Bibliographies thématiques / Fruit biology

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Fruit biology »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Fruit biology"

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Kline, Olivia, Ngoc T. Phan, Mitzy F. Porras, Joshua Chavana, Coleman Z. Little, Lilia Stemet, Roshani S. Acharya et al. « Biology, Genetic Diversity, and Conservation of Wild Bees in Tree Fruit Orchards ». Biology 12, no 1 (24 décembre 2022) : 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010031.

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Different species of bees provide essential ecosystem services by pollinating various agricultural crops, including tree fruits. Many fruits and nuts depend on insect pollination, primarily by wild and managed bees. In different geographical regions where orchard crops are grown, fruit growers rely on wild bees in the farmscape and use orchard bees as alternative pollinators. Orchard crops such as apples, pears, plums, apricots, etc., are mass-flowering crops and attract many different bee species during their bloom period. Many bee species found in orchards emerge from overwintering as the fruit trees start flowering in spring, and the active duration of these bees aligns very closely with the blooming time of fruit trees. In addition, most of the bees in orchards are short-range foragers and tend to stay close to the fruit crops. However, the importance of orchard bee communities is not well understood, and many challenges in maintaining their populations remain. This comprehensive review paper summarizes the different types of bees commonly found in tree fruit orchards in the fruit-growing regions of the United States, their bio-ecology, and genetic diversity. Additionally, recommendations for the management of orchard bees, different strategies for protecting them from multiple stressors, and providing suitable on-farm nesting and floral resource habitats for propagation and conservation are discussed.
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Majumder, DAN, L. Hassan, MA Rahim et MA Kabir. « Studies on physio-morphology, floral biology and fruit characteristics of mango ». Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 9, no 2 (27 juin 2012) : 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10985.

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Plant, inflorescences and fruit characteristics of 60 mango genotypes were studied during the period 2007 to 2008. There were distinct variations among the findings of the gemplasm on plant, leaf, inflorescence fruit characters and yield. Wide variations were observed in relation to the % flowering shoot, % perfect flower, % fruit set per panicle, number of harvested fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, % edible portion and % total soluble solid ranging from 24.00 to71.33%, 8.10 to19.17%, 9.07 to 29.27%, 21.33 to 60.33, 365.33 to 219.00g, 45.22 to 79.83% and 16.90 to 28.26%, respectively. The germplasm MI28 was top of the list in case of number of panicle, number of main branch per panicle, percent perfect flower and fruit harvest per plant. The maximum and minimum number of fruit set per panicle was noted in MI28 and MI92, respectively. The maximum percentage of fruit harvest per panicle was found in MI94 (5.46) but the germplasm MI28 gave the highest number of fruit per plant (60.33). Moreover, the germplasm MI09 had the highest percentage of edible portion (79.83). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10985 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 187–199, 2011
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Grafi, Gideon. « Dead but Not Dead End : Multifunctional Role of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos in Seed Biology ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no 21 (28 octobre 2020) : 8024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218024.

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Dry fruits consist of two types, dehiscent and indehiscent, whereby the fruit is splitting open or remains closed at maturity, respectively. The seed, the dispersal unit (DU) of dehiscent fruits, is composed of three major parts, the embryo and the food reserve, encapsulated by the maternally-derived organ, the seed coat. Indehiscent fruit constitutes the DU in which the embryo is covered by two protective layers (PLs), the seed coat and the fruit coat. In grasses, the caryopsis, a one-seeded fruit, can be further enclosed by the floral bracts to generate two types of DUs, florets and spikelets. All protective layers enclosing the embryo undergo programmed cell death (PCD) at maturation and are thought to provide mainly a physical shield for embryo protection and a means for dispersal. In this review article, I wish to highlight the elaborate function of these dead organs enclosing the embryo as unique storage structures for beneficial substances and discuss their potential role in seed biology and ecology.
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Wang, Chen, Jiajian Cao, Ning Hao et Tao Wu. « Genetic and Molecular Regulation Mechanisms in the Formation and Development of Vegetable Fruit Shape ». Applied Sciences 12, no 3 (30 janvier 2022) : 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031514.

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Vegetable crops have a long history of cultivation worldwide and rich germplasm resources. With its continuous development and progress, molecular biology technology has been applied to various fields of vegetable crop research. Fruit is an important organ in vegetable crops, and fruit shape can affect the yield and commercialization of vegetables. In nature, fruits show differences in size and shape. Based on fruit shape diversity, the growth direction and coordination mechanism of fruits remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the latest research on fruit shape. In addition, we compare the current theories on the molecular mechanisms that regulate fruit growth, size, and shape in different vegetable families.
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Tsang, Anita C. W., et Richard T. Corlett. « Reproductive biology of the Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae) in Hong Kong, China ». Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no 12 (décembre 2005) : 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-131.

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Fourteen wild species of shrubs and trees in the dioecious genus Ilex occur in Hong Kong (22°N, 114°E). All species flowered and formed fruits once each year. Sex ratios at flowering were male biased in all but one large population studied and, in most cases, this bias could not be explained by earlier flowering in males or higher female mortality. Apis cerana accounted for >87% of flower visits in all species and there was a significant positive relationship across species between the number of visits per flower per hour and the estimated mean number of flowers on a plant. The large green fruits of Ilex chapaensis Merr. were consumed only by masked palm civets, Paguma larvata, while the red or black fruits of other species were consumed by birds. The rate of fruit removal across species was positively related to sugar content and negatively related to phenolic and saponin contents. The mean number of pyrenes per fruit was 4.0–6.2 and the mean percentage of pyrenes containing seeds was 49%–90%. Most embryos were immature (heart shaped) at fruit maturity, but <50% of embryos developed further in some species. Floral investment was 0.93–5.84 times higher in male plants, but total reproductive investment was 0.62–8.3 higher in females.
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Helenurm, Kaius, et Spencer C. H. Barrett. « The reproductive biology of boreal forest herbs. II. Phenology of flowering and fruiting ». Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no 10 (1 octobre 1987) : 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-279.

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The flowering and fruiting phenologies of 12 boreal forest herbs were recorded during 1979 (flowering and fruiting) and 1980 (flowering only) in spruce–fir forests of central New Brunswick. The species studied were Aralia nudicaulis, Chimaphila umbellata, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Cypripedium acaule, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Oxalis montana, Pyrola secunda, Trientalis borealis, and Trillium undulatum. Flowering in the community occurred from mid-May to the end of July. The order of flowering was maintained in the 2 years, but the degree of synchronization of inflorescences differed in several species. Fruiting in the community began in mid-July and extended beyond the end of September. The percentage of buds that ultimately bore fruit ranged from 0 (Cypripedium acaule) to 61% (Aralia nudicaulis). With the exception of Cypripedium acaule, which received little pollinator service, the self-incompatible species, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense, and Medeola virginiana, experienced the lowest levels of fruit-set. Pollen limitation and predation of developing fruit appear to be the major factors limiting percentage fruit-set in boreal forest herbs. Fruit production varied with time of flowering of inflorescences in several species, with periods of low fruit-set tending to coincide with lower densities of flowering inflorescences. Significant rates of fruit removal by herbivores occurred in all sarocochorous species. Disappearance of fruits from infructescences ranged from 31 (Medeola virginiana) to 95% (Aralia nudicaulis), with highest removal rates occurring during periods of greatest fruit availability.
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Greenspan, Ralph J., et Martin Kreitman. « The evolution of fruit-fly biology ». Lancet 372 (décembre 2008) : S28—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61878-4.

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Fletcher, B. S. « The Biology of Dacine Fruit Flies ». Annual Review of Entomology 32, no 1 (janvier 1987) : 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.32.010187.000555.

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Sampson, Blair, Steve Noffsinger, Creighton Gupton et James Magee. « Pollination Biology of the Muscadine Grape ». HortScience 36, no 1 (février 2001) : 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.1.120.

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Fruit set in the muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) depended on insect cross-pollination, although flowers were well adapted for selfing. Pollinizer cultivars produced about half of their optimal fruit set when selfed, but cross-pollination was needed to reach an optimal fruit set of 33.7%. Eighty-one percent of the overall fruit set in pistillate vines was attributed to insect cross-pollination; wind played only a small role. Diminished fruit set and fewer seeds per berry occurred in cultivars receiving no effective cross-pollination. Components of fruit quality were not profoundly affected by the pollination treatments, although seed set and berry weight in pistillate cultivars was lower in the absence of cross-pollination. Parthenocarpy was rare, except in `Fry Seedless'. Muscadine production throughout the southeastern United States depends on cross-pollination by indigenous insects, particularly bees. To ensure consistently high yields, bees must have safe access to flowers and their nesting sites must be preserved.
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Herawani, Febrina, Aunu Rauf et Sugeng Santoso. « STATUS OF INFESTATION AND BIOLOGY OF PEPPER FRUIT FLY, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera : Muscidae) ». JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 19, no 1 (12 août 2019) : 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11964-73.

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Status of Infestation and Biology of Pepper Fruit Fly, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae). Numerous muscid flies Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae) emerged from fruitfly-infested pepper fruits. It is not known whether A. orientalis is primary or secondary pest, and its biology is poorly studied. Research was conducted with the objectives to determine the status of infestation of A. orientalis on pepper fruits, and to study its biology. Field survey was conducted in pepper fields in Bogor, whereas study on its biology was done in laboratory. Field surveys showed that flies emerged from fruitfly-infested fruits consisted of 86.1% A. orientalis, 4.8% Bactrocera dorsalis, and 9.1% other fly species. Fruits having only A. orientalis representing 79.7% of the infested fruits. Number of A. orientalis flies emerged per fruit ranged 1-24, with an average of 3.5 individuals. Laboratory study showed incubation period of eggs was 1.62 d, larva development lasted 11.93 d, and pupa 5.08 d. Longevity of female adult was 32.85 d and male 31.40 d. Number of eggs laid by a single female ranged 12-191, with an average of 83.80. Net reproductive rate R0 =36.052, intrinsic rate of increase rm = 0.136, mean generation time T = 26.482, doubling time Dt = 5.098, and finite rate of increase λ = 1.145. Overall, our research indicated that A. orientalis was a primary pest of pepper fruits, with a high potential of population increase.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Fruit biology"

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Zainal, Zamri. « Molecular biology of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit ripening ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319645.

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Howpage, Daya, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture et Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. « Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure ». THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Howpage_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/338.

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The importance of European honey bees in improving fruit set, yield and fruit weight of kiwifruit on the central east coast of Australia was investigated. Field investigations were carried out using different bee saturations and different types of male pollen parents. These investigations confirmed the importance of honey bees in kiwifruit fruit set, yield and fruit weight. However, the results suggested that increasing bee activity alone may not increase pollination of kiwifruit by honey bees. Many factors need to be understood before introducing bees into the orchard. Bees were more effective during the early part of the flowering period, and bee activity varied according to the sex of the vine, planting design and the time of day. The type of male pollen parents also influenced fruit size and quality. Flowers pollinated by different pollen parents were assessed for pollen tube growth and histochemical changes. The resulting fruit were also examined for weight and seed numbers. Honey bees play the major role in the size and yield of kiwifruit, but the design of male vines, their age and type of male pollen may also contribute. The kiwifruit pistil also possesses important features that can be considered as adaptations to insect pollination.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Populin, Francesca. « A systems biology approach to shed light on apple fruit development ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424444.

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The research carried out and discussed in the present dissertation is positioned within the “TranscrApple” project (www.transcrapple.com), funded by the Provincia Autonoma di Trento (PAT) within the call “Grandi Progetti 2012”. The general objectives of this project, a significant part of which overlap with the present thesis, deal with the characterization, as wide as possible with the currently available technologies, of the transcriptional events, including those related to small RNAs (not discussed in the present dissertation), the metabolic changes, on a subset of primary and secondary metabolites, and hormones’ cross-talk, through a hormone profiling approach, occurring during apple fruit development. The present thesis is organized in different chapters, mirroring the experimental and temporal rationale effectively pursued to develop the research herein described. The main objective of the present work deals not only with providing an overview of transcripts, metabolites and hormones and their variations during fruit development, but also with the setting up of technical and experimental solutions aimed at using the achieved information within an integrative platform, according to a “systems biology view”. In model species, all this kind of studies are extremely easier, thanks to the availability of ready-to-use bioinformatics tools that are not flexible enough to be used in other species. However, especially in tree crops, this approach is still far from being defined and standardized. Chapter 1 introduces the theme “apple fruit development”, discussing the adoption of apple as a model system that, in the last decade, acquired great importance in terms of research among the fruit species thanks to the availability of its sequenced genome. After a brief introduction on the fundamental information available about the apple fruit growth, taking into account the technological and scientific points of view, few difficulties and gaps that hamper the achievement of a complete overview of the regulatory events coordinating the development and growth of the apple, are discussed in relation to the main quantitative and qualitative parameters characterizing the apple fruit production. Chapter 2 enters into the apple fruit research area; the preliminary phase and the multiple validations (concerning different cultivars and seasons) of transcriptional markers during the main apple developmental stages were shown to be fundamental for choosing, on the base of the expression profiles of these genes, the most representative samples, among those collected also in different seasons. Several markers have been identified, validated and employed, among those available from literature, allowing the selection of samples of cv Golden Delicious (herein considered as model) to be used for the subsequent transcriptional and metabolomic characterization carried out in the present research. Chapter 3 deals with the hormonal profiling survey carried out along the apple fruit development for the first time in this species. The results have allowed not only the achievement of brand new data related to the major hormonal classes, to be employed for further researches, but also the clarification and/or confirmation of new hormonal interactions connected to the fruit development stage or the transition between stages. Moreover, the relevance of this study consists in having achieved, for the first time in apple, quantitative data of an important set of hormones concurrently on the same samples. Chapter 4 concerns the survey on the metabolites and their variations during the apple fruit development. A complete overview of the changes of the different classes of metabolites (mainly sugars, organic acids, aminoacids and polyphenols) is given during the apple developmental cycle. The acquired data have been derived from the same samples already analyzed in the previous chapters, and will be integrated with data of diverse nature, such as the RNAseq. Chapter 5 of the present thesis comes into the “system biology” area, initially among several technical difficulties, then partially solved, and gives an example of an alternative interpretation of the hormonal data put within a correlative network along with the RNAseq results achieved on the same samples.
Le ricerche illustrate nella presente tesi di dottorato si collocano nell’ambito del progetto “TranscrApple” (www.transcrapple.com), finanziato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Trento (PAT) nell’ambito del bando Grandi Progetti 2012. Gli obiettivi generali del progetto, che in larga parte si accomunano a quelli della presente tesi, prevedono di caratterizzare, nella maniera più ampia possibile con le tecnologie attualmente disponibili, gli eventi transcrizionali, compresi quelli relativi agli small RNA (non affrontati nella presente tesi), metabolici, su un subset di metaboliti primari e secondari, e ormonali, tramite un approccio di hormone profiling, che si verificano durante lo sviluppo della mela. La presente tesi è organizzata in diversi capitoli, riflettendo la logica sperimentale e temporale effettivamente seguita per sviluppare le ricerche. Lo scopo principale del lavoro qui presentato è quello non solo di fornire una panoramica di informazioni su trascritti, ormoni e metaboliti e le loro variazioni durante lo sviluppo del frutto, ma anche di proporre delle soluzioni tecniche e sperimentali per poter collocare le informazioni acquisite in una piattaforma integrativa, secondo la logica della systems biology. Nelle specie modello, tutto ciò è fortemente facilitato dall’ampia disponibilità di tool bioinformatici pronti all’uso ma non sufficientemente flessibili per poter essere adattati ad altre specie. Tuttavia, soprattutto per quanto riguarda soprattutto le specie arboree da frutto, questo tipo di approccio è ancora lontano dell’essere definito e standardizzato. Il Capitolo 1 introduce l’argomento “sviluppo della mela” in relazione all’adozione del melo come specie arborea modello, in misura sempre più crescente soprattutto nell’ultimo decennio grazie anche alla disponibilità della sequenza del genoma. Dopo un excursus sulle principali e più recenti acquisizioni relative allo sviluppo del frutto del melo, vengono discusse alcune delle principali criticità e lacune, sia dal punto di vista tecnologico che scientifico, che impediscono una visione completa degli eventi regolativi che coordinano lo sviluppo e la crescita della mela, anche in relazioni ai principali parametri qualitativi e produttivi. Nel Capitolo 2 si inizia ad entrare nel merito delle ricerche, illustrando la fase preparativa di ricerca e validazione multipla (tra cultivar diverse e annate diverse) di marcatori trascrizionali delle fasi di sviluppo del frutto indirizzate alla corretta selezione di campioni rappresentativi in serie temporali raccolte in annate differenti. Sono stati identificati, validati ed utilizzati diversi marcatori fra quelli proposti in letteratura, consentendo la selezione dei campioni di cv Golden Delicious (qui usata come modello) da utilizzare nelle successive fasi di caratterizzazione trascrizionale e metabolomica condotte nelle tesi. Nel Capitolo 3 si affronta il primo importante studio dei profili ormonali durante lo sviluppo del frutto. I risultati acquisiti hanno consentito non solo di acquisire dati relativi alla maggior parte degli ormoni da poter utilizzare in ricerche future, ma anche di chiarire, confermare e/o ipotizzare delle interazioni ormonali in funzione dello stadio di sviluppo o della transizione tra stadi diversi. La peculiarità di questo studio consiste nell’aver ottenuto, per la prima volta nel melo, dati quantitativi di un set importante di ormoni a partire dagli stessi campioni. Il Capitolo 4 affronta invece la questione relativa ai metaboliti e alle loro variazioni nel corso dell’intero sviluppo del frutto. Viene in questo modo fornita una visione complessiva di come variano le diverse classi di metaboliti (principalmente zuccheri, acidi organici, amminoacidi e polifenoli) durante lo sviluppo. Anche in questo caso i dati sono stati acquisiti dagli stessi campioni utilizzati negli altri capitoli per le altre tipologie di analisi e potranno essere impiegati in ricerche successive, ad esempio, in una logica integrativa, insieme a dati trascrittomici di diversa natura, epigenetici, ecc. Nel Capitolo 5, finalmente, la tesi si addentra fra mille difficoltà tecniche, poi in parte superate, nella giungla della cosiddetta systems biology, fornendo un esempio di come i dati ormonali possono essere valorizzati attraverso la loro integrazione con i dati trascrittomici ottenuti tramite RNAseq a partire dagli stessi campioni.
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Venturieri, Giorgini Augusto. « Floral biology of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willdenow ex Sprengel) Schumann) ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386982.

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Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum), one of the most profitable crops of Amazonia, is now attracting world-wide attention as an exotic fruit, used in juices, ice cream and sweets. It is a shade tolerant tree that can be grown as a component of agroforestry systems. Nevertheless it is still a wild species and little is known about its biology. Floral biology of cupuassu was studied in Belem-Brazil during 2 floweringfruiting seasons between June 1991 and December 1993. Flowering occurs in the drier period of the year. Flowers commence opening at any time of the day, but open fully at the end of afternoon. The anthers dehisce and the stigmas are receptive as soon as the flowers are fully open. Stigmas remain receptive until 10:00 am the following day. Throughout this period, the pollen grains remain viable. The flowers have a complex morphology which favours allogamy. The species is also self-incompatible. Experimental pollinations, using compatible pollen grains, have shown that a flower which receives 60 compatible pollen grains has 20% probability of setting fruit; a flower which receives more than 400 pollen grains always sets fruit. However, only around 2% of naturally pollinated flowers receive more than 60 pollen grains. A stingless bee, Plebeia minima, is considered an effective pollinator of cupuassu. Another stingless bee, Trigonisca pediculana, also visits cupuassu flowers. Both bees are small insects, which are unlikely to fly very far. Ants (Wasmannia sp.) and weevils (Baris sp.) were considered secondary pollinators, unlikely to promote effective pollinationsFruits mature during the wet period of the year, approximately 5.5 months after the flowers open. The limited and irregular fruit set is probably caused by scarcity of pollinators. The transformation of cupuassu to a plantation crop will therefore require conditions which favour natural pollinators and their access to receptive and compatible flowers
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Ponappa, Tilak. « Investigations into the role of polyamines in strawberry fruit development / ». The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844105974317.

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Finger, Fernando Luíz. « The role of NADP+[superscript]-malic enzyme in tomato fruit / ». The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487847761307751.

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Kilaru, Aruna. « Changes in Avocado Transcriptome During Fruit Maturation ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4774.

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Hobololo, Vuyisile Lanele. « Field biology and identification of fruit flies in the Western Cape Province ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49966.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Two fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and C. rosa (Karsch) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are known to attack deciduous fruit in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The relative abundance of these two pests was studied in different kinds of fruit throughout the year. To facilitate field monitoring, using the immature stages, morphological differences between larval instars of C. capitata and C. rosa were investigated. Morphological characters of the larvae, such as the spiracles (anterior and posterior), mouth hooks and oral ridges were used. Many of these characters are only suitable to distinguish between the second and third instar larvae as these structures are not yet developed in the first instar larvae. Anterior spiracles were examined in terms of the number of tubules (papillae) and size or shape of the felt chambers. The number of papillae in both species was similar in the second and third instar larvae, but differed between the larvae of the two species (8-10 for C. capitata and 10-13 for C. rosa). In both species the felt chambers of the second instar larvae were narrow and elongate whilst those of the third instar larvae were broad and short. The major difference between the mouthhooks of the two tephritids was the presence of a sub-apical tooth in the third instar larva of C. rosa, being absent in the third instar of C. capitata. For the morphometric study, both laboratory-reared and field-collected specimens were examined. Measurements of the body dimensions (length and width) and various parts of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton (CPS) (mandible base, mandible length and distance between the tip and notch) were recorded in all three instars of both C. capitata and C. rosa. The data were analysed using finite mixture analysis (FMA-N1) and Levene's test was used to test for homogeneity of variances. The results of these analyses were used to estimate the frequency distributions of the larval measurements. In some cases overlaps in distributions were evident and were resolved using the same program, finite mixture analysis (FMA-N1), based on the probability of the overlapping measurements belonging to the designated instar (i.e. the one with highest probability). Determination of growth ratios suggested an approximate conformation to Dyar's rule thereby disputing the possibility of any hidden instar. However, in most cases measurements of the field samples did not conform to Dyar's rule. For the larval instars of C. capitata and C. rosa with overlapping morphological features, the morphometric approach as a distinguishing tool was demonstrated. In the field survey, the relative abundance of C. rosa at all experimental sites was very low in both orchards and adjacent vines. This suggested that this pest was either not a threat in these sites (crops) or the monitoring procedures applied, should be revised. Trap catches indicated high levels of infestation by C. capitata on some sites and low infestation levels at others. On the site with the highest population levels, activity peaks in the orchards did not co-incide with those in the adjacent vineyards. This suggested that these vineyards could be alternative hosts for fruit fly after the fruit in the orchards have been harvested. Forced oviposition (in vitro) studies indicated that Colombard (grown in Simonsvlei) was the most suitable host for survival of C. capitata. Other wine grape cultivars such as Chardonnay were also suitable for the total larval development of C. capitata.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twee spesies van die vrugtevlieg, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) en C. rosa (Karsch) (Diptera: Tephritidae), val sagtevrugte in die Wes Kaap Provinsie van Suid- Afrika aan. Die groot hoeveelheid van hierdie twee plae op verskillende soorte vrugte is regdeur die jaar bestudeer. Voordat enige insekplaag gemonitor kan word, is dit belangrik dat die identiteit van die besondere plaag, insluitend sy onvolwasse stadiums, bekend moet wees. In hierdie studie word die morfologiese verskille tussen die larwe stadiums van C. capitata en C. rosa ondersoek. Kenmerke soos die spirakels (voor en agter), mondhake en mondriwwe is gebruik. Baie van hierdie morfologiese kenmerke kan net gebruik word om te onderskei tussen larwes in die tweede en derde stadiums omdat hierdie strukture nog nie in die eerste stadium ontwikkel is nie. Die voorste spirakels is ondersoek in terme van die aantal tubules (papillae) en die grootte en vorm van die vilt kamers. In beide spesies is die aantal papillae dieselfde vir die tweede en derde larwe stadiums, maar daar was en verskil tussen die larwes van die twee spesies (8-10 vir C. capitata en 10-13 vir C. rosa). In altwee spesies was die viIt kamers van die twee stadium larwes sma I en verleng, terwyl dit in die derde stadium larwes breed en kort was. Die hoof verskil tussen die mondhake van die twee vrugtevliee was die aanwesigheid van die subapikale tand in die derde stadium larwe van C. rosa, terwyl dit afwesig is in die derde stadium van C. capitata. Vir die morfometriese studie is voorbeelde van laboratorium geteelde vrugtevliee, asook vilee wat in die veld gevind is, ondersoek. Die liggaamsafmetings (Iengte en breedte) is gemeet asook die skelet (mandibel basis, mandibel lengte en die afstand tussen die punt en die kerf) in al drie stadiums van C. capitata en C. rosa. Die data is ontleed deur middel van eindige mengsel analise (FMA-N1) en Levene se toets is gebruik om vir homogeniteit en variansies te toets. Die resultate van die ontleding is gebruik om die frekwensie verspreiding van die larwale metings te skat. In sommige gevalle was daar oorvleueling en dit is opgelos met die gebruik van dieselfde program FMA-N1 baseer op die moontlikheid dat die metings wat oorvleuel, aan die aangeduide stadium (d.w.s die een met die hoogste waarskynlikheid) behoort. Die vasstelling van groei ratios dui aan dat dit naasteby ooreenstem met Dyar se reel en dus die moontlikheid van 'n versteekte stadium betwis. Maar in die meeste gevalle stem die veldmonsters nie ooreen met Dyar se reel nie. Die feit dat die morfometriese benadering die verrnoe het om larwale monsters met oorvleuelende morfologiese kenmerke, beteken dat dit kwalifiseer as In instrument om tussen die larwe stadiums van C. capitata en C. rosa te onderskei. Baie min C. rosa is in vrugteboorde en in nabygelee wingerde gevind. Dit dui of dat die plaag nie 'n bedreiging vir die vrugte inhou nie, of dat die monitor prosedures hersien moet word. Lokvalle dui aan dat daar 'n hoe vlak van infestasie van C. capitata in sommige gebeide is en In lae vlak in ander. Op die plek met die hoogste bevolking van vrugtevliee het die aktiwiteit in die boorde nie ooreengestem met die aktiwiteit in die nabygelee wingerde nie. Dit dui aan dat hierdie wingerde 'n alternatiewe blyplek bied aan die vrugtevliee nadat die vrugte in die boorde geoes is. Gedwonge oviposisie studies dui aan dat C. capitata die beste kan oorleef in Colombard (gekweek te Simonsvlei). Ander wyndruif kultivars is ook geskik vir die ontwikkeling tot by die laaste larwe stadium van C. capitata.
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Michael, Karen. « Clarification of basal relationships in Rubus (Rosaceae) and the origin of Rubus chamaemorus ». TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/250.

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Determination of phylogenetic relationships among ancestral species of Rubus has been elusive. Most Rubus species (including blackberries and raspberries), representing nine of the 12 subgenera, occur in a large, well supported clade named 'A' for reference). The remaining nine species are excluded from this group and represent three subgenera: subg. Anoplobatus (R. bartonianus, R. deliciosus, R. neomexicanus, R. odoratus, R. parviflorus, R. trilobus), subg. Chamaemorus (R. chamaemorus), and subg. Dalibarda (R. lasiococcus, R.pedatus). In addition, Rubus dalibarda L. is often treated in its own monotypic genus as Dalibarda repens L. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from chloroplast regions and the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer ITS 1 - 5.8S - ITS 2; ITS) region have not resolved basal relationships in Rubus and the position of Dalibarda repens has varied from being the sister group to Rubus to nested within it. However, monophyly of American subg. Anoplobatus species is supported by both genomic regions. Our goal was to clarify ancestral relationships, investigate the position of Dalibarda repens relative to Rubus, and examine the origin of the circumboreal, octoploid species R. chamaemorus using sequence data from one additional chloroplast DNA region, trnS-trnG, and the singlecopy nuclear gene Granule-Bound Starch Synthase (GBSSI-1). Parsimony analyses of trnS-trnG sequences indicate a basal trichotomy, while R.chamaemorus is strongly supported as sister to R. pedatus. A combined cpDNA (trnS-trnG and three other regions) parsimony analysis indicates that subg. Anoplobatus is sister to clade A, and strongly supports Dalibarda repens as sister to R. lasiococcus. This suggests that Dalibarda repens be classified as R. dalibarda consistent with Linnaeus (1762) and Focke (1910). Parsimony analyses of GBSSI-1 sequences result in a large polytomy and do not recover clade A. The presence of three (GBSSI-la, GBSSI-1 (3 and GBSSI-ly) putative forms of the gene is observed. However, separate parsimony analysis of GBSSIly sequences demonstrates strong support for clade A and the monophyly of ubg. Anoplobatus. In this analysis, two different alleles are present in R. chamaemorus; one occurs outside clade A (sister to R. lasiococcus) and the other nests within clade A (sister to R. arcticus). Thus these data suggest that R. chamaemorus may be an ancient allopolyploid. The phylogenetic position of Dalibarda repens relative to Rubus cannot be resolved by existing GBSSI-1 data.
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Hale, Frank Allen. « Fruit quality sampling, record keeping, and packing line data in Ohio apple orchards / ». The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487688507503423.

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Livres sur le sujet "Fruit biology"

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Martin, Aluja, et Liedo Pablo, dir. Fruit flies : Biology and management. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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Antonelli, Arthur L. Small fruit pests : Biology, diagnosis and management. [Pullman] : Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1988.

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Antonelli, Arthur L. Small fruit pests : Biology, diagnosis and management. [Pullman, WA] : Washington State University Extension, 2004.

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1963-, Serrano María, dir. Postharvest biology and technology for preserving fruit quality. Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

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Seymour, Graham B., Mervin Poole, James J. Giovannoni et Gregory A. Tucker, dir. The Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening. Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118593714.

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Clarke, A. R., dir. Biology and management of iBactrocera/i and related fruit flies. Wallingford : CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241822.0000.

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A, McPheron Bruce, Steck Gary J et International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance (4th : 1994 : Clearwater, Fla.), dir. Fruit fly pests : A world assessment of their biology and management. Delray Beach, FL : St. Lucie Press, 1996.

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International Cherry Fruit Fly Symposium (1995 Oregon State University). Biology and control of the cherry fruit flies : A worldwide perspective. Corvallis, Or : Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, 1996.

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Gopinadhan, Paliyath, dir. Postharvest biology and technology of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Ames, Iowa : Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

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Sholberg, Peter L. Stone fruit orchard pests : Identification, biology, control : apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, prune pest management, part 1. [Sacramento, Calif.] : CDFA, Division of Pest Management, Pest Management Analysis and Planning Program, 1985.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Fruit biology"

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Frias, D. « Evolutionary Biology of Certain Chilean Rhagoletis Species ». Dans Fruit Flies, 21–28. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2278-9_4.

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Shivanna, K. R., et Rajesh Tandon. « Fruit and Seed Biology ». Dans Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants : A Manual, 125–33. New Delhi : Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2003-9_10.

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Ezura, H., et K. Hiwasa-Tanase. « Fruit Development ». Dans Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives, 301–18. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02301-9_15.

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Bhat, N. R. « Postharvest Storage Systems : Biology, Physical Factors, Storage, and Transport ». Dans Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing, 85–101. Oxford, UK : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118352533.ch6.

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Lack, Andrew, et David Evans. « Fruit and seed dispersal ». Dans Plant Biology, 131–34. 2e éd. London : Taylor & Francis, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203002902-41.

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Ramírez, Fernando, et Thomas Lee Davenport. « Fruit Development ». Dans Uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) Reproductive Biology, 127–46. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66552-4_8.

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Ramírez, Fernando, et Thomas Lee Davenport. « Fruit Morphology ». Dans Uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) Reproductive Biology, 95–103. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66552-4_6.

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Carey, J. R. « Recent Advances in the Demography and Invasion Biology of Fruit Flies : A Summary ». Dans Fruit Flies, 115–17. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2278-9_22.

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Abrol, Dharam P. « Pollination and Fruit Productivity ». Dans Pollination Biology, Vol.1, 25–58. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21085-8_2.

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Lobo, Maria Gloria, et Jiwan S. Sidhu. « Biology, Postharvest Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mango ». Dans Handbook of Mango Fruit, 37–59. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119014362.ch3.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Fruit biology"

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Galimba, Kelsey. « Parthecarpic Apples : Different paths to the seedless fruit. » Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1007238.

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Sapkota, Manoj. « Identification of novel loci underlying fruit weight in tomato ». Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052971.

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Zhu, Kaijie. « Regulation of caroteid and chlorophyll accumulation in Citrus reveals conserved mechanisms of fruit development ». Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1374632.

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Zhu, Kaijie. « Provitamin A biofortification of tomato fruit by overexpressing chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase alleles from citrus ». Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1374634.

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Tovar, Jose. « Yield loss from shoot heating in quia is due to lack of fruit formation and delayed maturity ». Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1007122.

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Li, Hao. « Whole-Geme Duplications in Apple and Pear and Its Implications on Pome Fruit Evolution and Diversification of Malinae ». Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052980.

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Wang, Ding-Kang, Shu-Hua Zhai, Bin Wang et Gui-Fang Sun. « Floral structure and pollination in relation to fruit set in cynanchum otophyllum schneid ». Dans 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems Biology (ISB). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isb.2011.6033152.

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« An Experimental Investigation of the Fruit Drying Performance of a Heat Pump Dryer ». Dans International Conference on Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences. International Academy Of Arts, Science & Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/iaast.a1214036.

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Indrawati, Ida, Febrina Anjar Laxmi Safitri et Nia Rossiana. « Bioprospecting of dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) fruit extract as antibacterial agent against colorectal bacteria ». Dans INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGY AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICOBAS). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5115760.

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Xingyue Hu, Yong He, A. G. Pereira et A. H. Gomez. « Nondestructive Determination Method of Fruit Quantity Detection Based on Vis/NIR Spectroscopy Technique ». Dans 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1616836.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Fruit biology"

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Vardi, Aliza, Fred G. Gmitter et Pinhas Spiegel-Roy. Modification of Reproductive Biology and Fruit Characteristics of Citrus by Bud Irradiation. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1987.7566882.bard.

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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad et Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.

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ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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Hirschberg, Joseph, et Gloria A. Moore. Molecular Analysis of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants : Characterizing the Genes Psy, Pds and CrtL-e. United States Department of Agriculture, août 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568744.bard.

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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
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Shaw, John, Arieh Rosner, Thomas Pirone, Benjamin Raccah et Yehezkiel Antignus. The Role of Specific Viral Genes and Gene Products in Potyviral Pathogenicity, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, août 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561070.bard.

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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
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Shapovalov, Viktor B., Yevhenii B. Shapovalov, Zhanna I. Bilyk, Anna P. Megalinska et Ivan O. Muzyka. The Google Lens analyzing quality : an analysis of the possibility to use in the educational process. [б. в.], février 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3754.

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Biology is a fairly complicated initial subject because it involves knowledge of biodiversity. Google Lens is a unique, mobile software that allows you to recognition species and genus of the plant student looking for. The article devoted to the analysis of the efficiency of the functioning of the Google Lens related to botanical objects. In order to perform the analysis, botanical objects were classified by type of the plant (grass, tree, bush) and by part of the plant (stem, flower, fruit) which is represented on the analyzed photo. It was shown that Google Lens correctly identified plant species in 92.6% cases. This is a quite high result, which allows recommending this program using during the teaching. The greatest accuracy of Google Lens was observed under analyzing trees and plants stems. The worst accuracy was characterized to Google Lens results of fruits and stems of the bushes recognizing. However, the accuracy was still high and Google Lens can help to provide the researches even in those cases. Google Lens wasn’t able to analyze the local endemic Ukrainian flora. It has been shown that the recognition efficiency depends more on the resolution of the photo than on the physical characteristics of the camera through which they are made. In the article shown the possibility of using the Google Lens in the educational process is a simple way to include principles of STEM-education and “New Ukrainian school” in classes.
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Wisniewski, Michael E., Samir Droby, John L. Norelli, Noa Sela et Elena Levin. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the characterization of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600013.bard.

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Blue mold of apple caused by Penicilliumexpansumis a major postharvest disease. Selection for postharvest disease resistance in breeding programs has been ignored in favor of fruit quality traits such as size, color, taste, etc. The identification of postharvest disease resistance as a heritable trait would represent a significant accomplishment and has not been attempted in apple. Furthermore, insight into the biology of the pathogenicity of P. expansumin apple could provide new approaches to postharvest decay management. Hypothesis: Postharvest resistance of apple to P. expansumcan be mapped to specific genetic loci and significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs) can be identified that account for a major portion of the population variance. Susceptibility of apple fruit to P. expansumis dependent on the ability of the pathogen to produce LysM effectors that actively suppress primary and/or secondary resistance mechanisms in the fruit. Objectives: 1) Identify QTL(s) and molecular markers for blue mold resistance in GMAL4593 mapping population (‘Royal Gala’ X MalussieversiiPI613981), 2) Characterize the transcriptome of the host and pathogen (P. expansum) during the infection process 3) Determine the function of LysM genes in pathogenicity of P. expansum. Methods: A phenotypic evaluation of blue mold resistance in the GMAL4593 mapping population, conducted in several different years, will be used for QTL analysis (using MapQTL 6.0) to identify loci associated with blue mold resistance. Molecular markers will be developed for the resistance loci. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq will be used to conduct a time course study of gene expression in resistant and susceptible apple GMAL4593 genotypes in response to P. expansum, as well as fungal responses to both genotypes. Candidate resistance genes identified in the transcriptomic study and or bioinformatic analysis will be positioned in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome to identify markers that co-locate with the identified QTL(s). A functional analysis of LysM genes on pathogenicity will be conducted by eliminating or reducing the expression of individual effectors by heterologous recombination and silencing technologies. LysMeffector genes will also be expressed in a yeast expression system to study protein function. Expected Results: Identification of postharvest disease resistance QTLs and tightly-linked genetic markers. Increased knowledge of the role of effectors in blue mold pathogenic
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Moore, Gloria A., Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Charles L. Guy et Doron Holland. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Woody Perennial Plant Genus Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, mai 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570565.bard.

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As is true for all crops, production of Citrus fruit is limited by traits whose characteristics are the products of many genes (i.e. cold hardiness). In order to modify these traits by marker aided selection or molecular genetic techniques, it is first necessary to map the relevant genes. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in perennial plants has been extremely difficult, requiring large numbers of mature plants. Production of suitable mapping populations has been inhibited by aspects of reproductive biology (e.g. incompatibility, apomixis) and delayed by juvenility. New approaches promise to overcome some of these obstacles. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether QTLs for environmental stress tolerance could be effectively mapped in the perennial crop Citrus, using an extensive linkage map consisting of various types of molecular markers. Specific objectives were to: 1) Produce a highly saturated genetic linkage map of Citrus by continuing to place molecular markers of several types on the map. 2) Exploiting recently developed technology and already characterized parental types, determine whether QTLs governing cold acclimation can be mapped using very young seedling populations. 3) Determine whether the same strategy can be transferred to a different situation by mapping QTLs influencing Na+ and C1- exclusion (likely components of salinity tolerance) in the already characterized cross and in new alternative crosses. 4) Construct a YAC library of the citrus genome for future mapping and cloning.
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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Martin Goldway, Wojciech Janisiewicz et Charles Wilson. Enhancement of Postharvest Biocontrol Activity of the Yeast Candida oleophila by Overexpression of Lytic Enzymes. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586481.bard.

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Enhancing the activity of biocontrol agents could be the most important factor in their success in controlling fruit disease and their ultimate acceptance in commercial disease management. Direct manipulation of a biocontrol agent resulting in enhancement of diseases control could be achieved by using recent advances in molecular biology techniques. The objectives of this project were to isolate genes from yeast species that were used as postharvest biocontrol agents against postharvest diseases and to determine their role in biocontrol efficacy. The emphasis was to be placed on the yeast, Candida oleophila, which was jointly discovered and developed in our laboratories, and commercialized as the product, Aspire. The general plan was to develop a transformation system for C . oleophila and either knockout or overexpress particular genes of interest. Additionally, biochemical characterization of the lytic peptides was conducted in the wild-type and transgenic isolates. In addition to developing a better understanding of the mode of action of the yeast biocontrol agents, it was also our intent to demonstrate the feasibility of enhancing biocontrol activity via genetic enhancement of yeast with genes known to code for proteins with antimicrobial activity. Major achievements are: 1) Characterization of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by the yeast biocontrol agent Candida oleophila; 2) Development of a transformation system for Candida oleophila; 3) Cloning and analysis of C.oleophila glucanase gene; 4) Overexpression of and knockout of C. oleophila glucanase gene and evaluating its role in the biocontrol activity of C. oleophila; 5) Characterization of defensin gene and its expression in the yeast Pichiapastoris; 6) Cloning and Analysis of Chitinase and Adhesin Genes; 7) Characterization of the rnase secreted by C . oleophila and its inhibitory activity against P. digitatum. This project has resulted in information that enhanced our understanding of the mode of action of the yeast C . oleophila. This was important step towards enhancing the biocontrol activity of the yeast. Fungal cell wall enzymes produced by the yeast antagonist were characterized. Different substrates were identified to enhance there production in vitro. Exo-b-1, 3 glucanase, chitinase and protease production was stimulated by the presence of cell-wall fragments of Penicillium digitatum in the growing medium, in addition to glucose. A transformation system developed was used to study the role of lytic enzymes in the biocontrol activity of the yeast antagonist and was essential for genetic manipulation of C . oleqphila. After cloning and characterization of the exo-glucanase gene from the yeast, the transformation system was efficiently used to study the role of the enzyme in the biocontrol activity by over-expressing or knocking out the activity of the enzyme. At the last phase of the research (still ongoing) the transformation system is being used to study the role of chitinase gene in the mode of action. Knockout and over expression experiments are underway.
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