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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 16 février 2022

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)"

DAWAR, KAMALA. « Government Procurement in the WTO : A Case for Greater Integration ». World Trade Review 15, n^o 4 (5 janvier 2016) : 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000592.

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This article assesses the regulation of government procurement in the WTO, specifically under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA), the General Agreement on Tariffs in Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). It compares these findings from leading regional trade agreements (RTAs) with government procurement regulation, most notably the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

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Oza, A. N. « General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994 : An Explanatory Note ». Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers 20, n^o 3 (juillet 1995) : 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919950303.

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There has been considerable debate in recent years whether India would gain substantially from the growth-effects of GATT. In this article, A N Oza explains the important provisions of the controversial GATT agreements which will enable the reader to make his or her own judgement whether the package as a whole will be beneficial or detrimental to the Indian public interest.

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Voon, Tania. « The Security Exception In WTO Law : Entering a New Era ». AJIL Unbound 113 (2019) : 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.3.

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For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combination of WTO member restraint and fortuitous circumstances, WTO panels have not had to make a definitive ruling on the meaning and scope of these exceptions. Yet, suddenly, the security exception lies at the center of multiple explosive disputes, posing a potential threat to the WTO's very existence.

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Swaak-Goldman, Olivia Q. « Who Defines Members' Security Interest in the WTO ? » Leiden Journal of International Law 9, n^o 2 (juin 1996) : 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000246.

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The European Community (EC) has recently announced its decision to begin dispute-resolution procedures in the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the United States (US) because of the latter's passage of the so-called ‘Helms-Burton’ law, which tightens the sanctions against Cuba by means of extraterritorial application. This will, in all probability, offer the WTO an ideal opportunity to define the limits of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade's (GATT) security exception. The security exception, contained in GATT Article XXI, is also included in other agreements annexed to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement), such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). It provides an exception from all GATT (as well as GATS and TRIPs) obligations, including the all-important ‘most-favoured-nation’ non-discrimination rule. The security interests at issue must be those of a political, rather than an economic, nature. It should be noted that because there is no human rights and democracy exception to the GATT or other agreements annexed to the WTO Agreement, trade restrictions that are based either in whole or in part on these concerns, such as the measures against Cuba, are usually justified on the basis of the security exception.

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Beshkar, Mostafa, et Eric W. Bond. « Cap and Escape in Trade Agreements ». American Economic Journal : Microeconomics 9, n^o 4 (1 novembre 2017) : 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218.

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We propose a model of flexible trade agreements in which verifying the prevailing contingencies is possible but costly. Two types of flexibility emerge: contingent protection, which requires governments to verify the state of the world, and discretionary protection, which allows governments to set tariffs unilaterally. The structure of the GATT/WTO agreement provides these two types of flexibility through a mechanism that we call Cap and Escape. Governments may choose tariffs unilaterally below the negotiated cap, but escaping from the cap requires state verification. We show that this framework explains key features of the GATT/WTO agreements, including the substantial variation across sectors and countries in the level of negotiated tariffs, and the rate at which different flexibility measures are used. (JEL D86, F11, F13, F41)

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Moore, Patrick M. « The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement ». American Journal of International Law 90, n^o 2 (avril 1996) : 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203695.

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On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

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Bartels, Lorand. « The Chapeau of the General Exceptions in the WTO GATT and GATS Agreements : A Reconstruction ». American Journal of International Law 109, n^o 1 (janvier 2015) : 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0095.

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One of the most important issues in the law of the World Trade Organization is the right of WTO members to adopt measures for nontrade purposes. In the WTO’s General Agreement. on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), this right is secured in general exceptions provisions, which permit WTO members to adopt measures to achieve certain objectives, notwithstanding any other provisions of these agreements and also, in some cases, other WTO agreements. These objectives include, most importantly, the protection of public morals, the maintenance of public order, the protection of human, animal, or plant life or health, the enforcement of certain domestic laws, and the conservation of exhaustible natural resources.

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JOERGES, CHRISTIAN, et CHRISTINE GODT. « 5 Free trade : the erosion of national, and the birth of transnational governance ». European Review 13, S1 (mars 2005) : 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000219.

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Free Trade has always been highly contested, but both the arguments about it and the treaties that regulate it have changed dramatically since the Second World War. Under the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regime, objections to free trade were essentially economic, and tariffs were a nation state's primary means of protecting its interests. However, by the early 1970s, tariffs had been substantially reduced, and the imposition and removal of non-tariff barriers that reflected a wide range of domestic concerns about the protection of health, safety, and the environment have since come to dominate trade agreements and their implementation. The expanding scope of these international treaties, and their effect on domestic regulatory objectives, has created new challenges for the nation-state, and for the international trade system as a whole. Domestic regulatory objectives that are generally embedded in a nation state's legal system or even in its constitution, are now negotiable and are susceptible to adjudication at the international level where they may, or may not, be used to camouflage unrelated economic interests. The international trade system adapted to this situation in 1994 by transforming the GATT into the World Trade Organization (WTO), which has more effective means for dispute resolution and includes a number of special agreements – such as the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) – with rules for balancing the economic concerns of free trade with the social concerns of regulatory objectives. These developments have generated legal queries about the general legitimacy of transnational governance arrangements and their ‘constitutionalization’, i.e. the quest for transnational governance that is mediated by law and not only accepted de facto but considered deserving of acceptance.

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Mitchell, AndrewD, et Tania Voon. « Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO : Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.] ». Cambridge Law Journal 61, n^o 2 (24 juin 2002) : 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302501690.

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Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on agricultural products and other products of particular interest to developing countries. The work programme adopted at the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference held in Doha late last year provides for negotiations to improve market access for agricultural products and to reduce or eliminate tariffs on non-agricultural products and environmental goods.

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Rose, Andrew K. « Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade ? » American Economic Review 94, n^o 1 (1 février 2004) : 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970724.

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This paper estimates the effect on international trade of multilateral trade agreements—the World Trade Organization (WTO), its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) extended from rich countries to developing countries. I use a standard “gravity” model of bilateral merchandise trade and a large panel data set covering over 50 years and 175 countries. An extensive search reveals little evidence that countries joining or belonging to the GATT/WTO have different trade patterns from outsiders, though the GSP seems to have a strong effect.

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Thèses sur le sujet "GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)"

Xia, Yao Yuan. « Reconciliation of non-market economies : GATT trade rules ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28870.

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Due to the abortion of the proposed Havana Charter and non-participation of the USSR and other State trading economies in the Charter negotiations, GATT has been acting as a traders' club - a club mainly beneficial to western •market economies. Its rules are formulated almost exclusively in favor of free trade on a comparative advantage and private enterprise basis. There is virtually no place for NMEs to have effective access. As one of the pivots of post-World-War-II multilateralism, GATT assumes a major role in compromising, integrating, regulating and supervising diversified member nations' trade laws and policies. Its legal framework, however, is inadequate to deal with the integration of NME. This is because GATT is framed essentially along the line of market ideology and minimal government intervention. NMEs, on the other hand, discard market ideology and adopt wholesale government intervention and central planning as a basic form of economy. While trading practice in NMEs is basically incompatible with the GATT-promoted free trade rules, accommodations were made to facilitate NMEs' request for membership. Consequently, Poland, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia became GATT members respectively during the 1960s and 70s. At that time East European countries maintained command state trading thus were unable to be fully integrated into the GATT-based international trade order. During negotiations on terms of NMEs' accession to GATT, GATT countries adopted an import commitments approach to solve the central and much debated issue of market access to NME countries. Despite its merits, the approach has been criticized notwithstanding the fact that no alternative has been suggested. Accordingly, the primary objective of the thesis is to rethink the existing approaches to NMEs in order to explore new ways of effectively integrating NMEs into the GATT legal framework. By approaching the thesis problem carefully, the writer arrives at the conclusion that although GATT would need new assumptions with a view to regaining a new consensus of broader international representation and participation, a considerable and substantial decentralization in the NME is unavoidable in order to adapt themselves into the GATT framework. In the meantime, it is stressed that all GATT countries should continue to facilitate NMEs' access to the GATT forum in the hope that NMEs being potential world traders would increase world prosperity and understanding by broader participation. World prosperity, needless to say, is the best guarantee of world peace and security.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Mathis, James Haley. « Regional trade agreements in the GATT/WTO GATT article XXIV and the internal trade requirement / ». [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/60558.

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Bindley, Geoffrey Norman. « China and the GATT : a study of political and economic implications / ». Thesis, [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13841051.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994.
"The implications of state trading, and the costs and benefits of GATT membership; with illustrations from the stell industry." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).

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Nischalke, Tobias Ingo. « Theories of international cooperation and the GATT/WTO regime : beyond the dichotomy of rational and cognitive approaches ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003027.

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This thesis aspires to assess the explanatory value of different theories of international cooperation for the case of the world trade regime of GATT/WTO and subsequently strives to reach a satisfactory interpretation of the instance of cooperation. The world trade regime embarked on a process of transformation with the signing of the Marrakech Agreements of 15th April 1994. The event marked the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and, with the establishment of the WTO, the beginning of a new era for the world trade regime. The thesis endeavours to establish the substance of the regime change from GATT to the WTO. It outlines the most significant provisions of the agreement of the Uruguay Round and, subsequently, analyses the change on the level of regime norms underlying the world trade regime. The analysis of regime norms yields insights about the essence of the regime transformation and as to what factors proved to be conducive to cooperation in the sphere of the world trade. The GATT/WTO regime with its extended scope and more sophisticated institutional structures can be regarded as a prime example of successful cooperation. However, the prospects for cooperation between states in an anarchic environment without central authority for enforcement are the subject of a remarkably intense scholarly debate. Therefore it is worthwhile to examine which theoretical framework proves to be most adept at elucidating the circumstances of this instance of cooperation. This thesis applies different theories of international cooperation to the case of the GATT/WTO regime. While a large array of rational theories attempts to explain cooperation from a perspective which focuses on interests and capabilities, a different strand of theories, that of cognitive approaches, emphasizes the paramountcy of ideas and beliefs as variables which explain cooperation. They endogenize the process of interest formation. This thesis seeks to synthesise the strong points of rational and cognitive approaches and thus to reconcile the divergent schools of thought. Its further purpose is to set out factors which are conducive to cooperation.

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Runi, Rutendo Juliana. « Balancing trade remedies and preferential trade agreements : A South African experience ». University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6831.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Over the past decade countries have embraced globalisation. The depth and influence of globalisation has grown significantly since the 19th century. Globalisation has accelerated mainly due to increased integration in trade with bilateral, regional and multilateral trade negotiations on the rise. Multinational companies have also enlarged which enable production to be done seamlessly in different countries, increase in capital flows such as purchase of assets and bonds has also contributed. Furthermore, the surge on technological innovations and advancement cannot be ignored when one speaks of globalisation this era has been dubbed the technological era additionally there is also the role of migration which enhances labor movements. The world has rapidly shrunk to one global economy. After the World War II countries began to move away from protectionism to liberalised trade and this resulted in the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) then the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which is comprised of 164-member states. The WTO regulates trade and promotes free trade. Over the years the organisation has been evolving to deal with issues such as climate and technical assistance. Global trade presents challenges which may give rise to the need for countries to protect their domestic industries for political and economic reasons.

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Haddock, Janet Elaine. « Environment-related decision making : an examination of the GATT/WTO process / ». Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20272029.

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Haglund, Lisa. « The Security Exception in the GATT : An Analysis of Article XXI in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-408809.

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Grimett, Leticia Anthea. « Protectionism and compliance with the GATT article XXIV in selected regional trade arrangements ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003188.

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 has resulted in the GATT Contracting States making a renewed commitment to freer global trade and trade liberalisation. These Contracting States signalled their commitment to GATT policies and principles by undertaking to abolish all those non-tariff barriers which were not converted to tariffs and to decrease all tariffs applied by their domestic economies. The movement away from protectionism is intended to bring contracting states in line with the GATT most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles. The only exceptions to these principles are the regional trade arrangements which can be implemented in accordance with Article XXIV of GATT 1947 and the Understanding on the Implementation of Article XXIV of GATT 1947. Regional trade arrangements such as customs unions and free-trade areas have been allowed by the GATT as they are deemed to promote trade liberalisation through the removal of substantially all trade restrictions between countries party to these trade arrangements. In practice this has not been the case, however, as these regional trade arrangements have been known to apply very protectionist trade policies. This research determines whether regional trade arrangements are inherently protective ie does the nature of these regional trade arrangements encourage protectionism? The external trade policies of the European Union (EU), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) are analysed to determine whether the contracting parties to regional trade arrangements have corrupted the GATT provisions and so contributed towards the protectionist nature of these regional trade arrangements. The internal trade provisions relating to the implementation of these regional trade arrangements have also been discussed to determine their compliance with Article XXIV of GATT 1947. As all the selected regional trade arrangements have direct or indirect links to South Africa, the implications of the policies chosen by these parties for South Africa have also been discussed. Analysis of the EU, SADC, SACU and ASEAN has shown that prior to the adoption of the GATT 1994, the free-trade areas and customs unions were not implemented in accordance with Article XXIV provisions. These regional trade arrangements have been moulded to fit the economic aspirations of the relevant contracting states. Of the regional trade arrangements accepted by the GATT, free-trade areas have been found to be the least protectionist and are the least likely to be perverted by contracting parties. Customs unions, on the other hand, may encourage contracting parties to protect their economies as they rely on group participation rather than individual participation. Individual Member States become responsible to the group which provides these states with greater economic power. As a result Member States are motivated to protect the new group entity from outside competition. In this way, they are inherently protective. Safeguards are therefore necessary to protect individual non-Member States from such behaviour. The implications of protectionism for South Africa, SADC and SACU have also been discussed.

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Poonyth, Daneswar. « A structural econometric model of the European sugar sector and the potential implications of the GATT/WTO / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924914.

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Williams, Brett Gerard. « The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies / ». Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.

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Livres sur le sujet "GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)"

Rainelli, Michel. Le GATT. Paris : La Découverte, 1993.

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General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade. GATT activities 1990 : an annual review of the work of the GATT. Geneva : GATT, 1991.

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GATT hyŏpchŏngmun. Sŏul-si : Oegyo Tʻongsangbu, 2001.

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Alemann, Roberto T. A cincuenta años del GATT. Buenos Aires : Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas, 1998.

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Urrutia, Juan Antonio Castillo. El GATT post Ronda Uruguay. Granada : Universidad de Granada, 1993.

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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Trade (GATT) : Agreement on implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. S.l : s.n, 1988.

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Castillo, Carlos Perez del. Historia actualidades e importancia del Gatt. Montevideo : Fundación Uruguaya para el Fomento de la Cultura, la Ciencia y la Tecnologia, 1986.

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Royal Institute of International Affairs., dir. Restructuring the GATT system. New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1990.

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Royal Institute of International Affairs., dir. Restructuring the GATT system. London : Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1990.

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Mavroidis, Petros C. Trade in goods : The GATT and the other agreements regulating trade in goods. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)"

Hamblet, Wendy C. « General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ». Dans Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 381–82. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_604.

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Andersen, Uwe. « Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen (General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade/GATT/Welthandelsorganisation (World Trade Organization/WTO) ». Dans Handwörterbuch Internationale Organisationen, 14–19. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86673-8_4.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. « The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ». Dans International Economic Institutions, 101–33. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1930-8_4.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. « The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ». Dans International Economic Institutions, 111–45. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1933-9_4.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. « The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ». Dans International Economic Institutions, 111–45. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3576-4_4.

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Södersten, Bo, et Geoffrey Reed. « The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ». Dans International Economics, 349–73. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23320-5_17.

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Koul, Autar Krishen. « WTO General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) ». Dans Guide to the WTO and GATT, 535–57. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2089-7_31.

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Baber, Graeme. « The World Trade Organization’s International Trade Agreements – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ». Dans Preferential Trade Agreements and International Law, 1–109. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series : Routledge research in international law : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259002-1.

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Naray, Peter. « Accession of Non-Market Economies to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ». Dans Russia and the World Trade Organization, 1–15. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596184_1.

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