Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Funori »

The choice of chromatic reintegration materials for contemporary monochromatic oil and acrylic emulsion unvarnished paints is usually a problem before treatment. This kind of paintings maybe subject to abrasions, especially on the edges, fingerprints and smudges, mainly caused during handling. Being unvarnished works, chromatic reintegration becomes a more complex process as no protective layer exist over the paint. The aim of this work was to assess the materials that over performed in the reintegration of paintings from the Portuguese painter Jorge Martins. Representative mock-ups made with the artist and using his materials and techniques were artificially aged. Different types of materials, aqueous and non-aqueous, were then tested to assess the best ones. It was found that the best results were obtained with Ferrario® pigment dispersed in the Tri-Funori® binding medium and with Winsor & Newton® Designers Gouache, both aqueous and non-toxic.

A study on adhesives for document mending was conducted by blending pulgasari(funori) with wheat starch paste. Pulgasari is usually used for the ‘facing’ process in paper conservation. 7 types of samples, shinpul, gopul, pulgasari blended adhesives were prepared and were applied on Hanji and their effect was assessed and quantified with instrumental methods. Adding pulgasari was shown effective to lower the artifact’s acidity and to increase the document’s flexibility. Adhesive force and viscosity and the degree of greenness and yellowness tended to rise as the ratio of pulgasari blended became higher. In microscopic observation, it showed less void and thicker film as the pulgasari ratio became higher. In the document mending experiment, the higher the ratio of pulgasari, the less stain and less contraction were shown. Blending pulgasari with wheat starch paste can be used as an alternative method to overcome the drawbacks of gopul and shinpul in document mending.

To understand the beneficial properties of edible algae obtained from the north-eastern (Sanriku) Satoumi region of Japan, the antioxidant properties of hot aqueous extract solutions (AES) obtained from 18 dried algal products were determined.

This article investigates traditional and modern adhesives used to consolidate distemper paintings on canvas, with special reference to sixteenth century Hispano-tüchlein paintings, also called sargas. Such artworks are not only difficult to handle due to their large size, but they are also inherently fragile and/or are highly hygroscopic. This sensitivity is caused in part by the nature of the painting technique as well as the lack of varnish, which might account for why conservation methods related to these works have not been addressed in the past. This investigation was conducted on historical reconstructions samples to assess and develop treatment strategies for distemper paintings, in particular issues linked to powdery/friable matte paint layers. The impact of several adhesives on the painted surface of historical reconstructions was evaluated before and after the samples were subjected to humidity cycling tests using a range of analytical techniques. Such information can be used to aid conservators who face consolidation issues related to underbound paintings or artworks with similar surfaces. The results reveal that there is no one perfect adhesive for matte paint nor one that can be removed completely, once applied. Aquazol® 200 and Funori performed the best, but still introduced changes in colour and gloss, even if minimal.

We report on the restoration of a XVII century’s predella reliquary, which is a part of a larger setup that includes a wall reliquary and a wooden crucified Christ, both belonging to the church of “Madre Maria SS. Assunta”, in Polizzi Generosa, Sicily, Italy. The historical/artistic and paleographic research was flanked successfully by the scientific objective characterization of the materials. The scientific approach was relevant in the definition of the steps for the restoration of the artefact. The optical microscopy was used for the identification of the wood species. Electron microscopy and elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) was successful in the identification of the layered structure for the gilded surface. The hyperspectral imaging method was successfully employed for an objective chemical mapping of the surface composition. We proved that the scientific approach is necessary for a critical and objective evaluation of the conservation state and it is a necessary step toward awareness of the historical, liturgical, spiritual and artistic value. In the second part of this work, we briefly describe the conservation protocol and the use of a weak nanocomposite glue. In particular, a sustainable approach was considered and therefore mixtures of a biopolymer from natural resources, such as funori from algae, and naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes were considered. Tensile tests provided the best composition for this green nanocomposite glue.

The Four-fold Screen of the Sun, Moon and Five Peaks in Injeongjeon, Changdeokgung Palace is a representative royal decorative painting made to divide the space inside the palace or to decorate and direct a specific space in the Joseon Dynasty. This painting has been repaired several times, but severely damaged by external ultraviolet rays and pollution. To study the Four-fold Screen of the Sun, Moon and Five Peaks from the Joseon Dynasty, records and similar cultural heritages were researched. Conservation treatment was performed based on the research results. This study sought to determine the appropriate concentration of adhesive and gold leaf stabilization treatment. The study a ssumed tha t the silk wa s mounted on a folding screen to ma ke a new decora tive silk a nd a tta ch gold leaf during the mounting process. Properties of the adhesives were compared by observing and measuring viscosity and adhesion, and color values, and gloss of the specimens before and after stabilization treatment. The most suitable adhesive for gold leaf adhesion was rabbit skin glue 5% and funori 4% in a 5:1(v/v) ratio. In addition, when the gold leaf surface was coated with 1% rabbit skin glue, the yellow color of the gold leaf was further emphasized. This stabilization treatment was effective in preventing peeling of the gold leaf surface.

Penyuluh Agama Hindu merupakan ujung tombak pembinaan umat Hindu disetiap daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja penyuluh agama Hindu Non PNS Kementerian Agama Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta ditinjau dari fungsi penyuluh agama di masa pandemic Covid- 19. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengambilan data dengan obeservasi dan wawsncara lansung dengan pihak pihak yang terkait seperti tokoh umat, penyuluh, bimas Hindu DIY dan beberapa umat sekitar DIY. Pengolahan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan 3 tahap, yang pertama reduksi data, penyajian data kemudian disimpulkan dan diverifikasi untuk mendapatkan data yang benar-benar relevan dan tingkat akurat yang tinggi. Kreteria/ Indikator fungsi yang akan digunakan untuk mengetahui kinerja Penyuluh Agama Hindu ada 4 kreteria yang akan dinilai,1. Funsgi Informatif, 2. Fungsi Edukatif, 3. Fungsi Konsultatif dan 4. Fungsi Advikatif. Dari keempat kreteria tersebut hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Penyuluh mampu menjalakan fungsinya walaupun dalam kondisi pandemic covid-19. Hasil penelitian dari keempat fungsi tersebut adalah: 1. Penyuluh berberan aktif dalam menyapaikan informasi terkait peraturan pemerintah yang berkaitan dengan penanggulangan Covid- 19. 2. Penyuluh mampu menjalankan tugasnya fungsi edukatif dengan melakukan penyuluhan/ pembinaan daring, membuat koneten tulisan, membuat video pendek yang disebarkan di social media. 3. Penyuluh menjadi garda terdepan dalam menerapkan peraturan pemerintah untuk pelaksanaan ibadah dirumah ibadah sesuai peraturan pemerintah. 4. Penyuluh memberikan pendampingan kepada umat yang terdampak Covid-19 yang bagi beberapa warga yang menerima tuduhan terpapar Covid-19. Dari hasil tersebut kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah Penyuluh Agama Hindu Non PNS mampu melaksanakan kinerja dengan baik dan sesuai fungsinya walaupu di masa pandemi Covid-19. Bahkan para penyuluh memiliki peran yang sangat besar dalam penanggulangan Covid- 19 dengan menjadi rewalan untuk mendata, memverifikasi dan mendistribusikan bantuan untuk umat Hindu yang ada di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

Dopo alcuni risultati preliminari di algebra commutativa, la tesi introduce e sviluppa lo studio del funtore di tensorizzazione e del funtore Hom, e dei loro derivati Tor e Ext su moduli generici e con esempi di calcolo su Z.

Le micotossine sono metaboliti secondari prodotti da alcuni funghi filamentosi, che possono contaminare piante coltivate o alimenti e mangimi immagazzinati; tra questi i più importanti funghi micotossigeni coinvolti nella contaminazione alimentare, appartengono a tre generi: Aspergillus, Fusarium e Penicillium. Più di 300 micotossine sono state identificate e questi metaboliti secondari possono essere dannosi per la salute umana ed animale quando ingeriti (Bennett and Klich, 2003). Le principali micotossine contaminati di alimenti e mangimi sono: aflatossine, ocratossina, fumonisine, tricoteceni e zearalenone. Le aflatossine rappresentano la classe più importante di micotossine, comunemente presenti nel mais e in altri cereali, i principali funghi responsabili della loro produzione sono Aspergillus flavus e A. parasiticus (Shepard, 2008). Invece i cereali, il caffè, il cacao, il vino, la birra e gli alimenti di origine animale sono spesso contaminati dall'ocratossina A, prodotta principalmente da A. ochraceus (Van der Merwe et al., 1965), A. carbonarius, Penicillium verrucosum e P. nordicum. Fusarium verticillioides e F. proliferatum producono fumonisine, che sono spesso rilevate nel mais e nei sottoprodotti (Dutton, 1996). I trichoteceni, che si trovano spesso nei cereali, in particolare nel frumento e nel mais, sono divisi in quattro gruppi, i due principali sono: il tipo A con le tossine T2 e HT-2, prodotte da F. langhsetiae e F. sporotrichioides (Van der Fels-Klerk e Stratakou, 2010); il tipo B con il deossinivalenolo (DON) e il nivalenolo (NIV) prodotti da F. graminearum e F. culmorum (Placinta et al., 1999; Turner, 2010). Inoltre, la contaminazione da DON si trova frequentemente in associazione con un'altra micotossina prodotta dagli stessi funghi, lo zearalenone (ZEA) (Logrieco et al., 2002a). Queste specie sono responsabili di infezioni che si verificano sia nel campo che durante la conservazione post-raccolta, in particolare quando i cereali sono immagazzinati in condizioni inadeguate (ad esempio alte temperature e alta umidità). Una grande varietà di effetti tossici negli animali e nell'uomo è stata osservata a causa dell'ingestione di cibo contaminato da micotossine, quali: immunosoppressione, effetti cancerogeni, genotossici, teratogeni o mutageni (Peraica et al., 1999; Richard, 2007). La contaminazione da micotossine è diventata una preoccupazione per la salute pubblica con gravi implicazioni economiche ed etiche. Dal momento che non è completamente possibile impedire la produzione di micotossine, le autorità nazionali e internazionali hanno adottato limiti regolatori e linee guida per monitorare i livelli di micotossine in vari prodotti alimentari e nei mangimi (EC 2006a e 2006b; Commision Recommendation 2013/165/UE). Diversi metodi fisici, chimici e biologici sono stati raccomandati per la detossificazione di alimenti e mangimi contaminati da micotossine. Tuttavia, solo alcuni di essi sono stati accettati per l'uso pratico. Molti specialisti pensano che l'approccio migliore per la decontaminazione da micotossine debba essere la degradazione biologica, dando la possibilità di rimuovere micotossine in blande condizioni, senza usare sostanze chimiche dannose e senza perdite significative nel valore nutritivo e nell’appetibilità di alimenti o mangimi detossificati. A seconda della loro modalità di azione, questi additivi per mangimi possono agire legando micotossine alla loro superficie (adsorbimento) o degradandoli o trasformandoli in metaboliti meno tossici (biotrasformazione). L'efficacia del legante di queste sostanze si basa sulle proprietà sia del legante che della micotossina. La biotrasformazione può essere ottenuta da enzimi che degradano le micotossine o da microrganismi (funghi e batteri) che producono tali enzimi. Vari adsorbenti inorganici, alluminosilicati e carboni attivi, sono stati testati e utilizzati come leganti micotossine (MB). Un'alternativa interessante agli adsorbenti inorganici per la detossificazione delle micotossine è l'uso di leganti organici, come i componenti della parete cellulare del lievito, i batteri dell'acido lattico, i conidi degli Aspergilli. Questi MB sono utilizzati l’alimentazione animale al fine di ridurre l'assorbimento delle micotossine dal tratto gastrointestinale e la loro distribuzione al sangue e agli organi bersaglio, prevenendo o riducendo le micotossicosi nel bestiame. Recentemente, l'uso di tali sostanze come additivi per mangimi tecnologici è stato ufficialmente autorizzato dall'Unione europea (Commission Regulation 2015/786). Enzimi ligninolitici, come le laccasi, dai funghi del marciume bianco, come Pleurotus spp. che catalizzano l'ossidazione di un ampio spettro di composti fenolici e di ammine aromatiche utilizzando l’ossigeno molecolare come accettore di elettroni, che viene quindi ridotto ad acqua (Reinhammar e Malstrom, 1981). Aggiungendo alla reazione l’appropriato mediatore redox può estendere l'attività degli enzimi laccasi a substrati non fenolici, come le micotossine. Questa tesi di dottorato è organizzata in sei capitoli e un allegato, in cui sono descritte le seguenti attività. Nel Capitolo 1 sono stati raccolti centosettantacinque campioni di grano durante le stagioni agricole: 2013-2014, 2014-2015 e 2015-2016 in diverse regioni italiane. I tricoteceni (DON, NIV, tossine T2 e HT-2) e i livelli di ZEA sono stati monitorati attraverso l'uso di metodi analitici validati, per fornire una visione d’insieme della distribuzione italiana delle micotossine nel grano. Le specie di Fusarium isolate dai semi sono state identificate in base alle loro caratteristiche morfologiche. Nel Capitolo 2, lo sviluppo di una tecnologia innovativa per la bioremedation del mais contaminato dall'AfB1 e della sua bioconversione in mangime ad un alto apporto nutrizionale, è stato realizzato attraverso lo sfruttamento della capacità degradativa del Pleurotus eryngii. A tale scopo, è stata studiata l'attività degradativa dei confronti dell’AfB1 da parte di un estratto enzimatico grezzo ottenuto da un substrato esausto e la capacità del fungo commestibile P. eryngii di degradare l'AfB1 sia in vitro che in una coltivazione dei funghi su scala di laboratorio. Nel Capitolo 3, è stata valutata la capacità del micelio non vitale del P. eryngii (ITEM 13681) di assorbire l’AfB1. Sono stati valutati l'influenza di diversi parametri, quali: pH (5, 7), concentrazioni dell’AfB1 (da 50 a 1000 ng/mL), tempo (da 30 a 120 min), temperatura (25, 37 ° C), massa fungina (da 50 a 1000 mg), sulla capacità di assorbimento del micelio di P. eryngii. La stabilità del legame AfB1-bioassorbente e gli studi di desorbimento sono stati effettuati variando, rispettivamente, il pH a 7 e 3, per 24 ore di incubazione a temperatura ambiente e al buio. Nel capitolo 4, l'attività di degradazione di due laccasi ottenute da due funghi commestibili (P. eryngii e P. pulmonarius) nei confronti di AfB1, AfM1, FB1, ZEA e tossina T2, sono state valutate singolarmente, aggiungendo alla reazione mediatori naturali ed artificiali. L'effetto dei sistemi laccasi-mediatore (LMSs) è stato analizzato mediante cromatografia liquida ad elevata prestazione accoppiata ad uno specifico rivelatore, scelto in base alle caratteristiche chimiche di ciascuna tossina. Nel capitolo 5, l'obiettivo perseguito era quello di investigare l'azione dei sistemi laccase-mediatore (LMSS) verso più tossine, simultaneamente. A tal fine, sono stati eseguiti diversi test di degradazione, esaminando l'effetto dei diversi mediatori, come acetosyringone (AS), syringaldehyde (SA) e del mediatore sintetico 2,2,6,6-tetrametil-piperidinil-ossil (TEMPO), sull'attività della laccasi da Trametes versicolor (CE 1.10.3.2) verso l'acido fusarico (FA) e micotossine, come: DON, T2, FB1, AfB1, OTA e ZEA. Un metodo multi micotossina, è stato sviluppato per determinare simultaneamente queste sette tossine, mediante cromatografia liquida con spettrometria di massa in tandem (LC-MS/MS). Nel capitolo 6, l'attività di degradazione dell’enzima laccasi verso lo ZEA è stata ulteriormente investigata. I prodotti della biodegradazione sono stati monitorati mediante cromatografia liquida con spettrometria di massa ad elevata risoluzione (LC-HRMS). I dati sono stati elaborati dal software MassHunter Workstation (Qualitative Analysis Navigator e Workflow di analisi qualitativa, versione B.08.00), Mass Profile Professional (versione 14.08) e MassHunter Molecular Structure Correlator (versione B.08.00)) di Agilent Technologies, per consentirne l'identificazione. Nell'Annesso A, la produzione di Enniatine (A, A1, B e B1) e Beauvericina da varie specie di Fusarium è stata valutata mediante cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni accoppiata con array di fotodiodi e spettrometro di massa a singolo quadrupolo (UPLC-PDA-QDa).
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, which can contaminate crop plants or stored food and feed; among them the most important mycotoxigenic fungi involved in food contamination, belong to three genera: Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. More than 300 mycotoxins have been identified and these secondary metabolites can be harmful to human and animal health when ingested (Bennett and Klich, 2003). Main mycotoxins contaminant in food and feed are: aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Aflatoxins represent the most important class of mycotoxins, commonly found in maize and other cereals, the main fungi responsible for their production are Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus (Shepard, 2008). Instead grains, coffee, cocoa, wine, beer, and foods from animal origin are often contaminated by ochratoxin A, that is mainly produced by A. ochraceus (Van der Merwe et al., 1965), A. carbonarius, Penicillium verrucosum and P. nordicum. Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum produce fumonisins, which are often detected in maize and by-products (Dutton, 1996). Trichothecenes, which are often found in cereal grains, in particular in wheat and maize, are divided in four groups, the principal two groups are: type-A with T2 and HT-2 toxin, produced by F. langhsetiae and F. sporotrichioides (Van der Fels-Klerk and Stratakou, 2010); Type-B with deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum (Placinta et al., 1999; Turner, 2010). Moreover, DON contamination is frequently found in association with another mycotoxin produced by the same fungi, zearalenone (ZEA) (Logrieco et al., 2002a). These species are responsible for infections occurring both in the field and during postharvest storage, particularly when cereals are stored under inappropriate conditions (e.g. high temperatures and high humidity). A large variety of toxic effects in animals and humans has been observed due to the ingestion of food contaminated with mycotoxins, such as: immunosuppression, carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic or mutagenic effects (Peraica et al., 1999; Richard, 2007). Mycotoxin contamination became a public health concern with serious economical and ethical implications. Since it is not completely possible to prevent the synthesis of mycotoxins, national and international authorities have adopted regulatory limits and guidelines to monitor mycotoxin levels in various food and feed products (EC 2006a and 2006b; Commission Recommendation 2013/165/UE). Different physical, chemical and biological methods have been recommended for detoxification of food and feed contaminated by mycotoxins. Nevertheless, only a few of them have been accepted for practical use. A lot of specialists think that the best approach for mycotoxin decontamination should be the biological degradation, giving the possibility to remove mycotoxins under mild conditions, without using harmful chemicals and without significant losses in nutritive value and palatability of detoxified food or feed. Depending on their mode of action, these feed additives may act either by binding mycotoxins to their surface (adsorption), or by degrading or transforming them into less toxic metabolites (biotransformation). The binder efficacy of these substances is based on the properties of both the binder and the mycotoxin. Biotransformation can be achieved by mycotoxin-degrading enzymes or by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) producing such enzymes. Various inorganic adsorbents, aluminosilicate and activated carbons, have been tested and used as mycotoxins binders (MB). An interesting alternative to inorganic adsorbents for the detoxification of mycotoxins is the use of organic binders, such as, cell wall components of yeast, lactic acid bacteria, conidia of Aspergilli. These MB are used to feed animal diet in order to reduce the absorption of mycotoxins from the gastrointestinal tract and their distribution to blood and target organs, thus preventing or reducing mycotoxicosis in livestock. Recently, the use of such substances as technological feed additives has been officially allowed in the European Union (Commission Regulation 2015/786). Ligninolytic enzymes, such as laccase, from white-rot fungi, as Pleurotus spp. catalyzed the oxidation of a broad number of phenolic compounds and aromatic amines by using molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor, which is then reduced to water (Reinhammar and Malstrom, 1981). Adding the appropriate redox mediator to the reaction can extend the activity of the laccase enzymes to nonphenolic substrates, such as mycotoxins. This PhD thesis is organized into six chapters and one annex, where the following tasks are described. In Chapter 1, one hundred and seventy-five wheat samples were collected during the growing seasons: 2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 in different Italian regions. Trichothecenes (DON, NIV, HT-2 and T2 toxins) and ZEA levels were monitored through the use of validated analytical methods, to provide an overview of the Italian distribution of mycotoxins in wheat. The Fusarium species isolated from the kernels were identified, based on their morphological characteristics. In Chapter 2, the development of an innovative technology for the bioremediation of AfB1-contaminated maize and its bioconversion into high nutritional feed, was realized through the exploitation of the degradative capability of Pleurotus eryngii. For this purpose, the AfB1–degradative activity of a crude enzymatic extract from a spent substrate and the ability of the white-rot and edible fungus P. eryngii to degrade AfB1 both in vitro and in a laboratory-scale mushroom cultivation, were investigated. In Chapter 3, the power of ground not-viable mycelium of P. eryngii (ITEM 13681) to absorb AfB1, was assessed. The influence of different parameters: pH (5, 7), AfB1 concentrations (50 and 1000 ng/mL), time (30 and 120 min), temperature (25 and 37°C), fungal mass (50 and 1000 mg), on the absorption capability of the mycelium of P. eryngii. were evaluated. Binding stability of AfB1-biosorbent and desorption studies were carried out varying, respectively, the pH to 7 and 3, for 24 hours of incubation at room temperature in the dark. In Chapter 4, the degradation activity of two laccases from two edible fungi (P. eryngii and P. pulmonarius) towards AfB1, AfM1, FB1, ZEA and T2 toxin, were evaluated separately, adding to the reaction natural and artificial mediators. The effect of laccase-mediator systems (LMSs) were analyzed by liquid chromatography with specific detector, based on the chemical feature of each single toxin. In Chapter 5, the aim pursued was to investigate the action of LMSs toward multiple toxins. For this purpose, several degradation assays were performed, screening the effect of different mediators, as acetosyringone (AS), syringaldehyde (SA), and synthetic mediator as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), on the activity of laccase from Trametes versicolor (EC 1.10.3.2) towards fusaric acid (FA) and mycotoxins, such as: DON, T2, FB1, AfB1, OTA and ZEA. A multi mycotoxin method, was set up to simultaneously screen these seven toxins, by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/ MS). In Chapter 6, the biodegrading activity of laccases enzymes towards ZEA has been further investigated. The degradation products were monitored by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Data were processed by MassHunter Workstation Software (Qualitative Analysis Navigator and Qualitative Analysis Workflow, version B.08.00), Mass Profile Professional (version 14.08) and MassHunter Molecular Structure Correlator (version B.08.00)) from Agilent Technologies, to allow their identification. In Annex A, the Enniatins (A, A1, B and B1) and Beauvericin production from various Fusarium spp. were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and single quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-PDA-QDa).

Il fenomeno della contaminazione chimica dei sedimenti marini costieri è molto diffuso e rappresenta una grande preoccupazione per il benessere della biodiversità e dell’ecosistema. Il biorisanamento è una strategia ecocompatibile che sta ottenendo sempre più attenzione grazie al suo potenziale di ripulire sedimenti marini contaminati. In questa tesi di dottorato, prima di tutto, ho fornito una panoramica delle attuali conoscenze e prospettive sul biorisanamento di sedimenti marini, presenti in letteratura. Quindi ho valutato la diversità degli assemblaggi microbici in diversi sedimenti cronicamente contaminati delle aree di Bagnoli-Coroglio, Mar Piccolo di Taranto e Falconara Marittima (tutti inclusi nell'elenco dei Siti di Interesse Nazionale, SIN) e le loro relazioni con il livello e la tipologia degli inquinanti chimici. Ho testato l'efficienza delle strategie di biostimolazione nella degradazione degli Idrocarburi Policiclici Aromatici (IPA) in sedimenti a diverso livello di contaminazione sulla base di approcci di aggiunta di nutrienti inorganici e bioaumento utilizzando i singoli consorzi batterici o fungini o entrambi, precedentemente isolati e identificati; ho inoltre studiato i cambiamenti nella ripartizione dei metalli e nella diversità microbica dovuti ai biotrattamenti. I risultati qui presentati suggeriscono che i contaminanti chimici possono avere un ruolo importante nel modellare la diversità procariotica, potenzialmente selezionando taxa microbici tolleranti/resistenti. I sedimenti di Falconara Marittima ospitano taxa microbici con un'elevata capacità di biobonifica verso gli IPA. Questi taxa microbici, batteri e funghi, una volta isolati e cresciuti su terreni specifici, possono essere efficaci per il biorisanamento dei sedimenti di Bagnoli altamente contaminati da IPA. Nonostante i risultati riportati in questo studio non consentano di distinguere tra l'importanza relativa dei taxa microbici alloctoni e autoctoni sulla biodegradazione degli IPA, forniscono nuove conoscenze sulle interazioni batterico-fungine che si verificano durante il biorisanamento dei sedimenti marini altamente contaminati. Complessivamente, questi risultati suggeriscono che i biotrattamenti basati su consorzi batterici e/o fungini selezionati o su una combinazione di entrambi potrebbero costituire una strategia efficace per ridurre significativamente, in tempi relativamente brevi, la contaminazione da IPA dei sedimenti marini, portando possibilmente a opzioni di gestione alternative rispetto al dragaggio e allo smaltimento in discarica.
Chemical contamination of coastal marine sediments is a widespread phenomenon and represents a major concern for biodiversity and ecosystem health. Bioremediation is an environmental-friendly strategy gaining increasing attention for its potential to clean-up contaminated marine sediments. In this PhD thesis, first of all, I provided an overview of the current knowledge and perspectives on the bioremediation of marine sediments, based on literature review. Then I assessed the diversity of microbial assemblages in different chronically contaminated sediments of the Bagnoli-Coroglio, Mar Piccolo of Taranto and Falconara Marittima areas (all of them included in the list of Sites of National Remediation Interest) and their relationships with the level and typology of chemical pollutants. I tested the efficiency of biostimulation strategies based on inorganic nutrient addition and bioaugmentation approaches using selected bacterial or fungal consortia or both, previously isolated and identified, on PAH degradation in sediments displaying different contamination level and I investigated changes in metal partitioning and microbial diversity due to biotreatments. Results presented here suggest that chemical contaminants can have an important role in shaping prokaryotic diversity, potentially by selecting tolerant/resistant microbial taxa. Sediments of Falconara Marittima host microbial taxa with a high bioremediation capacity toward PAHs. These microbial taxa, including both bacteria and fungi, once isolated and growth on selected media, can be effective for the bioremediation of Bagnoli sediments highly contaminated with PAHs. Despite findings reported in this study do not allow disentangling the relative importance of the allochthonous vs. autochthonous microbial taxa on the biodegradation of PAHs, they provide new insights on bacterial-fungal interactions occurring during bioremediation of highly contaminated marine sediments. Overall, these results suggest that biotreatments based on selected bacterial and/or fungal consortia or a combination of both could be an effective strategy to significantly reduce in a relatively short time PAH contamination of marine sediments, possibly leading to alternative management options compared to dredging and landfill disposal.

2015 - 2016
The research was devoted entirely to the study of funeral pyres dating from the second half of the 4th century BC and the beginning of II century BC, attested in nine different necropolis selected as a sample area - Verghina, Derveni, Thessaloniki, Aineia, Aghios Athanasios, Pydna, Methone, Lefkadia and Pella - and located along the Thermaic Gulf of Central Macedonia. The purpose of the investigation was to reconstruct the funerary rite of secondary deposition cremation, which in Macedonia is often performed by the sovereigns and the aristocratic class in the so-called "heroic" way described in the Homeric text of the Iliad. This funerary practice, in which pyre and burial do not coincide but constitute two distinct moments of a single complex funeral process, expresses behavior codes that are reflected in a series of clearly recognizable material signs in the archaeological excavation. The reconstruction has been attempted with the exclusive help of the archaeological data retrieved scattered in the bibliography so far published in modern Greek language, consisting of charred layers, outcome of funeral pyres, found rarely in situ, most frequently in a secondary deposition, accumulated around or above the corresponding burials. Interest has thus focused on the identification of this particular burial costume’s passage, the last ring with a strong ritual value, of a long chain that ends with the erection of the artificial mound. In single context, on the basis of the funeral or sacrificial nature of the investigated charred residue, a reconstructive hypothesis is proposed, of both the funeral pyre, which always goes beyond a simple pile of wood placed on the ground, and the sacrificial act - enagismòs - offered with fire in honor of the deceased, after his burial and erection of the mound. From the comparison of individual partial hypotheses, linked to a specific funerary context, facilitated by creating an elaborated ad hoc synoptic table, attempts were made to deduce considerations of a general nature which could give the idea of the entire ritual process’s carrying out, at least in its most macroscopic passages. The rearrangement of the data obtained from the edited bibliography enabled a comprehensive comparison of the charcoal layers, by listing the different aspects and variants, by highlighting the preferences regarding the location of the piles in relation to the grave, by distinguishing the pyres found in a primary deposition from those found in a secondary deposition, by considering the choices on the funeral setup, by analyzing the various classes of materials found inside them to argue recurrences and constants, linked to the rank, gender and age of the deceased. The archaeological data - the charred stratifications pertinent to funeral pyres - if identified in its distinctive features and interpreted in the correct manner, today renders likelihood to the so-called "homeric" or "heroic" funeral rite, so far considered simply a story produced by literary fiction. Such costume, made for and by royal or equestrian high rank personalities, is an expression of an aristocratic world with a purely warlike character; with the advent to the power of Philip II and then of Alexander the Great, we are witnessing the realization of monumental funeral pyres, the rediscovery and the voluntary imitation of the "homeric" funeral costume, practiced by the royalists and members of the Macedonian court in Aegae (modern Verghina) but also in the rest of the territorial area investigated, strongly marked by the presence of the Macedonians. [edited by author]
XXIX n.s.

Endocytosis is little understood in filamentous fungi. For some time it has been controversial as to whether endocytosis occurs in filamentous fungi. A comparative genomics analysis between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 10 genomes of filamentous fungal species showed that filamentous fungi possess complex endocytic machineries. The use of the endocytic marker dye FM4-64, and various vesicle trafficking inhibitors revealed many similarities between endocytosis in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, and endocytosis in budding yeast and mammalian cells. Actin polymerization was found to be crucial for endocytosis in N. crassa, and the microtubule cytoskeleton seemed to be necessary for long distance movement of putative early endosomes. Brefeldin A (BFA) blocked vesicular transport to the Spitzenkörper. Three putative endocytic proteins (WASP, clathrin light chain and Rab5) were labelled with fluorescent proteins in N. crassa. WASP-GFP was found to localise to motile, punctate structures in the plasma membrane just behind the hyphal apex in growing hyphae. This localisation changed to the hyphal apex when growth was temporarily arrested, indicating a possible role in endocytosis and polarized growth. Clathrin light chain-GFP was found to be concentrated in a region just behind the Spitzenkörper, which is consistent with there being a high concentration of clathrinmediated endocytosis in this region. Clathrin light chain-GFP also labelled putative Golgi and this labelling was found to be BFA sensitive, whereas BFA did not have a detectable effect on FM4-64 internalisation and organelle staining. GFP-Rab5 labelled putative early endosomes and decorated microtubules. Knock-outs of putative endocytic proteins in N. crassa, generated as part of the Neurospora genome consortium gene knock-out project, were analysed for defects in endocytosis. 14 out of 17 gene knock-outs were found to be ascospore lethal. The Rab5 knock-out was viable, but did not show a detectable effect on the endocytic internalisation of FM4-64 or its pattern of staining. However, it did exhibit a defect in sexual crossing.

This study was carried out during the ICR conservation project involving two of the mural paintings of the Saint Peter and Paul’s hypogeum in Matera. Retouching mural paintings preserved in such a peculiar environment as hypogea is not an ordinary operation. In these contexts, relative humidity approximating to 100% makes hygroscopic materials less durable, favouring biological growth on them. In addition, severe climatic conditions can lead to a fast degradation of retouching materials. Watercolours, extensively employed for retouching mural paintings, are not completely recommendable in such humid environments, so a research was planned to find a compatible and alternative binding media. A study was carried out on laboratory samples to select the most suitable binding media among the following: two synthetic resins, Laropal A81 and Regalrez 1094, and two natural products, Funori and arabic gum. Each binder was blended with two different pigments. For each binder four different dilutions were tested, in order to find out how these factors could have affected the analysed properties. These products have been investigated in relation to their optical properties, wettability, vapour and water permeability, resistance to salt crystallisation and bioreceptivity. Some tests were repeated after an artificial ageing process, based on cyclical alternation of humid-cold and dry-hot exposure conditions. In addition to the laboratory tests, some in situ applications were performed. Amongst four binders, Regalrez 1094 showed the best results. Nevertheless, its bioreceptivity and applicability issues make necessary to continue and develop further research.

Berlangsungnya era industri 4.0 sedikit banyak berpengaruh pada meningkatnya gaya hidup dan gaya belajar generasi Z yang saat ini menjadi komposisi utama dalam populasi mahasiswa, terutama pada jenjang sarjana. Perkembangan gaya belajar ini turut meningkatan tuntutan pasar terhadap ruang komunal untuk belajar dan bekerja secara berkelompok, yang kemudian mendorong perubahan fungsi ruang pada sebagian restoran, dari yang semula sebatas untuk makan, menjadi coworking area. Artikel ini mendiskusikan bagaimana fenomena ini perlu mendapat perhatian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan restoran cepat saji McDonald’s Lowokwaru, Kota Malang sebagai objek pendukung. Berdasarkan pertimbangan dari sudut pandang manajemen restoran dan sudut pandang pengguna, dapat disimpulkan bahwa fenomena ini tidak perlu dibubarkan, tetapi butuh diakali agar tuntutan ruang terpenuhi tanpa memaksakan perubahan fungsi ruang. Kata-kunci: kritik arsitektur, perubahan fungsi ruang, restoran

Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hunian tempat tinggal yang layak dengan harga relatif murah Pemerintah Kabupaten Asahan melakukan pembangunan rusunawa di Kelurahan Sei Renggas, Kecamatan Kota Kisaran Barat, Kabupaten Asahan, Sumatera Utara. Rusunawa memiliki satu tipe hunian saja yaitu tipe 24 m2. Penghuni berasal dari lingkungan berbeda tentu melakukan penyesuaian ruang pada hunian berdasarkan kebutuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menulusuri penyesuaian/adaptasi yang terjadi pada unit hunian rusunawa Kabupaten Asahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif desktiptif. Pemilihan sampel penelitian unit hunian menggunakan metode random purposive sampling, kemudian analisis dilakukan pada tiap ruang dalam hunian yang dihubungkan dengan teori Berry (1980) mengenai adaptasi perilaku. Adaptasi by adjustment yang terjadi pada hunian yaitu menyesuaikan fungsi ruang yang sudah tersedia. Adaptasi by reaction yang terjadi yaitu adanya perubahan fungsi ruang akibat kebutuhan penghuni. Adaptasi by adjustment dan by reaction yang terjadi adalah adanya penggandaan fungsi ruang. Adaptasi by withdrawal pada hunian tidak ada ditemukan pada hunian. Kata-kunci : rusunawa, penyesuaian, unit hunian

A brief outline of the evolution of microscopic fungi, structure, chemical composition and role in nature. Attention is paid to adhesins of the cell surface of fungi that determine their colonization and the development of infectious pathology