Thèses : « French Production »

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Gavard, Karen. « Gender differences and oral production in French immersion ». Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19717.

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The main purpose of this descriptive study was to examine gender differences in French oral production, in a French immersion context. The following criteria were developed to investigate these differences: quantity in production, the use of verbs and conjugations. Eleven boys and thirteen girls from the same fourth grade class located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, participated in this study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered through one-on-one audiotaped story retelling sessions and questionnaires. This analysis did not reveal any gender differences but instead similarities were found in relation to the types of errors they made. Limitations, such as the number of participants, or the variation across participants' inhibition, memory, and creativity may have affected the results. It is suggested that these results may be linked to a lack of opportunity to speak French in the classroom, and that the use of a story retelling activity might be one way to encourage speaking.

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Shaeffer, Alexandra Courtney. « Complaints in L2 French : perception and production across social contexts ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6500.

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Complaining happens in all cultures, and offers a unique insight into the values, taboos, and communicative practices of a given society. The ways in which complaining is viewed and performed vary drastically not only cross-culturally, but across smaller communal groups and between individuals, too. This dissertation approaches complaining from a multilateral perspective to investigate how individuals in three different language groups – monolingual French speakers, monolingual English speakers, and native English speakers enrolled in upper-division university French courses – perceive and produce complaints as well as the influential role played by social context. In the perception study, the researcher explores how individuals within the examined language groups identify the presence of complaints and perceive their naturalness when presented with contextualized scenarios involving native speakers. In the production study, the researcher examines both the frequency with which individuals complain and the strategies they employ to perform a complaint in various social situations. Additionally, within the production study the researcher examines the frequency with which participants opt out from complaining and their provided rationale for doing so. This dissertation not only identifies a variety of universal linguistic and sociocultural features of complaints, it also uncovers several aspects distinctive to the individual language groups. At the core of this dissertation is the argument that to best understand complaint behavior, researchers should acknowledge the essential influence of social context on both the perception and production of complaints. Above all, future research must consider the complex and dynamic interplay that exists between cross-cultural complaint behaviors and social norms of politeness.

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Gavoille, Nicolas. « Individuals matter : three essays on French politicians ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G011/document.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’introduire de manière explicite les caractéristiques personnelles des décideurs publics dans l’analyse de processus politiques français. Trois cas sont successivement analysés, soulevant chacun une problématique distincte. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’échelon municipal, et se base sur un jeu de données original comportant des informations sur l’ensemble des maires des municipalités de plus de 10000 habitants entre 2000 et 2012. L’objectif est de décrire comment l’influence idiosyncratique d’un maire sur la politique d’investissement municipal impacte sa probabilité de réélection. Les résultats indiquent que plus la taille de la municipalité augmente, moins les électeurs se basent sur ce type d’information. Le second chapitre a pour objet la production législative française, et s’appuie également sur une base de données originale. Un double cycle de production législative émerge, généré par les élections présidentielles et législatives. Il apparaît également que les caractéristiques personnelles des ministres influencent la stratégie du gouvernement, notamment l’âge et l’expérience. Enfin, le troisième chapitre se focalise sur l’impact de la compétition électorale sur le processus de recrutement politique. Un important travail de collecte de données concernant la production parlementaire de chaque député de la Ve République permet d’étudier cette relation ainsi que son évolution au cours de la période 1959-2012. Il en ressort que les députés élus dans des circonscriptions compétitives ont une activité parlementaire plus importante, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Cependant, ce lien entre activité et compétition est en constante diminution depuis les années 1980
The aim of this thesis is to explicitly introduce the decision-maker into the empirical analysis of different political processes in the French context. Three cases are successively analyzed,each raising a specific problematic. The first chapter focuses on French municipalities. A new original dataset, covering mayors of municipalities of more than 10,000 inhabitants over the period 2000-2012, underpins the study. The objective is to investigate to what extentthe mayor’s personal influence on the investment policy affects his/her reelection probability. Results show that this information plays a significant role only in small municipalities. Chapter twostudies the French legislative production, exploiting another original dataset. A dual cycle of the production of laws emerges, connected to both the presidential and the legislative elections. A link between government members’ personal characteristics and legislative output is established. Finally, chapter three investigates the relationship between electoral competition and political selection. A third important dataset providing data about the individual parliamentary work of the deputies over the period 1958-2012 allows such an analysis. Resultsindicate that deputies elected in contested districts have a higher overall productivity. The intensity of the relationship reached its peak in the 1980’s, but is continuously decreasing since then

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Préfontaine, Yvonne Marie. « Fluency in French : a psycholinguistic study of second language speech production and perception ». Thesis, Lancaster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658086.

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This thesis presents the results of a mixed methods study examining L2 utterance and perceived fluency in French under three different task conditions, an area in which little empirical research has been conducted from a psycholinguistic perspective. It investigated the following speech production and perception issues: (1) automated utterance fluency measures and their relationship to perceived task difficulty, (2) participants' and raters' perceptions of fluency and their link to utterance fluency measures and task complexity, and (3) speech characteristics that most influenced judgments of fluent performance. The study took place in a French immersion context in a university setting in Quebec, Canada. Forty English-speaking adults, varying in proficiency level, responded to three narrative speech tasks differing in cognitive demand. Utterance fluency was operationalized by a set of six temporal variables and measured by automated speech analysis software. Perceived fluency was assessed quantitatively by participants' and raters' fluency ratings, and qualitatively by justifications of the speech characteristics which most influenced raters' impressions.

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Taitt, Glenroy Ruthven Peter. « 'Jardin Creole' : domestic food production by the peasantry in Trinidad and Guadeloupe, 1897-1946 ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307731.

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This thesis is a comparative economic study of domestic food production by the peasantry in two West Indian societies, Trinidad and Guadeloupe. It examines the period 1897 to 1946; Trinidad was then under British rule while Guadeloupe was a French colony. The study relates the evolution of domestic food production to fluctuations in export agriculture, revealing a strong inverse relationship between the two, in both colonies. The level of food imports also stimulated or stiffled domestic food production. Therefore, the domestic agricultural sector in Trinidad and Guadeloupe alike was never autonomous. The study draws on underdevelopment theory to highlight the analysis. The role of the colonial government is the major contrast between the two colonies. In Guadeloupe, except during W.W.II, the government was extremely supportive of the peasantry and their domestic food crops. In Trinidad, on the other hand, the government was largely indifferent, except during the Second World War. The difference in policy stemmed from republicanism in Guadeloupe and the Crown colony system in Trinidad. The study relies heavily on (basic) statistical information as well as other primary data. But information on domestic food production has, understandably, been difficult to come by. As a consequence the research has drawn on significant pieces of secondary works as well. As a comparative work, this thesis is distinctive as there are very few studies of West Indian history which compare British and French West Indian colonies. Moreover, there are equally few works in English on the French West Indies.

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MacDonald, Rachel Margaret Mary. « Counteracting age related effects in L2 acquisition : training to distinguish between French vowels ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7979.

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Two key methods of perceptually training difficult L2 contrasts are the perceptual fading (PF) technique and the high variability phonetic training (HVPT) technique, and perceptual benefits from using both of these methods have also been found to transfer to pronunciation. However, these techniques have not been compared in their classic forms (PF with one speaker vs. HVPT with multiple speakers) with regard to perceptual gains, nor have they been compared with regard to gains in pronunciation accuracy or how any improvement is retained in the long term. Furthermore, whilst a number of studies suggest that motivation, the concern for L2 pronunciation accuracy aspect in particular, along with perception and/or pronunciation training may contribute to more nativelike pronunciation in late L2 learners, this has not been examined with specific reference to these training techniques. The present work compares these techniques for training native English speaking learners of French on difficult L2 French contrasts (/u/ vs. /y/ and /ɑ˜/vs./ɔ˜/),and assesses participant concern for pronunciation accuracy in order to ascertain an optimal training technique to improve the perception and pronunciation of less able learners. Experiment 1 of this thesis compares HVPT and PF using multiple and single speakers and found that the single speaker HVPT technique was significantly less effective than the others immediately after training. Testing again after at least one month suggested that training was best retained either through using PF with one speaker or HVPT with multiple speakers, that is, the techniques in their classic forms. Experiment 2 examines the benefits of these perceptual training techniques vs. pronunciation training vs. perception AND pronunciation training for both perceptual and pronunciation improvement. Undergoing multiple speaker HVPT + pronunciation training (over the same timescale as training in a single modality) appeared to be most beneficial for perception and pronunciation. Experiment 3 examines the relationship between average pronunciation improvement and participant concern for pronunciation accuracy as measured Elliott’s (1995) Pronunciation Attitude Inventory and found that a high concern for pronunciation accuracy is only related to greater improvements when specific, perhaps more monotonous, training techniques (using only one modality and speaker) are used. Overall, the present results provided no evidence of transfer of perceptual training benefits to pronunciation, and only slight evidence of transfer of pronunciation training benefits to perception, although there was a clear link between participant perception and pronunciation ability before training commenced. This is likely to be at least partly why some training in both modalities emerged as most successful in terms of improvements in both domains. It was therefore suggested that it may be prudent to consider the relationship between perceptual and production learning as distinct from any links between perception and production in general.

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Prudencio, Da Silva Junior Vamilson. « Effects of intensity and scale of production on environmental impacts of poultry meat production chains : Life Cycle Assessment of French and Brazilian poultry production scenarios ». Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARB221.

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Actuellement, la production animale est en hausse significative en réponse à une demande croissante, résultant de la croissance économique et démographique principalement dans les économies émergentes. Récemment, le Brésil a dépassé la France comme exportateur de volaille. Le secteur de la volaille au Brésil est en plein essor, ce qui entraîne une forte augmentation de la densité de volailles dans certaines régions du pays. Pendant ce temps, en France, le secteur de la volaille se contracte en raison de la concurrence directe avec les économies émergentes qui peuvent offrir le produit pour le marché Européen et du Moyen-Orient à un moindre coût. Les préoccupations concernant les impacts environnementaux associés à la production de volailles nécessitent des études des systèmes de production de volailles, utilisant des méthodologies appropriées. L'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) est une méthodologie qui fournit une base scientifique solide pour effectuer une quantification multicritère des impacts des systèmes de production animale en matière d'environnement. L'approche ACV utilise un concept basé sur la comptabilité d'entrée / sortie au long du cycle de vie du produit, souvent révélateur que la production de viande dans les systèmes d'élevage intensif optimise l'utilisation des ressources, générant moins d'impact par kg de produit que dans les systèmes extensifs. L'objectif scientifique de ce travail est d'analyser les effets de "l'intensité" et "l'échelle" de la production sur les impacts environnementaux des filières de production de volaille à travers une comparaison de filières contrastées de production de viande de poulet. L'intensité fait référence aux pratiques de production visant à accroître la production par animal et / ou unité de terre occupée. Les systèmes intensifs utilisent des niveaux plus élevés d’intrants (engrais, aliments, bâtiments) que les systèmes extensifs. Les systèmes intensifs ont souvent une densité plus élevée (plus grand nombre d'animaux par m²) que les systèmes extensifs. L'échelle de production représente la taille des installations de production (bâtiments) et le nombre d'animaux élevés sur une même ferme. L'étude de cas de l'ACV appliquée aux systèmes de production de poulets de chair au Brésil et en France a confirmé les plus faibles impacts environnementaux pour les systèmes plus intensifs, mais a également montré que la distance de transport (des aliments jusqu’à la ferme et de la viande au consommateur) ont eu une influence plus grande sur les impacts environnementaux que l'échelle de production. D'un point de vue environnemental, l'importation de poulet en provenance du Brésil était préférable à la production de poulet en France avec du soja brésilien, pour les impacts changement climatique et l'occupation des terres, qui sont des impacts globaux. En ce qui concerne l'acidification, écotoxicité terrestre et la demande d'énergie, le poulet importée du Brésil avait des impacts environnementaux plus marqués que le poulet produit en France. Dans tous les systèmes étudiés, il était clair que l'étape de production d'aliment avait le plus contribué aux impacts environnementaux de la production de viande de poulet. Cette étude a été réalisée en utilisant une approche novatrice pour l'estimation des impacts causés par la production de soja au Brésil, car elle considère une estimation de la superficie déboisée (et ses impacts sur l'environnement). En outre, l'étude a également montré que dans les études ACV impliquant le soja en provenance du Brésil, nous devrions tenir compte de leur région d'origine, comme les différentes régions ont des niveaux d'impacts environnementaux différents
Currently, livestock production is increasing significantly in response to growing demand, resulting from economic and population growth mainly in emerging economies. Recently, Brazil overtook France as a poultry exporter. The Brazilian poultry sector is booming, resulting in increased poultry density in certain areas of the country. Meanwhile, in France the poultry sector is contracting due to direct competition with emerging economies that can offer the product for the European and Middle East market at a lower cost. Concern about the environmental impacts associated with poultry production requires the study of poultry production systems, employing appropriate methodologies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that provides a solid scientific background to perform a multicriteria quantification of livestock production systems’ environmental impacts. The LCA approach uses a concept based on input/output accounting throughout the product life cycle, often revealing that meat production in intensive livestock systems optimizes the use of resources, generating less impact per kg of product than in extensive systems. The scientific objective of this work is to analyse the effects of “intensity” and “scale” of production on the environmental impacts of poultry production chains through a comparison of contrasting chicken meat production chains. Intensity refers to production practices aiming to increase output per animal and/or unit of land occupied, intensive systems use higher levels of inputs (fertilizer, feed, buildings) than extensive systems. Intensive systems often have a higher density (greater number of animals per m²) than extensive systems. The production scale represents the size of production facilities (buildings) and the number of animals raised on the same farm. The LCA case study on broiler production systems from Brazil and France confirmed the trend of lower environmental impacts for more intensive systems, but also showed that the transport distance (of both animal feed and meat to the consumer center) had a larger influence on environmental impacts than the production scale. From an environmental point of view, importing chicken from Brazil rather than producing it in France with Brazilian soybeans, was better with respect to climate change and land occupation, which are both global impacts. With respect to acidification, terrestrial ecotoxicity and energy demand chicken imported from Brazil had larger impacts than the chicken produced in France. In all studied systems, it was clear that the broiler’s feed production stage contributed most to the environmental impacts of chicken meat production. This study was conducted using an innovative approach for the estimation of impacts caused by soya production in Brazil, since it considered an estimate of deforested area (and its environmental impacts). In addition, the study also showed that in LCA studies involving soybeans from Brazil, we should take into account their region of origin, as different regions have different levels of environmental impacts

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Dobres, Marcia-Anne. « Gender in the making : late Magdalenian social relations of production in the French Midi-Pyrénées / ». Ann Arbor : UMI dissertation services, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40087261k.

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Harkness, ValeÌrie FrancÌ§oise Paule. « The speech production of native speakers of French as a function of length of life abroad ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403061.

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Gaucher, Damien Fabien Rémi. « The agreement of the past participle in spoken French, as a sociolinguistic variable : production and perception ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14724.

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This study represents a sociolinguistic contribution to the analysis of Past Participle Agreement (PPA) in [avoir+PP] constructions. In spoken French, this agreement is marked only for gender, and is subject to much variation in the production of speakers of French. The objectives of this thesis are twofold: firstly, to observe the variable in the context of production, by a quantitative study of several corpora. Variation in the production of PPA is tested against linguistic factors, such as the position of the participle in the verbal group where it appears. Social and stylistic factors are also considered, notably the socioprofessional category of the speaker. These analyses reveal that agreement is conditioned by a complex interaction of these factors. The second objective is the design of a Matched Guise Test, based on scripted conversations. This test was carried out with a view to measuring the extent to which the presence or absence of marked PPA, often considered a typical result of normative pressures, affects the stereotypical social representation of a speaker. Differences in informants' judgements were modest, and two issues are discussed with regard to this: firstly, the validity of the methodology, and secondly, the evaluation of PPA as a sociolinguistic marker. Both parts of this thesis reflect the methodological issues pertaining to the investigation of a rare variable.

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Boukadi, Mariem. « Lexical selection in spoken word production among Arabic-French bilinguals : a language-specific or nonspecific process ? » Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25390.

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Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2014-2015
L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est d’étudier la nature du processus de sélection lexicale chez des bilingues tardifs modérément compétents et locuteurs de deux langues lexicalement distantes : l’Arabe tunisien (AT) et le Français. Dans un premier temps, une base de données psycholinguistique en AT a été créée aux fins du contrôle convenable de variables psycholinguistiques dans la sélection des stimuli en AT. Cette première étude avait aussi pour but de mettre à disposition des chercheurs intéressés par le traitement du langage en Arabe une ressource psycholinguistique nécessaire. Dans la deuxième et principale étude, des bilingues AT-Français ont effectué une tâche d’interférence image-mot dans deux contextes expérimentaux différentes : unilingue (Expérience 1) ou bilingue (Expérience 2). Nos résultats suggèrent que le traitement lexical chez les bilingues est dynamique et modulé par un nombre de facteurs incluant, mais non limités à, la compétence langagière et le contexte langagier de l’expérimentation.
The main aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate the nature of the lexical selection process among late moderately proficient bilinguals whose two languages are lexically distant: Tunisian Arabic (TA) and French. As a first step, a psycholinguistic normative database in TA was created to enable proper control of several psycholinguistic variables in the selection of TA stimuli. This first study also aimed to provide researchers interested in Arabic language processing with a much-needed psycholinguistic resource for a spoken variety of Arabic. In the second and main study, TA-French moderately proficient bilinguals performed a picture-word interference task in two different language settings: monolingual (Experiment 1) and bilingual (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that bilingual lexical processing is dynamic and modulated by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, language proficiency and experimental language setting.

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Harb, Hiba. « La production écrite en droit : analyse linguistique et propositions didactiques ». Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0007.

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La mobilité internationale des étudiants qui souhaitent suivre une formation supérieure en France ou à l’étranger est en augmentation depuis des années. Le domaine du Français Langue Etrangère a évolué en donnant naissance aux nouvelles approches d’enseignement de la langue française, parmi lesquelles le Français sur Objectif Universitaire. Notre problématique de recherche s’inscrit dans cette optique dans la mesure où elle concerne les étudiants arabophones et allophones inscrits dans l’une des filières de droit en France. Notre analyse des copies d’examens de ces étudiants montre qu’ils ont beaucoup de difficultés au niveau de l’écrit juridique sur le plan linguistique et pragmatique. En plus, les réponses sur le questionnaire que nous avons distribué à ce public d’apprenants met en évidence leurs pratiques rédactionnelles, et nous permet d’apporter des solutions pédagogiques adaptées face aux difficultés rencontrées, ce qui constitue l’objectif principal de notre recherche. Outre le problème au niveau de la production écrite, nous proposons des moyens qui favorisent l’interaction entre les étudiants, les enseignants, et les professionnels appartenant au domaine du droit
The international mobility of students who wish to pursue higher education in France or abroad has been increasing for several years. This movement continues to create specific demands that universities are called upon to meet by adapting their programs to the new demands of teaching and learning French. This is the reason why the domain of the French as Foreign Language has evolved, giving birth to new approaches to teaching the French language, among which the French for Academic Purpose. Our research problem is in line with this point of view insofar as it concerns the foreign non-francophone and Arabic-speaking students enrolled in Law majors in France. Our analysis of the exam copies of these students shows that they have many difficulties in linguistic and pragmatic in writing. In addition, the answers on the survey that we have distributed to this audience of learners highlights their writing practices, and allows us to provide educational solutions adapted to the difficulties encountered, which is the main objective of our research . In addition to the problem of written production, we propose ways to promote interaction between students, teachers and professionals in the field of law

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Meilleur, Brien A. « Alluetain ethnoecology and traditional economy : the procurement and production of plant resources in the northern French Alps / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6477.

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Harkett, Peter John. « Studies on the use of cut seed tubers for the production of potatoes for French fry processing ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309520.

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Dembovskaya, Svetlana Borisovna. « Task-based instruction : the effect of motivational and cognitive pre-tasks on second language oral French production ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/231.

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The study investigated the effects of a motivational and cognitive pre-tasks on oral task production by intermediate and low advanced college learners of French at a large public university in the United States. The motivation and cognitive groups engaged in an information-gap group discussion task in French following brief motivationally and strategically oriented pre-tasks conducted in the participants' native language, while the control group completed the discussion task without a pre-task. In addition, all groups completed a dictation as a measure of proficiency and a post-task motivation survey. The results of the study did not show any significant differences between the motivation, cognitive and control treatments in terms of accuracy, fluency or complexity of their speech. Possible reasons contributing to the findings are discussed and interpretations are proposed. Particularly, it is suggested that strategies for motivating students and providing cognitive support for a language task need to be coupled with focus on the task content and/or form, addressed in the target language, in order to differentially affect the fluency, accuracy, and complexity aspects of the second language speech. At the same time, the motivation group participants reported significantly higher interest in the task, higher perception of its value, and higher perception of their own autonomy, which indicates that the motivation pre-task did positively affect their motivation in relation to the task. Interest and value subcategories of the motivation survey were particularly sensitive to differences between the groups. It is suggested that regular support and promotion of positive motivational dispositions in a language class may, in the long run, result in an observable positive effect on certain aspects of the learners' speech.

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Pongpairoj, Nattama. « Variability in second language article production : a comparison of L1 Thai and L1 French learners of L2 English ». Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11083/.

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This thesis explores variability in second language (L2) production of English articles by speakers whose first language (Ll) is Thai (-articles), and compares it with proficiency-matched learners whose Ll is French (+articles). The thesis addresses a current debate on whether variability in production of second language functional morphology stems from representational deficits or from processing problems in production. The investigation of L2 article production was focused on tightly defined pairs of contexts for which different theoretical positions would predict different learner behaviours. Experiments were designed which measured the level of article omissions (a) in adjectivally premodified noun phrases (Art + Adj + N) vs. non-modified phrases (Art + N), (b) with first vs. second mention definite referents, and (c) with more vs. less attended (less salient) referents. A further study explored article substitution errors, in particular the alleged overuse of the indefinite article in [+definite; -specific] contexts and the definite article in [-definite; +specific] contexts. Results suggest that Ll Thai learners of L2 English, but not Ll French learners of L2 English, omit articles more (a) in adjectivally premodified than in non-modified contexts, (b) with second than with first mention definite referents, and (c) with more attended than with less attended referents. It is argued that these results point against the view that variability in production of L2 morphology stems from processing problems in production only (i.e. the view that assumes that L2 syntax must be target-like), and that they support the view that the variability stems from representational problems, with further knock-on effects on processing. In particular, the results are interpreted as consistent with the combined predictions of the Syntactic Misanalysis Hypothesis (Trenkic 2007) and the Information Load Hypothesis (Almor 1999). The results of the study investigating article substitutions show that Ll Thai learners of L2 English, but not Ll French learners of L2 English, oversupplied the definite article in fill-in-the-gap tasks in [-definite; +specific] contexts, but only when the speaker explicitly claimed personal familiarity with the referent - not when the speaker explicitly denied persona' familiarity with the referent. Similarly, they also oversupplied the indefinite article in [+definite] contexts whenever the speaker denied familiarity with the referent, irrespective of whether the context was [+specific] or [-specific]. This suggests that LI Thai learners of English accept familiarity with identifying attributes of a referent as a possible criterion for the use of the definite article, and non-familiarity as a criterion for the use of the indefinite article. The results are interpreted as arguing against the suggestion that L2 English article choices are UG-regulated (cf. lonin, Ko and Wexler 2004). The results are shown to be consistent with the predictions of the Syntactic Misanalysis Hypothesis instead. The results of empirical investigations conducted in this thesis contribute to the debate on causes ofvariability in production ofL2 functional morphology. The observed patterns of L2 English article omissions and substitutions seem more consistent with the view that variable production stems from non-target-like syntax.

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Roe, Angela D. « The Horse and The Castle ». ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2004.

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This paper examines the production of my thesis film, “The Horse and The Castle.” I will explore the choices taken in each step of the production, from the writing process to post-production and finishing. Each area — writing, directing, production design, cinematography, editing, and sound — contained a multitude of decisions that helped to achieve my final vision for the film.

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Vikør, Knut S. « The oasis of salt the history of Kawar, a Saharan centre of salt production / ». Bergen, Norway : Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42684340.html.

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Lindqvist, Christina. « L'influence translinguistique dans l'interlangue française : Étude de la production orale d'apprenants plurilingues ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of French, Italian and Classical Languages, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1294.

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The present study concerns cross-linguistic influence in the spoken French of multilingual learners. The main purpose is to investigate to what degree, and in what manner, previously acquired languages (L1, L2(s)) influence the target language, L3. Given the fact that the study only concerns spoken interlanguage, it makes use of a psycholinguistic perspective, which takes models of oral production into account.

The analysis is divided into two main parts. The first concerns the oral production of 30 Swedish learners of French, who fall into three groups according to their previous exposure to French: beginners, secondary school students and university students. The results show that proficiency in the L3 is crucial in at least two ways. First, there is a correlation between the level of proficiency in the L3 and the number of instances of cross-linguistic influence in that the least advanced learners produce the highest number of cross-linguistic lexemes, whereas the most advanced learners produce the lowest number. Second, the level of proficiency in the L3 is decisive for the number of background languages (L1, L2) used during oral production in L3: the lower the proficiency in the L3, the more background languages are used, and vice versa.

The second part of the analysis contains six case studies of learners with partly different L1s and L2s. It focuses on the roles of the background languages during conversation in L3 and on the factors contributing to the attribution of these roles. The results point at both similarities and differences between the learners with respect to the roles of the background languages. A result common to all the learners is the use of Swedish L1/L2 and English L1 as an instrumental language, i.e. a language used rather strategically with a communicative purpose. The use of these languages in this function seems to be due to the fact that Swedish and English are shared languages between the learner and the interlocutor.

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MacLeod, Andrea Asenath Nora. « Production and perceptions of VOT and high vowels by bilingual and monolingual speakers of Canadian English and Canadian French / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8248.

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Reis, Mara Silvia. « The Perception and production of the english voiceless interdental fricative /ø/ by speakers of european french and brazilian portuguese ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/93597.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2010
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T00:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Este estudo examinou a percepção e produção da fricativa interdental não-vozeada inglesa /T/ por vinte falantes de francês europeu e vinte e um falantes de português brasileiro. Cinco testes foram utilizados: Produção, Assimilação Perceptual, Discriminação, Identificação Auditiva e Identificação Audiovisual. Os três últimos testes também foram administrados a dezessete falantes de inglês britânico como controle. A base teórica consistiu no Modelo de Percepção de Assimilação (PAM, Best, 1995), o qual propõe que a assimilação de sons da língua estrangeira prevê sua discriminação na língua nativa, e na sua versão expandida (PAM-L2, Best & Tyler, 2007), o qual trata de aprendizado de segmentos da língua estrangeira. Duas principais hipóteses nortearam a condução do estudo-a substituição diferencial de /T/ é relacionada ao seu padrão de assimilação na língua nativa, assim como sua produção é guiada pela percepção. Os resultados indicam que a substituição diferencial tem bases perceptuais, sobretudo entre os franceses. Entretanto, a produção do fonema não parece estar necessariamente relacionada à sua acuidade perceptual.
This study examined the perception and production of the English voiceless interdental fricative /T/ by twenty speakers of European French and twenty-one speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The experiment had five tests: Production, Perceptual Assimilation, Discrimination, Auditory Identification, and Audiovisual Identification. The last three perception tests were also taken by seventeen speakers of British English as controls. The theoretical framework consisted of the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM, Best, 1995), which proposes that assimilation of non-native sounds can predict their discrimination in the native language, and its expanded version (PAM-L2, Best & Tyler, 2007), which deals with non-native segmental perception learning. The study was guided by two main reasonings-that differential substitution of /T/ is related to different patterns of assimilations in the native language, and that production of /T/ is perceptually driven. The results suggest that differential substitution may have a perceptual underlying reason, more evident within the French group. However, the production of /T/ does not seem to be necessarily related to accurate perception.

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Roesch, Anne Dorothée. « Investigating the comprehension and production of 'Wh'-questions in monolingual and bilingual German and French children with and without SLI ». Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-comprehension-and-production-of-whquestions-in-monolingual-and-bilingual-german-and-french-children-with-and-without-sli(9545b17c-4dde-409f-a125-3a175b1a3997).html.

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Dakpo, K. Hervé. « Non-parametric modelling of pollution-generating technologies : theoretical and methodological considerations, with an application to the case of greenhouse gas emissions in suckler breeding systems in French grassland areas ». Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10474/document.

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La prise en compte des problèmes environnementaux dans la responsabilité sociale des entreprises a généré en économie de nombreuses propositions. Parmi elles, le cadre d’analyse basé sur l’évaluation de la performance en utilisant notamment les techniques d’enveloppement des données (DEA) s’est très vite répandu dans la littérature théorique comme empirique. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans cette logique en mettant l’accent sur la modélisation des technologies polluantes. Par ailleurs, la question des changements climatiques et de la forte contribution de l’agriculture et en particulier de l’élevage dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) impose à ce secteur de relever aujourd’hui en plus du défi économique celui de l’amélioration de sa performance environnementale. L’objectif général de cette recherche doctorale est donc de fournir un nouveau cadre d’analyse théorique et empirique dans la modélisation des technologies polluantes afin d’évaluer l’éco-efficience des systèmes productifs, en particulier le cas des émissions de GES en élevage extensif de ruminants. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons les limites théoriques et méthodologiques des modèles existants. Néanmoins, nous insistons sur le fait que les approches basées sur l’estimation de plusieurs sous-technologies indépendantes pour prendre en compte les différents processus présents dans les systèmes productifs sont très prometteuses. Dès lors dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une nouvelle extension de la méthode « by-production » qui repose sur l’introduction d’interconnections entre les différentes sous-technologies impliquées afin de construire un système plus unifié. Dans un troisième temps, une comparaison empirique utilisant des données d’exploitations de viande ovine de notre extension avec les approches existantes a révélé certaines incohérences de ces dernières. Enfin pour aller plus loin, nous élargissons dans un quatrième temps notre approche afin de prendre en compte les aspects dynamiques et notamment la présence de coûts d’ajustement. Les résultats de l’analyse empirique entreprise avec des données d’exploitations bovines allaitantes (viande) ont révélé la nécessité de prendre en compte ces aspects, mais ont aussi révélé la forte hétérogénéité existante dans les stratégies d’investissements des éleveurs
The growing importance of environmental matters in social responsibility of firms has generated many frameworks of analysis in the economic literature. Among those frameworks, performance evaluation and benchmarking using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have increased at a very fast rate. This PhD research focuses on models that include undesirable outputs such as pollution in the overall production system, to appraise eco-efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). Besides, the recent awareness on the large contribution of agriculture and particularly livestock farming to global warming, has highlighted for this sector the challenge of reaching both economic and environmental performances. In this line, the overall objective of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical and empirical background in modelling pollution-generating technologies and to suggest theoretical improvements that are consistent with the particular case of greenhouse gas emissions in extensive livestock systems. Firstly, we showed that all existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs in the non-parametric analysis (i.e. DEA) have some strong drawbacks. However, the models grounded on the estimation of multiple independent sub-technologies offer interesting opportunities. Secondly, I developed a new framework that extends the by-production approach through the introduction of some explicit dependence constraints that link the sub-technologies in order to build a unified system. Thirdly, an empirical comparison, using a sample of French sheep meat farms, of this by-production modelling extension with the existing approaches, revealed some inconsistencies of these latter. Finally, we expanded this new by-production formulation to account for dynamic aspects related to the presence of adjustment costs. The application to the case of French suckler cow farms underlined the necessity of accounting for dynamic aspects and also showed high heterogeneity in investment strategies of these farmers

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Prunet, Anne. « Les littéracies en français sur objectifs universitaires : étude d’un corpus contrastif de productions écrites argumentées et perspectives didactiques ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA112/document.

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Comment définir des objectifs d’apprentissage linguistiques spécifiques à un public d’étudiants allophones dans le domaine de la production écrite par l’étude d’un genre particulièrement représenté dans les littéracies universitaires : le texte argumentatif ? Partant de l’hypothèse de la nécessité d’un enseignement conjoint de la langue et des contenus disciplinaires, notre travail consiste à proposer des approches et modalités complémentaires aux outils du FLE « tout public » utilisés pour l’enseignement du français à l’université. Nous analysons d’abord ces outils du FLE : manuels de l’approche actionnelle, CECRL et certifications de langues (DELF/DALF et TCF), afin de mettre en exergue leurs apports pour un public étudiants allophones , mais aussi les lacunes qu’ils présentent pour une formation spécifiquement universitaire. Les études menées dans le domaine du FOU nous ont ensuite permis de formuler 5 hypothèses préalables à l’analyse de notre corpus contrastif. Ce corpus a été constitué dans le but d’identifier les besoins spécifiques des étudiants allophones dans l’exercice d’une production écrite argumentée. Il est constitué de productions d’étudiants allophones d’une part (corpus ETR) et francophones d’autre part (corpus FR). Nous présentons ce corpus et son analyse selon la typologie constituée sur la base de nos hypothèses de départ et proposons pour conclure une grille de critères permettant d’établir une évaluation diagnostique des compétences en littéracies universitaires. Enfin, nous soumettons quelques propositions didactiques pour des séances dans le cadre d’un enseignement de Français sur Objectifs Universitaires
How can we define the specific learning outcomes of non-native students of French within the area of written production ? In order to answer this question, we study a highly frequent genre within academic literacy : the argumentative text.Given the neccessity of jointly teaching language and discipline based contents, our study aims to add approaches and modalities to « general » French as a Foreign Language (FLE) used to teach French at university. Emphasizing both their added value to the teaching of non-native speakers and their shortcomings when dealing with French for academic purposes, we set out to analyse the following tools : textbooks following the action-oriented approach, CEFRL, and language certifications (such as TCF, DELF/DALF).Drawing on existing studies of French for academic purposes, we came up with five hypothesises prior to the study of a comparative corpus. This corpus was established in order to identify the non-native speakers’ specific needs when faced with an argumentative written production. It consists of both productions by non-native (corpus ETR) and native speakers of French (corpus FR). This material is presented and analysed within the frame of a typology based on our initial hypothesises resulting in a framework of criteria facilitating a diagnostic evaluation of the academic literacy competency. Finally, we give didactic suggestions for the teaching of French for academic purposes

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Stoltz, Joakim. « L'alternance codique dans l'enseignement du FLE : Étude quantitative et qualitative de la production orale d'interlocuteurs suédophones en classe de lycée ». Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11480.

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The aim of the present study is, firstly, to investigate the amount of Swedish and French that is produced by teachers and students in the foreign language classroom and, secondly, to examine in which situations the interlocutors code-switch and for what purposes the two languages are used. The study is based on empirical data consisting of audio recordings of interactions taking place in two different classrooms in Sweden. The study is carried out within an interactionist perspective on language teaching and learning, stressing that learning is situated in learners’ social and interactional practices. The empirical material has been categorized into five different groups according to the participation structure of each interaction and then analysed in two different parts, one quantitative and one qualitative. The quantitative analysis of the corpus established that the Swedish language is present in each of the categories. The results of the count of every turn and word pronounced in each language in the corpus show that many turns expressed by both teachers and students consist of a mixture of Swedish and French. This switching between different codes is the main object of the qualitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that the participation structure and the choice of activity types and how these are organised in the classroom are decisive for teachers’ and students’ code-switching. Furthermore, the teachers’ actions concerning the choice of language for the interaction as well as their strategies to deal with the presence of both languages are conclusive for the students’ oral production of French in class. The analysis also reveals that the more the teachers use the target language in a consistent way, the more the students try to express themselves in French even if they often code-switch. The study points out the complexity of speaking French in a classroom context, where the teachers have to deal with the fact that the Swedish language is almost always present and used by the learners for different purposes.
IPACLE

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Blumberg, Lucy E. « A Tale of Two Sisters : An Exploration of the Marquis de Sade and 21st Century Western Cultural Production ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/717.

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The Marquis de Sade has a notorious reputation amongst academics as a continuous figure of fictional and cultural studies. His characters, stories, and writings carry weight in modern interpretations of gender dynamics, pornographic aesthetics, and the alternative fantastical. This thesis will explore the Marquis de Sade’s most famous characters, Justine and Juliette, as means to define the Marquis’ significance to 21st Century Western culture production, particularly in Lars Von Trier’s Antichrist and E.L. James’ Fifty Shades of Grey. Exploring the female protagonists (or main characters) of the separate works, the correlations of subjugation, constructed morality, and the constructs of femininity become important markers for understanding the Marquis’ dissemination of his philosophies on gender, violence, and indulgent sexuality that leads to conversations on pornographic aesthetics in our modern period. Despite being dead for nearly 200 years, the Marquis de Sade’s relevance parades on in ideologies regarding female identity and sexual desires of the extreme.

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Manirambona, Fulgence. « Africanité et mondialisation à travers la production romanesque de la nouvelle génération d'écrivains francophones d'Afrique noire ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209947.

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Le roman africain de la nouvelle génération s’élabore au carrefour des langues et des cultures. Dans son orientation théorique et paratextuelle, le discours romanesque de la nouvelle génération se résume en une « modernité universalisante », lieu de l’articulation dialectique entre l’africanité et la mondialisation. Le contexte idéologique de création de cette littérature et le questionnement identitaire nous amènent à considérer l’africanité comme une notion dynamique et la mondialisation littéraire comme une ouverture à la concurrence et à la légitimité littéraire. Le discours péritextuel, ce haut lieu de la lisibilité/visibilité, amorce les stratégies de cette altérité que le romancier développe largement dans l’énonciation textuelle.

La reconfiguration de l’énonciation dégage les ressorts d’une écriture nouvelle marquée par une narration éclatée, une spatialité multiple et une innovation thématique. La transgression narrative s’intègre au rang des discours de la déconstruction caractéristique de la postmodernité et se donne à lire comme le reflet de l’être de l’entre-deux qu’est l’écrivain migrant comme d’ailleurs son protagoniste. L’espace dans lequel évolue ce dernier peut être interprété comme une transteritorialité dans laquelle se moule la création littéraire marquée du sceau de l’altérité et traduit la « transidentité » du personnage évoluant dans cet espace. La perspective thématique renforce cette idée de l’altérité mondiale structurant le récit africain contemporain. Elle s’engage dans la voie des mutations et des transgressions caractéristiques de la mise en relation de l’africanité et de la mondialisation comme lieu de l’écriture/lecture du roman contemporain.

Le mode d’écriture nous offre un cadre linguistique et stylistique dans lequel se joue l’altérité africanité-mondialisation. Le romancier de la nouvelle génération retravaille la langue française à l’aide des ingrédients des langues et des cultures dans lesquelles il baigne. Cette manipulation linguistico-stylistique est rendue possible par le jeu interlinguistique et le registre humoristico-ironique qui produisent une esthétique du « risible » face aux défis de l’altérité. L’écrivain africain contemporain, décomplexé par ces manipulations linguistique et stylistique, exploite les ressources de l’oralité en vue de concilier la pluralité des formes d’expression et des pratiques langagières de son environnement. Cette stratégie d’écriture produit une esthétique de l’oraliture, celle-là même qui, tout en exaltant les vertus de l’écriture, recourt aux différents procédés offerts par l’oralité, versant de l’africanité du texte contemporain, pour marquer une opposition contre l’écriture et l’Occident qui l’incarne./The African novel by the new generation is made at the meeting point of languages and cultures. In its theoretical and paratextual orientation, the fiction discourse by the new generation can be summed up as a « universality-oriented modernity », a place of dialectic link between africanity and globalization. The ideological context of creation of this literature and the identity questioning bring us to consider africanity as a dynamic notion and the literary globalization as a way to competition and literary legitimacy.

The peritextual discourse, which is a high place of readability/visibility, initiates the strategies of this otherness which the novelist develops largely in textual enunciation.

Reshaping the enunciation shows the motivation of a new writing characterized by a breaking up narration, a multiple area coverage and a thematic innovation. Narrative transgression is integrated in the rank of discourses of deconstruction characterizing postmodernity. It is to be read as a reflection of the being in the space between, this is the migrant writer as well as his protagonist. The space in which the latter evolves can be interpreted as a transterritoriarity in which is moulded literary creation sealed by otherness and shows « transidentity » of the character evolving in that space. The thematic perspective reinforces this idea of global otherness structuring the African contemporary narration. It moves into mutations and transgressions characterizing the relationship between africanity and globalization as a place of writing/reading of contemporary novel.

The writing mode gives us a linguistic and stylistic framework in which takes place the otherness africanity-globalization. The new generation novelist works on the French language he uses by means of ingredients of languages and cultures surrounding him. This linguistic and stylistic manipulation is made possible by an interlinguistic game and the humoristic and ironic register which produce aesthetics of the “funny” in front of otherness challenges. The contemporary African writer, encouraged by these linguistic and stylistic manipulations, exploits the oral ressources in order to reconcile the plurality of forms of expression and of language practices of his environment. This writing strategy produces aesthetics of orality, the one which, in addition to exalting the virtues of writing, has recourse to different procedures of orality, showing thus africanity of contemporary text, to mark an opposition against writing and the Western world which embodies it.

Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Petit, Elyse Barbara, et Elyse Barbara Petit. « Enhancing Visual and Critical Media Literacy in a Foreign Language Classroom through Media Production and Digital Storytelling : Students' Voice and Agency ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625588.

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Grounded in the a Pedagogy of Multiliteracies (New London Group, 1996), this dissertation reports on the implementation of a fourth semester French curriculum informed by Cope and Kalantzis's (2000, 2009, 2015) framework of learning by design, with a focus on visual and critical media literacy development to enable intermediate French students to consider multimodal texts from the perspective of consumers as well as producers and to understand the meaning potential that exists between and within the semiotic resources afforded in media production (Nelson and Kern, 2012). Drawing upon "the value of postmethod [and] postlinguistic teaching… which are not looking at language learning in the traditional sense… [but] rather at learners’ acquisition of… the ability to reflect on textualization and contextualization, considering language as one important dimension of semiosis among others" (Nelson and Kern, 2012, p. 61), this dissertation project examined how the frameworks of visual and critical media literacy within the process of design enhanced students' voice and agency in the foreign language classroom. The first inquiry aims to explore if and how a curriculum centered around visual and critical media literacies creates the conditions to 1) foster students' awareness of media ethics in the consumption and production of everyday media, and 2) engage students in a process of reflection upon the meanings created by semiotics resources used in mediated-texts, and their impact on shaping their vision of the world. Findings demonstrated that the implementation of visual and critical media literacy frameworks gave students the opportunity to reflect on their use of media and the ethical implications, and to foster students' greater understanding and interest in self-reflection and considerations of others. The second inquiry aims to demonstrate, through the production of digital storytelling, how instructors might address diversity in foreign language classrooms by 1) allowing students to connect universal themes (e.g. technology, friendship, immigration) with their personal stories, and 2) by giving them the opportunities to display their uniqueness by using their own voices and positioning themselves as participative agents for social change. Findings demonstrated that digital storytelling fosters classroom diversity by allowing the exploration of individual differences and enhancing the understanding of the distinctiveness of every individual. The third inquiry, a case study explores how Digital StoryTelling (DST) 1) contributes to students' understanding of the way semiotic resource choice and orchestration construct layers of meaning and satisfy the purposes of the message conveyed to the audience, and 2) supports students' agency through the process of design. Findings showed the potential of using multimodality projects as they allow students' emerging literacies to take center stage in the foreign language classroom and increase students’ agency and ‘semiotic agility’ (Prior, 2010; Thorne, 2013).

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Planella, Elisabeth. « Morphological inflection in second-language acquisition : the production of regular and irregular verbal inflection by native and non-native speakers of French ». Thesis, University of Salford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248878.

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Wottawa, Jane. « Production & ; Perception in a second language the case of French learners of German : evidence from large speech corpora, electroencephalography, and teaching ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA141.

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Ce projet de recherche vise à étudier la production et la perception de la parole chez les apprenants francophones de l’allemand. Un corpus de parole de 7 heures correspondant à trois tâches (imitation, lecture, description) a été enregistré. Il comprend des germanophones natifs et des apprenants francophones. Nous avons analysée les productions des segments intéressants d'après le cadre du SLM. Une étude de perception en EEG utilisant [h-ʔ], [ʃ-ç] et les voyelles courtes et longues a été réalisée sur des germanophones natifs et des apprenants francophones. Enfin, l'impact de l'enseignement sur l'amélioration des production et perception a été examiné à travers une étude longitudinale. L'étude de production montre que, suivant les tâches, les apprenants produisent le [h] en début de mot sans problème majeur. De même, ils peuvent produire des voyelles de durée contrastive. Cependant, pour les trois tâches, les apprenants ont plus de difficultés pour la production de la qualité vocalique, de [ç] et [ŋ]. Fait notable, la perception ne reflète pas toujours la production. Les apprenants tendent à ne pas percevoir le [h] en début de mot alors que la production de ce segment en répétition est bonne. À l'inverse, les apprenants perçoivent le contraste [ʃ-ç] mais sa production reste difficile. Seulement dans les voyelles courtes et longues, la perception reflète la production.L'étude d'enseignement montre que la conscience linguistique affecte différemment perception et production : une conscience linguistique accrue permet d'affiner la perception de phonèmes à contenu acoustique complexe et la production des phonèmes faciles à produire du point de vue articulatoire
This research project proposes to investigate the production and perception of German speech in French learners of German. A 7h speech corpus containing three production tasks (imitation, reading, description) produced by German natives and French learners was recorded. Segmental productions of challenging vowels and consonants were analysed according to the SLM. A perception experiment involving [h-ʔ], [ʃ-ç] and short and long vowels using EEG was carried out on German natives and French learners. Finally, the impact of pronunciation teaching on improved speech production and perception was investigated. Undergraduates following a stand-alone pronunciation class were recorded and performed perception tests before and at the end of the course. The production study showed that French learners may produce word-initial [h] faithfully. With regard to short and long vowels, contrasting vowel duration is produced. However, French learners encounter more difficulties with respect to vowel quality. This holds for the production of [ç] and [ŋ]. Interestingly, perception does not always mirror production. The EEG results showed that the perception of word-initial [h] is poor in French learners whereas production accuracy is good. On the contrary, French learners perceive the [ʃ-ç] contrast but its production remains difficult. Only in short and long vowels, perception mirrored production. The teaching study showed that the increased linguistic awareness may affect non-native speech perception and production in different ways: phones that are easy to produce from an articulatory point of view can benefit from teaching. Increased awareness helps to better perceive phones with rich acoustic information

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Dakpo, K. Hervé. « Non-parametric modelling of pollution-generating technologies : theoretical and methodological considerations, with an application to the case of greenhouse gas emissions in suckler breeding systems in French grassland areas ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10474.

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Résumé :

La prise en compte des problèmes environnementaux dans la responsabilité sociale des entreprises a généré en économie de nombreuses propositions. Parmi elles, le cadre d’analyse basé sur l’évaluation de la performance en utilisant notamment les techniques d’enveloppement des données (DEA) s’est très vite répandu dans la littérature théorique comme empirique. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans cette logique en mettant l’accent sur la modélisation des technologies polluantes. Par ailleurs, la question des changements climatiques et de la forte contribution de l’agriculture et en particulier de l’élevage dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) impose à ce secteur de relever aujourd’hui en plus du défi économique celui de l’amélioration de sa performance environnementale. L’objectif général de cette recherche doctorale est donc de fournir un nouveau cadre d’analyse théorique et empirique dans la modélisation des technologies polluantes afin d’évaluer l’éco-efficience des systèmes productifs, en particulier le cas des émissions de GES en élevage extensif de ruminants. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons les limites théoriques et méthodologiques des modèles existants. Néanmoins, nous insistons sur le fait que les approches basées sur l’estimation de plusieurs sous-technologies indépendantes pour prendre en compte les différents processus présents dans les systèmes productifs sont très prometteuses. Dès lors dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une nouvelle extension de la méthode « by-production » qui repose sur l’introduction d’interconnections entre les différentes sous-technologies impliquées afin de construire un système plus unifié. Dans un troisième temps, une comparaison empirique utilisant des données d’exploitations de viande ovine de notre extension avec les approches existantes a révélé certaines incohérences de ces dernières. Enfin pour aller plus loin, nous élargissons dans un quatrième temps notre approche afin de prendre en compte les aspects dynamiques et notamment la présence de coûts d’ajustement. Les résultats de l’analyse empirique entreprise avec des données d’exploitations bovines allaitantes (viande) ont révélé la nécessité de prendre en compte ces aspects, mais ont aussi révélé la forte hétérogénéité existante dans les stratégies d’investissements des éleveurs
The growing importance of environmental matters in social responsibility of firms has generated many frameworks of analysis in the economic literature. Among those frameworks, performance evaluation and benchmarking using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have increased at a very fast rate. This PhD research focuses on models that include undesirable outputs such as pollution in the overall production system, to appraise eco-efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). Besides, the recent awareness on the large contribution of agriculture and particularly livestock farming to global warming, has highlighted for this sector the challenge of reaching both economic and environmental performances. In this line, the overall objective of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical and empirical background in modelling pollution-generating technologies and to suggest theoretical improvements that are consistent with the particular case of greenhouse gas emissions in extensive livestock systems. Firstly, we showed that all existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs in the non-parametric analysis (i.e. DEA) have some strong drawbacks. However, the models grounded on the estimation of multiple independent sub-technologies offer interesting opportunities. Secondly, I developed a new framework that extends the by-production approach through the introduction of some explicit dependence constraints that link the sub-technologies in order to build a unified system. Thirdly, an empirical comparison, using a sample of French sheep meat farms, of this by-production modelling extension with the existing approaches, revealed some inconsistencies of these latter. Finally, we expanded this new by-production formulation to account for dynamic aspects related to the presence of adjustment costs. The application to the case of French suckler cow farms underlined the necessity of accounting for dynamic aspects and also showed high heterogeneity in investment strategies of these farmers

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Matuck, Fouad Camargo Abboud [UNESP]. « Docweb : análise do documentário on-line HayMotivo.com ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89466.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matuck_fca_me_bauru.pdf: 4537967 bytes, checksum: d737163765ca16c4c88373b6687f60c8 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho analisa a coletânea de vídeos HayMotivo.com, definida como documentário on-line (docweb), a partir do conceito e da abordagem histórica do documento como gênero, seus limites com o cinema de ficção e sua migração para o ambiente web. Depois, de descrito e contextualizado, HayMotivo.com é analisado na perspectiva englobante, a partir da aplicação do percurso gerativo do plano da expressão, de Jacques Fontanille, que permite explicitar a integração dos níveis de pertinência semiótica, enfatizando o objeto-suporte (internet) e as práticas e estratégias (técnicas audiovisuais utilizadas. Comprovado que HayMotivo.com representa uma nova prática de produção de documentário em ambiente web, escolhemos quatro vídeos, corpus desta pesquisa, para analisar numa perspectiva englobada: Español para extranjeros, Soledad, Kontrastasun e Catequesis. A aplicação do percurso gerativo do plano do conteúdo, de A. J. Greimas, permite uma análise mais fina, ao evidenciar os semas recorrentes e as oposições no nível profundo, os papéis actanciais e os objetos-valor no nível narrativo e as figuras, os temas e as marcas de enunciação e simulacros, no nível discursivo. A pesquisa teórica e a análise comparativa revelam outros aspectos que foram explicitados com a aplicação de alguns conceitos da gramática tensiva de Claude Zilberberg. Condensadas no Quadro de Categorias, as práticas e estratégias de HayMotivo.com serviram de alicerce para nosso exercício prático, a produção do docweb experimental Brincadeira de criança, publicado no Youtube.com, que representa o resultado principal de nossa pesquisa: a passagem da teoria à prática.
This work analyses the collection of videos HayMotivos.com, defined as an online documentary (docweb), from the concept and historical approach of documentary as a genre, its boderline with fiction cinema and its migration to the web environment. After it is described and contextualized, HayMotivo.com is analyzed in a comprehensive perspective, through the use of the generative process of the expression plan, by Jacques, Fontanille, which allows to make explicit the integration of the levels of semiotic pertinence, emphasizing the support-object (internet) as the practices and strategies (audiovisual techniques used). Once it has been proved that HayMotivo.com represents a new practice for the production of documentaries in the web, we chose four vídeos, corpus of this research, to analyze in an enclosed perspective: Español para extranjeros, Soledad, Kontrastasun and Catequesis. The use of generative process of the content plan, by A. J. Greimas, allows for a finer analysis, by evidencing recurring semes and deep level oppositions, actant roles and value objects in the narrative level and the pictures, thermes and enunciation marks and simulacrum, in discourse level. Thje theoretical research and the comparative analysis revealed other aspects which have been explicated through the use of some concepts of the tensive grammar by Claude Zilberberg. Condensed in the Category Table, the practices and strategies of HayMotivo.com served as basis for our practical exercise, the production of the experimental docweb Brincandeira de criança (Child play), published on Youtube.com, which represents the main result of our research: the passing from theory to practice.

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33

au, B. Bradshaw@Timbercorp com, et Ben Philip Bradshaw. « Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melanosporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia ». Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060327.92530.

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The black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) industry in Australia is relatively new and has enormous potential but some truffières (truffle farms) fail to meet anticipated harvest projections. Inappropriate soil conditions and climate, and the management of such factors are suggested as the primary reasons for inadequate yield. In addition, requirements for ascocarp initiation and development and the role of the host plant in such processes are unknown. This study examines interactions between European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) black truffle symbiont in a commercial truffière (Hazel Hill) in south-western Australia. Specific studies were initiated to examine the interactions of host physiology, mycorrhizal infection and the interaction with abiotic factors. The study related specific physiological processes of the host plant to the known life cycle of the black truffle to determine the role of the host plant in ascocarp production, if any. The work also examined the effect of silvicultural treatments intended to increase truffle production. A review of existing literature was undertaken to determine the key soil and climatic factors required for successful truffle production. Climatic conditions appeared more important than soil chemistry and structure in Western Australia, with significant seasonal variation in air and soil temperatures required plus irrigation to supplement summer rainfall. This information was used to define areas with potential for truffle production in the south-west of Western Australia: the cooler, high rainfall regions (>1000 mm annual rainfall) where there is sufficient seasonal variation in soil temperature and availability of adequate quantities of quality water for irrigation. Subsurface soil acidification and salinity, as well as groundwater salinity, are constraining factors. Lime amendment is necessary to create sufficiently high pH and CaCO3 levels required by the truffle fungus. A field trial was established to monitor the seasonal C dynamics of European hazel in the context of the life cycle of the black truffle. Maximum translocation of sucrose in the phloem sap coincided with the period of anticipated rapid growth of the truffle ascocarp implicating the use of current photosynthate in C nutrition of the ascocarp. Sampling of non-structural carbohydrates (NC) of above and belowground plant material indicated maximum storage of C in the host coincides with maturation of the ascocarp. These observations provide evidence of a synchronous growth habit of the plant host and the ascocarp. The C allocation patterns of European hazel in response to liming a loamy soil, taken from near the Hazel Hill truffière, and inoculation with ECM fungi (T. melanosporum, Hebeloma sp. and Scleroderma sp.) were examined in a glasshouse pot trial. Liming increased biomass allocation to the shoot and induced deficiencies of phosphorus and manganese. Colonisation by ECM fungi significantly increased net photosynthesis, indicating the sink strength of these fungi, but there was no relationship between the level of mycorrhizal infection and fine root NC. The maximum rate (40 g lime kg-1 soil) reduced infection by Hebeloma and Scleroderma and had no impact on T. melanosporum. Further, infection rates of T. melanosporum did not increase in response to lime suggesting lime is not necessary for ECM development in this soil type. Fertiliser is widely used in commercial truffières in Australia but the consequences for truffle production are unknown. In a field trial, the growth and physiological response of European hazel to forms of phosphorus (34 and 68 kg ha-1 apatite-P and 68 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate -P) and nitrogen (50 kg ha-1 of NO3- and NH4-N) were examined as well as the mycorrhizal response to fertiliser. Apatite-P increased phloem sap sucrose concentrations which was attributed to increased root biomass and associated sink capacity. Fertiliser application did not change fine root NC concentrations suggesting no increase in allocation of C to ECM structures. The highest rate of apatite-P decreased mycorrhizal infection rates of T. melanosporum and, most likely, was the result of increased infection rates of Hebeloma. In contrast to the literature relating to indigenous Australian ECM fungi, the highest rate of soluble-P did not decrease ECM infection rates in T. melanosporum. Nitrogen treatments increased foliar N content and improved gas exchange efficiency of plants, and had no adverse impact on the level of ECM infection. Fertilisation with N significantly increased soil respiration rates suggesting N limits mineralisation at this site. Some truffières manage the canopies of the host tree to ensure maximum exposure of the soil surface in order to increase soil temperatures. As there are no published data on the effect of pruning on black truffle production, a field trial was established to document the impact of canopy pruning on host physiology and soil temperature. The removal of 65% of canopy leaf area reduced phloem sap sucrose concentrations, soil respiration rate and the soluble: insoluble NC ratio of fine roots in the short term (1-3 weeks). There was no compensatory response of leaf gas exchange parameters as a result of pruning. Generally, there was no long term impact on plant physiological parameters as a result of pruning. Long term effects on soil temperature were observed as a result of pruning. Mean annual temperature and amplitude increased significantly beneath pruned trees and spring, summer and autumn soil temperatures increased as did diurnal variation as a result of pruning. Pruning did not increase winter soil temperatures and therefore would probably not impact on ascocarp maturation during this period. This research has provided insight into the C physiology of hazel associated with the black truffle and the consequences for truffle production. The results provide anecdotal evidence of direct C transfer between the host and the developing truffle, contrary to the existing paradigm that the ascocarp is saprotrophic for the majority of its growth and development. There is a need to validate this finding as there are consequences for management of commercial truffières. Liming of loam duplex soils can reduce the abundance of the most common competitor ECM fungi and should be encouraged in commercial truffières. Applying phosphorus and nitrogen to commercial truffières will improve growth rates of planted trees without adversely impacting on ECM infection by black truffle fungi, although the impact on truffle production remains unknown. It is anticipated truffle production will improve in the longer term as a result of pruning and prudent canopy management. Management options should include tree removal to reduce planting density and increase soil exposure in truffières. There is a need for longer term trials to be established to determine the C nutrition of the truffle ascocarp and to clearly define the key stages of the black truffle life cycle in Western Australia.

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34

Bradshaw, B. P. « Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melansporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia / ». Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060327.92530.

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35

Bradshaw, Ben Philip. « Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melanosporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia ». Thesis, Bradshaw, Ben Philip (2005) Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melanosporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/449/.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

The black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) industry in Australia is relatively new and has enormous potential but some truffieres (truffle farms) fail to meet anticipated harvest projections. Inappropriate soil conditions and climate, and the management of such factors are suggested as the primary reasons for inadequate yield. In addition, requirements for ascocarp initiation and development and the role of the host plant in such processes are unknown. This study examines interactions between European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) black truffle symbiont in a commercial truffiere (Hazel Hill) in south-western Australia. Specific studies were initiated to examine the interactions of host physiology, mycorrhizal infection and the interaction with abiotic factors. The study related specific physiological processes of the host plant to the known life cycle of the black truffle to determine the role of the host plant in ascocarp production, if any. The work also examined the effect of silvicultural treatments intended to increase truffle production. A review of existing literature was undertaken to determine the key soil and climatic factors required for successful truffle production. Climatic conditions appeared more important than soil chemistry and structure in Western Australia, with significant seasonal variation in air and soil temperatures required plus irrigation to supplement summer rainfall. This information was used to define areas with potential for truffle production in the south-west of Western Australia: the cooler, high rainfall regions (>1000 mm annual rainfall) where there is sufficient seasonal variation in soil temperature and availability of adequate quantities of quality water for irrigation. Subsurface soil acidification and salinity, as well as groundwater salinity, are constraining factors. Lime amendment is necessary to create sufficiently high pH and CaCO3 levels required by the truffle fungus. A field trial was established to monitor the seasonal C dynamics of European hazel in the context of the life cycle of the black truffle. Maximum translocation of sucrose in the phloem sap coincided with the period of anticipated rapid growth of the truffle ascocarp implicating the use of current photosynthate in C nutrition of the ascocarp. Sampling of non-structural carbohydrates (NC) of above and belowground plant material indicated maximum storage of C in the host coincides with maturation of the ascocarp. These observations provide evidence of a synchronous growth habit of the plant host and the ascocarp. The C allocation patterns of European hazel in response to liming a loamy soil, taken from near the Hazel Hill truffiere, and inoculation with ECM fungi (T. melanosporum, Hebeloma sp. and Scleroderma sp.) were examined in a glasshouse pot trial. Liming increased biomass allocation to the shoot and induced deficiencies of phosphorus and manganese. Colonisation by ECM fungi significantly increased net photosynthesis, indicating the sink strength of these fungi, but there was no relationship between the level of mycorrhizal infection and fine root NC. The maximum rate (40 g lime kg-1 soil) reduced infection by Hebeloma and Scleroderma and had no impact on T. melanosporum. Further, infection rates of T. melanosporum did not increase in response to lime suggesting lime is not necessary for ECM development in this soil type. Fertiliser is widely used in commercial truffieres in Australia but the consequences for truffle production are unknown. In a field trial, the growth and physiological response of European hazel to forms of phosphorus (34 and 68 kg ha-1 apatite-P and 68 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate -P) and nitrogen (50 kg ha-1 of NO3- and NH4-N) were examined as well as the mycorrhizal response to fertiliser. Apatite-P increased phloem sap sucrose concentrations which was attributed to increased root biomass and associated sink capacity. Fertiliser application did not change fine root NC concentrations suggesting no increase in allocation of C to ECM structures. The highest rate of apatite-P decreased mycorrhizal infection rates of T. melanosporum and, most likely, was the result of increased infection rates of Hebeloma. In contrast to the literature relating to indigenous Australian ECM fungi, the highest rate of soluble-P did not decrease ECM infection rates in T. melanosporum. Nitrogen treatments increased foliar N content and improved gas exchange efficiency of plants, and had no adverse impact on the level of ECM infection. Fertilisation with N significantly increased soil respiration rates suggesting N limits mineralisation at this site. Some truffieres manage the canopies of the host tree to ensure maximum exposure of the soil surface in order to increase soil temperatures. As there are no published data on the effect of pruning on black truffle production, a field trial was established to document the impact of canopy pruning on host physiology and soil temperature. The removal of 65% of canopy leaf area reduced phloem sap sucrose concentrations, soil respiration rate and the soluble: insoluble NC ratio of fine roots in the short term (1-3 weeks). There was no compensatory response of leaf gas exchange parameters as a result of pruning. Generally, there was no long term impact on plant physiological parameters as a result of pruning. Long term effects on soil temperature were observed as a result of pruning. Mean annual temperature and amplitude increased significantly beneath pruned trees and spring, summer and autumn soil temperatures increased as did diurnal variation as a result of pruning. Pruning did not increase winter soil temperatures and therefore would probably not impact on ascocarp maturation during this period. This research has provided insight into the C physiology of hazel associated with the black truffle and the consequences for truffle production. The results provide anecdotal evidence of direct C transfer between the host and the developing truffle, contrary to the existing paradigm that the ascocarp is saprotrophic for the majority of its growth and development. There is a need to validate this finding as there are consequences for management of commercial truffieres. Liming of loam duplex soils can reduce the abundance of the most common competitor ECM fungi and should be encouraged in commercial truffieres. Applying phosphorus and nitrogen to commercial truffieres will improve growth rates of planted trees without adversely impacting on ECM infection by black truffle fungi, although the impact on truffle production remains unknown. It is anticipated truffle production will improve in the longer term as a result of pruning and prudent canopy management. Management options should include tree removal to reduce planting density and increase soil exposure in truffieres. There is a need for longer term trials to be established to determine the C nutrition of the truffle ascocarp and to clearly define the key stages of the black truffle life cycle in Western Australia.

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36

Bradshaw, Ben Philip. « Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melanosporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia ». Bradshaw, Ben Philip (2005) Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melanosporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/449/.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

The black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) industry in Australia is relatively new and has enormous potential but some truffieres (truffle farms) fail to meet anticipated harvest projections. Inappropriate soil conditions and climate, and the management of such factors are suggested as the primary reasons for inadequate yield. In addition, requirements for ascocarp initiation and development and the role of the host plant in such processes are unknown. This study examines interactions between European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) black truffle symbiont in a commercial truffiere (Hazel Hill) in south-western Australia. Specific studies were initiated to examine the interactions of host physiology, mycorrhizal infection and the interaction with abiotic factors. The study related specific physiological processes of the host plant to the known life cycle of the black truffle to determine the role of the host plant in ascocarp production, if any. The work also examined the effect of silvicultural treatments intended to increase truffle production. A review of existing literature was undertaken to determine the key soil and climatic factors required for successful truffle production. Climatic conditions appeared more important than soil chemistry and structure in Western Australia, with significant seasonal variation in air and soil temperatures required plus irrigation to supplement summer rainfall. This information was used to define areas with potential for truffle production in the south-west of Western Australia: the cooler, high rainfall regions (>1000 mm annual rainfall) where there is sufficient seasonal variation in soil temperature and availability of adequate quantities of quality water for irrigation. Subsurface soil acidification and salinity, as well as groundwater salinity, are constraining factors. Lime amendment is necessary to create sufficiently high pH and CaCO3 levels required by the truffle fungus. A field trial was established to monitor the seasonal C dynamics of European hazel in the context of the life cycle of the black truffle. Maximum translocation of sucrose in the phloem sap coincided with the period of anticipated rapid growth of the truffle ascocarp implicating the use of current photosynthate in C nutrition of the ascocarp. Sampling of non-structural carbohydrates (NC) of above and belowground plant material indicated maximum storage of C in the host coincides with maturation of the ascocarp. These observations provide evidence of a synchronous growth habit of the plant host and the ascocarp. The C allocation patterns of European hazel in response to liming a loamy soil, taken from near the Hazel Hill truffiere, and inoculation with ECM fungi (T. melanosporum, Hebeloma sp. and Scleroderma sp.) were examined in a glasshouse pot trial. Liming increased biomass allocation to the shoot and induced deficiencies of phosphorus and manganese. Colonisation by ECM fungi significantly increased net photosynthesis, indicating the sink strength of these fungi, but there was no relationship between the level of mycorrhizal infection and fine root NC. The maximum rate (40 g lime kg-1 soil) reduced infection by Hebeloma and Scleroderma and had no impact on T. melanosporum. Further, infection rates of T. melanosporum did not increase in response to lime suggesting lime is not necessary for ECM development in this soil type. Fertiliser is widely used in commercial truffieres in Australia but the consequences for truffle production are unknown. In a field trial, the growth and physiological response of European hazel to forms of phosphorus (34 and 68 kg ha-1 apatite-P and 68 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate -P) and nitrogen (50 kg ha-1 of NO3- and NH4-N) were examined as well as the mycorrhizal response to fertiliser. Apatite-P increased phloem sap sucrose concentrations which was attributed to increased root biomass and associated sink capacity. Fertiliser application did not change fine root NC concentrations suggesting no increase in allocation of C to ECM structures. The highest rate of apatite-P decreased mycorrhizal infection rates of T. melanosporum and, most likely, was the result of increased infection rates of Hebeloma. In contrast to the literature relating to indigenous Australian ECM fungi, the highest rate of soluble-P did not decrease ECM infection rates in T. melanosporum. Nitrogen treatments increased foliar N content and improved gas exchange efficiency of plants, and had no adverse impact on the level of ECM infection. Fertilisation with N significantly increased soil respiration rates suggesting N limits mineralisation at this site. Some truffieres manage the canopies of the host tree to ensure maximum exposure of the soil surface in order to increase soil temperatures. As there are no published data on the effect of pruning on black truffle production, a field trial was established to document the impact of canopy pruning on host physiology and soil temperature. The removal of 65% of canopy leaf area reduced phloem sap sucrose concentrations, soil respiration rate and the soluble: insoluble NC ratio of fine roots in the short term (1-3 weeks). There was no compensatory response of leaf gas exchange parameters as a result of pruning. Generally, there was no long term impact on plant physiological parameters as a result of pruning. Long term effects on soil temperature were observed as a result of pruning. Mean annual temperature and amplitude increased significantly beneath pruned trees and spring, summer and autumn soil temperatures increased as did diurnal variation as a result of pruning. Pruning did not increase winter soil temperatures and therefore would probably not impact on ascocarp maturation during this period. This research has provided insight into the C physiology of hazel associated with the black truffle and the consequences for truffle production. The results provide anecdotal evidence of direct C transfer between the host and the developing truffle, contrary to the existing paradigm that the ascocarp is saprotrophic for the majority of its growth and development. There is a need to validate this finding as there are consequences for management of commercial truffieres. Liming of loam duplex soils can reduce the abundance of the most common competitor ECM fungi and should be encouraged in commercial truffieres. Applying phosphorus and nitrogen to commercial truffieres will improve growth rates of planted trees without adversely impacting on ECM infection by black truffle fungi, although the impact on truffle production remains unknown. It is anticipated truffle production will improve in the longer term as a result of pruning and prudent canopy management. Management options should include tree removal to reduce planting density and increase soil exposure in truffieres. There is a need for longer term trials to be established to determine the C nutrition of the truffle ascocarp and to clearly define the key stages of the black truffle life cycle in Western Australia.

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37

Huet, Lila. « Role of electric flexibility in the future French grid with high renewable integration ». Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263063.

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The operation of electric grids depends on the balance between the electric generation and the demand. In France, the Transmission System Operator, RTE, is responsible for the stability and the security of the grid. Today, the electric generation follows the variations of the demand. However, environmental concerns prompt to develop new strategies and policies for Energy Transition. The development of Smart Grids, the uncertain future of nuclear generation, the massive integration of renewable sources are the focus of those. Furthermore, renewable energies generation is intermittent and can not be controlled. The current strategy for the balance between generation and demand is challenged. The electric grid has to be readjusted by adding more electric flexibility to ensure its stability. The electric flexibility is usually associated to storage technologies as batteries or pumping stations. A state of art review is used to define this notion and to evaluate the technological and economic maturity of different electric flexibility vectors. The following report is based on a selection of prospective scenarios, development plans already launched in France, proposing a significant share of renewable energies in a future energy mix and current French energy data. Two studies were carried out : one at a regional level, for Bretagne and one at national level for France. An evaluation at 2050 is carried out to determine the load factors of intermittent energies, consumption and residual demand in Bretagne. On the basis of these prospective estimates, a need for electric flexibility can be determined for the Bretagne region. This first study highlights an issue related to future needs for electric flexibility. However, since the balance between production and consumption is achieved at a national level, a second study on France is necessary. The French need for electric flexibility is then estimated through a linear optimization that evaluates the energy production required to achieve a generation/consumption balance taking into account energy sources merit order.
Det franska elnätets funktion beror på balansen mellan elproduktionen och efterfrågan. Transmissionssystemoperatören, RTE, ansvarar för nätets stabilitet och säkerhet. Idag följer den elektriska generationen variationerna i efterfrågan. Miljömässiga frågor är emellertid snabba för att utveckla nya strategier och strategier för energiövergång. Utvecklingen av Smart Grids, den osäkra framtiden för kärnkraftsproduktion, den massiva integrationen av förnybara källor är deras fokus. Vidare är generering av förnybara energikällor intermittent och kan inte kontrolleras. Den nuvarande strategin för balans mellan produktion och efterfrågan utmanas. Elnätet måste justeras genom att lägga till mer elektrisk flexibilitet för att säkerställa stabiliteten. Den elektriska flexibiliteten är vanligtvis förknippad med lagringsteknik som batterier eller pumpstationer. En allmänt erkända tekniska används för att definiera denna uppfattning och att utvärdera den tekniska och ekonomiska mognaden hos olika elektriska flexibilitetsvektorer. Följande undersökningar grundar sig på ett urval av framtida scenarier, utvecklingsplaner som redan lanserats i Frankrike, och föreslår en betydande andel förnybara energikällor i en framtida energimix och nuvarande franska energidata. Två studier utfördes på olika perimetrar: på Bretagne-regionen och i Frankrike. En utvärdering vid 2050 utförs för att bestämma belastningsfaktorerna för intermittent energi, förbrukning och återstående efterfrågan i Bretagne. På grundval av dessa framtida uppskattningar kan ett behov av elektrisk flexibilitet bestämmas för Bretagne-regionen. Denna första studie lyfter fram ett problem som rör framtida behov av elektrisk flexibilitet. Men eftersom balansen mellan produktion och konsumtion uppnås på nationell nivå krävs en andra studie om Frankrike. Det franska behovet av elektrisk flexibilitet uppskattas sedan genom en linjär optimering som utvärderar den energiproduktion som krävs för att uppnå en generation / konsumtionsbalans med hänsyn tagen till energikällans meriteringsordning.
Le fonctionnement du réseau électrique français repose sur l’équilibre entre la production et la consommation d’électricité. Le gestionnaire du réseau de transport, RTE, est responsable de la stabilité et de la sécurité du réseau. Aujourd’hui, la production électrique s’adapte aux variations de la consommation. Cependant, des préoccupations environnementales incitent à la mise en place de nouvelles stratégies et politiques pour la transition énergétique. Le développement d’un réseau intelligent, l’avenir incertain du nucléaire et l’intégration massive d’énergies renouvelables sont au centre de celles-ci. De plus, la production électrique des énergies renouvelables s’avère intermittente et fatale. La stratégie actuelle du maintien de l’équilibre production/consommation est remise en question. Le système électrique doit être repensé en y intégrant plus de flexibilité électrique pour en garantir la stabilité. La flexibilité électrique est usuellement associée aux technologies de stockage comme les batteries électrochimiques et les STEP hydrauliques. Un état de l’art permet de définir précisément cette notion et d’évaluer la maturité technologique et économique en France de ces différents vecteurs de flexibilité électrique. L’objet des recherches suivantes est basé sur une sélection de scénarios prospectifs, de plans de développement d’ores et déjà lancés en France, proposant une part importante d’énergies renouvelables dans un futur mix énergétique et des données énergétiques actuelles françaises. Deux études ont été menées sur différents périmètres : sur la région Bretagne et sur la France entière. Une évaluation à 2050 est effectuée pour déterminer facteurs de charge des énergies intermittentes, consommation et demande résiduelle en Bretagne. A partir de ces estimations prospectives, un besoin en flexibilité peut être déterminé sur le périmètre de la Bretagne. Cette première étude permet de mettre en exergue une problématique liée aux futurs besoins de flexibilité électrique. Cependant, l’équilibre entre production et consommation étant réalisé à un niveau national, une seconde étude sur le périmètre français est nécessaire. Le besoin français en flexibilité est alors estimé par le biais d’une optimisation linéaire qui évalue la production énergétique nécessaire pour obtenir un équilibre production/consommation en tenant compte de la préséance économique.

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Matuck, Fouad Camargo Abboud. « Docweb : análise do documentário on-line HayMotivo.com / ». Bauru : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89466.

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Orientador: Maria Lúcia Vissotto Paiva Diniz
Banca: Mariza Bianconcini Teixeira Mendes
Banca: Nelyse Apparecida Melro Salzedas
Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a coletânea de vídeos HayMotivo.com, definida como documentário on-line (docweb), a partir do conceito e da abordagem histórica do documento como gênero, seus limites com o cinema de ficção e sua migração para o ambiente web. Depois, de descrito e contextualizado, HayMotivo.com é analisado na perspectiva englobante, a partir da aplicação do percurso gerativo do plano da expressão, de Jacques Fontanille, que permite explicitar a integração dos níveis de pertinência semiótica, enfatizando o objeto-suporte (internet) e as práticas e estratégias (técnicas audiovisuais utilizadas. Comprovado que HayMotivo.com representa uma nova prática de produção de documentário em ambiente web, escolhemos quatro vídeos, corpus desta pesquisa, para analisar numa perspectiva englobada: Español para extranjeros, Soledad, Kontrastasun e Catequesis. A aplicação do percurso gerativo do plano do conteúdo, de A. J. Greimas, permite uma análise mais fina, ao evidenciar os semas recorrentes e as oposições no nível profundo, os papéis actanciais e os objetos-valor no nível narrativo e as figuras, os temas e as marcas de enunciação e simulacros, no nível discursivo. A pesquisa teórica e a análise comparativa revelam outros aspectos que foram explicitados com a aplicação de alguns conceitos da gramática tensiva de Claude Zilberberg. Condensadas no Quadro de Categorias, as práticas e estratégias de HayMotivo.com serviram de alicerce para nosso exercício prático, a produção do docweb experimental Brincadeira de criança, publicado no Youtube.com, que representa o resultado principal de nossa pesquisa: a passagem da teoria à prática.
Abstract: This work analyses the collection of videos HayMotivos.com, defined as an online documentary (docweb), from the concept and historical approach of documentary as a genre, its boderline with fiction cinema and its migration to the web environment. After it is described and contextualized, HayMotivo.com is analyzed in a comprehensive perspective, through the use of the generative process of the expression plan, by Jacques, Fontanille, which allows to make explicit the integration of the levels of semiotic pertinence, emphasizing the support-object (internet) as the practices and strategies (audiovisual techniques used). Once it has been proved that HayMotivo.com represents a new practice for the production of documentaries in the web, we chose four vídeos, corpus of this research, to analyze in an enclosed perspective: Español para extranjeros, Soledad, Kontrastasun and Catequesis. The use of generative process of the content plan, by A. J. Greimas, allows for a finer analysis, by evidencing recurring semes and deep level oppositions, actant roles and value objects in the narrative level and the pictures, thermes and enunciation marks and simulacrum, in discourse level. Thje theoretical research and the comparative analysis revealed other aspects which have been explicated through the use of some concepts of the tensive grammar by Claude Zilberberg. Condensed in the Category Table, the practices and strategies of HayMotivo.com served as basis for our practical exercise, the production of the experimental docweb "Brincandeira de criança" (Child play), published on Youtube.com, which represents the main result of our research: the passing from theory to practice.
Mestre

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Le, Falher Olivier. « Mettre en forme le travail artistique : les ressources de l’incertitude dans l’accueil en résidence d’artistes plasticiens ». Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG1096/document.

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Depuis une trentaine d’années, les artistes plasticiens ont eu à se familiariser avec une panoplie de dispositifs de soutien public qui s’inscrivent en amont des œuvres, dans le processus même de création. Or ces formes d’intervention supposent une planification des ressources, des délais et des résultats à atteindre qui entre en contradiction avec la spécificité du travail artistique, faiblement prévisible dans son cours et son issue. Le soutien public du travail artistique peut-il se concilier avec une telle incertitude ? La thèse donne une réponse positive à cette question, en s’appuyant sur l’accueil en résidence d’artistes plasticiens en France, forme emblématique de socialisation du temps et de l’espace de travail des artistes. Ce terrain permet d’étudier le travail artistique à partir des ensembles de documents qui le mettent en forme et l’instituent. En mobilisant les sciences de l’information et de la communication, l’analyse compare ainsi, en première partie, deux discours sur les résidences énoncés par l’Etat, puis en deuxième partie, les textes d’un échantillon d’appels à candidature destinés aux artistes. Dans les deux cas, la recherche fait apparaître une tension entre des conceptions divergentes du travail artistique, selon que l’artiste est consacré dans une pure posture d’expérimentation et de recherche, ou qu’il s’inscrit dans une relation d’échange finalisée, plus proche de la commande ou de l’animation. L’analyse se prolonge en troisième partie en se focalisant sur les résidences d’artistes plasticiens à Marseille. A travers l’étude des chaînes de « médiations de production », depuis la sélection des artistes jusqu’à l’exposition de leurs œuvres en passant par les commentaires sur leurs projets, l’indétermination du travail artistique apparaît comme une ressource pour les responsables des structures, qui peuvent ainsi faire valoir leur expertise dans l’intervalle qui sépare les prémisses d’une oeuvre de sa version définitive. Croisant l’analyse de discours, l’observation participante et les entretiens, la recherche propose finalement d’envisager l’incertitude comme une composante conventionnelle, à la fois routinière et prévisible, du soutien public du travail artistique
During the last thirty years, visual artists have had to familiarize themselves with a wide range of public support devices that operate long before the art works are completed and that are part of the creation process itself. This kind of partnership requires advance planning of the resources, the duration and the goals to be achieved, all of which seem in contradiction with the specificity of an artist’s work, where both the process and the final result are never entirely predictable. Can public support policies for artistic creation fit into this kind of uncertainty ? I answer this question positively, basing myself on a study of Artist in Residence programs for visual artists in France. Such programs are a typical means of socializing both the time and the space of an artist’s work. Thus I examine the artistic work by studying the documents which both shape and institutionalize it. Through the Communication Sciences, I first compare two official texts on Artist in Residence programs, and secondly I examine a corpus of calls for applications sent out to visual artists. In both cases I highlight the tension between two contrasting visions of artistic work. Either the artist is recognized for his experimentation and his research alone, or he is engaged for a commissioned work within a well-defined cultural program. In the third part of this study, I look at the Artist in Residence programs for visual artists in the city of Marseille. I examine the different mediations along the chain of artistic production, from the selection of the artist through to the exhibiting of the finished work(s), and including the commentaries around the project. We see that the uncertainty surrounding the artistic creation appears, in fact, to be a means for those in charge of these programs to share their expertise (and actively participate) within the period of time that separates the beginning of an art work from its finished version. This thesis, by associating the discourse analysis and the qualitative methods (observations and interviews), posits that the uncertainty discussed above is, in fact, a conventional, predictable and routine dimension of public support for artistic creation

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Tuelle-Pambo, Imelda. « L’exploration-production offshore des hydrocarbures : prévention, répression et réparation des déversements illicites d’hydrocarbures ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0263.

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Dans l’attente d’une augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique, les énergies fossiles, telles que les hydrocarbures, restent encore la première source d’approvisionnement énergétique de l’Homme. La raréfaction des hydrocarbures sur le continent conduit les industriels à se tourner vers l’offshore. Ainsi, aux Etats-Unis (1er pays producteur de pétrole au monde en 2015), la production pétrolière offshore (principalement concentrée dans le Golfe du Mexique) représente plus de la moitié de la production nationale totale de pétrole. La France, quant à elle, se tourne désormais vers l’exploration de sa très grande zone offshore s’étendant sur les quatre coins du monde (notamment au large des côtes guyanaises). Une telle importance économique ne doit pas passer sous silence la dangerosité de l’exploitation pétrolière offshore. L’explosion du Deepwater Horizon en avril 2010, au large des côtes de la Louisiane (Golfe du Mexique ; Etats-Unis) en est une parfaite illustration (11 salariés tués, endommagement de l’écosystème, victimes collatérales, etc.). Le droit doit pouvoir appréhender efficacement les risques générés par l’exploitation des hydrocarbures en offshore. L’étude comparative des législations française et états-unienne met en exergue les carences du droit français. L’exploitation des ressources minérales du plateau continental des Etats-Unis, la répression des déversements illicites d’hydrocarbures et, la réparation des dommages qui en résultent, sont régies par des lois fédérales spéciales. A contrario, l’exploitation du plateau continental et de la Zone économique exclusive française s’inscrit dans un cadre législatif et règlementaire plus général. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de proposer une réforme de la législation actuelle. Dans cette optique, ce travail a vocation à émettre des propositions de réforme. La nouvelle législation française spéciale doit être pensée dans une approche systémique. Les éléments qui composent le système doivent interagir. Le premier élément est un régime optimal de prévention qui, s’articule autour de la sécurité des travailleurs et des installations. Le second élément est un régime de répression des infractions à la législation de prévention et, du délit de pollution par les hydrocarbures. Le troisième élément est un régime d’indemnisation civile de plein droit des conséquences dommageables de l’accident pétrolier (lorsqu’il n’est pas couvert par le régime exclusif d’indemnisation des accidents du travail) et du déversement d’hydrocarbures. Responsabilités pénale et civile concourent par ailleurs à la prévention par la dissuasion, cela en vue d’une meilleure internalisation des risques dans la politique managériale des entreprises pétrolières et parapétrolières intervenant sur les sites
Waiting for a complete change to the development of renewable energies, fossil energies, such as conventional oil and gas, remain still the primary source of energy supply. The rarefaction of conventional oil on the continent has lead major oil companies to turn to the offshore. Thus, in the United States (First oil producer country in the world in 2015) the offshore oil exploitation (mainly concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico) represents more than half of the national oil production. France, as for it, turns now to the exploration of its very great offshore zone extending on the four world’s corners (particularly, off the Guyana’s coasts). This significant economic development should not overlook the dangerousness of offshore oil activities. The explosion of Deepwater Horizon in April 2010, off the Louisiana’s coasts (Gulf of Mexico, The United States) is a perfect illustration (11 killed employees, ecosystem damaged, collateral victims, etc). The Law must be able to frame the risks generated by the offshore oil activities. The comparative study of French and American legal systems highlights French law’s gaps. The exploitation of the American continental shelf’s mineral resources, the repression of unlawful oil discharges and, the remedies of damages, which result from it, are governed by special federal laws. A contrario, the exploitation of the French continental shelf and exclusive economic Zone is governed by general laws. It thus appears necessary to promote a reform of the current legislation. Accordingly, this work is to put forth reform proposals. The special French new legislation must be worked out in a systemic approach. The elements which compose the system must interact. The first element is an optimal prevention that is articulated around the security of the workers and the installations. The second element is the repression of the offenses to the legislation of prevention and, unlawful oil discharges. The third element is a strict liability for the damages result from oil accident (when they are not covered by the exclusive liability for the damages result from occupational accidents) and oil spill. Criminal and civil liabilities also contribute to the prevention by the deterrent for better consideration of risks in the management of oil companies and others companies involving in offshore oil activities

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Moussodji, Elie Stelle. « Le discours politique du dictateur dans les littératures africaine-francophone et hispano-américaine : construction et production du sens ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100005/document.

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Le discours politique du dictateur dans les champs littéraires africain et hispano-américain offre des perspectives d’étude immenses. En effet, la politique étant un milieu d’échange social, étudier les mécanismes de production du discours politique du dictateur et la construction de son sens par son auditoire est un domaine que nous avions souhaité explorer. Notre thèse a pour but de montrer justement, les mécanismes de production du discours du dictateur et comment l’auditoire élabore le travail d’encodage et de décodage de ce discours. Le but étant de mettre en évidence les différentes données qui contribuent à l’élaboration de ce sens, et de voir la participation de chacun des personnages actants à ce travail de collaboration. Nous avons abordé ce travail sous deux angles qui sont aussi ceux par lesquels se construit le sens du discours politique du dictateur dans nos œuvres corpus. Cette thèse met en lumière la construction, d’abord extra linguistique, du mécanisme de production et de construction du sens du discours du dictateur dans les champs littéraires choisis comme base pour notre étude. Et ensuite, nous avons mis les éléments langagiers qui concourent à la construction du sens. Notre méthode de recherche nous a contraint à faire appel à trois champs linguistiques sans lesquels nous n’aurions pu mener à bien cette recherche. La pragmatique nous a donc permis de faire une étude des éléments liés au contexte d’émission du discours qui rentrent en compte dans le processus d’encodage et de décodage du discours. Nous avons ensuite eu recours à la rhétorique qui nous a permis de voir comment le dictateur construit sa stratégie de discours et comment il élabore son argumentation. Et pour finir, la sémiologie nous a aidée dans la mise en évidence des moyens langagiers de construction du sens
The political speech of the dictator in the African and Spanish-American literary fields offers huge perspectives of study. Indeed, the politics being an environment of social exchange, to study the mechanisms of production of the political speech of the dictator and the constructions of its sense by his public is a domain which we had wished to explore. Our thesis aims at showing exactly, the mechanisms of production of the speech of the dictator and how the public develops the work of encoding and decoding of this speech. The purpose being to highlight the various data which contribute to the elaboration of this sense, and to see the participation of each of the characters agents in this work of collaboration. We approached this work under two angles which are also the ones by whom builds itself the sense of the political speech of the dictator in our works corpus. This thesis brings to light the construction, at first extra linguistic, of the mechanism of production and construction of the sense of the speech of the dictator in the literary fields chosen as basis as our study. And then, we put the linguistic elements which contribute to the construction of the sense. Our method of research forced to us to call on to three linguistic fields without which we would not have been able to bring to a successful conclusion this research.The pragmatics thus allowed us to make a study of elements bound to the context of broadcast of the speech which go in account into the process of encoding and decoding of the speech. We then resorted to the rhetoric which allowed us to see how the dictator built his strategy of speech and how he develops his argumentation. And to finish, the semiology helped us in the highlighting of the linguistic ways of construction of the sense

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Maurová, Paillereau Nikola. « Perception et production des voyelles orales du français par des futures enseignantes tchèques de Français Langue Etrangère (FLE) ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA030004/document.

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Cette étude acoustico-perceptive concerne les limites de la perception et de la production des voyelles orales du français [i, e, ɛ, a, u, o, ɔ, y, ø, œ], en isolation et en contextes consonantiques divers, chez dix tchécophones, futures enseignantes de Français Langue Étrangère (FLE). Les résultats montrent que (1) La maîtrise phonétique des voyelles dépend de leurs graphies et de l’entourage consonantique. (2) Les voyelles fermées [i, y, u] et le [a] sont globalement maîtrisées avec authenticité. (3) Les capacités de perception des contrastes entre les voyelles moyennes e/ɛ, ø/œ et o/ɔ ainsi que leur production sont limitées. Ces résultats ne sont que partiellement en accord avec les prédictions établies à partir du Speech Learning Model (SLM) de Flege (1995), basé sur la notion de similarité phonétique qui existe entre la langue maternelle (LM) et la langue étrangère (LE)
This acoustic-perceptual study concerns the limits of perception and production of French oral vowels [i, e, ɛ, a, u, o, ɔ, y, ø, œ], in isolation and in different consonantal contexts, in ten pre-service Czech teachers of French as a Foreign Language (FFL). The results show that (1) Phonetic proficiency in vowels depends on their spellings and consonantal context. (2) Vowels [i, y, u] and [a] are generally mastered with authenticity. (3) The ability to hear contrasts between the vowels e/ɛ, ø/œ and o/ɔ and pronounce them is limited. These results are only partially consistent with the predictions established in the Speech Learning Model (SLM) by Flege (1995), based on the notion of phonetic similarity between the mother tongue (MT) and the foreign language (FL)

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Rinaldo, Raphaëlle. « Certification, biocomplexité et valorisation des Lauracées de Guyane française ». Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0516/document.

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Face aux difficultés d’identification des arbres de la famille des Lauracées et dans un but d’établissement d’une production durable et certifiée d’huiles essentielles, l’entreprise KLR a voulu mettre en place un nouvel outil d’identification multi-critères qui consiste à croiser plusieurs types de caractères afin d’obtenir une détermination taxonomique fiable.Trois méthodes d’identification ont été utilisées : la chimie (analyse de l’odeur de l’écorce), le code barre génétique et l’anatomie du bois. Une analyse par positionnement multidimensionnel non-métrique a permis de faire un tri des critères anatomiques du bois pertinents dans l’identification des Lauracées étudiées, au final 14 critères ont été retenus. D’après les données anatomiques dont nous disposons, nous proposons une clé de détermination au genre. En génétique, la technique de code barres de la région chloroplastique intergénique trnH-psbA a été appliquée aux individus récoltés. En comparant les séquences de tous les individus, 40% des individus peuvent être identifiés au genre car ils présentent des haplotypes uniques. Des haplotypes au sein des genres ont été déterminés et permettent d’identifier l’espèce pour 40 à 100 % des individus selon le genre. L’analyse SPME de l’odeur des écorces a permis de définir pour chaque espèce une carte d’identité chimique à partir des molécules majoritaires. Des chémotypes ont été définis au sein des espèces Licaria cannella, Ocotea indirectinervia et Sextonia rubra. Ces trois domaines d’observation ont permis de constituer une base de type Xper2 pour l’identification.Un criblage des essences intéressantes de par leur rendement en huile essentielle a été effectué. En ce qui concerne la partie extraction de l’huile essentielle, trois espèces montrent un rendement en huile essentielle de l’écorce supérieur à 0,3% et 5 espèces montrent un rendement en huile essentielle du bois supérieur à 0,3%. Les évaluations olfactives menées par un expert ont permis de séparer les huiles distillées en 5 différentes notes. Nous avons jugé intéressant de savoir si l’outil d’identification multicritère pouvait prédire les compositions et rendements en huile essentielle de l’espèce identifiée avant l’abattage de l’arbre. Des études complémentaires ont donc été menées. Pour plus de la moitié des arbres, la signature de l’écorce, la composition de l’huile essentielle de l’écorce et la composition de l’huile essentielle du bois sont similaires. La tentative d’établir un lien entre les caractéristiques des cellules à huile et le rendement s’est avérée infructueuse
In order to develop a sustainable production of certified essential oils extracts, the compangy KLR has struggled with the identification of the trees from the family of Lauraceae. This is the main reason that led to the project of creating an identification tool for this family.This tool would be based on three approaches: chemistry (chemical signature of the dark), wood anatomy and genetic barcoding. By means of a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, we selected a list of 14 relevant wood anatomical features that can identify the trees to the genera. For the genetics, the barcoding of trnH-psbA an intergenic region of the DNA has been used. When comparing all the sequences from all the individuals, 40% of the individuals can be identified to the genera because of their specific haplotype. Haplotypes within the genera have also been established. Chemical identity cards have been set with the SPME analysis technique and chemotypes have been defined inside the species Licaria cannella, Ocotea indirectinervia and Sextonia rubra. These three identification approaches allowed us to construct an identification tool on Xper².During the study, we aimed to screen what species would be interesting for its essential oil yield. Three species showed an essential oil bark yield above 0.3%. five species showed an essential oil wood yield above 0.3%. An expert held an olfactory evaluation on the oils and divided the essential oils in five olfactory groups. We found it relevant to improve the identification tool by trying to predict the compositions of the oils before the three was cut down. In the case of the half of trees studied by SPME analyses, the composition of the wood and the bark essential oils were similar. On the other hand, no link was found between the oil cells dimensions and the essential oil yield

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Russo, Giovanni. « La différenciation et la neutralisation des termes d'origine française dans le dialecte de Campanie : analyse des textes de la musique traditionnelle napolitaine et de la production néo-mélodique ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3121.

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Les dialectes, comme on a déjà vu, sont des entités destinées à évoluer sans cesse. Beaucoup plus que les langues traditionnelles, les plus diffusées. Faire des prévisions en linguistique est un exercice impossible, d'un côté et inutile de l'autre. Cela ne sert à rien en effet. Le phénomène néo-mélodique avec lequel, on l’a plusieurs fois déclaré dans cette recherche, le dialecte s'identifie complètement, est destiné à évoluer continuellement. On arrivera à un niveau de saturation auquel suivra un déclin inévitable. Est-ce que le dialecte napolitain suivra cette parabole ? Ou est-ce qu'il se distinguera, en récupérant une propre autonomie d'existence en re parcourant des dynamiques différentes ? Quel sera le destin du dialecte en général ? Si nous lisons les données de l’ISTAT de moins en moins de personnes seront intentionnées et motivées à s'exprimer en dialecte. Les média aujourd'hui ont une capacité de conditionnement impressionnante. Leurs services sont homologuants et à la longue ils finiront par délimiter toujours plus le domaine de l’utilisation du parler dialectal. C’est ce que nous pouvons prévoir en analysant la situation aujourd'hui. Est-ce que ce sera ainsi ? Est-ce que ce sera vrai ? Personne ne peut le dire. En linguistique les marges de l’impondérabilité et de l’imprévisibilité sont toujours plutôt consistantes
This text is an analysis of the progessive disappear terms of French origin in Neapolitan dialect . It is a linguistic phenomenon that in recent times there has been more intensively. The research is divided into five chapters in which they are analyzed the texts of traditional and neomelodic Neapolitan music.The basic thesis is that the Neapolitan dialect, over time, has seen an increasing reduction of terms of French origin: the music of the neomelodic singers of latest generation has little in common with the nineteenth century Neapolitan dialect. It is characterized by an essential language, where the phonetic element prevails over the graphic form. The sound is more important than the written word. The Neapolitan dialect, used in music, has been increasingly influenced by the Anglo-Saxon spoken

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Tran, Thi Thuy Hien. « Processus d’acquisition des clusters et autres séquences de consonnes en langue seconde : de l’analyse acoustico-perceptive des séquences consonantiques du vietnamien à l’analyse de la perception et production des clusters du français par des apprenants vietnamiens du FLE ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENL028/document.

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Une des principales difficultés rencontrées par les Vietnamiens apprenants du français langue étrangère, une des plus résistantes aux enseignements de phonétique corrective, est la prononciation des groupes consonantiques intra- ou inter-syllabiques, intra- ou inter-mots du français. Quelles sont alors les véritables raisons de ces difficultés ? C'est à cette question que tente de répondre ce travail d'étude doctorale. La thèse aborde une problématique qui s'inscrit dans le cadre de recherches sur les capacités à percevoir les gestes de l'autre puisque des travaux récents montrent que la capacité à retrouver les caractéristiques du contrôle des gestes des articulateurs passe par la perception du signal qui encode ces gestes. Dans ce cadre théorique liant perception et action et à partir d'une comparaison des séquences consonantiques dans les deux langues en prenant en compte la notion de syllabe, il s'est agi d'identifier et expliquer un ensemble de facteurs acoustico-perceptifs et articulatoires responsables de la difficulté à réaliser les groupes consonantiques du français par des apprenants vietnamiens. La thèse propose un ensemble de résultats tout à fait intéressants qui sont discutés à la lumière des différentes théories et modèles d'acquisition des sons des langues étrangères. Ces résultats pourront trouver application dans le développement d'un outil de technologie éducative pour l'apprentissage du français par des Vietnamiens (et sur une échelle d'application plus large pour l'apprentissage des langues en général) capable de proposer des protocoles en phonétique corrective tels que stratégies de récupération des gestes (entraînements) et évaluation des performances des apprenants
One of the main difficulties faced by Vietnamese learners of French as a foreign language, and one of the most resistant to repair through corrective phonetics, is the pronunciation of French consonant groups, whether within or across syllables or words. What are the real reasons for these difficulties? This study attempts to answer that question. The thesis addresses an issue raised by investigations on the capacity to perceive the others' gestures. In fact, recent works show that the ability to access the articulators' gestural control characteristics is mediated by the perception of the signal which encodes these gestures. In this theoretical framework linking perception and action, and through comparison of consonant sequences and syllable structures in both languages, this study identifies and explains a number of acoustic-perceptual and articulatory factors responsible for the difficulty of the French consonant groups for Vietnamese learners. The results of the study are discussed in light of different theories and models of sound acquisition of foreign languages. These results could be applied to the development of an educational technology tool for teaching French to the Vietnamese (or more broadly for language learning in general), a tool which could propose corrective phonetics strategies (such as gestural recovery training) and performance assessment of learners

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Neagu, Pétrisor Adrian. « Représentations phonétiques et identification des syllabes occlusive - voyelle en français ». Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0040.

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Le but de cette these est de chercher comment les connaissances fondamentales sur la perception et la production de la parole peuvent ameliorer la performance des systemes de reconnaissance automatiques de la parole. Dans la premiere partie, nous etudions les voyelles orales. Nous proposons r1-3, un jeu de parametres derive de celui des formants f1-3. Nous montrons que ce jeu inspire des resonances du conduit vocal est performant pour le passage homme - femme dans l'identification des voyelles. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous etudions les occlusives sourdes du francais /p/, /t/ et /k/. Un test de perception utilisant des monstres acoustiques conflictuels a ete mis en uvre. Nous montrons que la pregnance relative des segments sourd et voise de la syllabe depend fortement du contexte vocalique. L'influence du vot et de l'amplitude relative des segments dans cette balance perceptive est etudiee. Une analyse acoustique detaillee nous permet de rendre compte de la collaboration subtile des indices pour l'identification du lieu d'articulation de la consonne en contexte anterieur. Base sur des calculs d'information mutuelle, nous proposons s1-3, un jeu de parametres pour le spectre de relachement des occlusives. Parmi les differentes architectures de reconnaissance testees, ce jeu est le seul a expliquer la perception des monstres bi-contexte. Nos donnees permettent d'expliquer les resultats contradictoires rapportes dans la litterature et montrent que l'introduction des connaissances a priori ameliore les taux d'identification dans les cas les plus difficiles pour le decodage acoustico-phonetique.

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May, Adrian. « Lignes, an intellectual revue : twenty-five years of politics, philosophy, art and literature ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251334.

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The thesis takes the French revue Lignes (1987-present) as its object of study to provide a new account of French intellectual culture over the last twenty-five years. Whilst there are now many studies covering the role of such revues throughout the twentieth-century, the majority of such monographs extend no further than the mid-1980s: the major novelty of this thesis is extending these accounts up until the present moment. It is largely assumed that a reaction against the Marxist and structuralist theories of the 1960s and 1970s led to embrace of liberalism and an intellectual drift to the right in France from the 1980s onwards: whilst largely supporting this account, the thesis attempts to nuance this narrative of the fate of the intellectual left in the following years by showing the persistence of what can be called a politicised 'French theory' in Lignes, and a returning left-wing militancy in recent years. In doing so, it will both reveal under-studied aspects of well-known thinkers, such as Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Rancière and Alain Badiou, as their thought develops through their participation in a collaborative, periodical publication, and introduce lesser known thinkers who have not received an extended readership in Anglophone spheres. Lignes also argues for the continued persistence and relevance of the thought of a previous generation of thinkers, notably Georges Bataille, Maurice Blanchot and Dionys Mascolo, and the thesis concludes by examining the potential role 'French Theory' could still have in France. Furthermore, as revues provide a unique nexus of intellectual, cultural, social and political concerns, the thesis also provides a unique history of France from the fall of the Berlin Wall to the 2007 financial crisis and the Arab Spring. Much of the thesis is concerned with contextualising intellectual debates within a period characterised by the moralisation of discourses, a return of religion, the global installation of neo-liberalism and the eruption of immigration as a controversial European issue. From a relatively theoretical and politically stable position to the left of the Parti socialiste, Lignes therefore provides a privileged vantage point for the mutations in French social and cultural life throughout the period.

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Maneuvrier-Hervieu, Paul. « La Normandie dans l'économie Atlantique au 18e siècle : production, commerce et crises ». Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC032.

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Après les longues années de guerres louis-quatorziennes, le retour de la paix en Europe et sur les mers marque le début d’une nouvelle période dans l’histoire de la Normandie. En l’espace de quelques années, les ports renouent avec la croissance suite à la mise en valeur des colonies et à la reprise des activités commerciales. L’arrivée massive des produits coloniaux et en particulier du « roi coton » entraine de nombreux changements dans les centres urbains et les campagnes où la filature connait une progression fulgurante. Le développement de l’économie atlantique et son importance pour l’économie de la Normandie n’est cependant pas sans conséquence. Même si elle apporte une certaine aisance et permet à de nombreux habitants des campagnes d’assurer leur subsistance quotidienne, elle a dans le même temps scellé le sort d’une partie de la population à l’activité commerciale et aux vicissitudes de l’industrie textile alors en plein essor. À partir d’une analyse quantitative et spatiale, l’objectif de cette thèse, en s’intéressant aux crises et aux émeutes de subsistances, est d’étudier les conséquences de l’intégration de la Normandie à l’économie atlantique. Au-delà d’un réexamen des crises qui éclatent entre la paix d’Utrecht et la guerre d’Indépendance américaine, cette recherche s’articule autour de deux périodes emblématiques marquées par d’importantes transformations. La première est celle engendrée par la signature en 1786 du traité de commerce dit d’Eden-Rayneval entre la France et l’Angleterre qui met un terme à la politique mercantiliste en vigueur depuis 1713. La seconde est celle de la crise provoquée par la révolution française, la révolte des esclaves de Saint-Domingue en 1791, et le retour de la guerre sur les mers en 1793
After the long years of the Louis XIV’s wars, the return of peace in Europe and on the seas represented the beginning of a new era in the history of Normandy. Within a few years, ports were back on the road to growth thanks to thedevelopment of the colonies and the resumption of commercial activities. The massive arrival of colonial products and in particular of the "cotton king", brought about many changes in urban centres and countryside where spinning was booming. The development of the Atlantic economy and its importance for the Norman economy was, however,not without consequences. Even if it brought a certain ease and enabled many rural inhabitants to ensure their daily subsistence, it sealed at the same time the fate of a part of the population to the commercial activities and the vicissitudes of the textile industry, which was rapidly expanding. This dissertation relies on a quantitative and spatial analysis, with a focus on crises and subsistence riots, to study the consequences of the integration of Normandy in the Atlantic economy. Beyond a re-examination of the crisis that erupted between the Peace of Utrecht and the American War of Independence, this research focuses on two emblematic periods marked by major transformations. The signature in 1786 of the so-called Eden-Rayneval trade treaty between France and England, which put an end to the mercantilist policy in force since 1713, marked the beginning of the first period. The second is that of the crisis caused by the French Revolution, the revolt of the slaves in Saint-Domingue in 1791, and the return of the war on the seas in 1793

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Michelas, Amandine. « Caractérisation phonétique et phonologique du syntagme intermédiaire en français : de la production à la perception ». Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764624.

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Le travail présenté ici est sous-tendu par deux observations majeures. Premièrement, la plupart des modèles proposés pour le français s'accordent sur l'existence de deux niveaux de structure prosodique: le syntagme accentuel et le syntagme intonatif. Deuxièmement, bien que l'existence d'un niveau additionnel de structure situé entre ces deux niveaux ait été proposé pour le français, les propriétés phonétiques et phonologiques de ce constituant n'ont pas clairement été définies. Dans cette thèse nous avons fourni des preuves de l'existence du syntagme intermédiaire (ip) à la fois en production et en perception de la parole. Grâce à cinq expérimentations menées dans le cadre de la phonologie de laboratoire, nous avons caractérisé les propriétés phonético-phonologiques de ce constituant et attesté de son rôle dans le traitement perceptif du langage. Les résultats obtenus en production montrent que l'ip est le domaine de l'abaissement des accents mélodiques en français. Sa frontière droite est marquée par un allongement pré-frontière ainsi qu'un accent de syntagme responsable du retour à la ligne de référence du registre. Les analyses menées en perception ont montré que les frontières droites du syntagme accentuel et du syntagme intermédiaire sont utilisées très tôt dans le processus de traitement syntaxique. Les indices phonétiques et phonologiques présents à ces frontières permettent aux auditeurs du français de construire des attentes sur la structure syntaxique des énoncés perçus. Une analyse séparée des différents types d'indices acoustiques a également montré qu'en l'absence de marquage tonal, les indices de durée semblent suffisants dans le but de marquer la frontière de syntagme accentuel. Un marquage conjoint de la frontière droite d'ip par les indices mélodiques et l'allongement pré-frontière semble au contraire nécessaire pour que les auditeurs du français perçoivent et utilisent cette frontière dans le traitement du langage.

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Ammar, Zeineb. « Perception et production des voyelles orales françaises par des enfants tunisiens néo-apprenants du français ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA110/document.

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Dans ce travail de recherche nous avons abordé la question de la perception et de la production des voyelles orales du français par seize enfants tunisiens (8-9 ans) néo-apprenants du français à trois moments différents de leur apprentissage : au début de leur première année de français, après 9 mois d’apprentissage et suite à une période d’entraînements phonétiques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que (1) la perception et la production des voyelles sont fortement influencées par la L1 des apprenants aussi bien au début qu’après 9 mois d’apprentissage ; (2) les performances en perception et en production des néo-apprenants dépendent plus des voyelles elles-mêmes que de leur statut en L2 par rapport à la L1 (voyelles nouvelles, similaires, ou identiques) ; (3) les entraînements phonétiques que nous avons administrés n’apportent pas de bénéfice sur la perception et la production des voyelles orales françaises par les néo-apprenants tunisien
In this thesis, we studied the perception and production of the French oral vowels by sixteen Tunisian children (8-9 years old) learning French. Data are collected at three different periods: at the beginning of their first year of learning, after nine months of learning, and after a period of phonetic training. Main results are: (1) the perception and production of the vowels are greatly influenced by the L1 of the learners, both at the beginning and after nine months of learning; (2) the perception and production performances of the learners are better predicted by the identity of the vowel rather than its status in L2 compared to L1 (new, similar or identical vowels); (3) the phonetic training we gave showed no benefit on the perceptual or production performances of the children

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Thèses sur le sujet « French Production »

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