Thèses sur le sujet « Gadag »

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious autoimmune disease which increases worldwide and affects children at a young age, but there still is no cure available. Clinical intervention trials in recent onset T1D patients are therefore very important, since even a modest preservation of β-cell function has proven to reduce end-organ complications. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is one of the major antigens in T1D, to which autoantibodies (GADA) are formed. Immunomodulation with aluminum-formulated GAD65 (GAD-alum) has been considered both in the prevention and intervention of T1D. In a phase II trial using GADalum we showed clinical benefits in C-peptide preservation, but unfortunately a following larger European phase III trial failed to reach primary end-point. The general aim of this thesis was to study the characteristics and phenotypes of GADA following immunomodulation with GAD-alum in T1D patients during a phase II and III trial. In the phase II trial, a transient increase of the GADA IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses, and a decrease in IgG1 was detected as part of the treatment-induced GADA levels after 2 GADalum doses, a result interpreted to be T helper (Th) 2-associated. This Th2-associated immune response was also observed, in parallel to increased GADA levels, during the following phase III trial including a larger group of patients. However, enhanced Th2-like IgG subclass distribution, reflected as increased IgG4 frequency, was in contrast only observed in the group treated with 4 doses of GAD-alum. In addition, the GADA fold-change was associated with in vitro GAD65-stimulated cytokine secretion, but only in patients receiving 2 GAD-alum doses. Furthermore, a 4-year follow-up of the phase II trial showed that the effect of GAD-alum treatment was long-lasting as GADA titers remained elevated. Even though the phase III trial did not reach primary end-point, and was closed after 15 months, preservation of β-cell function was observed in the small sub-group of Swedish patients receiving 2 GAD-alum doses that completed the 30 months trial-period. During the trials, concerns were raised whether the elevated GADA titers might induce Stiff person syndrome (SPS), a disease affecting the nervous system, but in vitro analysis of GADA phenotypes showed that the GAD65-enzyme activity and GADA epitope distribution differed from that detected in SPS patients. Continued research to clarify how immunomodulation with autoantigens affects immune responses and also to identify which patients are suitable for treatment, is crucial for optimizing future T1D intervention- and prevention trials.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Um grande n?mero de tubar?es e raias habita ?reas costeiras tropicais. Diferentemente dos ambientes pel?gicos em mar aberto, as ?reas costeiras est?o mais sujeitas a varia??es, tanto por a??es antr?picas como pela influ?ncia continental, geogr?fica ou clim?tica, resultando numa grande diversidade de habitats. Algumas esp?cies podem apresentar estreita rela??o com determinados habitats a ponto de ser poss?vel distinguir padr?es espec?ficos para localidades diferentes. Dasyatis marianae ? uma raia end?mica do nordeste do Brasil, ocorrendo do Maranh?o ao sul da Bahia, exclusivamente sobre a plataforma continental. Com uma distribui??o restrita, esta raia se mostrou estenot?pica, apresentando baixa amplitude de toler?ncia ?s condi??es ambientais, principalmente a temperatura, salinidade e profundidade. Em consequ?ncia, D. marianae apresentou diferen?as morfol?gicas, ecol?gicas e moleculares intraespec?ficas ao longo de sua distribui??o geogr?fica. As raias mais ao sul da distribui??o s?o maiores e apresentam um padr?o morfom?trico distinto em rela??o as raias das localidades mais ao norte. Al?m disso, apresentam menor diversidade gen?tica e uma maior prefer?ncia por crust?ceos, em sua dieta. De uma forma geral, D. marianae est? dividida em duas popula??es geneticamente estruturas, uma ampla popula??o conectando os extremos de sua distribui??o e outra popula??o mais restrita, localizada na costa de Salvador. Caracter?sticas ambientais locais isolam essa popula??o, mesmo sem uma barreira f?sica f?cil de ser identificada. O padr?o de estrutura??o populacional de D. marianae sugere um isolamento por ambiente (IBE), onde a intera??o entre a esp?cie e o habitat estruturam sua varia??o espacial, independente da dist?ncia. Este trabalho, baseado numa abordagem integrativa (morfologia, alimenta??o, modelagem de nicho e filogeogr?fica), certamente gera subs?dios para a??es de manejo e conserva??o dessa esp?cie que, de acordo com a Portaria MMA n? 43/2014, ? priorit?ria para pesquisas sobre seu estado de conserva??o.
A large number of sharks and rays inhabit tropical coastal ?reas. Unlike pelagic environments in the open sea, coastal areas are more subject to variations, both by human actions, continental influence, geographic or climatic, resulting in a wide variety of habitats. Some species may have close relationship with certain habitats as to be possible to distinguish specific standards for different locations. Dasyatis marianae is an endemic stingray of northeastern Brazil, occurring from Maranh?o to the south of Bahia, exclusively on the continental shelf. With a restricted distribution, this stingray showed stenotopic, with low amplitude tolerance to environmental conditions, especially temperature, salinity and depth. Consequently, D. marianae showed morphological differences, ecological and molecular intraspecific over their geographical distribution. The stingrays most southerly distribution are larger and have a distinct morphometric standard against the rays of the northernmost locations. In general, D. marianae is divided into two populations genetically structures, a large population connecting the extremes of the distribution and a more restricted population located in Salvador coast. Local environmental characteristics insulate this population, even without a physical barrier easy to identify. The pattern of population structure of D. marianae suggests an isolation by environment (IBE), where the interaction between the species and the habitat build their spatial variation, regardless of distance. This work, based on an integrative approach (morphology, feeding, niche modeling and phylogeographical) certainly generates grants for management actions and conservation of this species, according to Ordinance MMA n? 43/2014, is a priority for research on your conservation state.

This thesis describes the social table game Scrabble, and its realization in the form of computer games. Gradually examines all important aspects that affect the performance of the implementation. Especially after the election of the appropriate data structures retained for the vocabulary, affecting the efficiency of generating moves, and the selection of appropriate algorithms with regard to the maximum speed. There is particular emphasis on artificial intelligence opponent and its ability to compete not only amateurs, but professional SCRABBLE players.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the emerging global trend of micro apartments to find out if it provides a potential solution for the severe shortage of small, affordable apartments in Stockholm.  As the concept is already a researched area in foreign real estate markets, the lack of research on the demand for micro apartments in Stockholm despite the highest rate of single households and rising housing prices was identified as a research gap.  The aim of the research is to identify the most significant opportunities, risks and obstacles of the micro housing concept applied for the Stockholm market as well as estimating a range of potential demand for varying economic scenarios.  The approach of the research was to conduct empirical studies in the form of interviews with experts in the field and conduct a survey measuring consumer preferences. Furthermore, secondary data was collected in the form of statistical data and extensive literature on the existing research on micro housing in foreign markets, characteristics of the Stockholm housing market and economic outlooks for the region. These findings allowed us to make forecasts for the housing market in Stockholm and estimate the future demand for micro units. The calculations were limited to the ownership market in Stockholm municipality and focusing on a specific target group.  The results were a demand in the most likely economic scenario of 300-400 units in the short term (specified as 2018-2021) and range of 150-250 units in the medium term (specified as 2022-2028).  The originality and the value of the paper lies in collection of opportunities, risks and obstacles of the micro housing concept specifically for Stockholm from the perspectives of multiple actors on the housing market, in addition to providing practical recommendations for developers, the municipality and researchers based on the extensive analysis and also providing a model to estimate the future demand for this housing solution.
Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera den växande globala trenden av mikrolägenheter och att ta reda på om dessa kan lösa bristen på små och prisvärda lägenheter i Stockholm.  Konceptet har studerats ingående på internationella bostadsmarknader, dock är undersökning angående efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter i Stockholm bristfällig, detta till trots att regionen tillhandahåller den högsta andelen singelhushåll i världen, samt har en hög tillväxt för bostadspriser, vilket medför en lucka i bostadsforskningen.  Syftet med studien är att identifiera de mest betydande möjligheterna, riskerna och hindren för konceptet mikrobostäder på Stockholms bostadsmarknad, såväl som att beräkna samt bedöma efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter för olika ekonomiska scenarier.  Studiens tillvägagångssätt bestod av utförande av empiriska studier, såväl intervjuer med experter på området samt en granskning av konsumenters preferenser för mikrolägenheter. Utöver dessa inhämtades sekundärdata såsom statistisk data samt omfattande litteratur och tidigare internationell forskning i ämnet. Med det inhämtade materialet kunde vi utföra beräkningar samt estimeringar av den framtida efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter i Stockholm. Beräkningarna var begränsade till Stockholms kommun, samt till den huvudsakliga målgruppen för mikrolägenheter. Resultatet visade att efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter i det mest sannolika ekonomiska scenariot var mellan 300 och 400 enheter för tidsperioden 2018-2021 och mellan 150 till 250 enheter för tidsperioden 2022-2028.  Studiens värde och originalitet ligger i de samlade och specifika möjligheterna, riskerna och hindren för konceptet på Stockholms bostadsmarknad, samt i de rekommendationer vi ger till bostadsutvecklare, kommun samt forskare baserat på den omfattande analysen av ämnet, såväl som modellen vilken beräknar efterfrågan för mikrolägenheter.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The main objective of this dissertation was to develop a model to predict indicators of sustainable forest management in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster, Ait.) stands from Portugal. With this aim, a set of sub-models were developed, beginning by a system of equations for compatible prediction of total and merchantable volume, allowing for different definitions of tree volume. Data from stem analysis was used for model development. A dynamic model for dominant height growth was developed using also stem analysis data and applying the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA). An annual individual tree growth and survival model was developed, using data from thinning experiments and containing irregularly time spaced measurements. The biomass and carbon stocks in the forest floor, understory, down deadwood and mineral soil were assessed in even-aged stands of maritime pine. The collected data was joined to other existing data in order to develop a set of equations to predict carbon stocks in the forest floor, understory, deadwood, and mineral soil, using stand, climate and soil variables-----------------------------------------O objectivo principal desta dissertação foi o desenvolvimento de um modelo para a predição de indicadores de gestão florestal sustentável em povoamentos de pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster, Ait.) em Portugal. Neste sentido desenvolveu-se um conjunto de sub-modelos, tendo-se iniciado por um sistema de equações para predição compatível de volume total e mercantil adequado a diferentes definições de volume, usando dados de análise de tronco. Também com base em dados de análise de tronco, foi desenvolvido um modelo dinâmico para o crescimento dos povoamentos em altura dominante, aplicando a metodologia das equações às diferenças algébricas generalizadas (GADA). Recorrendo a dados contendo medições irregularmente espaçadas no tempo, efectuadas em ensaios de desbastes, foi desenvolvido um modelo de previsão anual da probabilidade de sobrevivência e do crescimento da árvore individual em diâmetro e altura. Avaliou-se também a biomassa e stocks de carbono ao nível da folhada, vegetação no sub-coberto, madeira morta e no solo mineral, em povoamentos regulares de pinheiro bravo. Os dados recolhidos foram juntos a dados já existentes para desenvolver um conjunto de equações para a previsão de stocks de carbono na folhada, vegetação no sub-coberto, madeira morta e no solo mineral, usando variáveis do povoamento, do clima e do solo.

La capacité des systèmes conventionnels de production d'énergie éolienne et marémotrice à fournir au réseau une énergie fiable et stable à tout moment est un nouveau défi en raison des fluctuations météorologiques, qui ont un impact significatif et direct sur la production d'énergie. C'est pourquoi l'hybridation des systèmes de production d'énergie éolienne et hydrolienne ont été étudiées pour améliorer l'intégration des énergies éolienne et marémotrice sur le réseau électrique.Cette étude nous a amené à développer des contributions liées à deux axes principaux :Le premier axe est focalisé sur un nouveau concept d'hybridation de deux sources énergétiques différentes en termes de propriétés physiques, l’éolien et l’hydrolienne à axe horizontal, basé sur un couplage électromécanique de ces deux systèmes. Les deux ressources sont l’énergie éolienne et l’énergie des courants marins. Le concept est développé en utilisant les similitudes fonctionnelles des turbines et les similarités en conversion d’énergie de leurs chaînes énergétiques. Pour appliquer ce concept en premier lieu, les paramètres de la génératrice asynchrone à double alimentation installée dans l’émulateur du GREAH sont identifiés. Ensuite, la chaîne de conversion de puissance est modélisée mathématiquement et simulée dans un environnement MATLAB / SIMULINK. Nous avons développé deux stratégies de commande.Une stratégie à vitesse fixe appelé "Contrôle direct de la vitesse", et une stratégie à vitesse variable basée sur la recherche de puissance maximale, dénommée "Contrôle indirecte de vitesse". Enfin, ce concept a été implémenté pratiquement sur l’émulateur en temps réel du laboratoire. Les résultats obtenus ont été analysés et discutés suite à ces travaux.Le deuxième axe est consacré à un concept que l’on appelle «temps accélérée» de simulation ou « temps virtuel ». Par la suite, ce concept a été mis en œuvre sur l’émulateur multi physique disponible au laboratoire GREAH. Ce concept (temps accélérée) est basé sur la réduction des échantillons de profil de vent afin de diminuer le temps de simulation et faciliter la commande en temps réel.Les résultats principaux sont obtenus d’abord dans MATLAB / SIMULINK, puis ont été vérifiés sur l’émulateur en temps réel. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier le concept d’hybridation éolienne offshore / éolienne basée sur la flexibilité d’un émulateur multifonctions permettant diverses architectures d’émulation : éoliennes, éoliennes, et systèmes hybrides éoliennes - éoliennes. Nous analysons son impact sur la puissance de sortie du système. Les résultats obtenus sont corrélés aux profils de vitesse du vent et des marées, dans lesquels les propriétés statistiques ayant un impact sur les chaînes énergétiques mondiales pourraient être complémentaires et en particulier en fonction des sites donnés.Contributions principales et perspectives- Développement du concept de couplage électromécanique. Lorsque deux sources d’énergie renouvelables sont « intégrées », on stabilise la fluctuation rapide de la puissance générée, mais sous certaines conditions telles que la présence d’unités de stockage ou d’un système d’embrayage automatique.- Le concept temps accéléréeCette méthode est utilisée pour réduire la taille des données enregistrées du vent ou des courant marins, afin d’accélérer le temps de simulation des unités de production d'énergie avec des résultats raisonnables qui se rapprochent pertinemment des situations réelles.- Etudier et développer le concept de régime d’arbre électrique :Si le couplage électromécanique est difficile à réaliser du point de vue mécanique et que les découplages à arbre unique sont trop fréquents et que les contraintes mécaniques sont élevées, on peut étudier le régime de l'arbre électrique avec deux machines à induction DFIG. Le système peut fonctionner en mode synchrone avec des structures et configurations spécifiques
The ability of conventional wind and tidal generation systems to provide the grid with reliable and stable power at all times is a new challenge due to weather fluctuations, which have a significant and direct impact on energy production. This is why the hybridization of wind and tidal power generation systems has been studied to improve the integration of wind and tidal power into the electricity grid.This study led us to develop contributions related to two main axes:The first axis is focused on a new concept of hybridization of two different energy sources in terms of physical properties, wind and horizontal axis turbines, based on an electromechanical coupling of these two systems. The two resources are wind energy and marine energy. The concept is developed using the functional similarities of turbines and similarities in energy conversion of their energy chains. To apply this concept first, the parameters of the double fed asynchronous generator installed in the GREAH emulator are identified. Then, the power conversion chain is modeled mathematically and simulated in a MATLAB / SIMULINK environment. We have developed two control strategies.A fixed speed strategy called "Direct Speed Control", and a variable speed strategy based on the search for maximum power, called "Indirect Speed Control". Finally, this concept has been implemented practically on the real-time emulator of the laboratory. The results obtained were analyzed and discussed following this work.The second axis is devoted to a concept called "accelerated time" simulation or "virtual time". Subsequently, this concept was implemented on the multi-physics emulator available at the GREAH laboratory. This concept (accelerated time) is based on reducing wind profile samples in order to decrease simulation time and facilitate real-time control.The main results are obtained first in MATLAB / SIMULINK, then verified on the emulator in real time.The main objective of this thesis is to study the concept of offshore wind / tidal turbine hybridization based on the flexibility of a multi-function emulator that allows various emulation architectures: wind turbines, tidal turbines, and hybrid wind - tidal turbines systems. We analyze its impact on the output power of the system; the obtained results are correlated with wind and tidal speed profiles, in which statistical properties impacting global power chains could be complementary and in particular in function of the given sites. Main contributions and perspectives- Development of the concept of electromechanical coupling.When two renewable energy sources are "integrated", the rapid fluctuation of the power generated is stabilized, but under certain conditions such as the presence of storage units or an automatic clutch system.- The accelerated time conceptThis method is used to reduce the size of the recorded wind or sea current data, to speed up the simulation time of the power generation units with reasonable results that are close to actual situations.- Study and develop the concept of electric shaft regime: If the electromechanical coupling is difficult to achieve from the mechanical point of view and the single shaft decouples are too frequent so high mechanical stress, one can study the electric shaft regime with two DFIG induction machines.There is a regime in which the ratios between the speeds of the different machines are rigorously constant. The system can operate in synchronous mode with specific structures and configurations

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The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranh?o to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracaja? reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracaja?. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species
A esp?cie Dasyatis marianae habita ?reas costeiras associadas a recifes de corais, sendo considerada end?mica para o nordeste do Brasil, ocorrendo desde o Estado do Maranh?o at? o sul da Bahia. Exemplares da esp?cie s?o comumente avistados por mergulhadores e pescadores na ?rea do Parracho de Maracaja?, um complexo recifal que faz parte da ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental dos Recifes de Corais (APARC), onde foi desenvolvido o presente estudo, acerca da ecologia e biologia da D. marianae, com a finalidade de caracterizar aspectos da estrutura populacional na ?rea do complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracaja?. Foram analisados 120 exemplares capturados pela pesca artesanal local quanto ao tamanho, peso, sexo, est?gio de matura??o e conte?do estomacal. A maioria dos indiv?duos foram machos adultos (1,7:1) e a maior abund?ncia foi para raias com tamanhos entre 25 e 29cm de LD, onde as f?meas atingem maiores os tamanhos, caracter?stica comum a outras raias. Os exemplares de maior porte foram capturados na ?rea de faner?gamas, que ? preferencial para a esp?cie. A distribui??o da esp?cie na ?rea apresentou uma segrega??o sexual e ontogen?tica, onde os juvenis ocorrem pr?ximo ? praia, que ? uma prov?vel ?rea de ber??rio e crescimento destes, as f?meas adultas prevalecem nas faner?gamas, que aparentemente tem uma elevada disponibilidade de presas, e os machos adultos se distanciam mais, ocorrendo numa maior propor??o nas ?reas mais afastadas, sugerindo um h?bito mais explorat?rio quando comparado ?s f?meas. A avalia??o do sistema reprodutivo apontou 3 ciclos reprodutivos anuais, um filhote por gesta??o e mostrou que os machos maturam com menor tamanho que as f?meas. Os filhotes de D. marianae nascem com tamanho de 12 a 15cm de LD. Quanto ? dieta, a esp?cie foi caracterizada como carn?vora carcinof?gica especialista. A realiza??o de censos visuais em diferentes localidades permitiu avaliar a densidade de D. marianae nos ambientes distintos do complexo. A esp?cie ocorre em maior n?mero nas faner?gamas, ambiente muito importante para a conserva??o da esp?cie. De 100 indiv?duos de D. marianae marcados na ?rea do complexo recifal registrou-se uma taxa de recaptura de 3%. Alguns aspectos comportamentais foram avaliados, como padr?o de atividade diurna, intera??o de limpeza com Pomacanthus paru e peixes seguidores como Lutjanus analis e Carangoides bartholomaei. De forma geral, muitas das informa??es obtidas dever?o ser usadas para o manejo adequado da esp?cie

Le développement durable et les énergies renouvelables suscitent aujourd'hui l'intérêt de plusieurs équipes de recherches. Le développement des éoliennes représente un grand investissement dans le domaine de la recherche technologique. Ces machines qui produisent de l'énergie électrique à partir du vent peuvent constituer une alternative technologique et économique aux différentes sources d'énergies épuisables. D'ailleurs, la croissance de l'industrie éolienne mondiale est de l'ordre de 30% par an depuis le début des années 2000. De nombreux travaux de recherche sur le contrôle et la commande d'éoliennes ont été menés. Grâce à ces travaux, les dernières générations d'éoliennes fonctionnent avec une vitesse variable et disposent d'une régulation pitch. Il est ainsi possible de modifier la vitesse de rotation et l'angle de calage de chacune des pales, permettant alors d'améliorer la production de l'aérogénérateur. Néanmoins, il reste encore à introduire plus d'intelligence dans le fonctionnement des aérogénérateurs. L'objectif principal de nos travaux de thèse est d'étudier les techniques de commande robuste, de la génératrice, susceptibles d'optimiser la production d'une éolienne, en particulier celle utilisant une génératrice asynchrone double alimentation. Par optimisation, nous entendons non seulement améliorer la qualité de l'énergie produite et le rendement énergétique mais aussi diminuer les charges mécaniques de fatigue ; ce qui aurait pour conséquence de rendre possible la fabrication d'aéroturbines plus légères améliorant de ce fait la productivité. La ou les techniques de commande doivent donc tenir compte du comportement de l'éolienne dans son ensemble. Pour ce faire, nous avons exploré l'apport des modes glissants classiques puis d'ordre supérieur pour répondre au cahier des charges fixé. Les techniques de commandes proposées ont été testées sur le simulateur FAST élaboré par le laboratoire Américain NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). Des essais expérimentaux effectués au laboratoire Grenoblois G2Elab sur un banc de 7.5 kW ont permis la validation des techniques proposées. Elles restent cependant perfectibles ouvrant ainsi la voie à d'intéressantes perspectives.

Traditionnellement, les éoliennes fonctionnaient de manière à extraire le maximum d’énergie du vent dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement. Par conséquent, les éoliennes ont été conçues pour fonctionner en mode connecté au réseau ou en mode autonome. En outre, les innovations récentes dans les micro-réseaux ont suscité l’intérêt pour le fonctionnement autonome de l’éolienne, dans le cadre de réseaux isolés, ou pour les générateurs distribués dans les réseaux faibles.Un autre domaine d’application intéressant concerne les parcs éoliens offshores connectés au réseau via une liaison à courant continu haute tension (HVDC). Dans ces systèmes, le parc éolien offshore est isolé du réseau. Alors que, dans la technologie à convertisseur de tension (VSC) -HVDC, la tension du parc éolien est fournie par le redresseur VSC, si un redresseur HVDC à convertisseur de ligne est utilisé, la tension doit être générée par les éoliennes, qui fonctionnent maintenant de manière isolée.Contrairement aux modes connectés au réseau, une éolienne en fonctionnement autonome et en îlot doit imposer et maintenir une tension et une fréquence tout en faisant correspondre la production et la charge, malgré les variations de la vitesse du rotor dues aux variations de la vitesse du vent et des charges. Lorsque la génération dépasse les charges demandées, elle doit être réduite en contrôlant l'angle de pas des pales. D'autre part, si la génération n'est pas suffisante pour alimenter les charges, le mécanisme de délestage doit être utilisé. Ainsi, les exigences de fonctionnement autonome impliquent que les éoliennes doivent avoir un contrôle actif de la puissance via un contrôle aérodynamique et un contrôle des convertisseurs électroniques de puissance. Les technologies d'éoliennes qui répondent à ces exigences sont celles basées sur des générateurs à vitesse variable et le contrôle du tangage. De nos jours, parmi ces technologies, les GADA ont été utilisés comme la meilleure option. La GADA a plus de liberté pour contrôler les deux convertisseurs. Le contrôle du convertisseur côté grille (GSC) permet de réguler la tension du bus CC et le convertisseur du côté rotor (RSC) commande la machine.Dans cette thèse, la commande du DFIG fournissant une charge isolée est présentée. De plus, le système de contrôle vectoriel (FOC) est utilisé pour fournir une tension et une fréquence constantes du GADA en fonctionnement autonome lorsque les variations de la charge et de la vitesse du rotor sont très fiables et robustes
Traditionally, wind turbines have been operated to extract maximum energy output from wind under different operating conditions. Therefore, wind turbines have been designed to work either in the grid connected mode or stand-alone mode. In addition, recent innovations in micro-grids have aroused the interest in the stand-alone operation of the wind turbine, as part of isolated grids, or the distributed generators in weak networks.Furthermore, another interesting application of the wind energy system is the offshore wind farms grid connected via a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVdc) link. In these applications, the offshore wind farm is isolated from the grid. Whereas in Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC)-HVdc technology the wind farm voltage is supplied by the VSC rectifier, if a line-commutated converter HVdc rectifier is utilized, the voltage must be generated by the wind turbine generators, which are now operating in the isolated grid.Unlike in grid-connected modes, a wind turbine in stand-alone and islanding operation must impose and maintain voltage and frequency while matching generation and load, even with varying rotor speed and loads variations. When generation exceeds the demanded loads, generation must be reduced by controlling the pitch angle of blades. Besides, the load shedding mechanism should be used if the generation is not enough to supply the loads. Thus, stand-alone operation requirements must have active power control through power electronic converters control. The wind turbine technologies that meet these requirements are those based on variable speed generators and pitch control. Nowadays, among these technologies, DFIGs has been used as the best option. The DFIG has more freedom to control the two converters. Grid Side Converter (GSC) control to regulate the DC bus voltage and the Rotor Side Converter (RSC) controls the machine.In this thesis, the control of the DFIG supplying an isolated load is presented. Moreover, Field Oriented Control (FOC) Vector Control (VC) scheme is used to provide constant voltage and frequency of the DFIG in stand-alone operation when variations in both load and rotor speed in a very reliable and robust way

South Kolar greenstone belt (SKGB) in the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and Gadag greenstone belt (GGB) in the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) are well known for Neoarchean orogenic gold deposits in India. Chigargunta (CG) and Bisanatham (BN) deposits with contrasting host rocks such as Champion gneiss and metabasalt respectively within the SKGB reflect almost similar steeply dipping structural attitudes (0–10/74W– 87E) that controls the emplacements of auriferous lodes. On the other hand, third generation deformations along the NW-SE were the key structural control for major gold mineralization in turbidite hosted Gadag gold field (GGF) in the GGB. Hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages i.e., quartz + carbonate + muscovite + chlorite + sericite + tourmaline (± biotite) are common in both the SKGB and GGF deposits irrespective of their host rock compositions, deformation settings and P-T conditions of alteration. Although, mineralogically they are similar, alteration mineral chemistry and substantial mobility of elements during alteration of two contrasting lithounits from the CG (Champion gneiss) and BN (metabasalt) typically fingerprint the host rock chemistry. Abridged activity-activity [(aMg2+/aH+) vs. (aK+/aH+) and (aNa+/aH+) vs. (aK+/aH+)] diagrams corroborate the observed alteration-induced mineralogical changes, in accordance with the isocon plot and constrain the possible fluid composition. Occurrences of native gold in association with sulfides are more common in the SKGB while both invisible lattice bound refractory as well as native gold are observed in the GGF. Hydrothermally precipitated tourmalines intimately associated with/without sulfides, in the alteration zones, from the gold deposits of the CG, BN and GGF belong to dravite or oxy-dravite group. A significant fluctuation in chemical compositions (XFe, Mg, Ca) from proximal to inner zone and strong chemical zoning of tourmaline grains without changes in Na content reflect no changes in fluid salinity in the CG and suggest ore fluid evolution with multiple pulses in a cyclic fluid flow event. Such notable change in fluid chemistry is attributed to the result of fluctuation of fluid pressure during seismic fracture propagation accompanying gold mineralization event. The intra-deposit chemical fluctuation within tourmaline in the BN and GGF are insignificant. The low salinity and reduced nature of the ore fluid are consistent throughout all the deposits inferred from low to medium Na, medium to high X-site vacancy and low Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio. Detailed fluid inclusion study from the mineralized quartz-carbonate veins reveals low to medium saline (CG: 0.5–13.3 wt% NaCl equiv.; BN: 1. 6–6.4 wt% NaCl equiv; GGF: 0.04–9.6 wt% NaCl equiv.) H2O-NaCl-CO2±CH4±N2 primary fluid. Estimated P-T conditions (CG: 1.7–3.5 kbar/285–378 ℃; BN: 0.8–1.2 kbar/365405 ℃; GGF: 1.62.9 kbar/296333 ℃) by combining fluid inclusion, chlorite and arsenopyrite thermometry reflect greenschist facies conditions of alteration and mineralization at the SKGB and GGF. Alteration mineral assemblages, tourmaline chemistry and fluid inclusion study confirm that the low saline, reduced fluid transported gold as Au(HS)2 − complex and precipitated gold as a consequence of pressure drop induced phase separation as well as wall rock interaction processes rather than fluid mixing. Sulfur isotopic compositions of the ore fluid (34SH2S) (CG: –0.4 to +2.4‰, BN: +0.3 to +2.3‰ and GGF: +1.0 to +3.4‰) are indicative of average crustal sulfur source. The 34S (+1.5 to +4.5‰) values of mineralized sulfides overlap with host-rock early pyrites (–1.0 to +7.5‰) in the GGF. Thus, it can be inferred that the sulfur in the mineralizing fluid most likely have derived either by desulfidation and/or dissolution of early pyrites during the continuous fluid flux along the shear zone. Carbon (δ13CCO2) isotopic compositions of ore fluid deduced from δ13C of carbonates furnish a range from –2.4 to +3.3‰ in the CG, – 2.1 to +1.4‰ in the BN and –5.9 to +1.6‰ in the GGF. Such inferred narrow ranges signify that the carbonates in ore forming fluid could have possibly been derived by decarbonation or dissolution of marine carbonates during the metamorphic devolatilization of the greenstone belts. Hence, the metamorphic source of ore-forming fluid is postulated for the gold mineralization at the SKGB and GGF and it is comparable with other orogenic gold hosting greenstone belts in the Dharwar Craton and elsewhere in the world.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is regarded as an autoimmune disease. Beta cells, which produces insulin in pancreas are attacked by islet cell antibodies (ICA). This leads to gradual destruction of the beta cell, which in turn cause high level of glucose in the blood because the regulator "insulin" has disappeared. In that case the patient needs to be treated lifelong with insulin. It has been shown that the ICA reactivity consisting of reactivities against different autoantigens such as: insulin autoantigen (IAA), glutamic acid autoantigen (GAD), insulinoma antigen-2 autoantigen (IA-2) and most likely also zinc transporter autoantigen (ZnT8). Determination of ICA in serum samples is important for the classification of diabetes, prediction of T1D and the development of autoimmune therapies. Nowadays screening of ICA is performed with ”Medipan ICA screen” which is a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positives samples are further analysed by ELISA with the indirect immunofluorescence method (IF) to ensure a final positive answer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare a new commercial ELISA kit ”RSR 2screen” with the Medipan ICA screen for use it in routine analysis to evalute if it has the same / higher specificity and sensitivity, and lower price compared with Medipan ICA screen. Serum samples from a control group (n = 199) and a patient’s group diagnosed with T1D (n = 100 were analyzed with both ELISA methods. The results were statistically evaluated to set a threshold value for positivity and to evaluate the method's sensitivity and specificity. The result showed that both ELISA- methods gave the same sensitivity (93%) and specificity (97.5%) and a high concordance (98.7%) was achieved. Analytical price per sample for the RSR 2screen was 4.2% lower than for the Medipan ICA screen. RSR 2screen can be used instead of Medipan ICA screen.