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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Gender processing »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Gender processing"

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Garrido-Pozú, Juan J. « Predictive processing of grammatical gender : Using gender cues to facilitate processing in Spanish ». Lingua 278 (octobre 2022) : 103416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2022.103416.

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Spohn, Cassia C., et Jeffrey W. Spears. « Gender and Case Processing Decisions ». Women & ; Criminal Justice 8, n^o 3 (27 février 1997) : 29–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v08n03_02.

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Katz, Phyllis A., Louise Silvern et Diane K. Coulter. « Gender Processing and Person Perception ». Social Cognition 8, n^o 2 (juin 1990) : 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.1990.8.2.186.

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BORDAG, DENISA, et THOMAS PECHMANN. « Factors influencing L2 gender processing ». Bilingualism : Language and Cognition 10, n^o 3 (25 octobre 2007) : 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728907003082.

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In four experiments we explored processes underlying L2 gender retrieval. We focused on L1 interference and on the influence of the L2 noun's termination. In Experiments 1 and 2 we tried to manipulate the intensity of L1 interference. We found that L2 speakers cannot eliminate or substantially reduce the interlingual interference neither when they know the response language long in advance in a situation in which code-switching is required (Experiment 1), nor when they are close to the monolingual mode (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 yielded evidence that gender typicality of the L2 noun's termination also exerts an influence on L2 processing, both in production and comprehension. L2 gender thus does not seem to be stored as a fixed feature as it is assumed for L1. Rather, our data support the assumption that it is computed anew each time when needed for processing. Further implications for modeling are discussed.

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Wallschlaeger, Michael, et Bryan Hendricks. « Gender differences in phonetic processing ». Current Psychology 16, n^o 2 (juin 1997) : 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-997-1021-0.

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TARABAN, ROMAN, et VERA KEMPE. « Gender processing in native and nonnative Russian speakers ». Applied Psycholinguistics 20, n^o 1 (mars 1999) : 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716499001046.

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Traditional computational accounts of gender representation and learning (e.g., Carroll, 1989, 1995) differ radically from cue-based and connectionist accounts. The latter but not the former predicts that access to noun gender will vary depending on the reliability of noun endings (and other sublexical elements and morphological constituents) in marking gender, and that agreement markers can be used strategically to constrain the genders of ambiguously marked nouns. Adult native (L1) speakers of Russian (Experiment 1) and advanced nonnative (L2) speakers (Experiment 2) read Russian sentences on a computer and were asked to choose one of two inflected past tense verbs in a forced choice task. The verbs either matched or mismatched the gender of the subject NP. Half of the target trials used opaque (end-palatalized) subject nouns, which were ambiguously marked for gender, and the other half used transparent (regularly marked) subject nouns. Noun type was crossed with the presence or absence of a gender-marked adjective in the subject NP. When an adjective was present in the subject NP, both L1 and L2 speakers were significantly faster at reading and selecting the correct verb form. L2 but not L1 speakers showed longer reading and choice latencies and made more errors when the subject noun was opaque. The data showed that L2 speakers used adjective inflections to disambiguate the gender of opaque subject nouns and to select gender appropriate verb inflections. The accuracy data for L1 and L2 speakers were tested against several connectionist models. The models' success in accounting for the data suggested that L1 and L2 speakers may depend on a common learning mechanism and thus resemble one another at the computational level, contrary to traditional computational accounts (Carroll, 1989, 1995).

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Martin, Patricia Yancey. « Gender, Accounts, and Rape Processing Work ». Social Problems 44, n^o 4 (novembre 1997) : 464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1997.44.4.03x0232x.

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Farnworth, Margaret, et Raymond H. C. Teske, Jr. « Gender Differences in Felony Court Processing : ». Women & ; Criminal Justice 6, n^o 2 (26 mai 1995) : 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v06n02_02.

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Hofmann, Juliane, Anke Marschhauser et Sonja A. Kotz. « Grammatical gender processing in aphasic patients ». Brain and Language 87, n^o 1 (octobre 2003) : 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00196-2.

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Szymanowski, F., F. Szymanowski, S. A. Kotz, C. Schröder, M. Rotte et R. Dengler. « Gender Differences in Processing Emotional Prosody ». Clinical Neurophysiology 118, n^o 4 (avril 2007) : e102-e103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.239.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Gender processing"

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Strand, Elizabeth A. « Gender Stereotype Effects in Speech Processing ». The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1380895028.

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Bevans, Rebecca L. « Who knows baby best ? investigating connotative gender information, gender processing,and gender identification by adults / ». abstract and full text PDF (free order & ; download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3339094.

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Anton-Mendez, Maria Ines. « Gender and number agreement processing in Spanish ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289019.

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The main focus of this dissertation is the processing of agreement between a subject and predicative adjective in Spanish. The basic methodology often employed in experiments in the literature on subject-verb number agreement was used-participants saw an adjective and a sentence preamble consisting of a subject head noun and a prepositional modifier containing a second noun (attractor), and they had to complete the sentence by adding a verb and using the given adjective. Agreement errors in the gender and number of the adjective and in the number of the verb were analyzed. In the first experiment, the possible differences between two types of gender were studied. Spanish nouns can be divided into two types according to whether their gender has semantic import. Most nouns referring to animate beings possess gender specification at two levels-semantic and grammatical, while the rest possess gender only at a grammatical level, and this difference could be reflected in the agreement process. The results point to the fact that gender agreement is indeed sensitive to gender type. The second experiment investigated the relationship between gender and number agreement with the predicative adjective, and of number agreement between subject and verb, and subject and predicative adjective. The results indicate that processing of gender agreement is independent of processing of number agreement. They also indicate that the computation of number agreement between a single source (subject head) and different targets (verb and predicative adjective) is a single process, that is, that agreement with one of the targets is dependent on agreement with the other. In the third experiment, the effect of morphophonology on gender agreement was tested by manipulating the regularity of the nouns in the sentence preambles. The pattern of errors implies that the morphological properties of nouns with semantic gender does affect agreement, but not so the phonological properties of nouns with purely grammatical gender. Overall, the results of the three experiments are more compatible with a modular model of language production, as well as with a feature copying account of agreement implementation.

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ALMEIDA, DÉBORA RIBEIRO DE. « PROCESSING OF GENDER AND NUMBER AGREEMENT IN PREDICATIVE STRUCTURES ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28211@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A presente dissertação aborda o processamento dos traços de gênero e número no Português Brasileiro (PB) no estabelecimento da concordância em estruturas predicativas com um DP complexo na posição de sujeito. São investigadas estruturas tais como O telhado das casas estava quebrado na lateral e A bilheteria dos teatros ficava inundada no temporal, nas quais há concordância em número entre o sujeito e o verbo e concordância em gênero e número entre o sujeito e a forma participial. A fim de investigar se os traços de gênero e número são processados ao mesmo tempo e se o fenômeno semântico da distributividade interfere nesse processamento, dois experimentos foram propostos: um de produção induzida de erros e outro de leitura automonitorada, ambos realizados com falantes universitários. Os resultados indicam que: (i) os falantes universitários, conhecedores da norma culta do PB, de fato produzem lapsos de concordância em gênero e número; (ii) na leitura, universitários também são sensíveis a sentenças com erros de concordância em gênero e número; (iii) a distributividade é um fator interferente no processamento da concordância, em particular no âmbito da produção e (iv) a marca morfofonológica de gênero do núcleo do sujeito afeta o processamento da concordância na produção e na compreensão. A influência de distributividade é explicada com base no modelo de produção monitorada por parser(PMP), de Rodrigues (2006), compatível com a ideia de um processador sintático autônomo, não sujeito a interferências semânticas. A influência de fatores semânticos é atribuída, no modelo de Rodrigues (2006), à forma como, no curso do processamento, DPs complexos são representados e mantidos na memória de trabalho e analisados pelo parser. Propostas sobre a representação dos traços de gênero e número (Picallo, 1991, 2008; Ritter, 1993; Di Domenico, 1995) são consideradas na discussão sobre dissociação de traços de gênero e número no processamento da concordância nas estruturas predicativas investigadas. Os resultados dos experimentos conduzidos com falantes de PB são comparados aos obtidos com falantes de espanhol em experimentos envolvendo, no caso da produção, tarefa de produção induzida de erros (Antón-Méndez et al., 2002) e, no caso da compreensão, experimentos de ERP (Barber e Carreiras, 2005) e de rastreamento ocular(Acuna et al., 2014). Discute-se, na comparação entre os resultados das duas línguas, além da influência da distributividade, como se daria a computação dos traços de número no verbo e no particípio - se corresponderia a um processo único ou dissociado -, e também a influência de marcação, em particular o favorecimento de formas participiais no masculino, que no PB correspondem à forma não-marcada (default).
This thesis deals with the processing of gender and number features in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) when establishing agreement in predicative structures containing a complex DP in the subject position. It investigates structures such as O telhado das casas estava quebrado na lateral (The roof of the houses was broken on the side) and A bilheteria dos teatros ficou inundada no temporal (The box office of the theater was flooded in the storm), where There is number agreement between the subject and the auxiliary verb, and gender and number agreement between the subject and the participle. To determine whether gender and number features are processed at the same time, whether the semantic phenomenon of distributivity can interfere in the processing of these features, two experiments were conducted: a sentence production task designed to elicit speech errors and a self-paced reading experiment, both with university students who are native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The results indicate that: (i) the university student participants, who are users of a formal variant of BP and are therefore aware of the rules of agreement, in fact produce number and gender agreement errors; (ii) the participants are sensitive to sentences with agreement errors in gender and number in reading comprehension; (iii) distributivity is an interfering factor in agreement processing, particularly in production and (iv) the morphophonological gender mark, in the head of the subject, affects agreement processing both in speech production and reading comprehension. The influence of distributivity is explained using Rodrigues (2006) model of a monitored parser in production, which is compatible with the idea of an autonomous syntactic processor that is not subject to semantic interference. According to Rodrigues model, the influence of semantic factors can be accounted for by how complex subject DPs are represented and maintained in working memory and analyzed by the parser during language production. Proposals on gender and number representation (Picallo, 1991/2008; Ritter, 1993; Di Domenico, 1995) are considered in the discussion on dissociation of gender and number features in agreement processing of the predicative structures investigated in this thesis.The results of the production and the comprehension experiments conducted with speakers of BP are compared to the results of studies conducted with Spanish speakers involving an induced error experiment (Antón-Mendez et al., 2002), in the case of production and, in the case of comprehension, ERP (Barber and Carreiras, 2005) and eye-tracking (Acuna et al., 2014) experiments. Comparison and discussion of the experimental results in the two languages covers not only the influence of distributivity on agreement, but also the question of how the number features on the auxiliary verb and the participle are computed (whether it is a single or dissociated process) and the influence of gender marking, particularly participants tendency to produce participles in the masculine form, which in BP is the default, unmarked form.

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Johnson, Dustin Paul. « Gender and Juvenile Case Processing : A Look at Texas ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11030/.

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This dissertation examines the role gender plays in predicting referral beyond juvenile court intake. Using referral data from Texas for 1999-2003, multinomial logistic regression is used to examine case processing decisions. Males were found to be more likely than females to be processed beyond intake for both status and delinquent offenses. Legal variables were found to influence processing decisions for delinquent offenses more than non-legal variables. In contrast, non-legal variables were found to influence processing decisions more than legal variables for status offenses. Finally, overall, minority females were not found to be more likely to be processed beyond intake than white females. Further research is needed to determine if the same finding is true for males.

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Johnson, Dustin Paul Rodeheaver Daniel Gilbert. « Gender and juvenile case processing a look at Texas / ». [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11030.

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Sabourin, Laura. « Grammatical gender and second language processing : an ERP study / ». Online version, 2003. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/26748.

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Bell, Yvonne Twana. « Relationship Between Community Violence Exposure, Gender, and Social Information Processing ». ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1562.

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Violent behaviors among adolescents serve as a disruption to many aspects of society. If these behaviors remain uncorrected, there is increased potential for serious self-harm, harm to others, incarceration, and escalation of violence into homicide or suicide. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between youth exposure to community violence and adolescents' social information processing underlying aggressive responses, as well as the potential role of gender in moderating this relationship. A sample of 160 male and female 18-year-olds from the Midwestern United States completed an online survey, which included the Things I Have Seen and Heard (TISH) Scale to assess exposure to community violence and a measure of aggressive responding to ambiguous social situations, based on 4 vignettes devised by Crick and Dodge. The data were analyzed using moderated multiple regression analysis and correlational analysis. Results indicated that a relationship between community violence exposure and adolescents' social information processing of aggressive responses is moderated by gender; there was a significant correlation between TISH scores and the total score from the vignettes among females but not among males. The study results suggest that school-based interventions and violence prevention programs should target the ways in which adolescent girls and young women make decisions when placed in ambiguous or potentially threatening situations, with reference to the level of community violence to which they have been exposed. Hence, this study has implications for positive social change to break the cycle of community violence, based upon enhancing the understanding of mechanisms that relate previous exposure to violence and aggressive responding among youth.

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Foucart, Alice. « Grammatical gender processing in French as a first and second language ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2585.

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The present thesis investigates grammatical gender processing in French as a first and second language. It focuses mainly on whether non-native speakers can achieve native-like representation and processing of gender, and whether the native language (L1) influences the acquisition of the second language (L2). Theoretical linguistic models have made two contrasting assumptions concerning the ability of late bilinguals to acquire grammatical gender in their L2. While some models propose that grammatical features, such as gender, are no longer available for L2 acquisition if they are not present in L1 (Hawkins & Chan, 1997), others assume that these features are still available via the universal grammar if required in the L2 (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1996; White, 1989, 2003). These assumptions, however, are supported only by off-line studies and do not provide a comprehensive account for gender representation and processing. The present thesis uses online techniques to address these questions both in language comprehension and language production. The first chapters are devoted to comprehension processes and examined French native speakers, English-French and German-French bilinguals’ performance during the processing of correct and syntactically anomalous sentences, using ERPs and eye-movements to record behaviour. We concluded that, like native speakers, English-French bilinguals are sensitive to gender agreement violations. Thus, we argue that late bilinguals are able to acquire the gender system of their L2 even if this grammatical feature is not present in their L1. On the other hand, the performance of the German speakers we tested suggests that the presence of a competing gender system in the native language may hamper gender acquisition in L2. The influence of the native language may vary, however, according to both proficiency and how gender systems map across languages, as suggest the results we obtained with Spanish bilinguals tested in language production. In a second series of experiments, we examined determiner selection in French to further investigate gender representation and processing, but in language production. Using a picture-word interference paradigm, we compared the production of simple and complex noun phrases (NP) in French native speakers, English-French and Spanish-French bilinguals. From our results, we argue that gender representation is similar in L1 and L2, but that gender processing is less incremental in non-native speakers in that they do not compute agreement between the noun and other elements of the NP as automatically as native speakers do. The absence of interference between the two gender systems of the Spanish-French bilinguals we tested suggests that the gender systems of the two languages may be autonomous in highly proficient bilinguals. Our results suggest that highly proficient bilinguals can reach native-like representation and processing of gender in their L2 and that such is not constrained by either the age of onset of learning or the grammar of the learners L1.

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Padula, Claudia B. « Alcohol Dependence and Gender : An fMRI Pilot Study Examining Affective Processing ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1298322572.

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Livres sur le sujet "Gender processing"

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Jensen, Poul Erik. Gender differences and computer use in education. Copenhagen : Danish Institute for Educational Research, 1989.

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Uma, Kothari, et Nababsing Vidula, dir. Gender & industrialisation : Mauritius, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. Stanley, Rose-Hill [Mauritius] : Editions de l'océan Indien, 1996.

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Gender, Zambia Ministry of. National gender monitoring and evaluation plan. Republic of Zambia : Ministry of Gender, 2018.

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Neetha, N. Labour, employment, and gender issues in EPZs : The case of NEPZ. Noida : V. V. Giri National Labour Institute, 2004.

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Siltanen, Janet. Gender inequality in the labour market : Occupational concentration and segregation. Geneva : International Labour Office, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Juvenile justice : Minimal gender bias occurred in processing noncriminal juveniles : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1995.

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Gayathridevi, K. G. Gender, ecology and development in Karnataka : Situation and tasks ahead. Bangalore : Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2009.

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Gayathridevi, K. G. Gender, ecology and development in Karnataka : Situation and tasks ahead. Bangalore : Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2009.

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Gender-technology relations : Exploring stability and change. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Cheap wage labour : Race and gender in the fisheries of British Columbia. Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Gender processing"

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Strand, Elizabeth A. « Gender perception influences speech processing ». Dans Wahrnehmung und Herstellung von Geschlecht, 127–36. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89014-6_10.

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Sharma, Nandita, et Tom Gedeon. « Stress Classification for Gender Bias in Reading ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 348–55. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24965-5_39.

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Phung, S. L., et A. Bouzerdoum. « Gender Classification Using a New Pyramidal Neural Network ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 207–16. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11893257_23.

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Davies, Catherine Evans. « Chapter 1. Culture, gender, ethnicity, identity in discourse ». Dans Human Cognitive Processing, 11–36. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.64.02dav.

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Zhu, Peisong, Tieyun Qian, Ming Zhong et Xuhui Li. « Inferring Users’ Gender from Interests : A Tag Embedding Approach ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 86–94. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46681-1_11.

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Phoophuangpairoj, Rong, Sukanya Phongsuphap et Supachai Tangwongsan. « Gender Identification from Thai Speech Signal Using a Neural Network ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 676–84. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10677-4_77.

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Ji, Zheng, et Bao-Liang Lu. « Gender Classification Based on Support Vector Machine with Automatic Confidence ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 685–92. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10677-4_78.

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Azcarraga, Arnulfo, Arces Talavera et Judith Azcarraga. « Gender-Specific Classifiers in Phoneme Recognition and Academic Emotion Detection ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 497–504. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46681-1_59.

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Wang, Jing, Xiangbin Yan et Bin Zhu. « Behavior Theory Enabled Gender Classification Method ». Dans Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 192–200. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69644-7_20.

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Jia, Jizheng, et Qiyang Zhao. « Gender Prediction Based on Chinese Name ». Dans Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing, 676–83. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32236-6_62.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Gender processing"

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Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar, Emily E. Reid et Owen Rambow. « Gender and Power : How Gender and Gender Environment Affect Manifestations of Power ». Dans Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1211.

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Yamada, Masayuki, et Maria do Carmo Lourenço-Gomes. « Lexical selection and gender agreement processing ». Dans 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2019/10/0052/000414.

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Zhou, Pei, Weijia Shi, Jieyu Zhao, Kuan-Hao Huang, Muhao Chen, Ryan Cotterell et Kai-Wei Chang. « Examining Gender Bias in Languages with Grammatical Gender ». Dans Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1531.

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Wang, Jialu, Yang Liu et Xin Wang. « Are Gender-Neutral Queries Really Gender-Neutral ? Mitigating Gender Bias in Image Search ». Dans Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.151.

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Protopsaltis, Aristidis, et Vassiliki Bouki. « Gender and information processing in electronic age ». Dans the 26th annual ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1456536.1456563.

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Nieto, Nicolas. « On the Impact of Gender Bias in Medical Imaging Classifiers for Computer-aided Diagnosis ». Dans LatinX in AI at Neural Information Processing Systems Conference 2019. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai2019120816.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) systems for computer-aided diagnosis and image-based screening are being adopted worldwide by medical institutions. In such a context, generating fair and unbiased classifiers becomes of paramount importance. The research community of medical image computing is making great efforts in developing more accurate algorithms to assist medical doctors in the difficult task of disease diagnosis. However, little attention is paid to the way databases are collected and how this may influence the performance of AI systems. Our study sheds light on the importance of gender balance in medical imaging datasets used to train AI systems for computer-assisted diagnosis. We provide empirical evidence supported by a large-scale study, based on three deep neural network architectures and two well-known publicly available X-ray image datasets used to diagnose various thoracic diseases under different gender imbalance conditions. We found a consistent decrease in performance for underrepresented genders when a minimum balance is not fulfilled. This raises the alarm for national agencies in charge of regulating and approving computer-assisted diagnosis systems, which should include explicit gender balance and diversity recommendations. We also establish an open problem for the academic medical image computing community which needs to be addressed by novel algorithms endowed with robustness to gender imbalance.

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Cho, Won Ik, Ji Won Kim, Seok Min Kim et Nam Soo Kim. « On Measuring Gender Bias in Translation of Gender-neutral Pronouns ». Dans Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-3824.

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Liu, Ming, Xun Xu et Thomas S. Huang. « Audio-visual gender recognition ». Dans International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, sous la direction de S. J. Maybank, Mingyue Ding, F. Wahl et Yaoting Zhu. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.774687.

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Wu, Bo, Haizhou Ai et Chang Huang. « Real-time gender classification ». Dans Third International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, sous la direction de Hanqing Lu et Tianxu Zhang. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.539077.

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Choubey, Prafulla Kumar, Anna Currey, Prashant Mathur et Georgiana Dinu. « GFST : Gender-Filtered Self-Training for More Accurate Gender in Translation ». Dans Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.123.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Gender processing"

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Oosterom, Marjoke, Lopita Huq, Victoria Flavia Namuggala, Sohela Nazneen, Prosperous Nankindu, Maheen Sultan, Asifa Sultana et Firdous Azim. The Gendered Price of Precarity : Voicing and Challenging Workplace Sexual Harassment. Institute of Development Studies, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.030.

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There is a strong belief that employment is a crucial avenue for the empowerment of young women, through income, greater autonomy, and bargaining power within the family. However, experiences of workplace sexual harassment undermine these potential gains. This qualitative study among agro-processing factory workers and domestic workers in Uganda and Bangladesh demonstrates that sexual harassment is widespread in both formal and informal workplaces, while domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to its most severe forms.

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Daniels, Charles J. Processing of Archaebacterial Intron-Containing tRNA Gene Transcripts. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, juillet 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada197868.

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Stern, David, et Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, septembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575289.bard.

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The steady-state level of a given mRNA is determined by its rates of transcription and degradation. The stabilities of chloroplast mRNAs vary during plant development, in part regulating gene expression. Furthermore, the fitness of the organelle depends on its ability to destroy non-functional transcripts. In addition, there is a resurgent interest by the biotechnology community in chloroplast transformation due to the public concerns over pollen transmission of introduced traits or foreign proteins. Therefore, studies into basic gene expression mechanisms in the chloroplast will open the door to take advantage of these opportunities. This project was aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into mRNA processing and degradation in the chloroplast and to engineer transcripts of varying stability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA stability, processing, degradation and translation. In particular, the processing of the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs was shown to be important determinants in translation. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis. RNA polyadenylation has been characterized in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chloroplast transformants carrying polyadenylated sequences were constructed and analyzed. Data obtained to date suggest that chloroplasts have gene regulatory mechanisms which are uniquely adapted to their post-endosymbiotic environment, including those that regulate RNA stability. An exciting point has been reached, because molecular genetic studies have defined critical RNA-protein interactions that participate in these processes. However, much remains to be learned about these multiple pathways, how they interact with each other, and how many nuclear genes are consecrated to overseeing them. Chlamydomonas is an ideal model system to extend our understanding of these areas, given its ease of manipulation and the existing knowledge base, some of which we have generated.

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Steffens, John, Eithan Harel et Alfred Mayer. Coding, Expression, Targeting, Import and Processing of Distinct Polyphenoloxidases in Tissues of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613008.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones at the expense of O2. PPOs are ubiquitous in higer plants, and their role in oxidative browning of plant tissues causes large annual losses to food production. Despite the importance of PPOs to agriculture, the function(s) of PPOs in higher plants are not understood. Among other roles, PPOs have been proposed to participate in aspects of chloroplast metabolism, based on their occurrence in plastids and high Km for O2. Due to the ability of PPO to catalyze formation of highly reactive quinones, PPOs have also been proposed to be involved in a wide array of defensive interactions with insect, bacterial, and fungal pests. Physiological and biochemical studies of PPO have provided few answers to the major problems of PPO function, subcellular localization, and biochemical properties. This proposal achieved the following major objectives: cloning of PPO cDNAs in potato and tomato; characterization of the tomato PPO gene family; antisense downregulation of the tomato PPO gene family; and reduction in post-harvest enzymic browning of potato through expression of antisense PPO genes under the control of tuber-specific promoters. In addition, we established the lumenal localization of PPO, characterized and clarified the means by which PPOs are imported and processed by chloroplasts, and provided insight into the factors which control localization of PPOs. This proposal has thereby provided fundamental advances in the understanding of this enzyme and the control of its expression.

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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry et R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, octobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.

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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen et Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.

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The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.

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Anderson, Olin, et Gad Galili. Development of Assay Systems for Bioengineering Proteins that Affect Dough Quality and Wheat Utilization. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568781.bard.

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The quality and utilization of wheat is largely dependent upon the exact physical/chemical properties of the doughs made from flour/water mixtures. Among the wheat seed components most correlated with dough visoelastic parameters are the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits whose disulfide cross-linked macropolymer is critical for dough functionality. We have used the tools of molecular biology, wheat transformation, heterologous expression of HMW-glutenin subunits in bacteria, and dough micro-mixing experiments to examine some of the molecular basis of HMW-glutenin functionality. In addition, we have developed sets of modified and synthetic gene constructs and transgenic wheat lines that will allow further examination of the role of the HMW-glutenins. Among the results from this work is evidence that the HMW-glutenin repeat domain is directly related to dough properties, the demonstration that interaction between subunits is dependent upon domain presence but not order, a novel understanding of the restrictions on intra-vs inter-chain disulfide bonds, the demonstration that HMW-glutenin genes can be transformed into wheat for simultaneously high expression of the transgene and suppression of the endogenous genes, and the construction of a set of modified HMW-glutenins capable of being epitope tagged for studying polypeptide subcellular processing and the fate of HMW-glutenins in dough mixing experiments.

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Ohad, Itzhak, et Himadri Pakrasi. Role of Cytochrome B559 in Photoinhibition. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613031.bard.

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The aim of this research project was to obtain information on the role of the cytochrome b559 in the function of Photosystem-II (PSII) with special emphasis on the light induced photo inactivation of PSII and turnover of the photochemical reaction center II protein subunit RCII-D1. The major goals of this project were: 1) Isolation and sequencing of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast psbE and psbF genes encoding the cytochrome b559 a and b subunits respectively; 2) Generation of site directed mutants and testing the effect of such mutation on the function of PSII under various light conditions; 3) To obtain further information on the mechanism of the light induced degradation and replacement of the PSII core proteins. This information shall serve as a basis for the understanding of the role of the cytochrome b559 in the process of photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthetic activity as well as during low light induced turnover of the D1 protein. Unlike in other organisms in which the psbE and psbF genes encoding the a and b subunits of cytochrome b559, are part of an operon which also includes the psbL and psbJ genes, in Chlamydomonas these genes are transcribed from different regions of the chloroplast chromosome. The charge distribution of the derived amino-acid sequences of psbE and psbF gene products differs from that of the corresponding genes in other organisms as far as the rule of "positive charge in" is concerned relative to the process of the polypeptide insertion in the thylakoid membrane. However, the sum of the charges of both subunits corresponds to the above rule possibly indicating co-insertion of both subunits in the process of cytochrome b559 assembly. A plasmid designed for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the psbF gene of C. reinhardtii. was constructed. The vector consists of a DNA fragment from the chromosome of C. reinhardtii which spans the region of the psbF gene, upstream of which the spectinomycin-resistance-conferring aadA cassette was inserted. This vector was successfully used to transform wild type C. reinhardtii cells. The spectinomycin resistant strain thus obtained can grow autotrophically and does not show significant changes as compared to the wild-type strain in PSII activity. The following mutations have been introduced in the psbF gene: H23M; H23Y; W19L and W19. The replacement of H23 involved in the heme binding to M and Y was meant to permit heme binding but eventually alter some or all of the electron transport properties of the mutated cytochrome. Tryptophane W19, a strictly conserved residue, is proximal to the heme and may interact with the tetrapyrole ring. Therefore its replacement may effect the heme properties. A change to tyrosine may have a lesser affect on the potential or electron transfer rate while a replacement of W19 by leucine is meant to introduce a more prominent disturbance in these parameters. Two of the mutants, FW19L and FH23M have segregated already and are homoplasmic. The rest are still grown under selection conditions until complete segregation will be obtained. All mutants contain assembled and functional PSII exhibiting an increased sensitivity of PSII to the light. Work is still in progress for the detailed characterization of the mutants PSII properties. A tobacco mutant, S6, obtained by Maliga and coworkers harboring the F26S mutation in the b subunit was made available to us and was characterized. Measurements of PSII charge separation and recombination, polypeptide content and electron flow indicates that this mutation indeed results in light sensitivity. Presently further work is in progress in the detailed characterization of the properties of all the above mutants. Information was obtained demonstrating that photoinactivation of PSII in vivo initiates a series of progressive changes in the properties of RCII which result in an irreversible modification of the RCII-D1 protein leading to its degradation and replacement. The cleavage process of the modified RCII-D1 protein is regulated by the occupancy of the QB site of RCII by plastoquinone. Newly synthesized D1 protein is not accumulated in a stable form unless integrated in reassembled RCII. Thus the degradation of the irreversibly modified RCII-D1 protein is essential for the recovery process. The light induced degradation of the RCII-D1 protein is rapid in mutants lacking the pD1 processing protease such as in the LF-1 mutant of the unicellular alga Scenedesmus obliquus. In this case the Mn binding site of PSII is abolished, the water oxidation process is inhibited and harmful cation radicals are formed following light induced electron flow in PSII. In such mutants photo-inactivation of PSII is rapid, it is not protected by ligands binding at the QB site and the degradation of the inactivated RCII-D1 occurs rapidly also in the dark. Furthermore the degraded D1 protein can be replaced in the dark in absence of light driven redox controlled reactions. The replacement of the RCII-D1 protein involves the de novo synthesis of the precursor protein, pD1, and its processing at the C-terminus end by an unknown processing protease. In the frame of this work, a gene previously isolated and sequenced by Dr. Pakrasi's group has been identified as encoding the RCII-pD1 C-terminus processing protease in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The deduced sequence of the ctpA protein shows significant similarity to the bovine, human and insect interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding proteins. Results obtained using C. reinhardtii cells exposes to low light or series of single turnover light flashes have been also obtained indicating that the process of RCII-D1 protein turnover under non-photoinactivating conditions (low light) may be related to charge recombination in RCII due to back electron flow from the semiquinone QB- to the oxidised S2,3 states of the Mn cluster involved in the water oxidation process.

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Stalder, Kenneth J., S. J. Moeller et Max F. Rothschild. Associations between two gene markers and traits affecting Fresh and Dry-Cured Ham Processing Quality. Ames (Iowa) : Iowa State University, janvier 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-689.

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Stern, David B., et Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast : Control of mRNA Stability and Transcription Termination. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568750.bard.

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Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and of other essential biosynthetic activities in plant cells. Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, since they contain their own genomes and protein biosynthetic machinery, but depend on the coordinate expression of nuclear genes to assemble macromolecular complexes. The bioeingineering of plants requires manipulation of chloroplast gene expression, and thus a knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that modulate mRNA and protein production. In this proposal the heterotrophic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used as a model system to understand the control and interrelationships between transcription termination, mRNA 3' end processing and mRNA stability in chloroplasts. Chlamydomonas is a unique and ideal system in which to address these issues, because the chloroplast can be easily manipulated by genetic transformation techniques. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA 3' end formation and mRNA stability. In particular, the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs were shown not to be efficient transcription terminators. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis and the role of several 3' untranslated regions in modulating RNA stability and translation has been studied. This information will allow us to experimentally manipulate the expression of chloroplast genes in vivo by post-transcriptional mechanisms, and should be widely applicable to other higher plant systems.

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