Articles de revues : « Garden cities – united states »

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Malone, Maeve, et Kabindra M. Shakya. « Trace Metal Contamination in Community Garden Soils across the United States ». Sustainability 16, n^o 5 (23 février 2024) : 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16051831.

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Community gardens are often seen as a means for producing sustainable food resources in urban communities. However, the presence of trace metals and metalloids such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium in urban soils poses a health risk to gardeners who participate in urban community gardens. They are exposed to these contaminates through multiple exposure pathways such as inhalation and ingestion directly through soil or through crops grown in the soil. Hot spots of soil contamination are higher in areas of cities with greater minority populations and lower incomes. This paper reviews the state of heavy metal contamination in community garden soils across the United States. This paper outlines the major sources of heavy metals in urban soils, exposure pathways, the ways to reduce heavy metal levels in garden soils, the means to slow down the uptake of heavy metals, and limit the exposure of these contaminates. The application of biochar and compost, implementing raised beds, and maintaining a natural pH are all examples of ways to mitigate heavy metal contaminants.

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Clapson, Mark. « The contribution of Welwyn Garden City to the international diffusion of the British garden city idea ». TERRITORIO, n^o 95 (mai 2021) : 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2020-095004.

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The centenary of Welwyn Garden City is a good opportunity to take stock of the international diffusion of the British Garden City Movement and particularly the contribution of wgc as a global influencer, especially in the United States of America. The Movement has been much studied by architects, town planners and urban designers, and by urban and planning historians. Yet beyond professional circles and those that live in the garden cities, the British people remain largely unaware of the global influence of the two most important British garden cities of the twentieth century, namely Letchworth and Welwyn. The Garden City Movement impacted town planning globally, assisted in no small part by the contribution of the leading garden city advocate, Frederic Osborn.

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McCutcheon, James M. « Utopian Visions in United States Urbanism ». Moreana 42 (Number 164), n^o 4 (décembre 2005) : 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2005.42.4.12.

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America’s appeal to Utopian visionaries is best illustrated by the Oneida Community, and by Etienne Cabet’s experiment (Moreana 31/215 f and 43/71 f). A Messianic spirit was a determinant in the Puritans’ crossing the Atlantic. The Edenic appeal of the vast lands in a New World to migrants in a crowded Europe is obvious. This article documents the ambition of urbanists to preserve that rural quality after the mushrooming of towns: the largest proved exemplary in bringing the country into the city. New York’s Central Park was emulated by the open spaces on the grounds of the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. The garden-cities surrounding London also provided inspiration, as did the avenues by which Georges Haussmann made Paris into a tourist mecca, and Pierre L’Enfant’s designs for the nation’s capital. The author concentrates on two growing cities of the twentieth century, Los Angeles and Honolulu. His detailed analysis shows politicians often slow to implement the bold and costly plans of designers whose ambition was to use the new technology in order to vie with the splendor of the natural sites and create the “City Beautiful.” Some titles in the bibliography show the hopes of those dreamers to have been tempered by fears of “supersize” or similar drawbacks.

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Zheng, Hua, Min Guo, Qian Wang, Qinghai Zhang et Noriko Akita. « A Bibliometric Analysis of Current Knowledge Structure and Research Progress Related to Urban Community Garden Systems ». Land 12, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010143.

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Community gardens offer broad research opportunities and analytical resources encompassing urban planning to environmental sustainability, food systems, and social capital. However, little is known about the knowledge structure and research development related to community gardens. This study presents an in-depth bibliometric performance analysis and visual scientific mapping analysis of the literature on community gardens by examining 487 published papers selected from the Web of Science database. The results indicated a considerable rise in research papers in this subject area from 2012 onwards, with most contributions from the United States. Studies from high-income countries accounted for 93.22%, and 38 countries have cooperated 167 times in this field. “Health” is the most frequent keyword, and the terms “ecosystem services” has been gaining popularity over the last five years. A combination of co-citation clustering and keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis identified three major research themes in the field of community gardens: “ecosystem services and disservices”, “multidimensional association”, and “sustainable garden systems”. The development of ecosystem value assessment frameworks, the establishment of region-wide soil monitoring databases, accounting for the cost-effectiveness of nature-based solutions, the integration of garden systems into smart cities, and the integration of water management into regulation will be important future research directions regarding community gardens. Overall, this study provides scholars with a systematic and quantitative understanding of community gardens.

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Morash, Jennifer, Amy Wright, Charlene LeBleu, Amanda Meder, Raymond Kessler, Eve Brantley et Julie Howe. « Increasing Sustainability of Residential Areas Using Rain Gardens to Improve Pollutant Capture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Resilience ». Sustainability 11, n^o 12 (13 juin 2019) : 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123269.

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Rain gardens have become a widespread stormwater practice in the United States, and their use is poised to continue expanding as they are an aesthetically pleasing way to improve the quality of stormwater runoff. The terms rain garden and bioretention, are now often used interchangeably to denote a landscape area that treats stormwater runoff. Rain gardens are an effective, attractive, and sustainable stormwater management solution for residential areas and urban green spaces. They can restore the hydrologic function of urban landscapes and capture stormwater runoff pollutants, such as phosphorus (P), a main pollutant in urban cities and residential neighborhoods. Although design considerations such as size, substrate depth, substrate type, and stormwater holding time have been rigorously tested, little research has been conducted on the living portion of rain gardens. This paper reviews two studies—one that evaluated the effects of flooding and drought tolerance on the physiological responses of native plant species recommended for use in rain gardens, and another that evaluated P removal in monoculture and polyculture rain garden plantings. In the second study, plants and substrate were evaluated for their ability to retain P, a typical water pollutant. Although plant growth across species was sometimes lower when exposed to repeated flooding, plant visual quality was generally not compromised. Although plant selection was limited to species native to the southeastern U.S., some findings may be translated regardless of region. Plant tissue P was higher than either leachate or substrate, indicating the critical role plants play in P accumulation and removal. Additionally, polyculture plantings had the lowest leachate P, suggesting a polyculture planting may be more effective in preventing excess P from entering waterways from bioretention gardens. The findings included that, although monoculture plantings are common in bioretention gardens, polyculture plantings can improve biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and rain garden functionality.

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Han, Gwangho, et Seunghan Ro. « A Study on the Sustainable Urban Redevelopment Structure Based on the Garden City : Focused on the Battery Park City and Hudson Yards Project in U.S. » Residential Environment Institute Of Korea 20, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22313/reik.2022.20.2.85.

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Sustainability is an important topic from the perspective of cities as a common international task related to the survival of humanity. Especially, this topic is critical from an urban redevelopment perspective. The garden city model, suggest by Howard, provides the theoretical foundation needed for sustainable city construction. This paper proposes a sustainable urban redevelopment structure to analyzing the garden city model and cases evaluated as successful redevelopment projects: Battery Park City and Hudson Yards. Our proposal is as follows: First, urban redevelopment projects should adopt the land or superficies lease method. This method creates a positive feedback system that converts profits from the land into public resources and reinvests them to the city. Second, a public corporation should establish for each urban project. This corporation manages urban development projects as well as maintains the city after the project is complete. This method can alleviate the inefficiency and agency problems from a bloated organization that has excessive authority. Third, the government should reflect the above proposal to smart city construction, a new urban paradigm. The usability of the garden city model proves through the United States case. Therefore, adopt our proposal can strengthen city construction competitiveness.

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N.G.A., Kisku, Sharma P., Beese S., Thakur D., Pangtu S. et Guleria A. « A Review on Interiorscaping : Naturalizing Interiors ». Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, n^o 7 (22 juin 2024) : 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72150.

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People in today's society spend the majority of their waking hours indoors. Individuals are increasingly separated from nature in the fast-paced metropolitan surroundings of the twenty-first century, leading to a variety of physical and mental health concerns. Even in the United States, there are about 27 million office employees who could get sick building syndrome. Interiorscaping addresses this gap by incorporating natural components into indoor settings, which promotes better air quality, stress reduction, and increased productivity. Interior landscaping is the practice of growing and arranging plants indoors. To enrich and enhance the look of the indoor environment, it entails choosing, installing, and maintaining plants. Indoor plants, green walls, and sustainable design ideas all contribute to healthier, more enjoyable living and working environments. The benefits of indoorscaping are: provides privacy, screens unpleasant view, define space, controls traffic, glare reduction, softening architecture. Different types of indoorscaping are being used like: vertical garden, softscaping, terrarium, dish tray garden, hanging garden, windowsill garden, waterscaping, aquascaping, etc. With growing concerns about climate change and the need for environmentally friendly practises, introducing greenery into indoor areas can help with carbon sequestration, energy conservation, and overall ecological balance. Today, Interiorscaping use both modern technology and the experience of nature, which leads to increased creativity and productivity and, in the end, the creation of spaces that has soothing effect on our mind and soul. Hence, not only would interior landscaping save power consumption but also foster the development of human energy in our homes, businesses, neighborhoods and cities.

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Lampugnani, Vittorio Magnago. « Die Konstruktion von Natur – Central Park neu besichtigt | The Construction of Nature – Central Park Revisited ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, n^o 8 (1 août 2005) : 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0288.

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In the first half of the 19th century scientific philosophers in the United States, such as Emerson and Thoreau, began to pursue the relationship between man and nature. Painters from the Hudson River School discovered the rural spaces to the north of New York and began to celebrate the American landscape in their paintings. In many places at this time garden societies were founded, which generated widespread support for the creation of park enclosures While the first such were cemeteries with the character of parks, housing developments on the peripheries of towns were later set in generous park landscapes. However, the centres of the growing American cities also need green spaces and the so-called «park movement»reached a first high point with New York's Central Park. It was not only an experimental field for modern urban elements, but even today is a force of social cohesion.

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Lohr, Virginia I., et Caroline H. Pearson-Mims. « Urban Residents Rate the Benefits of Trees in Cities Highly and Are Unconcerned with Problems Associated with Trees ». HortScience 40, n^o 4 (juillet 2005) : 1136B—1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1136b.

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In a survey, residents of the largest metropolitan areas in the continental United States rated the social, environmental, and practical benefits from trees in urban areas highly. They ranked the ability of trees to shade and cool surroundings highest. The potential of trees to help people feel calmer was ranked second highest. Survey respondents were not very concerned about potential problems with trees in cities, and felt that trees should be planted in cities regardless of any annoyance. Practical problems with trees, such as causing allergies, were bigger concerns than were financial issues. Responses varied slightly, based on childhood background and current demographic factors. For example, people who grew up with a garden near their home or actively worked with plants during childhood were more likely to appreciate the potential benefits of trees than were those who did not have such early experiences. People who strongly agreed that trees were important to their quality of life and those who did not strongly agree ranked the tree benefits and problems similarly, however. Those who strongly agreed that trees were important to their quality of life rated the benefits of trees more highly than people who did not strongly agree.

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Davis, Jonathan, Bjoern Hagen, Yousuf Mahid et David Pijawka. « EVALUATING PROPERTY VALUE IMPACT FROM WATER-RELATED ‘GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE’ : A HEDONIC MODELING APPROACH ». Journal of Green Building 18, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.18.1.3.

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ABSTRACT Over the past several decades, the rapid growth of Southwestern United States desert cities is creating significant climate and water scarcity challenges. City planners are using green infrastructure to mitigate these challenges and develop more livable, sustainable, and resilient communities. This study uses hedonic pricing modeling (HPM) to evaluate how constructed wastewater wetlands impact home values integrated into the project design. It compares Crystal Gardens in Avondale, AZ, consisting of 14 engineered wastewater filtering ponds, to nearby neighborhoods with desert landscaping. HPM revealed higher values for Crystal Gardens homes overall (7%) and significant increases for homes on the ponds (14%). Results demonstrate the economic value of integrating water-related infrastructure in desert cities for home sales. For a more accurate benefit assessment, additional research is needed on how the ecosystem services provided by these constructed wetlands contribute to greater property values.

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Lewartowska, Emilia, Isabelle Anguelovski, Emilia Oscilowicz, Margarita Triguero‐Mas, Helen Cole, Galia Shokry, Carmen Pérez‐del‐Pulgar et James JT Connolly. « RACIAL INEQUITY IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENTRIFICATION : Challenging Compounded Environmental Racisms in the Green City ». International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 48, n^o 2 (mars 2024) : 294–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13232.

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AbstractThis article explores the role that green gentrification plays in exacerbating racial tensions within historically marginalized urban communities benefiting from new environmental amenities such as parks, gardens, waterfront restoration and greenways. Building on extensive qualitative data from three cities in Europe (Amsterdam, Vienna, Lyon) and four cities in the United States (Washington, Austin, Atlanta, Cleveland), we use thematic analysis and grounded theory to examine the complex relationship between historical environmental and racial injustices and current racial green inequities produced by the green city agenda. Our analysis also offers insights into the main differences in how community members articulate concerns and demands over racial issues related to green gentrification in Europe versus North America. Results show that urban greening—and green gentrification specifically—can create ‘compounded environmental racisms’ by worsening racial environmental injustices and further perpetrating green racialized displacement, re‐segregation and exclusion. The latter is produced by the racial inequities embedded in green infrastructure projects and the related unequal access to environmental benefits, affordable housing, political rights and place‐making. Moreover, we find that settler colonial practices combined with persisting exposure to toxins and re‐segregation in the United States together with neocolonial spatial and social practices in Europe shape how racialized community members perceive and interact with new green amenities.

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Wells, Otho S., et J. Brent Loy. « Row Covers : A Changing Landscape ». HortScience 20, n^o 5 (octobre 1985) : 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.5.800.

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Abstract “The French market gardens in the environs of Paris and other large cities are very curious-looking places.” Thus was the report in McCall's magazine in July of 1909 (1) in reference to the burgeon of bell glasses (cloches) used for winter and spring production of vegetables. Perhaps the gardening scenery around Paris was the fulfillment of the words of a classic English gardener, Mrs. Loudon, who in 1869 stated, “The cloche is quite unknown to the majority of amateurs, but nothing ever introduced to their notice will prove of greater or more varied utility” (4). By 1910, McKay (5) had placed the number of bell glasses in Paris at 2,160,000. Hence, the bell glass/cloche is the forerunner of the row cover/tunnel which is so prevalent in Europe and Japan today and which is becoming more popular in the United States.

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Filippov, Vasily D. « Arts & ; crafts in architecture ». Urban construction and architecture 11, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.04.14.

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In the middle of the 19th century, the Arts and Crafts movement emerged in England. The development of the movement in England, USA, Germany is described. The influence of the ideas of the novel News from Nowhere by William Morris on the emergence of the idea of a garden city by Ebenezer Howard and on the preservation of the historical heritage of cities is shown. Describes the influence of Peter White on the emergence of Arts and Crafts in the United States, on the formation of the Chicago School, as well as the worlds first manifestation of modern in the architecture of Louis Sullivan. Shows the influence of Gustav Stickley on the birth of the American folk style of a residential building and his contribution to the modernism of Irving John Gill. The features of the Arts and Crafts in Germany are described, the role of Hermann Mutesius in the evolution of the movement from rejection of industrial production to unification with it and the establishment of the German Werkbund is emphasized. The influence of Mutesius ideas on the German art of the 1920s is shown. A description of the aesthetic direction of the movement, which received the name modern, is given and examples of it in Belgium, Germany, Austria, Scotland are given. The importance of movement as the basis for the birth of modern architecture is emphasized.

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Adekunle Stephen Toromade, Deborah Aanuoluwa Soyombo, Eseoghene Kupa et Tochukwu Ignatius Ijomah. « Urban farming and food supply : A comparative review of USA and African cities ». International Journal of Advanced Economics 6, n^o 7 (17 juillet 2024) : 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v6i7.1304.

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Urban farming plays a crucial role in addressing food security challenges in both developed and developing regions. This comparative review explores the dynamics of urban farming and its impact on food supply in two diverse contexts: the United States (USA) and African cities. The study investigates the unique challenges and opportunities faced by urban farming initiatives in these regions, considering factors such as infrastructure, socio-economic conditions, and agricultural practices. In the USA, urban farming has gained momentum as a sustainable solution to enhance local food production and reduce the carbon footprint associated with long-distance food transportation. The analysis delves into the policies, technological advancements, and community engagement strategies that have contributed to the success of urban farming in American cities. Additionally, the study examines the integration of rooftop gardens, vertical farming, and community-supported agriculture in the USA's urban landscape. Conversely, African cities grapple with distinct challenges in implementing and sustaining urban farming practices. The review explores the impact of rapid urbanization, limited resources, and diverse climatic conditions on the feasibility of urban agriculture in African contexts. Strategies such as community empowerment, micro-financing, and knowledge sharing are examined to understand their role in overcoming obstacles and fostering resilient urban farming systems. Keywords: Urban Farming, Food Supply, Sustainable Agriculture, USA, African Cities, Urbanization, Community Engagement, Agricultural Practices, Food Security, Comparative Analysis.

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M. da Silva, M. C., L. De Oliveira, C. B. M. Farias, Z. M. da S. R. Prestes, L. P. N. Ramos et I. V. Kasburg. « Evaluation of alternative dyes in the viability analysis of Tecoma stans L. » Scientific Electronic Archives 13, n^o 4 (31 mars 2020) : 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1342020822.

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Abstract: The species Tecoma stans L. from the Bignoniaceae family, popularly known as the garden ipê or ipê mirim, is considered a natural tree plant in Mexico and in the southern United States. It was brought to Brazil in 1871 as an invasive plant of degraded agricultural and abandoned pastures, much used in ornamentation of cities. The present work aimed to verify the efficiency of the alternative dyes boldo, bacupari, azul crepom and colorau, compared to the synthetic dye Lugol. In the preparation of the Lugol slides and the alternative solutions, the anthers were macerated with a drop of dye and covered with cover slip. For each dye were made five slides and counted 300 pollen grains / blade, adding a total of 1,500 pollen. The visualization of the material was performed through an optical microscope in dimension of 40x by the scanning method. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. According to the data verified in the analyzes it was verified that all the dyes can be recommended for evaluation of the male fertility of the species Tecoma stans L. and that it presents high capacity fecundity. However, in the case of alternative dyes, the solution of paprika and paper crepe were the ones that presented the best results regarding the coloration of the pollen grain, presenting a better visual differentiation of the same between feasible and non viable.

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Richardson, Matthew L., John R. Taylor, Megan J. Thompson, Anusuya Rangarajan, Mamatha Hanumappa et Neith G. Little. « A profile of urban agricultural growers, organizations, their needs, and challenges in the Northeastern United States ». PLOS ONE 19, n^o 4 (10 avril 2024) : e0298831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298831.

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Urban agriculture is increasingly valued as a strategy for improving quality of life in cities, but urban growers face challenges and often lack coordinated support from governments and the agricultural industry. We surveyed urban growers through an online survey, primarily in the Northeastern United States, to develop a profile of growers and associated organizations, assess the current state of urban agriculture, and determine how universities could help meet their needs. A total of 394 respondents completed the survey and most urban growers were white (non-Hispanic) and younger than 45 years old. Women and men were in almost equal proportion. Urban growers were well-educated, but most did not receive a degree in agriculture. Urban agriculture in our study area was dominated by relatively small non-profit organizations and home and community gardens were the most common types of organizations. Urban agricultural organizations want to improve environmental sustainability and socio-cultural conditions through food access and security, regardless of their tax status. Urban growers face diverse barriers and challenges and the most ubiquitous barriers and challenges reported by respondents were related to availability of land and long-term access in urban areas. Many respondents received low revenue or were operating at a net loss even though they reported diverse income streams. Respondents need a wide range of training, including in traditional agricultural topics as well as financial management and business trainings. Universities can play a key role in promoting urban agriculture by offering training and research. Workforce development is a large priority among universities, so urban growers should regularly be consulted, and the results shared with career and workforce development professionals and researchers in urban areas to identify training and research that meets the needs of stakeholders.

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Al-Jaberi, A. A. H., et M. V. Perkova. « CONCEPTS OF NEW URBANISM : TRANSTECT DEVELOPMENT OR TRANSECT PLANNING ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, n^o 3 (27 juin 2019) : 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-3-133-143.

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Today, the principles of New Urbanism, a concept that has been developed from the idea of a garden city, are developing quite actively in urban planning. This is due to the presence of problems in cities, which are due to the rapid pace of urbanization and its impact on the natural frame and comfort of the urban environment. Research in this area was conducted by such foreign theorists and urban planning practitioners as E. Howard, P. Geddes, J. Jackobs, I Gale, L. Krier, A. Duany, etc. One of the main provisions on which the concept of New Urbanism is based is transsector development or split planning (transect planning). It is designed by Andres Dauny and is a series of smoothly replacing each other zones from suitable to urban with certain parameters. The article considers the design of the neighborhood as one of the ideas of the movement of new urbanism. The design principle and the subsequent development of this idea begins to be traced to the works of Jane Jacobs in the United States, Leon Krier in Europe and the Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND) projects of Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Ziberk. A comparison is made with the Conventional Suburban Development was presented, and then the development of transect planning and transect levels and their characteristics. It is revealed that TND is based on the principles of urban planning and architecture, which work together to create pedestrian, and multifunctional and sustainable communities. They can be applied to any distribution projects within the city, communities, and also suburbs.

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Brant, Rachel A., et Gerardo R. Camilo. « Body Size Variation in a Social Sweat Bee, Halictus ligatus (Halictidae, Apoidea), across Urban Environments ». Insects 12, n^o 12 (3 décembre 2021) : 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12121086.

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High morphological variation is often associated with species longevity, and it is hypothesized that urban-dwelling species may require more plasticity in functional traits such as body size in order to maximize fitness in heterogeneous environments. There has been published research regarding the functional trait diversity of urban bee pollinators. However, no two cities are identical, so the implementation of multi-city studies is vital. Therefore, we compared body size variation in female Halicus ligatus sweat bees from May–October 2016 from three distinct Midwestern United States cities: Chicago, Detroit, and Saint Louis. Additionally, to elucidate potentially influential environmental factors, we assessed the relationship between temperature and measured body size. We collected bees in community gardens and urban farms and measured their head width and intertegular distance as a proxy for overall body size. We utilized an ANCOVA to determine whether body size variation differed significantly across the three surveyed cities. Results indicated that H. ligatus females in Chicago, Detroit, and Saint Louis had significantly different body size ranges. These findings highlight the importance of intraspecific body size variation and support our prediction that bees from different urban environments will have distinct ranges in body size due to local ecological factors affecting their populations. Additionally, we found a significant influence of temperature, though this is probably not the only important ecological characteristic impacting bee body size. Therefore, we also provided a list of predictions for the future study of specific variables that are likely to impact functional trait diversity in urban bees.

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di Robilant, Anna. « Common Ownership and Equality of Autonomy ». Special section 58, n^o 2 (31 juillet 2013) : 263–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017516ar.

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In recent years, common ownership has enjoyed unprecedented favour among policy-makers and citizens in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Conservation land trusts, affordable-housing co-operatives, community gardens, and neighbourhood-managed parks are spreading throughout major cities. Normatively, these common-ownership regimes are seen as yielding a variety of benefits, such as a communitarian ethos in the efficient use of scarce resources, or greater freedom to interact and create in new ways. The design of common-ownership regimes, however, requires difficult trade-offs. Most importantly, successful achievement of the goals of common-ownership regimes requires the limitation of individual co-owners’ ability to freely use the common resource, as well as to exit the common-ownership arrangement. This article makes two contributions. First, at the normative level, it argues that common ownership has the potential to help foster greater “equality of autonomy”. By “equality of autonomy”, I mean more equitable access to the material and relational means that allow individuals to be autonomous. Second, at the level of design, this article argues that the difficult trade-offs of common-ownership regimes should be dealt with by grounding the commitment to equality of autonomy in the context of specific resources. In some cases, this resource-specific design helps to minimize or avoid difficult trade-offs. In hard cases, where trade-offs cannot be avoided, this article offers arguments for privileging greater equality of autonomy over full negative freedom.

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Tiutina, Liubov. « CONTRADICTION BETWEEN MODERN AND CONSERVATIVE DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE ». Current problems of architecture and urban planning, n^o 60 (26 avril 2021) : 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.93-104.

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The history of the development of architecture has shown that until the middle of the XIXth century, the expression of the plastic language of buildings was restrained by both the preferences of society and the material construction base. Industrial progress has reorganized the structural framework of buildings and the outer wall has ceased to accept the load of floors. In the XXth century it provided opportunities for an expanded stylistic diversity of architecture in the spirit of modernism. However, parallel to this, the processes of returning to the plastic language of architecture of the past took place wave-like. There are several reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, there are ideological beliefs and interference of political forces in architecture. States with a totalitarian regime in the XXth century (Germany, Italy, the USSR) dictated their own conditions for proper life, rejecting the avant-garde and modernist trends. Secondly, there is a certain philosophical, intellectual attitude to reflection with the architecture of the past. The origin of this phenomenon comes from the United States, where modernism from the beginning of the XXth century to the 60s had been developing without non-stop. All of this led to some emotional fatigue and boredom, and as a result, the style of postmodernism appeared, where elements of historicism were rethought and introduced into modern architecture. The third reason for returning the vector of architecture development back to the past is lack of understanding of the trends and opportunities of modern architecture. In Ukraine, buildings are being built from reinforced concrete, with a free curtain facade, but the plastic language of architecture is expressed in an eclectic mix of different historical styles. This distortion of the essence of modern architecture can be explained by the inability of modern architects to keep up with the time. The fourth reason for the desire to return to the style of historicism is dictated by the historical environment of old cities, which, according to both society and architects, should be maintained in its context even if new buildings appear there or renovations are carried out.

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Woodward, Joan. « REGIONAL GARDEN DESIGN IN THE UNITED STATES ». Landscape Journal 16, n^o 1 (1997) : 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.16.1.115.

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Novy, Ari. « The United States Botanic Garden in Washington, DC ». Sibbaldia : the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, n^o 14 (17 janvier 2017) : 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2016.186.

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The United States Botanic Garden (USBG) was initially established in 1820, though a tumultuous beginning did not allow it to become a permanent institution until 1850. Nevertheless, it is one of the oldest botanic gardens in North America and one of the most visited. This article provides a brief history of the USBG and an overview of its operations and collections. With its centrallocation in a major US metropolitan region and free entry to visitors, the USBG has a strong focus on visitor services, experience and education. Approaching its 200th year, the Garden is well poised to play a leading role in exciting the American public about the importance of plants to humankind.

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Goto, Seiko. « The Introduction of Japanese Garden to United States ». Nippon Teien Gakkaishi 2007, n^o 18 (2007) : 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5982/jgarden.2007.18_25.

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SOUICI, Belgacem. « The Landscape Urban Planning Approach for Improving Urban Air Quality, Case Study of Algiers, Algeria ». Journal of Mediterranean Cities 3, n^o 1 (8 octobre 2023) : 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/mediterranean-cities_vol3no1_2.

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Gardens and urban parks are areas of great importance for the support of the urban ecosystem, in addition to their psychological and therapeutic values; they provide the urban environment with a large amount of oxygen. Trees produce oxygen through the operation of photosynthesis; one hectare of eucalyptus tree annually produces oxygen for 37 to 80 people, and absorbs 25, 000 kg of carbon dioxide for the same period of time. Wooded zone in urban areas significantly improve and purify the quality of the air that we breathe and make living environments healthier. A recent study carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) is one of the most polluted in the world, air polluted by particulate matter smaller than 2.5µm (PM2.5). For the case of Algiers, measurements were taken during the first two months of the year 2023 by the station of the United States Embassy in Algiers, showed that daily average of 14 µm/m3 for particulate matter less than 2.5 µm/m3 and a daily average of 50 for the IQA, air quality index. According to the US EPA's NAAQS, any measurement above 12.0 μg/m 3 (US AQI 50) may be hazardous to human health. Several factors of an exogenous and endogenous nature act directly on the quality of the air in large urban concentrations, CO2 emissions, modes and nature of urban mobility, uncontrolled urban sprawl. High population densities, urban forms, morphology, the size of cities, which getting larger and larger, the choice of urbanization models, and the surface of wooded areas, all are, factors responsible for air quality. This study will be particularly interested in the contribution of gardens, parks and wooded areas in improving air quality, and consequently on the quality of the living environment in urban areas. In this respect, and to understand the situation, we take the city of Algiers as a case study. The field work will allow us to understand in a qualitative and quantitative way the contribution of the tree and the choice of tree species, understanding co-relation between landscape architecture decision and results obtained on the urban air quality, and try to research on how it would possible to improve air quality in urban areas by using trees new essence.

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Blackmore, Stephen. « Cities : ». Sibbaldia : the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, n^o 17 (5 février 2019) : 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2019.264.

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Now that more than half of humanity lives in cities, urban greenspace and Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) have never been more important. Although the health benefits and ecosystem services provided by urban greenspace are now widely appreciated, the potential for cities to provide refuges for native flora in general and threatened plants in particular, is not. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals provide an internationally agreed framework for tackling the world’s greatest challenges including the biodiversity crisis, climate change and the need to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. This article explores the opportunity provided by these Global Goals for botanic garden horticulture to make cities havens for endangered plants and better places for people to live in. It identifies botanic gardens as the only organisations with the potential to overcome the barriers to conservation in the city.

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Allen, Carol. « Integrated Pest Management at the United States Botanic Garden ». Outlooks on Pest Management 17, n^o 6 (1 décembre 2006) : 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/17dec09.

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Cecchetti, Stephen G., Nelson C. Mark et Robert J. Sonora. « Price Index Convergence Among United States Cities* ». International Economic Review 43, n^o 4 (novembre 2002) : 1081–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00049.

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Reilly, Thom, Laura N. Coordes, Erin Reinisch et David Schlinkert. « Uncovering Municipal Fiscal Distress in the United States ». Public Finance and Management 21, n^o 2 (juin 2023) : 86–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.37808/pfm.21.2.1.

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This paper builds on the literature examining the circumstances surrounding municipal fiscal distress by constructing a broader picture of the factors related to distress and why some cities file for bankruptcy or seek state intervention while others do not. Drawing on previous work, we identified a set of eight possible factors that may serve as predictors of municipal insolvency in the United States. In this article, we examine how prevalent these factors are across 42 fiscally distressed cities and identify significant associations between these factors. We then analyze how these eight factors vary between fiscally distressed cities that have filed for bankruptcy and those cities that are distressed but have not filed for bankruptcy. We found that high percentages of public union density and unfunded pension liabilities were most prevalent risk factors among cities and that significant associations exist between unfunded pension liabilities and three other factors: fiscal home rule authority, intergovernmental aid, and tax and expenditure limits. We also found that both low levels of state aid and evidence of financial mismanagement were more common among distressed cities that filed for bankruptcy than those that did not. Lastly, we identify areas where future research is needed.

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Wilson, Matthew. « A New Civic Spirit for Garden City-states ». Journal of Planning History 17, n^o 4 (13 août 2018) : 320–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513218778246.

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Sybella Gurney (1870–1926) made important and largely unrecognized contributions to British community design theory and practice. This essay begins with an exploration of her youthful social reform activities and academic influences including Leonard Hobhouse, John Ruskin, Auguste Comte, Frederic Le Play, John Stuart Mill, and Ebenezer Howard. These foundational pursuits inspired her to become an ardent cooperator affiliated with the Garden Cities movement and to serve as a sociologist seeking to kindle a “new civic spirit” for post -World War I reconstruction. Gurney, as part of an idealistic circle of thinkers which included Patrick Geddes, considered sociology as a means to realize complete Garden City-states based upon scientific, ethical, and participatory principles.

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Li, Xiaoping, Ping Kong, Margery Daughtrey, Kathleen Kosta, Scott Schirmer, Matthew Howle, Michael Likins et Chuanxue Hong. « Characterization of the Soil Bacterial Community from Selected Boxwood Gardens across the United States ». Microorganisms 10, n^o 8 (26 juillet 2022) : 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081514.

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In a recent study, we observed a rapid decline of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) soil population in all surveyed gardens across the United States, and we speculated that these garden soils might be suppressive to Cps. This study aimed to characterize the soil bacterial community in these boxwood gardens. Soil samples were taken from one garden in California, Illinois, South Carolina, and Virginia and two in New York in early summer and late fall of 2017 and 2018. Soil DNA was extracted and its 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using the Nanopore MinION® platform. These garden soils were consistently dominated by Rhizobiales and Burkholderiales, regardless of garden location and sampling time. These two orders contain many species or strains capable of pathogen suppression and plant fitness improvement. Overall, 66 bacterial taxa were identified in this study that are known to have strains with biological control activity (BCA) against plant pathogens. Among the most abundant were Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp., which may have contributed to the Cps decline in these garden soils. This study highlights the importance of soil microorganisms in plant health and provides a new perspective on garden disease management using the soil microbiome.

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Francis, A., P. B. Cavers et S. I. Warwick. « The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 140. Hesperis matronalis L. » Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2009) : 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08094.

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The cruciferous weed Hesperis matronalis, dame's rocket (Brassicaceae), is an introduced Eurasian garden plant that began to escape shortly after its introduction to North America in the 19th century. It has gradually become naturalized across Canada and the United States, and has become invasive. It is not a major weed of crops, but is widespread in natural and conservation areas, particularly in thickets, open woodlands, forest margins and along streambanks, in parts of eastern and southern Ontario and western Quebec in Canada, and in New England and the midwest in the United States. In these habitats it can crowd out native vegetation and subsequently reduce biodiversity. Serving as an alternate host to a number of viruses, the species has the potential to infect cruciferous vegetable crops and garden plants. Despite its invasive potential, it continues to be sold at garden centres in both Canada and the United States. Key words: Hesperis matronalis, dame's-rocket, julienne des dames, weed biology, invasive alien, HEVMA

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Kwon, Min Hyeong, Changwan Seo, Jongyun Kim, Moonil Kim, Chun Ho Pak et Woo-Kyun Lee. « Current Status of Children’s Gardens Within Public Gardens in the United States ». HortTechnology 25, n^o 5 (octobre 2015) : 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.5.671.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the current status and future development of children’s gardens within public gardens in the United States and to examine their roles as places for children to explore natural environments. This study identified 776 public gardens and examined 163 of those gardens using a comprehensive online survey. The sampled public gardens were widely distributed throughout the United States, although they were located primarily in the eastern and western regions of the United States. We found that 55% of the 163 public gardens that we investigated included a children’s garden at the time of data collection, and 26.4% planned to add a children’s garden in the near future. Children’s gardens found within public gardens were typically in a botanical garden and were added after the public gardens were formed. Most of the children’s gardens had a stated purpose of providing children with environmental education by allowing them to experience the natural environment through play. Most children’s gardens occupied a small proportion, less than 1 acre, of the overall size of a public garden. We also found that demographic and socioeconomic factors influenced the development of children’s gardens within public gardens and public gardens in general.

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Chatfield, James A., Joseph F. Boggs et David J. Shetlar. « The Buckeye Yard And Garden Line ». HortTechnology 6, n^o 3 (juillet 1996) : 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.3.280.

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The Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL) is a user-friendly, interdisciplinary, timely avenue on the information superhighway developed in Ohio and applicable as a model for horticultural information delivery throughout the United States.

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Shammas, Carole. « The Space Problem in Early United States Cities ». William and Mary Quarterly 57, n^o 3 (juillet 2000) : 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2674264.

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Zhu, Pengyu, et Yaoqi Zhang. « Demand for urban forests in United States cities ». Landscape and Urban Planning 84, n^o 3-4 (mars 2008) : 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.09.005.

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San Fratello, David, Benjamin L. Campbell, William G. Secor et Julie H. Campbell. « Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gardening in the United States : Postpandemic Expectations ». HortTechnology 32, n^o 1 (janvier 2022) : 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04911-21.

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The COVID-19 pandemic altered the way many consumers and businesses transacted business. Concerning the green industry, many households began gardening and/or purchased more green industry products. As the pandemic ends and households begin to return to normal, green industry firms need to understand this new normal. Using an online national survey of households, we assessed which households were more likely to remain in the market after entering during the height of the pandemic (2020). Findings indicated that younger consumers (i.e., Millennials and younger individuals who were born in 1985 or after) were less likely to indicate they always garden (before the pandemic) but more likely to have started gardening during the pandemic and perceived that they would not continue to garden as states returned to normal (2021). This age group was also more likely to not have gardened in 2020, but they intended to garden in 2021. This finding shows a dichotomy in gardening preferences in this young age group. Further findings indicated that race, household income, number of children in the household, and the impact of the pandemic on the household also help explain the household’s decision to garden or not.

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Grebski, Michalene. « Mobility of the Workforce and Its Influence on Innovativeness (Comparative Analysis of the United States and Poland) ». Production Engineering Archives 27, n^o 4 (20 novembre 2021) : 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2021.27.36.

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Abstract The article describes a comparative analysis of the mobility of the workforce in the United and Poland. The collected data includes permanent relocation as well as temporary travel abroad. Data also includes the reasons being taken under consideration while relocating. The paper also discusses the phenomenon of innovative people cloistering together and creating innovative cities. The article also addresses the influences of mobility of the workforce on innovative and entrepreneurial behavior. A comparison has been made between the innovativeness in the most innovative cities in the United States and Poland. This comparison also includes the percentage of people with higher education in the most innovative cities in the United States and Poland. The percentage of the immigrant population in the most innovative cities in the United States in comparison to the national average has also been provided. Since there is no accurate data related to the number of immigrants in the most innovative cities in Poland, a comparison between the United States and Poland was not possible.

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Stanger, Shirley R., J. Michael Cullinane et Robert A. Hicks. « Longitude and Suicide Rates of Certain United States Cities ». Psychological Reports 58, n^o 2 (avril 1986) : 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.2.598.

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Welch, Paul D. « How Early were Cities in the Eastern United States ? » Journal of Urban History 30, n^o 4 (mai 2004) : 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144203259353.

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Demers, P. A., N. J. Heyer et L. Rosenstock. « Mortality among firefighters from three northwestern United States cities. » Occupational and Environmental Medicine 49, n^o 9 (1 septembre 1992) : 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.49.9.664.

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Portney, Kent. « Civic Engagement and Sustainable Cities in the United States ». Public Administration Review 65, n^o 5 (septembre 2005) : 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00485.x.

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Baker, Angela K., Andreas J. Beyersdorf, Lambert A. Doezema, Aaron Katzenstein, Simone Meinardi, Isobel J. Simpson, Donald R. Blake et F. Sherwood Rowland. « Measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities ». Atmospheric Environment 42, n^o 1 (janvier 2008) : 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.007.

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Minin, Oleg. « Russian Artists in the United States ». Experiment 20, n^o 1 (27 octobre 2014) : 229–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211730x-12341264.

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Charting Nicholas Remisoff’s artistic legacy during his California period, this essay explores his contributions to the cultural landscape of the state and emphasizes his work on live stage productions in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the early 1930s and 1940s. Delineating the critical reception of Remisoff’s work in opera, ballet and theatre in these cities, this essay also highlights the artist’s interactions and key collaborations with other Russian and European émigré artists and reflects on the nature of Remisoff’s particular affinity with Southern California.

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Schnelle, Michael A., et Janet C. Cole. « A Review of Certified Nursery Personnel Programs in the United States ». HortTechnology 3, n^o 1 (janvier 1993) : 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.99.

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Nursery personnel certification programs are designed to advance professionalism throughout the nursery and garden center industry. Certified nursery personnel may be perceived more favorably by their employers, peers, and, most important, by the public they serve. Certification programs currently are conducted in 39 states. Many state nursery or related organizations also offer landscape certification programs; however, such programs are not addressed here.

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Hall, Charles R., Alan W. Hodges et John J. Haydu. « The Economic Impact of the Green Industry in the United States ». HortTechnology 16, n^o 2 (janvier 2006) : 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0345.

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The United States environmental horticulture industry, also known as the Green Industry, is comprised of wholesale nursery and sod growers; landscape architects, designers/builders, contractors, and maintenance firms; retail garden centers, home centers, and mass merchandisers with lawn and garden departments; and marketing intermediaries such as brokers and horticultural distribution centers (re-wholesalers). Environmental horticulture is one of the fastest growing segments of the nation's agricultural economy. In spite of the magnitude and recent growth in the Green Industry, there is surprisingly little information regarding its economic impact. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the economic impacts of the Green Industry at the national level. Economic impacts for the U.S. Green Industry in 2002 were estimated at $147.8 billion in output, 1,964,339 jobs, $95.1 billion in value added, $64.3 billion in labor income, and $6.9 billion in indirect business taxes, with these values expressed in 2004 dollars. In addition, this study evaluated the value and role of urban forest trees (woody ornamental trees); the total output of tree production and care services was valued at $14.55 billion, which translated into $21.02 billion in total output impacts, 259,224 jobs, and $14.12 billion in value added.

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Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim. « From the War-Garden to the Victory Garden : Political Aspects of Garden Culture in the United States during World War I ». Landscape Journal 11, n^o 1 (1992) : 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.11.1.51.

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Brivio, Eleonora, Erica Negro Cousa, Vahé Heboyan, Francesco Beltrame et Gianluca De Leo. « A Synopsis of Incubators in Non-hub Cities in the Southeast United States ». Journal of Entrepreneurship 29, n^o 2 (24 juin 2020) : 428–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971355720930574.

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Business incubators are organisations that support the growth of small companies, including start-ups, by providing various resources and services. The aims of this article were to assess the characteristics of business incubators in non-hub cities located in Georgia and South Carolina and to describe the major differences between incubators located in non-hub and hub cities. We surveyed 5 non-hub incubators and visited and analysed qualitatively 10 incubators, 5 in hub cities and 5 in non-hub cities. Results showed that incubators in non-hub cities have less focus and less access to funding capital compared with incubators in hub cities. The implementation of a mesh network among incubators in non-hub cities may help sharing resources, know-how, talents and investments with the goal of being able to compete with incubators in hub cities. While currently incubators in non-hub cities cannot offer the same services to their members, they can still play an important role in giving the people in their communities an opportunity to start a new business, find jobs and increase their income. Business incubators in non-hub cities can ultimately positively impact the overall quality of life of the population they serve. Finally, we proposed that a focus on public health innovation may help incubators in non-hub cities to be successful.

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Beach, Brian, John Parman et Martin Saavedra. « Segregation and the Initial Provision of Water in the United States ». AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (1 mai 2022) : 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221067.

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US cities invested heavily in water and sewer infrastructure throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These investments improved public health and quality of life by helping US cities control typhoid fever and other waterborne diseases. We show that segregated cities invested in water infrastructure earlier but were slower to reach universal access and slower to eliminate typhoid fever. We develop a theoretical model that illustrates how segregation, by facilitating the exclusion of Black households from water and sewer systems, explains these seemingly paradoxical findings.

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Scherer, Clauber, Pedro Vasconcelos Maia do Amaral et David Folch. « A A comparative study of urban occupational structures : Brazil and United States ». Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População 36 (30 décembre 2019) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20947/s0102-3098a0097.

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This paper compares the occupational structure of cities in Brazil and United States aiming to evaluate the extent to which the economic structure of these urban agglomerations is associated with the different stages of development, specifically when comparing a rich country with a developing one. Using a harmonized occupational database and microdata from the Brazilian 2010 Demographic Census and the U.S. American Community Survey (2008-2012), results show that Brazilian cities have a stronger connection between population size, both with occupational structure and human capital distribution, than the one found for cities in the United States. These findings suggest a stronger primacy of large cities in Brazil’s urban network and a more unequal distribution of economic activity across cities when compared to USA, indicating a strong correlation between development and occupational structure.

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Barton, Susan S., John J. Haydu, Roger Hinson, Robert McNiel, Travis Phillips, Russell Powell et Forrest Stegelin. « REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A GARDEN CENTER ». HortScience 27, n^o 6 (juin 1992) : 659b—659. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.659b.

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The objective of this project is to estimate establishment and operating costs for garden centers at two levels of sales and to specify the general set of financial, marketing and business principles that should be available to the owner/manager of a garden center. After surveying 25 garden centers across the United States, two models were derived. A large garden center with annual sales of $1,000,000 is described. A smaller garden center with annual sales of $350,000 is described. Capital budgets, including investment and operations costs for each firm have been developed. Each firm is evaluated based on standard business indicators. A merchandising program composed of layout, pricing, advertising, cost structure and diversification is outlined.

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