Thèses sur le sujet « Gamma-rays: burst »
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NARDINI, MARCO. « Optical versus X–ray afterglows of GRBs : towards understanding the emission processes ». Doctoral thesis, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/23600.
Texte intégralSeglar-Arroyo, Monica. « Studying the origin of cosmic-rays : Multi-messenger studies with very-high-energy gamma-ray instruments ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS260.
Texte intégralThe explosive phenomena occurring in the high-energy Universe are able to accelerate particles up to the highest energies. These processes produce secondary particles of different nature, i.e. photons and neutrinos. In special cases, these events induce perturbations on the space-time, i.e. gravitational waves detectable by interferometers on Earth. The combination and the complementary information provided by these cosmic messengers may allow to answer open questions in astrophysics, as the origin of cosmic rays. Amongst the most violent events producing such signals are the merge of the two densest objects, as neutron stars and black holes or the accretion activity in galaxies onto a supermassive black hole. In this work, we focus on the very-high energy photons that these extreme events produce, and the connection with the other counterparts, in order to provide a broad multi-messenger picture which enables the study of the physical mechanisms in place. The challenges inherent to time-domain multi-messenger astronomy are discussed and tackled, which involves simultaneous coordinated worldwide effort across facilities and astronomical disciplines. A novel, optimized GW follow-up observation strategy for small/mid- FoV instruments as H.E.S.S. and the future CTA, able to perform a rapid response to alerts, which considers the characteristics of the GW event and maximizes the chances to detect the electromagnetic counterpart will be presented. This strategy was proven successful in follow-up observations with the H.E.S.S. telescopes and in particular in the case of the first ever detected binary neutron star merger, GW170817. In the context of the AMON network, a multi-messenger analysis that combines gravitational wave events with HAWC data, with the aim to identify astrophysical coincidences out of independent events, has been developed. In addition, the discovery by H.E.S.S. in very-high energies of the active galactic nucleus OT 081, during a flaring episode in July 2016, will be presented
Nakamura, Toshio, Kentarou Nagaya, Fusa Miyake, Kimiaki Masuda, 俊夫 中村, 健太朗 永冶, 芙沙 三宅 et 公明 増田. « 炭素14と宇宙線変動 : 奈良時代の異変 ». 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20130.
Texte intégralVasileiou, Vlasios. « A search for bursts of very high energy gamma rays with milagro ». College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8570.
Texte intégralThesis research directed by: Dept. of Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
DICHIARA, Simone. « A multiwavelength view of the transient sky : gamma-ray bursts and other fast transients from optical to gamma-rays ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389002.
Texte intégralChristensen, L., S. D. Vergani, S. Schulze, N. Annau, J. Selsing, J. P. U. Fynbo, Ugarte Postigo A. de et al. « Solving the conundrum of intervening strong Mg II absorbers towards gamma-ray bursts and quasars ». EDP SCIENCES S A, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626409.
Texte intégralKuehn, Frederick Gabriel. « Finding Gamma Ray Bursts at High Energies and Testing the Constancy of the Speed of Light ». The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1214582047.
Texte intégralSamuelsson, Filip. « Multi-messenger emission from gamma-ray bursts ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Partikel- och astropartikelfysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273383.
Texte intégral”Multi-messenger astronomy” (mångbudbärarastronomi, fri översättning) är ett väldigt aktuellt område inom astrofysiken just nu. En meddelare är någonting som bär på information. Olika meddelartyper inom astrofysiken är fotoner, kosmisk strålning, neutriner och gravitations vågor. Dessa har alla unik och olika typ av information som kompletterar varandra. Idén bakom multi-meddelare-astronomi är att ju fler olika meddelartyper vi kan upptäcka från samma event, desto mer komplett blir vår fysikaliska tolkning. I denna avhandling studerar jag multi-meddelare emission från gammablixtar (GRBs), de mest ljusstarka företeelser vi känner till i Universum. Mer specifikt, så studerar jag kopplingen mellan GRBs och ultraenergetisk kosmisk strålning (UHECRs). Ursprunget till UHECRs är fortfarande okänt trots långt pågående forskning. GRBs har länge varit en av de mest lovande accelerationskandidaterna men än så länge finns inga fasta bevis. I Paper I och Paper II studerar vi den möjliga GRB-UHECR kopplingen genom att studera den elektromagnetiska strålningen från elektronerna som även de skulle bli accelererade tillsammans med UHECRs. Min slutsats är att strålningen från elektronerna inte matchar observationer från GRBs, vilket talar emot att en majoritet av UHECRs kommer från GRBs.
Siemens, Xavier. « Gravitational waves and cosmic strings / ». Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & ; Theses @ Tufts University, 2002.
Trouver le texte intégralAdviser: Alexander Vilenkin. Submitted to the Dept. of Physics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-98). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
Di, Piano Ambra. « Detection of short Gamma-Ray Bursts with CTA through real-time analysis ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19962/.
Texte intégralBustamante, Ramírez Mauricio [Verfasser], Walter [Gutachter] Winter, Karl [Gutachter] Mannheim et Raimund [Gutachter] Ströhmer. « Ultra-high-energy neutrinos and cosmic rays from gamma-ray bursts : exploring and updating the connection / Mauricio Bustamante. Gutachter : Walter Winter ; Karl Mannheim ; Raimund Ströhmer ». Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/111188692X/34.
Texte intégralGosset, Laura. « Etude et optimisation des performances de l'instrument MXT, télescope X à micro-canaux, embarqué à bord de la mission spatiale d'astronomie SVOM ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS002/document.
Texte intégralSVOM is a Sino-French space mission to be launched at the end of 2021. Its objective is the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and other transient high energy sources. These GRBs are very powerful cosmic explosions that can be detected at extreme distances. They appear randomly on all the sky and emit radiation in a wide wavelength range, from the infrared emission to gamma rays. SVOM space mission will shed new light on the physical phenomena associated to GRBs by detecting and observing them in real time over a wide energy range. The satellite, which will be injected on a low Earth orbit, will carry four instruments sensitive from the visible to the gamma-ray domain. Ground based telescopes will complement the space borne ones and will allow for follow-up observations from the visible to the infrared band. The MXT instrument, whose optics are based on the “lobster eyes” principle, will observe GRBs soft X-rays counterparts (afterglows) between 0.2 and 10 keV. This optics will be used for the first time for an X-ray telescope which means to characterize this optics. MXT will play a key role in the localization of these astrophysical sources that will be transmitted, in real time, to ground based instruments allowing for fast and precise observations. During my thesis, I developed an MXT observation simulator in order to predict the performances of the instrument during the mission. I also developed localization algorithms to be implemented on board the SVOM satellite and made use of the state of the art knowledge about X-ray afterglows in order to predict the localization capabilities of MXT. I demonstrated thaht 50% of these afterglows will be localized with a better precision than the arc-minute. I finally applied my simulation tools in the case of gravitational wave sources and, in particular, to assess the capabilities of MXT to observe bright X-ray counterparts of binary neutron star mergers
Mate, Sujay. « Développement d'un simulateur du ciel pour les instruments à grand champ de vue X-gamma en orbite terrestre basse : application à l'évaluation des performances du spectro-imageur SVOM-ECLAIRs ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30031.
Texte intégralGamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous explosions in the universe. They are observed as bright flashes of gamma/X-rays (lasting a few milliseconds to a few tens of seconds) followed by an "afterglow" emission (usually at longer wavelengths). They are produced either due to the merger of two compact objects (a pair of neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole) or due to the core collapse of a massive star (> 15 solar mass). GRBs are excellent candidates to study physics at extreme energies and densities. They also constitute important astrophysical tools to probe the history of the universe as they are observed at all epochs. The upcoming (June 2022) Sino-French mission SVOM (Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) aims to detect and study GRBs using dedicated space and ground based instruments to obtain multi-wavelength coverage. The primary instrument onboard SVOM spacecraft is ECLAIRs, a wide-field (~ 2 sr) coded-mask imager sensitive in the 4 - 150 keV energy range. ECLAIRs will detect and localise GRBs (and other high energy transients) in near real time using an onboard trigger. ECLAIRs will encounter a high and variable background due to the wide field-of-view (FoV) and the pointing strategy of SVOM which makes the Earth transit through the FoV. A new method (called Particle Interaction Recycling Approach or PIRA), based on Monte-Carlo simulations (GEANT4), was developed to estimate the variable background accurately and rapidly. The simulations of the background are complemented with simulations of X-ray sources and gamma-ray bursts to generate complete observation scenarios. The variable background of ECLAIRs poses challenges to detect GRBs and affects the sensitivity of the instrument. We use the simulated data to evaluate the performance of the onboard trigger, in particular, the impact of the variable background and its sensitivity to the GRB characteristics (duration, temporal profile, spectral shape,position in the FoV). ECLAIRs will send all detected photons to the ground. In addition, the availability of a larger computational power and the better knowledge of the context (e.g. background variations, sources in the FoV, etc.) on the ground motivates us to develop an "offline trigger" to overcome the challenges faced by the onboard trigger. An algorithm based on wavelet transforms is proposed to detect GRBs as part of the offline trigger. The work in this thesis, i.e. the development of PIRA, instrument's performance evaluation and development of a trigger method, provides a sound basis to build an effective offline trigger that will complement the onboard trigger and improve the overall performance of the SVOM mission
Dereli, Hüsne. « Découverte et étude d'une population de sursauts gamma cosmiques à décroissance de faible luminosité ». Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4130/document.
Texte intégralGamma-ray bursts (GRB) are extreme events. They are crudely classified into two groups based on their duration, namely the short and long bursts. Such a classification has proven to be useful to determine their progenitors: the merger of two compact objects for short bursts and the explosion of a massive star for long bursts. Further classifying the long GRBs might give tighter constraints on their progenitor and on the emission mechanism(s). In my thesis, I present evidence for the existence of a sub-class of long GRBs, based on their faint afterglow emission. These bursts were named low-luminosity afterglow (LLA) GRBs. I discuss the data analysis and the selection method, and their main properties are described. Their link to supernova is strong as 64\% of all the bursts firmly associated to SNe is LLA GRBs. Finally, I present additional properties of LLA GRBs: the study of their rate density, which seems to indicate a new distinct third class of events, the properties of their host galaxies, which show that they take place in young star-forming galaxies. Additionally, I show that it is difficult to reconcile all differences between normal long GRBs and LLA GRBs only by considering instrumental or environmental effects, different ejecta content or a different geometry for the burst. Thus, I conclude that LLA GRBs and normal long GRBs should have different properties. In a very rudimentary discussion, I indicate that a binary system is favored in the case of LLA GRB. The argument is based on the initial mass function of massive stars, on the larger rate density of LLA GRBs compared to the rate of normal long GRBs and on the type of accompanying SNe
Bajat, Armelle. « Etude des réponses temporelle et spectrale de l'instrument ECLAIRs pour la mission SVOM ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30151/document.
Texte intégralThe french-chinese mission SVOM (Space-based multi-band variable Astronomical Object Monitor), is dedicated to the study of ƴ-rays bursts, brief and intense X and ƴ photons flashes, associated with the catastrophic formation of black holes. SVOM will embark in 2021 four instruments observing from the visible to ƴ rays. ECLAIRs, the main telescope, is a coded mask camera able to detect and locate, about 200 bursts during the three years nominal life time of SVOM. Its detection plan counts 6400 Schottky CdTe detectors, grouped into a matrix of 32 pixels forming a module. The plan is divided into eight electronically independent sectors, each consisting of 25 modules. Each electronic is dedicated to read and encode, the time, the position, the multiplicity and the energies of the detected events on a sector. The validation of each functionality of the readout electronics allows to ensure the correct encoding of the events, to estimate the limits of the electronics and to build an analytical model of lost events efficient correction. An application to a lightcurve of a bright GRB permits to validate theoretically this model and measurements carried out on the prototype validates it experimentally. On the other hand, a complete model of the spectral response has been established to characterize each detector on the sector of the prototype and to estimate the response of the plan of detection of the mono-energetic photons. The physical processes of the radiation-matter interactions are simulated as well as a model of lost charges then a Gaussian convolution takes into account the electronic noise. This model, counting six free parameters, is fitted to spectra measured on the prototype. The study of the extracted parameters characterizes the performance of each detector in every voltage and t peaking configurations optimizing the performance of the instrument
Gonzalez, Jean-François. « Environnements stellaire : des étoiles lambda Boötis aux disques protoplanétaires ». Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00286435.
Texte intégralJe me suis ensuite intéressé aux étoiles de type lambda Bootis, un petit sous-groupe singulier d'étoiles chimiquement particulières, dont les anomalies d'abondance ne sont pas expliquées par le modèle de la diffusion radiative. Il s'agirait plutôt d'étoiles jeunes, encore entourées des restes du disque à partir duquel elles se sont formées, et dont elles accrèteraient un gaz appauvri en éléments lourds, ceux-ci s'étant condensés en grains. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons recherché la signature de matière circumstellaire dans le spectre de ces étoiles. Peu d'étoiles de notre échantillon montrent un tel indice et nos résultats suggèrent une anti-corrélation entre la présence de gaz ou de poussières, pouvant caractériser deux états différents dans l'évolution du disque protostellaire. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons découvert par hasard le premier cas de pulsations non radiales dans une étoile de type lambda Bootis, puis montré qu'elles sont communes dans ce groupe. L'identification des modes de pulsation permet de remonter à la structure interne de ces étoiles et à leur état d'évolution, permettant ainsi de tester le modèle d'accrétion.
Mon étude des environnements circumstellaires des étoiles lambda Bootis m'a conduit à m'intéresser aux disques protoplanétaires. Jusqu'à récemment, nous n'avions observé qu'un seul système solaire (le nôtre) dans lequel nous pouvions tester notre compréhension du processus de formation de planètes. Maintenant, plus d'une centaine de planètes ont été découvertes autour d'autres étoiles et les contraintes sur les modèles théoriques sont devenues très serrées. Nous savons que, dans la nébuleuse solaire, les particules de poussière de la taille du micron se sont agglomérées pour former des planètes, objets 10^13 à 10^14 fois plus grands. Bien qu'il y ait beaucoup de travail réalisé sur les dernières étapes de cette formation, et sur la migration de planètes déjà formées, peu de travail a été fait pour développer des modèles hydrodynamiques décrivant l'interaction du gaz et de la poussière dans les disques proto-planétaires. Nous développons un code hydrodynamique SPH permettant de modéliser cette interaction, principalement par la force de friction, entre deux phases: du gaz et des grains de poussière d'une taille donnée. Nous obtenons ainsi la répartition spatiale des grains dans le disque en fonction de leur taille. Ce travail correspond à la thèse de Laure Barrière-Fouchet, qui se termine en 2005. Nous projetons ensuite d'ajouter les mécanismes de coagulation, croissance, et évaporation des grains de poussière en modélisant plusieurs phases pour différentes tailles de grains et la variation du nombre de particules dans chaque phase qui en résulte. Ceci permettra de caractériser les zones du disque les plus favorables à la formation de planétésimaux. Ensuite, il s'agira d'explorer plus profondément les mécanismes de formation de planètes. En effet, si l'on arrive assez bien à faire croître les grains microscopiques jusqu'à une taille de l'ordre du centimètre, les collisions entre ces gros grains les refragmentent et empêchent de dépasser cette taille. Plusieurs solutions sont à envisager pour permettre de passer ce cap: diminution des vitesses de collisions dans les régions plus denses, rôle de la turbulence, etc...
Un peu à part de mes travaux précédents, avec mes collègues de l'ESO, j'ai observé et pris le premier spectre de la contrepartie optique du sursaut gamma GRB980425, qui s'est avéré être une supernova très particulière: SN1998bw. Son spectre en évolution rapide ne permettait pas de classer cette supernova, la première à être associée à un sursaut gamma, dans les types connus. Notre équipe a suivi régulièrement l'évolution de sa courbe de lumière et de son spectre, la somme de données recueillie ayant conduit à un modèle d'hypernova.
Heinze, Jonas. « Ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos in models of gamma-ray bursts and extragalactic propagation ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21386.
Texte intégralUltra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the most energetic particles observed in the Universe. While the astrophysical sources of UHECRs have not yet been uniquely identified, there are strong indications for an extragalactic origin. The interpretation of the observations requires both simulations of UHECR acceleration and energy losses inside the source environment as well as interactions during extragalactic propagation. Due to their extreme energies, UHECR will interact with photons in these environments, producing a flux of secondary neutrinos. This dissertation deals with models of UHECR sources and the accompanying neutrino production in the source environment and during extragalactic propagation. We have developed a new, computationally efficient code, PriNCe, for the extragalactic propagation of UHECR nuclei. The PriNCe code is applied for an extensive parameter scan of a generic source model that is described by the spectral index, the maximal rigidity, the cosmological source evolution and the injected mass composition. In this scan, we demonstrate the impact of different disintegration and air-shower models on the inferred source properties. A prediction for the expected flux of cosmogenic neutrinos is also derived. GRBs are discussed as specific UHECR source candidates in the multi-collision internal-shock model. This model takes the radiation from different radii in the GRB outflow into account. We demonstrate how different assumptions about the initial setup of the jet and the hydrodynamic collision model impact the production of UHECRs and neutrinos. Motivated by the multi-messenger observation of GRB170817A, we discuss the expected neutrino production from this GRB and its dependence on the observation angle. We show that the neutrino flux for this event is at least four orders of magnitude below the detection limit for different geometries of the plasma jet.
Biehl, Daniel. « Nuclear Cascades and Neutrino Production in the Sources of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Nuclei ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20448.
Texte intégralThe origin of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) is still one of the most important open questions in astrophysics. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) were considered as potential sources as they are among the most energetic events known in the Universe. However, conventional GRB scenarios are strongly constrained by astrophysical neutrino data. In addition, cosmic ray composition measurements indicate the presence of heavy nuclei, which would disintegrate if the radiation fields in the source were too dense. In order to circumvent this dilemma, recent studies point towards hidden accelerators, which are intrinsically hard to detect. In this dissertation, we present novel approaches to efficiently and self-consistently calculate the nuclear processes in astrophysical sources. We quantify these interactions by means of the nuclear cascade, which describes the subsequent disintegration of heavy nuclei into lighter fragments. Even in sophisticated source-propagation models, as the ones developed in this thesis, conventional GRBs are in tension with neutrino data. However, we demonstrate that a population of low-luminosity GRBs is not only consistent with current constraints, but can even describe the UHECR spectrum and composition across the ankle as well as neutrino data simultaneously. From our fitting procedure we can further constrain certain source properties, such as the baryonic loading and the event rate. Furthermore, we show that stars disrupted by black holes are viable candidates for a simultaneous description of cosmic ray and PeV neutrino data too. However, they can be discriminated from LLGRBs by cosmogenic neutrinos. Finally, we apply our model to GW170817. We show for different jet scenarios that the expected neutrino flux is orders of magnitude below the sensitivity of current instruments. Nevertheless, binary neutron star mergers could in principle support cosmic rays below the ankle.
Bustamante, Mauricio. « Ultra-high-energy neutrinos and cosmic rays from gamma-ray bursts : exploring and updating the connection ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112480.
Texte intégralEs ist eine natürliche Annahme, dass die energiereichsten beobachteten Teilchen (> 1018 eV), die ultra-hochenergetische Kosmische Strahlung (UHECRs), möglicherweise in Verbindung mit den leuchtkräftigsten zeitlich beschränkten Ereignissen (> 1052 erg s−1), sogenannten Gammablitzen (GRBs), stehen. Als Folge der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den extrem beschleunigten, in Magnetfeldern gefangenen Protonen und Ionen und den Photonfeldern im Inneren der Gammablitze wer- den sowohl Neutronen als auch UHE Neutrinos erwartet. Erstere köonnen die Quelle verlassen und zerfallen zu Protonen via β-Zerfall, welche zur Erde propagieren und dort als UHECR detektiert werden köonnen, während Letztere, wenn detektiert, den eindeutigen Beweis für die Beschleunigung von Hadronen in besagten Quellen erbringen würden. Vor Kurzem haben km3-große Neutrinoteleskope, wie IceCube, endlich die benötigte Sensitivität erreicht, um die Neutrinovorhersagen für einige existierende GRB-Modelle zu testen. In diesem Zusammenhang präsentieren wir hier ein überarbeitetes, selbstkonsistentes Modell der gemein- samen Produktion von UHE Protonen und Neutrinos in GRBs. Dieses enthält eine hochmoderne, verbesserte numerische Kalkulation des Neutrinoflusses (NeuCosmA), ein verallgemeinertes Emissionsmodell für UHECR, welches darauf beruht, dass einige Protonen direkt aus den Magnetfeldern innerhalb der Quelle entkommen können ohne wechselzuwirken, und bezieht die Energieverluste der Protonen auf ihrem Weg zur Erde mit ein. Wir nutzen unsere Voraussagen, um einen genaueren Blick auf die Verbindung zwischen Kosmischer Strahlung und Neutrinos zu werfen, und stellen fest, dass aktuelle UHECR Beobachtungen mittels gigantischen Luftschauerdetektoren zusammen mit den oberen Schranken auf den Neutrinofluss von GRBs bereits ausreichen, um Widersprüche zu einigen Emissions- und Propagationsmodellen aufzuzeigen, und deuten uns in die Richtung einiger Voraussetzungen, die von GRBs erfüllt sein müssen, sollten diese die Quellen der UHECRs sein. Des Weiteren verfeinern wir unsere Analyse, indem wir ein dynamisches Explosionsmodell studieren, mittels welcher wir herausfinden, dass unterschiedliche Teilchen von bestimmten Phasen des expandieren GRBs stammen, welche durch unterschiedliche Bedingungen charakterisiert sind. Zum Schluss betrachten wir die Möglichkeit von ”neuer Physik”, den Zerfall von UHE Neutrinos im Neutrinofluss von GRBs. Im Großen und Ganzen zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass selbstkonsistente Modelle mittlerweile ein integraler Bestandteil für den Fortschritt dieses Feldes geworden sind, wenn man berücksichtigt, dass der Gesamtzusammenhang des UHE Universums erst sichtbar wird, wenn man den Himmel in unterschiedlichen Kanälen betrachtet, genauer gesagt gleichzeitig in Gammastrahlung, in Kosmischer Strahlung und in Neutrinos
Shen, Rongfeng. « Exploring the bizarrerie : research on selective physical processes in gamma-ray bursts ». Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1880.
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Couch, Sean Michael. « Multidimensional multiscale dynamics of high-energy astrophysical flows ». Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1038.
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