system of the Ming Dynasty). Unlike the Mongolians who joined the Wei Suo system in the early Ming Dynasty, the Po family served as private armed servants of Ming Dynasty border defense generals. They not only serve as frontline soldiers for border defense generals, but also serve as Mongolian language translators for them. In short, they have a lot of effectiveness.At the same time, they were incorporated into the military status of the garrison in Xuanfu, and became officials in the camp step by step from the positions of garrison and guerrilla.Its members took part in a series of eastern expeditions and western wars in the late Ming Empire, such as the Imjin War, and participated in the battles of Jigsan and Ulsan to expel the Japanese army, while the father and son of Pou Tingxiang participated in the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty and sacrificed their lives on the battlefield. After the change of Dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the members of the Po family chose to become officials in the Qing Dynasty for the sake of family interests, and tried to let the next generation continue to engage in the army and maintain their glory. However, due to the collapse of the former Ming Dynasty’s military officer system, the Qing Dynasty’s vigilance against the former Ming Dynasty’s generals, and the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty’s military system and military officer system itself, the Po family did not get the same position of power as the former Ming.In the end, like other generals on the Jiubian(nine-frontier), the former Ming generals, who were born as adherents, gradually withered away in the Qing Dynasty.
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Agafonov, Anatoly. « Historical and Objective Method of Attribution of the Don Military Portrait of the 1812 Epoch ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 5 (novembre 2023) : 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.5.19.
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Introduction. The article discusses the formation and development of the Don military portrait in the context of the formation of the South Russian nobility and military events of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. “For exploits and wounds,” Don officers and generals received ranks, orders, and insignia, lands, estates, money, and valuable gifts, and were elevated to the nobility. They consolidated their new social status in a visual form: ceremonial, semi-ceremonial, chamber, military, and coat of arms portraits, a large number of which have been preserved in museums in Russia and abroad and in private collections. Methods and materials. Relying on the historical-subject method of attribution of portraiture and at the interdisciplinary level, the artistic image of the Don military elite of the 1812 epoch is studied; attribution, characterization of the content, interpretation of images, and their accompaniment are carried out. The portrait of the hero of the 1812 epoch, Major General Pyotr Grekov the 8th , accompanied by the family coat of arms of the nobility, is being studied. Analysis. The evolution of the Don Cossack uniform and fittings, the imperial award system and its extension to the generals and officer corps of the Don army are characterized, and the rules for depicting awards on portraits and heraldic symbols are described. All of them act as sources of attribution for portraiture, revealing the character and merits of the Don General. Results. Based on the historical-subject method of attribution of works of portrait painting, the date of writing is established, and an assumption is made about the model and the author of the image.
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Кrasota, І., et V. Skorik. « DEFINITION OF THE RATIONAL CONFORMITY OF THE OFFICIAL COMPOSITION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE FOR THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ARMY OF STATES - NATO MEMBERS ». Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, no 11 (27 décembre 2019) : 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2019.11.137-141.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of the armies of the developed countries of the world, first of all the NATO member states and the Armed Forces of Ukraine in determining the ratio of officers. The scientific task of establishing a rational balance of officers' composition is one of the key tasks of the defense reform in Ukraine on personnel management. The Matrix's achievement of the strategic objectives and the fulfillment of the main objectives of the defense reform in the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine determined the goal of achieving a more rational ratio of the categories of personnel of the defense forces, including the ratio of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In 2002-2004 and 2016, for the optimization of the ratio of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, an analysis was made of the existing correlation between the categories of officers in the armies of the leading countries of the world, including the armed forces of the NATO member states. According to the results of the conducted research, it was proposed to have the following ratios of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine: officers - about 25% of the total number of servicemen, senior and senior officers - about 40%, junior officers - about 60% of the total number of officers, of them : generals - 0,4%; colonels - 5%; Lieutenant Colonels - 14.6%; Majors - 20%; captains - 25%, senior lieutenants, lieutenants - 35% of the regular number of military officers by military rank. Bringing the rational balance of senior and junior officers in the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be conducted in a balanced manner to the state of security environment and needs of the state's defense, taking into account the financial and economic capabilities of the state, the long-term nature of the military threat posed by the Russian Federation, taken on the strategic course of Ukraine towards integration with the European Union and formation of conditions for joining NATO.
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Valecha, G. K., et Subha Venkataraman. « Improving Efficiency and Ensuring Impartiality of the Police Force ». Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers 11, no 1 (janvier 1986) : 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919860108.
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As the Indian Police force assumes an increasingly important role in the life of the nation, it conies under rigorous scrutiny and harsh criticism. What are its weaknesses and strengths? How can the weaknesses be remedied and strengths reinforced? In this article, G K Valecha and Subha Venkataraman, who have conducted a questionnaire‐survey of Inspector Generals and Deputy Inspector Generals, present the perceptions of these highranking police officers and some prescriptions. Discipline, job security, and esprit de corps are the three major strengths identified and corruption, political interference, and poor interaction within the force, the three weaknesses. Delinking police from politics, encouraging participation, recognizing merit in promotion, and improving motivation are suggested as measures to be adopted to improve efficiency and ensure impartiality of the police force.
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Waisbord, Silvio. « Politics and Identity in the Argentine Army ». Latin American Research Review 26, no 2 (1991) : 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100023797.
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Scholars and journalists have devoted considerable attention to analyzing the three military rebellions that rocked Argentine democracy in 1987 and 1988 (Boron 1987; Fontana 1988; López 1988; Stepan 1988). In addition to considering whether these revolts threatened the stability of the new political regime, academic and political interpretations have pointed to another issue stemming from the revolts: the emergence of a new generation of army officers with political goals and ideological values that differ from those prevailing in the upper levels of the Argentine military hierarchy. According to some observers, the experiences of middle-ranking officers during the last authoritarian regime produced a breach within the army that led, in the extreme view, to “two opposing armies.” This argument asserts that the Argentine Army currently appears divided between the high command (“oficiales superiores” made up of colonels and generals) and middle-ranking officers, who encompass “subalternos” (lieutenants and captains) and “jefes” (majors and lieutenant colonels). The split seems to have stemmed from differing political goals and ideological affiliations. The question, however, has remained speculative rather than being subjected to analytical research.
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Jake Struhelka. « Kentuckians in Gray : Confederate Generals and Field Officers of the Bluegrass State (review) ». West Virginia History : A Journal of Regional Studies 3, no 2 (2009) : 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wvh.0.0054.
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George, Kenneth M. « Some Things That Have Happened toThe Sun After September 1965 : Politics and the Interpretation of an Indonesian Painting ». Comparative Studies in Society and History 39, no 4 (octobre 1997) : 603–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041750002082x.
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As most tell the story, the mysterious and fearful twilight of Sukarno's Indonesia began in Jakarta sometime after sundown on the last day of September 1965. That night and in the early hours of October 1, a group led by leftist, middle-ranking military officers calling themselves the September Thirtieth Movement kidnapped and killed six generals in an attempted putsch. In its radio broadcasts the following morning, the movement announced its loyalty to President Sukarno and claimed that it had acted in order to thwart a coup planned by a ‘Council of Generals.’ In the year leading up to the putsch, the president's hold on power had been strained by the increasing polarization between the army and disaffected Muslims on the one hand, and Sukarno and the PKI—the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Kommunis Indonesia)— on the other. Sukarno's ill health, factionalism within military ranks, and the shadow of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) only added to the anxiety and uncertainty. It is unclear whether this Council of Generals had anything more than a phantom existence. What is clear is that the head of the strategic reserve command in Jakarta, Major General Soeharto, was quick to manipulate the situation and bring the movement to a halt within hours. In an evening radio broadcast on October 1, Soeharto described the putsch as a counter-revolutionary movement and told listeners that the army and police under his leadership had regained control.
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Lee, Jae Kee. « An Analysis of the Correlation between the "Elite-ization" of the Air Force and the Academy GPA ». Korean Journal of Policy Studies 8 (31 décembre 1993) : 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps08007.
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This study analyzed the Correlation between the Air Force officers who were promoted to the high class ranks through competitive "elite-ization" among the Air Force Academy graduates and their grade point averages (GPA's) in the academy. The population of the study included the generals and colonels who graduated from the Air Force Academy. If the correlation between the high positions of the regular college/university graduates in companies and their GPA's in colleges/universities had been analyzed, the result would have no universal validity because it means the comparison between positions among different companies and GPA's among different colleges/ universities. In case of the Air Force officers, however, they go through the unified curriculum, work in the same area after being commissioned as second lieutenants, and are promoted to higher ranks through a competitive selection process. Thus, a positive correlation could conceivably be shown.
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Sergey, Bezuglov. « Training of the Red Army Command Personnel in the Early Years of the Soviet Power Formation (1917–1924) ». TECHNOLOGOS, no 2 (2022) : 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2022.2.04.
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The main purpose of this research is to analyze the activities of the party, state and military governing bodies of the Soviet state aimed at training command personnel for the newly formed class army. The problems of creating a network of military educational institutions in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 have been considered in the article. It has been shown the main stages of formation and development of the system of military personnel training in the first years after the formation of the Soviet state. The characteristic features of formation of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions as the main body for creation, management and provision of military educational institutions have been highlighted and described in the article. Its role in training and education of command personnel for the Red Army is revealed. The author gives a generalized characteristic of workers and peasants who entered military educational institutions. Different types of military educational institutions created at different stages of the civil war and foreign military intervention, their number and qualitative differences have been shown in this work. The author has revealed the trends of their development and analyzed their contribution to the command personnel training. The author of the work paid considerable attention to the participation of former generals and officers of the old army in training and education of command staff for the Red Army.The motivation measures taken by the leadership of the Soviet state in order to attract highly trained officers and generals to this task are considered. At the end of the article the author summarizes the results of the reseach and draws definite conclusions. It has been determined that the Soviet government successfully solved the task of training command personnel in a fairly short time, graduating commanders from military educational institutions who were in no way inferior in training to officers of the "white" armies and Entente troops.
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Brown, Russell K., R. Manning Ancell et Christine M. Miller. « The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers : The U. S. Armed Forces. » Journal of Military History 60, no 4 (octobre 1996) : 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944683.
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Phillips, Scott W., Dae-Young Kim et Joseph Gramaglia. « The impact of general police officer outlooks on their attitudes toward body-worn cameras ». Policing : An International Journal 43, no 3 (6 avril 2020) : 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2019-0163.
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PurposeThe past five years have seen a growth in studies of police body-worn cameras (BWCs). A large share of the research focused on individual officer attitudes toward these new law enforcement tools. The scholarship, however, focused almost exclusively on their positive and negative perceptions of body cameras or correlations between those attitudes and general officer characteristics. This study examined whether the influence of negative or “concerning” policing attitudes toward body cameras is mediated by other variables, such as officer outlooks toward law enforcement, officers' perceptions of citizen cooperation or their opinions of the public.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was distributed to a convenience sample of police offices from two Northeastern police agencies.FindingsFindings indicate that the relationship between experience and concerning perceptions of body cameras is mediated by distrust in citizens and perceived civilian cooperation. Further, an office's outlooks regarding aggressive law enforcement tactics do not have a direct effect on concerning perceptions of body cameras, nor do they serve as a mediator between years of experience and concerning perceptions of body cameras.Originality/valueFindings uncover the nuance and complexity of studying and understanding police officer outlooks and perceptions of BWCs. Future experimental designs should include general outlook measures.
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Shank, Christopher G., et Miguel M. Alampay. « Communicating With Leadership : Behavioral Health and HIPAA in the Field ». Military Medicine 184, no 11-12 (27 septembre 2019) : 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz270.
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Abstract It can be challenging for a general medical officer to determine a patient’s fitness for duty in the field. Communicating with commanding officers can be difficult given a general medical officer’s loyalties as both a physician and medical officer. We present a case of a junior officer that highlights these issues.
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Ankit, Rakesh. « To Issue ‘Stand Down’ or Not… : Britain and Kashmir, 1947–49 ». Britain and the World 7, no 2 (septembre 2014) : 238–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2014.0150.
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‘It turned out to be a war unlike all others in that the respective Commanders communicated daily by telephones between Rawalpindi and New Delhi’. Thus it was that Henry Devereux – a British officer with the Pakistan Artillery – remembered the India-Pakistan conflict on Kashmir, 1947–49. It was a unique conflict with British generals commanding armies, on both sides, engaged in open warfare with each other and British diplomats taking up cudgels on behalf of the hostile governments they were accredited to. Therefore, whether to issue an order of “stand down” to the British military personnel involved in Kashmir emerged as an important question which the Clement Attlee Government (1945–51) faced as it struggled to formulate its response to the conflict. The article focuses on this question of the involvement of British officers in the armies of two warring dominions of the British Commonwealth and analyses the response of Great Britain, which sought to resolve the dilemma by keeping in mind the wider, international ramifications of its response – a fascinating though neglected aspect of the immediate aftermath of British decolonization in South Asia.
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SAVA, Laura Antoaneta. « The Army in the First Years of Communization in the Romanian Society ». Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane „C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor” 2023 (5 décembre 2023) : 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/csnpissh.2023.15.
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The author of this presentation states that despite the efforts the Communists made to seize power in 1945, the military cadres were not “a silent sea”, even though the psychological strain was very great. But over the next three years the resistance of the command corps weakened. Because of abuses and material deprivation there were changes in attitude and mentality, without this meaning that Romanian generals and officers agreed with communist ideas. The technique and scheme of the army’s transition to communism were outlined, with the help of many unpublished documents, but it must be stressed that this cynical aggression against the military will bear fruit after the monarchy’s ambition.
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Zhou, Gideon. « Three Decades of Public Expenditure Management in Zimbabwe ». Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no 3 (28 juillet 2012) : 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i3.2098.
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Sound public expenditure management forms the bedrock of public administration. It facilitates producence, efficiency, transparency and accountability in expenditure processes at various levels of government. This serves as a long term barricade aginst debt trap. This article responds to these fundamental concerns by examining the nature, processes and challenges of public expenditure management in Zimbabwe. Reviews of expenditure management systems in Zimbabwe show general consistence with those in Anglophone Africa. Ministries of finance, working closely with spending ministries, Accounting Officers, Public Accounts Committees of Parliament, Auditor Generals and internal auditors-constitute key players in the public expenditure management process. Notwithstanding this, overall expenditure over the decades remained sticky downwards due to inflationary pressures, unbudgeted expenditures and weak expenditure management systems. Robust mesaures should be put in place to institutionalise a culture of compliance with extant expenditure management frameworks at both the macro and micro levels of government.
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Corrêa, Marilia. « Military Resistance to the Brazilian Coup : The Fight of Officers and Soldiers against Authoritarian Rule, 1964–67 ». Americas 77, no 2 (avril 2020) : 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2019.112.
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ABSTRACTThis article traces resistance among members of the armed forces who opposed the military dictatorship in Brazil during the first four years of the regime, 1964–67. I show that despite scholars’ efforts to depict the 1964 coup as a project supported by the armed forces as a strategic and ideological unit, there were battle lines within those forces along which hard-liners and moderate interventionists battled for government control. There were, in fact, hundreds of officers and soldiers who opposed the coup and organized against it. To contain resistance efforts inside the armed forces, the generals who orchestrated the coup labeled opponents to intervention as communists and expelled them from the institution, in many cases under considerable duress. This article discusses the first opposition efforts of officers and soldiers, particularly the Nationalist Armed Resistance (RAN) and the Caparaó Guerrilla Movement. Members of the military who were opposed to the coup shared an anti-interventionism and nationalism that united them against the regime. After 1964, their efforts to oppose military interventionism, previously carried out inside the military barracks, became the fight of all its opponents, members of the armed forces and civilians alike.
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Makarevich, O. L. « MOBILIZATION AND MANNING OF THE RED ARMY DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA (1918-1922) ». Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no 4 (25 août 2020) : 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-4-616-627.
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The article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of the experience of mobilization work of the military administration of the Red Army, received during the Civil War 1918-1922. Historically short period of time is unique in that under emergency conditions of war and economic ruin, in the ring of fronts against the white armies and foreign troops of the interventionists, the Soviet leadership managed to create and establish an overall effective mechanism for manning the Red Army troops. The article considers the evolution of the main mobilization body - the Mobilization Department (since September 1918 - Management) of the all-Russian General staff. The role of so called “military experts” - former officers and Joint Staff generals who often held similar positions in the mobilization bodies of the old army - in the correct formulation of mobilization work is emphasized. The article shows the features and results of registration and mobilization work, expressed in various ways of staffing troops with human resources: general and private appeals, identification and legalization of deserters, unscheduled military (local) mobilization. Explanations are given for the dominance of certain methods of recruiting troops at various stages of the Civil war.
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Dedović, Mustafa. « The Memoirs of Arbih Generals : The Scope of Memoir Literature for Understanding the Military History of Sarajevo Between 1992-1995 ». Journal of Balkan Studies 4, no 1 (28 janvier 2024) : 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51331/a043.
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This article delves into the abundant war memoir literature originating from the countries of former Yugoslavia, which has been driven by various wars and the inclination of soldiers, officers, and generals to extol their wartime accomplishments. The prevalence of this literature is especially noteworthy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the most represented memoirs hailing from World War II, followed closely by those concerning the Yugoslav Wars. These memoirs offer diverse perspectives, reflecting the authors’ personal experiences and thoughts during war. While these memoirs do provide rich insights, a critical approach is essential given the inherently political nature of these works. As a valuable source for understanding military history, memoirs play a crucial role in shaping the comprehension of the past. The article underscores that, despite potential biases, the memoir literature presents opportunities for further research and for expanding knowledge about the war in Sarajevo, particularly when complemented by other military sources and archives.
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Michaud, Jean. « French Military Ethnography in Colonial Upper Tonkin (Northern Vietnam), 1897–1904 ». Journal of Vietnamese Studies 8, no 4 (2013) : 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.8.4.1.
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This article narrates a remarkable endeavor, a venture into the colonial ethnography of borderland mountain societies of today’s northern Vietnam, then upland Tonkin, from the unlikely cultural perspective of the military. This venture, commissioned by Governors Generals Paul Doumer and Paul Beau, was conducted a little over a century ago, yielding over four thousand manuscript pages penned by seventy different authors.First, I consider the logic of the militarization of the northern borderlands at the end of the nineteenth century, a strategic policy that triggered the launch of two surveys in 1897 and 1903. I then examine the methods used in the performance of these surveys and, building upon material from the original documents, I comment on the mindset of the officers who performed this task and on the strength of this material for anthropological research today.
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Dubik, James M. « Taking a “Pro” Position on Principled Resignation ». Armed Forces & ; Society 43, no 1 (19 août 2016) : 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16659736.
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Principled resignation of senior military officers is sometimes justified, especially in wartime. First, except under very narrow circumstances, each of us remains a moral agent. Second, American’s hold those on the battlefield responsible for their decisions and actions, and we must hold senior generals and admirals responsible for strategic decisions and actions taken in capitals. Third, organizations—regardless of type—incur significant risks when senior officials remain silent in the face of serious wrongs. Finally, war risks, damages, changes, and often ends lives of the innocent, of the citizens who fight on behalf of their nation, and of the political community itself, even if the war does not involve an existential threat. Although my colleagues, with companion pieces in this journal, disagree, senior leaders who participate in strategic, war-waging decisions and actions are responsible to speak out, perhaps even to to leave, when the risk involves not just effectiveness but using poorly or wasting life.
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Curelea, Daniela, et Dragoș Curelea. « CONSIDERAȚII ȘI APRECIERI ASUPRA CALITĂȚILOR ORGANIZATORICE ȘI DE COMANDĂ ALE GENERALULUI DĂNILĂ PAPP EFECTUATE DE SUPERIORII SĂI IERARHICI ÎN PERIOADA 1919–1933 ». ANUARUL INSTITUTULUI DE CERCETĂRI SOCIO-UMANE „GHEORGHE ŞINCAI” 26 (1 avril 2023) : 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/icsugh.sincai.26.16.
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In the following article, we would like to bring to your attention the results of the research we undertook on the command and organization activity that General D. Papp undertook, both in the service of the Governing Council, especially in the command and organization structure called the Command General Territorial Sibiu (December 1918-April 1919), as well as in the Army of Great Romania in the period April 1918-April 1930. We note that Dănilă Papp was a senior officer and general with military training at the Teresian Military Academy in Wienner-Neustadt and civilian as a graduate of the Faculty of Engineering specializing in Roads, bridges, constructions, fortifications at the Polytechnic in the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was coopted into the structure of the General Territorial Command of Sibiu, serving in the Department of the Army and Public Safety under the coordination of the Romanian politician Ștefan Cicio-Pop and under the orders of General Ioan Boeriu. Organizer of the 16th and 18th divisions formed from Transylvanians, and as commander of the 18th Infantry Division from Sibiu, he participated in the Campaign of the Romanian Army on the Tisza and in Hungary in 1919. He participated as commander general of the 18th Sibiu Infantry Division at the Coronation Celebrations of Their Royal Majesties King Ferdinand and Queen Maria of Great Romania in Alba Iulia and Bucharest between October 15-17, 1922, festivities during which he led the Ardelean Division’s parade. From 1923 he was appointed to the command of the 1st Territorial Army Corps from Craiova, and from April 1, 1924 until April 1, 1930, when he was transferred to the reserve, he was in command of the 6th Territorial Army Corps from Cluj.During the period in which he served the Romanian state and the Royal House of Romania as the commanding officer of the Cluj Army Corps, he distinguished himself in the technical-organizational staff that took care of the smooth running of the Avram Iancu Centenary Celebrations, both in the Apuseni Mountains area and in Cluj during August-September 1924. In the following study, we present the assessments that the senior officers in the rank of General D. Papp made, both on his activity of organization and command, as well as in terms of his qualities and the excellent training that he always showed, referring -us, especially the assessments made by generals Artur Văitoianu, Ioan Boeriu, Ștefan Holban, Henri Cihoski, Nicolae Petala, Gheorghe Mărdărescu, Alexandru Hanzu, Ioan Prodan. For his high merits in the service of the state of Romania, he was decorated with the Order of the Coroana României in the rank of Commander, then with the same Order in the rank of Grand Officer, with the Order of the Steaua României in the rank of Grand Officer,The Victory Medal of the Great War for Civilization (1916-1921), and later with the Order of Ferdinand I in the rank of Grand Officer, and then in the rank of Grand Cross, respectively with the Order of Faithful Service in the rank of Grand Officer.
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Yuniarti, Siti. « Petugas/Pejabat Pelindungan Data Pribadi dalam Ekosistem Perlindungan Data Pribadi : Indonesia, Uni Eropa dan Singapura ». Business Economic, Communication, and Social Sciences (BECOSS) Journal 4, no 2 (4 juin 2022) : 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/becossjournal.v4i2.8377.
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Personal data protection regulations have been adopted by 137 countries until the beginning of 2022. In addition to creating a data protection agency, personal data protection regulations have also created new professionalism, namely personal data protection officers. The main role of the data protection officer is to ensure compliance with personal data protection regulations placing the function of a data protection officer as an important factor in the personal data protection ecosystem. It raises the question of how the role of data protection officers in the personal data protection ecosystem when it is analyzed from the attributes attached to the profession. Therefore, using the normative juridical research method, this paper attempts to describe the role of the data protection officer in the personal data protection ecosystem by analyzing the attributes attached to the profession through a comparison of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, Personal Data Protection Act Singapore and the draft of personal data regulation in Indonesia. This paper concluded that the existence of a data protection officer is part of the data protection regulation, whether it appears as an obligation or in terms of certain conditions. Independency of the data protection officer and organizational support is essential to optimize the data protection officer’s role which has been adopted on GDPR. It also noticed the presence of data protection officers as a service to fulfill the needs of data protection officers by organizations. Further research regarding the attribute of data protection officers as studied in this paper is needed since the Indonesia personal data protection bill will impact many sectors, both private and public sectors.
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Midžić, Fikret. « Bosančica (Western Cyrillic) through the selected border’s (krajišnik’s) letters ». MemorabiLika 1, no 1 (18 janvier 2023) : 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ml.4013.
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Bosančica (Western Cyrillic) through the selected border’s (krajišnik’s) letters The importance of the written word is immutable to humanity because it was the main driver and keeper of every culture. In this context, the paper also looks at letters that, upon the arrival of Ottoman authorities, were accepted as such as a means of communication between the Captain of Krajina and other Ottoman generals with Croatian officers and authorities ‘on one side of the border’;. They are written mostly in one type of Bosniancyrillic, mostly with an icicle, and only with some eyebrows. In these letters that we call the ‘signatures’, we see the respect of the culture of the recipients expressed through a properly measured amount of localizations, turks and other so-called. a stranger, who witnesses not only national, but also religious tolerance. These numerous letters in use from the 15th to the middle of the 19th century have great value for studying history, cultural heritage, politics and social and economic history. The author illustrated his conclusion with four such letters from the 18th century.
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Novikov, M. V. « Советские военные советники в Китайской Республике в 1938–1943 гг. (по материалам воспоминаний) Новиков М.В. » Вестник гуманитарного образования, no 4(32) (16 février 2024) : 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.23.054.
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The article examines the specifics of the activities of Soviet military advisers sent to the Republic of China in 1938–1943 to assist in the construction of a modern army at that time, in planning and conducting defensive and offensive operations. The organizational structure of the soviet apparatus is presented, including 4 chief military advisers (M. I. Dratvin, A. I. Cherepanov, K. M. Kachanov, V. I. Chuikov). It is noted that the staff of advisers included representatives of all branches of the armed forces: combined arms, artillery, aviation, tank, engineering, communications, air defense, logistics, intelligence, as well as military doctors. Based on the memoirs, the features of the advisers' activities in the Chinese theater of operations, the specifics of relations with Chinese military leaders are considered. According to memoirists, Soviet officers sent to China did not receive special training to perform the functions of advisers, the experience of advisers who worked in China in the 1920s. It was not generalized, and the instructions of the representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense were of the most general nature: it is necessary to help the Chinese comrades. In the memoirs, several problems stand out in the work of advisers with Chinese generals: the presence in the command structure of the Chinese armed forces of feudal generals who received military education in military academies of Western countries and Japan and had their own idea of the tasks of combating Japanese aggression; the gap in military ranks (Soviet majors – advisers to Chinese generals); the age barrier (the advisers were much younger than the Chinese generals, to whom they had to advise something); the language barrier. The advisers attributed attachment to traditions and intolerance to criticism, even the most reasonable, to the psychological characteristics of Chinese generals. Related to this were recommendations for a special approach to Chinese generals. The issue of the relationship between the leaders of the Kuomintang and the CPC, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong during the war is being considered. It is emphasized that the recall of advisers to the USSR in 1943 It was primarily associated with the growing scale of American military assistance to China, including advisers. Рассматриваются особенности деятельности советских военных советников, командированных в 1938–1943 гг. в Китайскую Республику для оказания помощи в строительстве современной по тому времени армии, в планировании и проведении оборонительных и наступательных операций. Представлена организационная структура советнического аппарата, включая 4-х главных военных советников (М. И. Дратвин, А. И. Черепанов, К. М. Качанов, В. И. Чуйков). Отмечается, что в аппарате советников были представители всех родов войск: общевойсковые, артиллерийские, авиационные, танковые, инженерные, специалисты по связи, ПВО, тылу, разведки, а также военные врачи. На основе воспоминаний рассматриваются особенности деятельности советников на китайском театре военных действий, специфика взаимоотношений с китайскими военачальниками. По свидетельству мемуаристов, направленные в Китай советские офицеры не проходили специальное обучение для выполнения функций советников, опыт советников, работавших в Китае в 1920-е гг. обобщен не был, а инструкции представителей наркомата обороны носили самый общий характер: надо помочь китайским товарищам. В воспоминаниях выделяется несколько проблем в работе советников с китайскими генералами: наличие в командном составе китайских вооруженных сил генералов-феодалов, получивших военное образование в военных академиях западных стран и Японии и имевших свое представление о задачах борьбы с японской агрессией; разрыв в воинских званиях (советские майоры – советники китайских генералов); возрастной барьер (советники были значительно моложе китайских генералов, которым они должны были что-то советовать); языковой барьер. К числу психологических особенностей китайских генералов советники относили привязанность к традициям и нетерпимость к критике, даже самой разумной. С этим были связаны рекомендации особого подхода к китайским генералам. Рассматривается вопрос, связанный со взаимоотношениями в ходе войны руководителей Гоминьдана и КПК, Чан Кайши и Мао Цзэдуна. Подчеркивается, что отзыв советников в СССР в 1943 г. был связан прежде всего с ростом масштабов американской военной помощи Китаю, в том числе советниками.
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Wojtaszak, Andrzej. « Polityka personalna w Wojsku Polskim w latach 1918–1939 ». Prace Historyczne 147, no 4 (2020) : 761–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.042.12496.
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Personnel policy in the Polish Army in the years 1918–1939 Personnel policy is one of the most sensitive elements shaping the military personnel of each army, and we can distinguish several stages of this policy in the Polish Army in the years 1918–1939. The first was related to the regaining of independence by Poland and fights for its borders. At that time, the organizational structures of the army were created and verification commissions were set up, which defined the possibilities of serving in the Polish Army, especially in regard to former soldiers from the forces of partitioning powers. The next period was associated with the transition of the army to the so-called peace organization, when the basis for the promotion pragmatics was defined by law. The third of the stages began after 1926, when after the coup d’état, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and his entourage gained a decisive role in the promotion policy, mainly based on legionary provenance. At that time, many officers left the military, especially those generals who previously commanded the armies of partitioning powers. The organizational system of the Polish Army also changed, as alongside the Ministry of Military Affairs and the General Staff (Main), a new dominant organ was appointed –the General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces –to prepare the army for a future war. After the death of Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the pragmatist approach was advocated by his successor Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, who tried to introduce clear promotion regulations regarding personnel policy in the Polish Army.
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Lawson, Helene. « Controlling the Wilderness : The Work of Wilderness Officers ». Society & ; Animals 11, no 4 (2003) : 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853003322796073.
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AbstractIdeologies having roots in the legal structure of the system of wildlife protection characterize the work culture of the Pennsylvania wilderness officer. This paper examines these ideologies and the characteristically strong social solidarity of the community of wilderness officers. Wilderness officers are both law enforcement agents and conservationists. They mediate between human and animal as well as between what is considered scientific management and what is considered unenlightened and even lawless behavior. In performing this boundary work, wilderness officers participate in the social construction of the science of land management, which views animals as renewable resources. The wilderness officer's job is to insure the continuation of this resource as a part of the natural heritage of Pennsylvania and the United States. The wilderness officer's concept of "animal" becomes a byproduct of this social construction and of the culture of hunting that supports it. The rural upbringing common to many officers suits them ideally to their task.
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Cohen, Dikla. « סיפורו של מחמד אל־מצרי : צוהר להפעלת "ציידי הטנקים" במלחמת יום הכיפורים ». Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies 9, no 1 (2023) : 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26351/jimes/9-1/6.
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This article sheds light on the story of Muhammad al-Masri, an Egyptian war hero, who served as a “tank hunter” and destroyed 27 Israeli tanks during the October War of 1973. Al-Masri symbolizes the boldness of the Egyptian soldiers who fought against Israel, as well as the success of the surprise moves that were planned by the Egyptian generals and caught the Israeli soldiers off guard in the first stage of the war. The article will present a thorough discussion of Egyptian combat doctrine, the training of the “tank hunters,” and the character of the Egyptian model of heroism. These doctrines and models will be demonstrated through reference to encounters between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers in the very first clashes of the war, especially al-Masri’s encounter with the Israeli anti-hero lieutenant colonel Asaf Yaguri, who was captured by the Egyptians immediately after the destruction of his tank by al-Masri. These concepts will also be examined in view of the portrayal of decorated soldiers and officers in the Egyptian discourse and media. Thus, this article seeks to illuminate factors that may partly explain the nature of the “cold peace” between Egypt and Israel.
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Griffin, Marie L. « The Influence of Professional Orientation on Detention Officers' Attitudes Toward The Use of Force ». Criminal Justice and Behavior 29, no 3 (juin 2002) : 250–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854802029003002.
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With few exceptions, little attention has been paid to detention officers and their attitudes toward use of force against inmates. A number of studies have focused attention on the punitive, custodial, and rehabilitative attitudes that form an officer's professional orientation and the way in which such attitudes influence the nature of officer/inmate interaction. However, the relationship between professional orientation and attitudes toward use of force remains unexplored. Based on a survey of 617 detention officers working in seven jails, this article uses multivariate analyses to examine the independent effects of individual characteristics, work environment factors, and professional orientation on officers' reported readiness to use force in a county jail. The results indicate that a detention officer's readiness to use force is influenced by some, but not all, types of professional attitudes toward inmates and interactions with inmates.
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Posadsky, Anton V. « Military Construction in Army Orders : The Experience of the Southern White Army in Summer 1919 ». Herald of an archivist, no 3 (2022) : 688–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-688-703.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines military construction in the Russian Army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. It focuses on the Southern Army, which emerged after reformation of the Orenburg Independent Army, the Southern Army Group, and units of the Orenburg military district in the end of May 1919. Soviet and modern historiography highlights the defense of Orenburg by the Red Army and the victory of the Reds over the Southern Army in the battles of late August – September 1919. The events of summer 1919, the Southern Army being an integrated combined arms force, remain poorly studied. Prior and later, the Cossack element and Cossack leadership prevailed. Therefore, it seems important to consider the efforts of the White command to create a combined arms army. An array of army orders is engaged to characterize the military construction of army headquarters from late May to August 1919. They permit to evaluate the system of time and organizational priorities of the army headquarters and its commander in military construction. Besides orders, the study uses memoirs of generals and senior officers who served in the Southern Army. General historical methods are used in the analysis. The research is to assess the progress and effectiveness of the efforts of the army level White command in military construction in a relatively quiet sector of the front. Commander P. A. Belov engaged in military organizational activities, introducing formations and re-formations of units and forces. The troops were brought in line with authorized staff. Artillery, sanitary service, reserve units, rear administration were regulated. The article shows that General P. A. Belov carried out routine work on military construction energetically and intelligently. However, outside stereotypical events, he demonstrated unsuccessful decisions. Thus, important and risky mission of mastering Turkestan was entrusted to a new force of recently formed reserve units. As a result, large and well-organized army was defeated and disintegrated in the battles in late August – mid-September 1919. General P.A. Belov, an experienced officer, was active in routine tasks, but unable to choose priorities under the conditions of the Civil War. His inability to distinguish essential and non-essential and to distribute forces correctly sabotaged his efforts to create a combined arms army. This was characteristic of the Whites in the Civil War, which makes this research scientifically significant and opens prospects for comparative historical research.
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Zidaru, Marian. « The Structure and Methods of Gruppe 6 E from German Secret Service During The Second World War ». International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no 2 (25 juin 2017) : 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0147.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In this paper I present the general background picture of the development of Gruppe (group) 6 E from German Secret Service. As a result, for the personal interest of Ernst Kaltenbrunner in the work of the Gruppe, 6E developed a working basis which differs from the normal functioning of the other Laendergruppen (groups of countries), a tendency which became more marked after the transfer of the central office from Berlin to Vienna in 1943. A liaison officer only remained in Berlin. This paper presents the final structure of the Gruppe and the leading personnel, and it is under this final organization that the work of the Gruppe in the Balkan States. The Gruppe maintained liaison officers with the Herman Neubacher and Altenberg Dienststellen (Altenberg offices), these liaison officers being directly subordinated to the Gruppenleiter (Group leader). In common with the outside offices, with which he kept in personal contact, and an Auswerter (analyst) responsible for the evaluation and dissemination of information. The Referate (Abstrat) conducted their operation through the Hauptbeauftragte (Chief Comissioner) working in the various countries under suitable cover.
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Tovsultanova, Malika Sharipovna, Rustam Alkhazurovich Tovsultanov et Lilia Nadipovna Galimova. « The military coup in Turkey on May 27, 1960 : background, drivers and it consequences ». Samara Journal of Science 9, no 1 (28 février 2020) : 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091215.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the 1950s, the Democratic Party came to power in Turkey, relying on the provincial bourgeoisie and clericals. The charismatic leader of democrats Adnan Menderes became the prime-minister. The Democratic government pursued an active foreign and domestic policy. In particular, abandoning its traditional neutrality, Turkey joined NATO and CenTO military blocs. Concessions were made to religious circles. The government also carried out large-scale reforms, for which the society was not ready, due to which an economic crisis erupted in the country, the most characteristic manifestation of which was high inflation. By introducing repressive laws against dissidents, attempts to isolate the opposition, in particular the leaders of the Republican Peoples Party (RPP), the Democrats pushed the latter to search for allies in the army. In the ranks of the latter, under the influence of Western agents and the dissatisfaction of the officers themselves with the situation in the country, the idea of a military coup came about on May 27, 1960. As a result of the coup, the National Unity Committee came to power, consisting of representatives of the generals and leaders of the Republican Peoples Party. In 1961, a new constitution was adopted at a referendum, reforming the system of legislative power in the country, after which power again passed to civilian political institutions. The leader of the military who carried out the coup, General Jemal Grsel, became the prime minister, while the chairman of the Republican Peoples Party Ismet İnnbecame became the president of Turkey.
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Dusanic, Slobodan. « Julian's strategy in AD 361 ». Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no 41 (2004) : 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0441055d.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Both Roman generals and modern historians have tended to find Julian's moves in the civil war of AD 361 hazardous as well as difficult to understand. This is especially true of his long, ultra-rapid and semi-clandestine journey down the Danube, which was carried out by a dangerously small corps (under the command of the Usurper himself !) and ended with a very brief visit to Sirmium. A competent and, otherwise, cautious general, Julian must have had strong reasons for the risky haste that led him to Sirmium. These reasons were not primarily of a military nature, though enlistment of fresh troops and formation of vexillationes was among the measures he undertook/ initiated in the Pannonian metropolis. A (neglected) passage (13. 287 a) of his Letter to the Athenians (? mainly written during the river journey but sent from Sirmium itself) implies that his visit to Sirmium was chiefly caused by his urgent need to secure the rich mines of precious metals managed by that city (mines situated in the Drinus valley and the Mt. Cer area), as well as silver and gold objects (coins, ingots, plates etc.) stored in Sirmium, which had a mint and the metal officinae of its own. All this would help him i.a. distribute the donativa, already promised to his soldiers and officers. Analogous strategies, inspired by the old experience that the pecunia and/or metalla is/are nervus belli civilis, left traces in the sources describing the wars between Constantine I and Licinius, Vitellius and Vespasian, Otho and Vitellius ? to cite the most illustrative examples only.
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Cipta, Samudra Eka. « Learning From Personality A.H. Nasution : Starting from Glory to Getting Out of the Political and Military Stage in Indonesia ». Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy 1, no 1 (30 mai 2020) : 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46507/jcgpp.v1i1.6.
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General Abdul Haris Nasution is a national hero who has been educated from the military. Starting from being the Commander of the KNIL (Dutch East Indies Army) to becoming Minister of Internal Defense. Nasution once served as Commander of the Siliwangi Military Command. Nasution was very true of the military world. Nasution had been the target of murder from the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party). However, Nasution escaped death until he suffered minor injuries and legs. Nasution was also entrusted as Chair of the MPRS (Provisional People's Consultative Assembly). When Soekarno was confronted by Mahmilub (Extraordinary Court) by reading Pel-Nakwasara (Complementary Nakwasara) which contained about the pledoi for his defense efforts related to the G 30 S (September 30, 1965). Nasution, who was then chairman of the MPRS, refused the pledoi and immediately replaced Suharto as president. The New Order period lasted for 32 years Nasution's fate became increasingly tragic. Nasution was withdrawn from military service by Soeharto when it was proven in the Petition Objection 50 which was signed by several former generals and officers loyal to Sukarno to criticize Suharto's policies at that time. This researchs uses historical research methods, in this study aims to study more deeply about the figure of Abdul Haris Nasution began his career as a military until the end of the tragic as a retired soldier. The problem in this research is 1) How is the initial gait of A.H. Nasution? 2) How was Abdul Haris Nasution's role in defending Indonesia's independence 3) how Nasution's relationship with Sukarno and Suharto.
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Čížová, Júlia, et Roman Holec. « 1918 and the Habsburg Monarchy as Reflected in Slovak Historiography ». Historical Studies on Central Europe 1, no 2 (3 décembre 2021) : 206–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.08.
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With regard to the “long” nineteenth-century history of the Habsburg monarchy, the new generation of post-1989 historians have strengthened research into social history, the history of previously unstudied social classes, the church, nobility, bourgeoisie, and environmental history, as well as the politics of memory.The Czechoslovak centenary increased historians’ interest in the year 1918 and the constitutional changes in the Central European region. It involved the culmination of previous revisitations of the World War I years, which also benefited from gaining a 100-year perspective. The Habsburg monarchy, whose agony and downfall accompanied the entire period of war (1914–1918), was not left behind because the year 1918 marked a significant milestone in Slovak history. Exceptional media attention and the completion of numerous research projects have recently helped make the final years of the monarchy and the related topics essential ones.Remarkably, with regard to the demise of the monarchy, Slovak historiography has focused not on “great” and international history, but primarily on regional history and its elites; on the fates of “ordinary” people living on the periphery, on life stories, and socio-historical aspects. The recognition of regional events that occurred in the final months of the monarchy and the first months of the republic is the greatest contribution of recent historical research. Another contribution of the extensive research related to the year 1918 is a number of editions of sources compiled primarily from the resources of regional archives. The result of such partial approaches is the knowledge that the year 1918 did not represent the discontinuity that was formerly assumed. On the contrary, there is evidence of surprising continuity in the positions of professionals such as generals, officers, professors, judges, and even senior old regime officers within the new establishment. In recent years, Slovak historiography has also managed to produce several pieces of work concerned with historical memory in relation to the final years of the monarchy.
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. « BEHIND CLOSED DOORS The Paris Meetings of the Allies on the Armistice of Mudanya, 6-7 October 1922 ». Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi 10, no 33 (24 décembre 2022) : 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1220388.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Mudanya Armistice has without doubt a prominent place in the history of the Turkish National Struggle. Thus, there have been many studies and publications to this date which have dealt with all aspects of the armistice. It is for this reason that the current study will not deal with the armistice itself. Rather, as stated in the title, the study will look at Allies’ meetings in Paris on the Armistice of Mudanya on 6-7 October. More specifically, it will investigate how the British, French, and Italian statesmen (such as Lord Curzon, Poincaré, and Kont Sforza) evaluated the armistice. The conference between the Allies generals and Ismet Pasha commenced at Mudanya on 3 October. The conference had for its main object to obtain the cessation of hostilities between Nationalist Turkey and Greece and fix a line in Eastern Thrace behind which the Greek army was to be invited to retire. However, on the third day a deadlock was reached owing mainly to the demand of the Turks that Eastern Thrace should be restored to Turkey in full sovereignty previous to the entry into force of the Peace Treaty. Ismet Pasha had demanded that the whole of Eastern Thrace should be handed over to the Turks at once, and that all Allied officers, missions, and contingents should be immediately withdrawn. He had threatened to set his troops in motion if these demands were not at once conceded. Here the French general, who up till then had acted in accord with his Allies, had suddenly announced that he had instructions from the French Government to agree to the Turkish demands. The meeting had accordingly broken up, and the generals had returned to İstanbul in order to obtain instruction from their governments. The British Government had instructed General Harington not to return or resume negotiations until the matter was cleared up. On 6 October, Lord Curzon immediately went to Paris to discuss the matter with the French Prime Minister, Poincaré. If the Turks’ claim were upheld, and if the French Government supported General Charpy, Curzon argued, it would render all co-operations between the Allied Governments. Poincaré replied that General Charpy had no orders but only latitude to avoid war. He also added that France would in no event go to war with Turkey. Lord Curzon insisted upon respect for the neutral zones. For this reason, a clause in regard to them had been inserted in the convention and was a matter of concern to all three governments. The convention in its final form was signed in the early morning of the 11 October, after a session which lasted almost without interruption for about twelve hours.