Thèses sur le sujet « French borders »

French India consisted of five small, non-contiguous, defenceless, and economically insignificant territories, remnants of old trading posts scattered along the Indian coastline. The territories nevertheless had distinct cultural, historical, social, and linguistic characteristics. The independence of India in August 1947 brought into sharp focus the presence of France on the subcontinent and her territorial sovereignty over the French Indian territories. The issue was exacerbated by the new French constitution that made French India, like other French overseas territories, an indivisible part of the Fourth Republic (1946-1958) that could only secede through a referendum. This thesis suggests that France’s status as a subaltern coloniser, which had been defined by the historical dimensions of Franco-British relations in India, resulted in France’s creation of a myth of French India. This myth was part of the formation of a French national identity, and consequently French India was imagined to be greater than it really was. These considerations prevented France’s swift withdrawal from the subcontinent after India’s independence. In addition, a post-war colonial policy based on national grandeur, historical continuity, and a belief in the strategic value of French India in relation to the rest of the empire, in particular Indochina, led to France’s determination to remain in India - where it had a presence since 1663 - despite India’s territorial claims over European territories on the subcontinent and rising anti-colonial criticism. India’s own construct of French India as part of the Indian homeland drove both France and India to use French India as a political showcase for their own nationalist agendas. Diplomatic negotiations to decide the future of the French Indian territories dragged on for seven years; at the local level, pro-merger, anti-merger, and separatist factions, all of whom had been influenced by political, social, and historical factors, undermined both the arguments that French India should merge with India, and the arguments that she should remain within the French colonial framework. The factions, it will be argued, challenged both India’s nation-building process and France’s last attempt at regaining past colonial grandeur.

Cette thèse d'histoire politique, à cheval sur le XVIIIe siècle et le XIXe siècle vise à mettre en évidence les mutations de la vie politique locale et les ruptures opérées par la Révolution française dans la vallée du Rhône, un espace de forte conflictualité politique ayant une longue tradition municipale. L’objectif principal de notre travail est d’observer à différentes échelles géographiques les bouleversements sociopolitiques rhodaniens à l’aune de la Révolution française et leurs ramifications au cours du premier XIXe siècle. Il s’agit de comprendre comment l’élargissement de la sphère politique et la nationalisation de la vie politique locale changent considérablement les règles des jeux politiques au village ou dans la petite ville en intégrant de nouveaux protagonistes tout en relançant les conflits politiques anciens qui trouvent une nouvelle caisse de résonnance à partir de 1789, ou en créant de nouveaux. L’intérêt majeur du sujet réside dans la démarche adoptée, mêlant à la fois micro-histoire, prosopographie et jeux d’échelles. En menant nos investigations au ras du sol, au plus proche des acteurs politiques, notre enquête ambitionne également d’appréhender, à l’aune des mutations de la conflictualité politique locale, les mécanismes qui conduisent les populations rhodaniennes à adapter des pratiques politiques d’Ancien Régime, avec ses codes et ses gestes, aux nouveaux contextes institutionnels se succédant à partir de 1789
This thesis of political history, astride the XVIII and the XIX centuries, aims to study the mutations of the local politics and the consequences of the Frenc revolution in the rhodanian furrow, an area with a great municipal tradition plagued by political conflicts. The main objective is to follow the political evolution of the rhodanian furrow from the Old regime to the first decades of the XIX century by multiplying geographical scales. It’s important to understand how widening the political sphere and nationalizing the local political life considerably changes the rules of the political games in villages or small towns by accepting new protagonists while reopening old political conflicts that find a new echo from 1789, or by creating aboves. The main interest of the subject resides in its approach, intertwining micro-history, prosopography and geographical scales. While conducting our local investigations, closer as can to political actors, we aim to study, in the light of the changes of the local political conflicts, the mecanics that lead the populations to adapt political culture of the Old regime, with its codes and gestures, to the new institutional contexts that take over from 1789

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre la fabrication du texte littéraire « francophone », en reconstituant l’archéologie, du point de vue de la réception dans la presse française (revues et journaux), de cette catégorisation des œuvres écrites en français par des auteurs nés hors de France, en particulier dans les colonies. Quelle posture intellectuelle, idéologique, esthétique est observée au regard de ces écrivains ? Pour quelles raisons leurs écrits ne sont-ils jamais rattachés à la mémoire de la littérature nationale ? Quelles lectures le critique littéraire fait-il des œuvres d’auteurs issus des colonies françaises ? Quel est son rôle dans l’élaboration de la catégorie contemporaine « littérature francophone » ? Le corpus choisi débute en 1921, année où R. Maran reçoit le prix Goncourt pour Batouala et s’arrête aux lendemains de la parution des Soleils des Indépendances d’A. Kourouma en 1970. La recension critique de la presse fournit des éléments d’interprétation permettant de cerner les raisons pour lesquelles cette production littéraire, longtemps demeurée invisible, jamais rattachée à l’histoire littéraire, se trouve cantonnée à l’anthropologie et a surtout retenu l’attention pour sa dimension documentaire, revendicative.L’analyse des mécanismes mis en œuvre pour classer, trier, donc construire des frontières, des marges entre ce qui relève du fait littéraire vs non littéraire, montre les processus de fabrication du concept « littérature francophone » après les indépendances. La fabrique de cette catégorie participe à l’élaboration et à la perception d’un monde séparé, éclaté, aux antipodes de celui, poreux, hybride, créolisé promu par E. Glissant
The objective of this thesis is to understand the manufacturing of the “Francophone” literary text, from the perspective of its reception in the French press (magazines and newspapers), restoring the archeology of this categorization of the works written by French authors born outside France, particularly in the colonies.Which is the intellectual, ideological, aesthetic posture observed towards those writers? Why are their writings never connected to the memory of the national literature? How does the literary critic read the works of authors from French colonies? What is his role in the development of the contemporary category of "francophone literature"?The corpus chosen begins in 1921, when R. Maran received the Prix Goncourt for Batouala and ends in the aftermath of the publication of The Suns of Independence by A. Kourouma in 1970.The critical review in the press provides elements of interpretation enabling the identification of the reasons why this literary production, long remained unseen, never related to literary history, is confined to anthropology and has mostly received the attention because of its documentary, revendicative dimension.The analysis of the mechanisms used to classify, sort, in order to build borders, margins between what is non-literary vs literary, shows the manufacturing process of the concept of "francophone literature" after the independence. The manufacturing of this category is involved in the development and perception of a separate, broken world at the opposite of that, the porous, hybrid, creolized, promoted by E. Glissant

Si l’implantation française au Dahomey était mue au départ par des intentions plus mercantiles que politiques, la naissance de l’impérialisme moderne français, consécutive à l’affrontement franco-prussien de 1870 et au contexte post-berlinois de 1885, a poussé les autorités métropolitaines à donner une autre orientation à la présence française en Afrique. Résolument impérialiste, la France s’est lancée dans des conquêtes territoriales. Les traités de protectorat conclus avec les souverains locaux furent l’outil de leur expropriation territoriale. Un protectorat de type colonial s’imposa, caractérisé par le démantèlement des souverainetés locales. Les chefs locaux, réfractaires à l’idée de se mettre sous le protectorat français, ont été, comme Béhanzin, soumis militairement. L’annexion du royaume d’Abomey et l’exil de son roi par la force offrirent enfin l’opportunité à la France conquérante d’explorer l’hinterland dahoméen, de négocier de nouveaux traités qui lui permirent de se rendre maîtresse de cette contrée qu’elle intégra aux bas et moyen Dahomey. Cette thèse consacrée à la construction du territoire colonial du Dahomey aborde enfin l’horogenèse des frontières dahoméennes et les problématiques liées aux démarcations coloniales. Une mise en perspective historique et comparative avec des frontières européennes et américaines, permet de répondre à la question de l’artificialité de ces frontières coloniales considérées comme « exogènes » et « arbitraires »
While French settlement in Dahomey was initially driven by more mercantile than political intentions, the birth of modern French imperialism, following the Franco-Prussian confrontation of 1870 and the post-Berlinese context of 1885, prompted the metropolitan authorities to give a different direction to the French presence in Africa. Resolutely imperialist, France has embarked on territorial conquests. The protectorate treaties concluded with the local rulers were the tool for their territorial expropriation. A colonial-style protectorate was imposed, characterized by the dismantling of local sovereignties. The local chiefs, who were refractory to the idea of putting themselves under the French protectorate, were, like Béhanzin, militarily submitted. The annexation of the kingdom of Abomey and the exile of its king by force finally offered the opportunity for the conquering France to explore the Dahomean hinterland, to negotiate new treaties that allowed it to take control of this region that it integrated into the lower and middle Dahomey. This thesis on the construction of the colonial territory of Dahomey finally addresses the horogenesis of the Dahomean borders and the issues related to colonial demarcations. A historical and comparative perspective with European and American borders makes it possible to answer the question of the artificiality of colonial borders, considered as "exogenous" and "arbitrary"

Using hourly data, we show that the convergence of German and French electricity spot prices depends on the employed generation mix structure, on the trade (export/import) capacity between the two countries, and on characteristics of neighbouring markets. Only when German and French electricity markets employ "similar" generation mixes price spreads vanish, and the likelihood for congestion of electricity flows is significantly reduced. This implies that, at least, a part of the convergence that was documented in recent literature is spurious, because it is not (only) driven by the forces of arbitrage, but by the similarity of the Generation structures. The direction of congestion matters in this regard. Furthermore, we document consistent evidence for the most important predictions of trade theory if markets are characterized by increasing marginal cost (i.e. supply) curves and limited cross-border capacities. (authors' abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of French & Italian, 2007.
Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 25, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0592. Adviser: Albert Valdman.

Between 1934 and 1936 various organisations of the French left joined forces to create the Popular Front, an alliance borne of an antifascist imperative. After winning the May 1936 legislative elections, and in a climate of growing opposition from conservative and far right forces, the left-wing coalition came to power. By the end of 1938, the Popular Front had collapsed and the right was back in power. During this period (1934-1938), the right and far right repeatedly challenged the left-wing alliance‟s legitimacy and attacked its constituent political parties. This conflict between left and right intensified France‟s political and social tensions and polarised French politics and French society into supporters and opponents of the Popular Front. This thesis examines the role of the right within the context of the Popular Front and seeks to answer the following question: how did the right act in response to the Popular Front between 1934 and 1938? The thesis focuses on the Moselle, a border département returned to French sovereignty after forty-seven years under German domination (1871-1918). By 1934, the Moselle had developed a distinctive political character sympathetic to the right and hostile, or at best indifferent, to the left. By drawing parallels between Parisian and Mosellan events and using new archival material, the thesis demonstrates the originality of the Popular Front in the Moselle, and the responses of the local, and essentially Catholic and particularist, right. No scholarly work has yet examined the conflict between the right and the left within the context of the Popular Front in the Moselle. This thesis demonstrates how the département's distinctive historical, social, linguistic, cultural, political and religious context shaped the Popular Front and the right‟s responses to it.

This study has collected and analysed a database of place-names containing potential ethnonymic elements. Competing models of ethnicity are investigated and applied to names about which there is reasonable confidence. A number of motivations for employment of ethnonyms in place-names emerge. Ongoing interaction between ethnicities is marked by reference to domain or borderland, and occasional interaction by reference to resource or transit. More superficial interaction is expressed in names of commemorative, antiquarian or figurative motivation. The implications of the names for our understanding of the history of individual ethnicities are considered. Distribution of Walh-names has been extended north into Scotland; but reference may be to Romance-speaking feudal incomers, not the British. Briton-names are confirmed in Cumberland and are found on and beyond the fringes of the polity of Strathclyde. Dumbarton, however, is an antiquarian coining. Distribution of Cumbrian-names suggests that the south side of the Solway Firth was not securely under Cumbrian influence; but also that the ethnicity, expanding in the tenth century, was found from the Ayrshire coast to East Lothian, with the Saxon culture under pressure in the Southern Uplands. An ethnonym borrowed from British in the name Cumberland and the Lothian outlier of Cummercolstoun had either entered northern English dialect or was being employed by the Cumbrians themselves to coin these names in Old English. If the latter, such self-referential pronouncement in a language contact situation was from a position of status, in contrast to the ethnicism of the Gaels. Growing Gaelic self-awareness is manifested in early-modern domain demarcation and self-referential naming of routes across the cultural boundary. But by the nineteenth century cultural change came from within, with the impact felt most acutely in west-mainland and Hebridean Argyll, according to the toponymic evidence. Earlier interfaces between Gaelic and Scots are indicated on the east of the Firth of Clyde by the early fourteenth century, under the Sidlaws and in Buchan by the fifteenth, in Caithness and in Perthshire by the sixteenth. Earlier, Norse-speakers may have referred to Gaels in the hills of Kintyre. The border between Scotland and England was toponymically marked, but not until the modern era. In Carrick, Argyll and north and west of the Great Glen, Albanians were to be contrasted, not necessarily linguistically, from neighbouring Gaelic-speakers; Alba is probably to be equated with the ancient territory of Scotia. Early Scot-names, recorded from the twelfth century, similarly reflect expanding Scotian influence in Cumberland and Lothian. However, late instances refer to Gaelic-speakers. Most Eireannach-names refer to wedder goats rather than the ethnonym, but residual Gaelic-speakers in east Dumfriesshire are indicated by Erisch­-names at the end of the fifteenth century or later. Others west into Galloway suggest an earlier Irish immigration, probably as a consequence of normanisation and of engagement in Irish Sea politics. Other immigrants include French estate administrators, Flemish wool producers and English feudal subjects. The latter have long been discussed, but the relationship of the north-eastern Ingliston-names to mottes is rejected, and that of the south-western Ingleston-names is rather to former motte-hills with degraded fortifications. Most Dane-names are also antiquarian, attracted less by folk memory than by modern folklore. The Goill could also be summoned out of the past to explain defensive remains in particular. Antiquarianism in the eighteenth century onwards similarly ascribed many remains to the Picts and the Cruithnians, though in Shetland a long-standing supernatural association with the Picts may have been maintained. Ethnicities were invoked to personify past cultures, but ethnonyms also commemorate actual events, typified by Sasannach-names. These tend to recall dramatic, generally fatal, incidents, usually involving soldiers or sailors. Any figures of secular authority or hostile activity from outwith the community came to be considered Goill, but also agents of ecclesiastical authority or economic activity and passing travellers by land or sea. The label Goill, ostensibly providing 178 of the 652 probable ethnonymic database entries, is in most names no indication of ethnicity, culture or language. It had a medieval geographical reference, however, to Hebrideans, and did develop renewed, early-modern specificity in response to a vague concept of Scottish society outwith the Gaelic cultural domain. The study concludes by considering the forms of interaction between ethnicities and looking at the names as a set. It proposes classification of those recalled in the names as overlord, interloper or native.

«Les deux poumons d'un même corps» est une métaphore régulièrement usitée pour désigner les États du Mali et de Guinée et signifier le caractère arbitraire et absurde de leur séparation. Leur frontière commune est une ligne de 858 kilomètres, héritée de la limite administrative entre deux colonies de l'Afrique occidentale française. Jamais démarquée ni véritablement matérialisée, elle est issue du découpage territorial de l'Afrique occidentale française qui avait comme objectif simple de constituer des entités spatiales gérables et non de futurs États. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de considérer la frontière entre Guinée et Mali (ancien Soudan français) dans sa globalité, à partir de la conquête de cet espace, amorcée par les Français en 1878, jusqu'en 1956 et la mise en place de territoires autonomes au sein de l'AOF. Il était d'écrire son histoire, celle de sa construction puis de sa gestion par les Français mais surtout celle de son appropriation par les groupes sociaux qui habitent les espaces de la frontière. Analyser les pratiques trans-territoriales des populations, les formes d' instrumentalisation du cadre spatial imposé permet de saisir son historicité, d'effacer progressivement le caractère fantomatique de son tracé et d'envisager les processus de territorialisation par le bas qui ont contribué à faire émerger des identités nouvelles et à enraciner la frontière à la veille des bouleversements des indépendances
"The two lungs of one and the same body" is a metaphor commonly used to refer to the states of Mali and Guinea, indicating the absurd and arbitrary nature of their separation. Their common border is a 858-kilometer long line, inherited from the administrative boundary between two colonies of French West Africa. Though never clearly demarcated nor actually materialized, it stems from the territorial division of French West Africa, the purpose of which was simply to create manageable geographical units, not future states. This thesis proposes to consider the border between Mali and Guinea (former French Sudan) in its entirety, from the territorial conquest initiated by the French in 1878, up to 1956 with the establishment of autonomous territories within the AOF (French West Africa). It proposes to write its history: its construction and then administration by the French but, above all, the story of its appropriation by the communities which live in the border territories. Analysing the populations' trans-territorial habits and the forms of exploitation of the imposed spatial framework enables us to grasp its historicity, to gradually erase the phantom nature of this line and imagine the processes of spatial appropriation from the bottom up and how this helped generate new identities and caused the border to take root on the eve of the upheavals of independence

Dans les années 1990, la mise en œuvre de la libre circulation au sein de l’espace Schengen s’est accompagnée de la mise en place de mécanismes coopératifs entre États voisins en matière de police, de justice et de douanes. La coopération policière interroge quant à l’articulation des moyens et des acteurs dépositaires de la violence physique légitime de part et d’autre de la frontière nationale. Comment s’organise la coopération policière ? Sur quels mécanismes repose-t-elle empiriquement ? Que représente la présence de la frontière nationale, et qu’implique-t-elle pour les acteurs participant à la coopération sur le terrain ? A travers le cas d’étude de la coopération policière transfrontalière franco-suisse, analysé selon une approche qualitative, cette recherche transdisciplinaire interroge le rôle et la fonction de la frontière en tant que ligne de démarcation entre deux entités étatiques, sur le territoire de la métropole du Grand Genève. En retenant la distinction entre normes institutionnelles et normes pratiques, deux dimensions ont été retenues : les pratiques coopératives entre acteurs publics sur l’espace transfrontalier, et les pratiques de collaboration entre acteurs publics et privés sur un territoire éphémère, à travers le cas du Paléo Festival de Nyon, plus grand festival de musique en plein air de Suisse, situé à proximité immédiate de la frontière française. La thèse principale est que la frontière, au prisme de l’activité policière, est transcendée par des logiques économiques et professionnelles. Premièrement, la recherche montre que la coopération policière telle qu’étudiée ici est au service de la préservation des logiques économiques, au point où les tentations souveraines – tel que le rétablissement des contrôles systématiques aux frontières – s’étouffent d’elles-mêmes face à la force du marché. Deuxièmement, la compréhension du fonctionnement empirique de la coopération policière transfrontalière nécessite de tenir compte de la temporalité des enjeux de sécurité : le recours par les acteurs à des normes institutionnelles ou informelles varie en fonction de l’inscription des enjeux dans un temps quotidien, cyclique ou événementiel. Le recours aux normes informelles traduit l’adaptation des acteurs policiers à leur territoire d’intervention : ils deviennent ainsi des vecteurs de rapprochement entre les États, en participant à l’atténuation du différentiel frontalier que représente la frontière nationale. Bien que certains facteurs structurels contribuent à faire perdurer les discontinuités liées à la présence de la frontière nationale, il reste que cette dernière est désormais loin de jouer sa fonction initiale de démarcation intrinsèque, et cela même en matière de sécurité, qui reste compétence régalienne
Since its implementation in the 1990s, the free movement of persons within the Schengen area has seen the development of a framework of bilateral cooperation agreements concerning the police, judiciary and Cus-toms. Cooperation between police forces has raised questions about the manner in which legally-sanctioned physical force may be exercised on either side of the border by those authorized to do so. How is police coopera-tion actually organized at a practical level? On what empirical mechanisms is it based? What does the national border represent in the context of police cooperation and how is it perceived by the actors involved in the field? Under the perspective of the French-Swiss cross-border police cooperation, this qualitative and transdisciplinary research questions the role and function of the border as a demarcation line between two State entities, within the territory of the Greater Geneva metropolis. Using the classification of official norms and practical norms, the research is organized around two dimensions: cooperation practices between public actors within the cross-border area, and collaboration practices between public and private actors within an ephemeral territory through the case study of the Paléo Festival of Nyon, the most important open air musical event of Switzerland, located close to the French border.The result of this thesis is to show that the border, through policing, is transcended by economic and professional logics. Firstly, the research demonstrates that police cooperation serves to preserve economic interests to the point of rendering inoperative the temptations of national sovereignty temptations (e.g., back to systematic border checks). Secondly, the understanding of how cross-border police cooperation works empirically, requires taking into account the temporality of security issues: the actors use official or practical norms depending on whether security issues fall into a linear, cyclical or event-related time period. The use of practical norms reflects the adaptation of the different police to their territory of intervention: they thus become drivers of a ‘rapprochement’ between the two States, participating in the attenuation of the border. Even though some structural factors contribute to maintaining discontinuities, the border’s role as a line of demarcation is now much reduced, even in terms of security which none the less remains a national responsibility

Si l’espace atlantique est le lieu des souvenirs de la violence de l’esclavage et du bouillonnement du colonialisme, il est aussi un objet d’élaboration théorique et conceptuelle qui met en valeur des cultures politiques transnationales et extracontinentales. Ce travail examine les implications sociologique et culturelle de l’histoire de l’Atlantique à travers les textes d’écrivains africains et caribéens du XXe - XXIe siècles. La notion de la transatlanticité que nous définissons comme une donnée identitaire excentrée et asymétrique est caractérisée par la traversée de la Traite, les migrations d’individus dans le monde contemporain, les circulations d’idées et les transferts notionnels. Nous avons utilisé une approche à la fois sociologique, historiciste et littéraire pour mettre en évidence nos hypothèses, à savoir la résilience des traumatismes et des clivages liés à l’histoire de l’Atlantique, l’articulation des cultures politiques transatlantiques à travers les notions du devenir, de solidarité et de géopolitique transatlantiques, et le processus d’un nouvel espace littéraire transatlantique. Notre corpus est constitué de plusieurs écrivains dits francophones : Edouard Glissant, Maryse Condé, Dany Laferrière et Alain Mabanckou. En nous appuyant sur ces écrivains, nous avons démontré que la transatlanticité est un fait historiquement déterminé qui permet de construire des savoirs, de produire des vocations et des formes littéraires qui échappent aux horizons d’attente des littératures traditionnelles
Besides being the place where the memory of the violence of slavery and the turmoil ofcolonialism occurred , the Atlantic space is also an object of theoretical and conceptual elaborationthat enhances transnational and extra-continental cultural policies. The aim of this research work isto examine the sociological and cultural implications of the history of the Atlantic through theworks of African and Carribean authors of the 20th and 21st centuries. The notion of transatlanticitywhich is defined as a concept of identity off centre and asymetrical is characterised by the slavetrade crossing , the contemporary migration of individuals, the free flow of ideas and notionaltransfers.The way we tackled the issues combine sociological , historicist and literary approaches inorder to put our hypothesis to the test , namely the resilience to the traumas and the profounddivides bound up with the history of the Atlantic, the articulation of transatlantic cultural policiesthrough the notions of becoming , solidarity and transatlantic geopolitical issues and , finally , theemergence of a brand new transatlantic realm of literature. Our corpus includes several authors using French as their vernacular : Edouard Glissant, Maryse Condé , Dany laferrière and AlainMabanckou. Relying on those writers’ works , we have shown that transantlanticityis a welldeterminedhistorical factor that enables the construction of knowledge of various kinds , theproduction of vocations and literary forms that escape the target expectations of traditionalliteratures

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Capes
International relations between Brazil and France, with regard to the border region, have been outlined during the 1990s, having greater intensification in 1996, due to the signing of the framework agreement, which was attended by state representatives of the countries mentioned above. That agreement led to the emergence of several initiatives in the field of cross-border cooperation, such as the proposed construction of a binational bridge over the Oiapoqueriver, Amapá (Brazil), linking French Guiana (France). Thus, the present study aims to investigate the role represented by the binational bridge on a new dynamic setting of cross-border cooperation between Brazil and France". The bridge is situated on the Oiapoqueriver, in Amazonian border region, between the cities Oiapoque, Amapá, and Saint Georges de L'oyapock, French Guiana. In terms of research methodology, this bibliographic study, which was conducted survey of official documents (reports, agreements, presidential speeches, interviews, among others) from France and Brazil related to border area in focus. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that allow reflection on the Amazon, seen as strategic political and diplomatic relations between Brazil and France, on the South American scenario. The survey results indicate that the bridge, completed in 2011, has not yet opened, favored the emergence of new possibilities of interaction and physical union in the southern cone countries, which in turn can enable the consolidation of relations between both countries, bringing development to the border area.
As relações internacionais entre Brasil e França, no que se refere à cooperação trasnfronteiriça, foram delineadas ao longo da década de 1990, tendo maior intensificação em 1996, devido à assinatura do Acordo-Quadro, que contou com representantes de Estado dos países supramencionados. Esse acordo propiciou o surgimento de várias iniciativas, como a proposta de construção de uma ponte binacional sobre o rio Oiapoque, ligando o Amapá (Brasil) à Guiana Francesa (França). Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar o papel representado pela ponte binacional, resultante da nova dinâmica de cooperação transfronteiriça entre Brasil e França. A referida ponte está situada sobre o rio Oiapoque, na região amazônica, entre as cidades Oiapoque, no Amapá, e Saint Georges de l’Oyapock, na Guiana Francesa. No que tange à metodologia da pesquisa, trata-se de estudo bibliográfico, por meio do qual foi realizado levantamento de documentos oficiais (relatórios, acordos, discurso presidencial, entrevistas, entre outros) da França e do Brasil relacionados à área em foco. A relevância deste trabalho reside no fato de permitir a reflexão sobre a Amazônia, vista como espaço estratégico das relações políticas e diplomáticas do Brasil e da França, no cenário sul-americano. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a ponte, concluída em 2011, mas ainda não inaugurada, favoreceu o surgimento de novas perspectivas de interação e união física no cone sul, que, por sua vez, podem permitir a consolidação das relações entre ambos os países, trazendo desenvolvimento para a zona fronteiriça.

Le Brésil et la France partagent une frontière commune sur plus de 700 kilomètres, via la Guyane, région monodépartementale d’Outre-Mer française, et l’Amapá, Etat de la République fédérative du Brésil. Réalité socio-spatiale en marges à toutes les échelles malgré le différentiel socio-économique fort qu’elle marque, la frontière franco-brésilienne est devenue, depuis les années 1990, une interface politique, support de la relance des relations internationales franco-brésiliennes et des relations entre Guyane et Amapá.La thèse pose la question de cet écart en se concentrant sur la partie estuarienne de la frontière fluviale de l’Oyapock, autour des bourgs riverains de Saint-Georges (Guyane française) et d’Oiapoque (Brésil), entre lesquels un pont binational d’envergure est en construction, malgré leur rattachement routier à la marge aux polarités régionales de Cayenne et de Macapá
Brazil and France share a common border of over 700 km via French Guiana, a French Overseas monodepartmental region, and Amapá, State of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Socio-spatial margin at all scales despite the strong socio-economic differential it marks, the Franco-Brazilian border has become since the 1990s a political interface, support for the revival of the Franco-Brazilian international relations and of the relations between French Guiana and Amapá. The thesis raises the question of this gap, focusing on the estuarine portion of the border river of the Oyapock, around the towns of Saint-Georges (French Guiana) and Oiapoque (Brazil) ; a significant bi-national bridge is under construction between these two towns, despite their road connection as margins to the regional polarities of Cayenne and Macapá
Brasil e França compartilham uma fronteira comum com mais de 700 km através da Guiana Francesa, Região monodepartamental ultramarina francesa, e do Amapá, Estado da República Federativa do Brasil. Realidade sócio-espacial à margem a todas as escalas, apesar do forte diferencial sócio-econômico que a marca, a fronteira franco-brasileira tornou-se, desde os anos 90, uma interface política, suporte para a retomada das relações internacionais franco-brasileiras e das relações entre a Guiana Francesa e o Amapá. A tese expõe a questão deste desnível, centrando-se na porção estuarina da fronteira fluvial do Oiapoque, ao redor das pequenas cidades de Saint-Georges (Guiana Francesa) e de Oiapoque (Brasil), entre as quais uma ponte binacional de grande porte está em construção, apesar da ligação rodoviária delas como margens aos pólos regionais de Caiena e Macapá

La ciudad de Lima comenzó a crecer frente a su paisaje costero progresivamente desde los años 70s, pero le negó un vínculo. Muchos de los distritos de la Costa Verde ya se encuentran consolidados con grandes edificios multifamiliares frente al mar. Estos se encuentran desarticulados de su paisaje, perdiendo una oportunidad única, pues son manzanas que requieren un tratamiento distinto al resto de la ciudad. Sin embargo, el distrito de San Miguel posee el potencial de revertir ello. A pesar de la oferta inmobiliaria al acecho en esta zona, el tejido urbano cuenta con predominancia de edificaciones de baja densidad, lo cual permite repensar la normativa para las nuevas edificaciones. Si bien en este borde se empieza a replicar el modelo de los distritos consolidados con edificios de gran altura hacia el mar y niveles bajos hacia el lado trasero a nivel manzana, su nivel de consolidación es incipiente y es posible reformular la zonificación y crear nuevos lineamientos y parámetros para mejorar la calidad urbana del lugar y su relación con el paisaje, lo que lo hace único al resto del crecimiento de la ciudad. Por medio de una manzana prototipo como instrumento de planificación, se busca plantear nuevos lineamientos para el borde y evitar lo que promueve la normativa actual y, con ello, sistematizarse no solo en manzanas completas, sino también en intervenciones más pequeñas para ir construyendo una nueva ciudad en base a estos. Los nuevos lineamientos toman 5 puntos: suelo, zócalo, balcón urbano, edificio y cubierta. Estos son el punto de partida para el nuevo crecimiento urbano en este borde, con una densidad media y de usos mixtos. Ellos no buscan desarrollar una ciudad que se siga cerrando al paisaje, sino a una que se abra hacia el mar y mejore su calidad de vida.

Dans le secteur étudié, deux types de structures géologiques cartographiques consécutives de phénomènes de resédimemtation gravitaire en masse sont mis en évidence. Le premier est représenté par des klippes sédimentaires pouvant atteindre des dimensions pluri-kilométriques. Le second type de resédimentation gravitaire correspond a un olistostrome pouvant atteindre une épaisseur de 1000 m. Les déformations témoignent d'une évolution structurale polyphasée en deux étapes principales. La première correspond à une phase plicative synschisteuse. La seconde est consécutive du poinçonnement du socle du massif du Labourd vers le nord.

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Entendidas como regiões esquecidas pelo processo de desenvolvimento brasileiro, as fronteiras tornaram-se, em 2009, temáticas de um dos programas lançados pela Política Pública de Desenvolvimento Regional. O Programa de Desenvolvimento da Faixa de Fronteira versa sobre a organização e o aperfeiçoamento das políticas públicas como forma de criação de oportunidades para a integração da faixa de fronteira ao cenário de desenvolvimento nacional, orientando essas regiões a determinadas ações em vias do desenvolvimento. Pensando nesse processo e na realidade da Metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, esse trabalho buscou compreender de que forma as diretrizes pró-desenvolvimento do Governo Federal configuram um debate recente sobre desenvolvimento regional no poder público da cidade de Jaguarão/RS. Utilizando-se de entrevistas com representantes da administração pública de Jaguarão, dados secundários como documentos, leis, planos e projetos e um diário de campo, articulando a literatura sobre desenvolvimento e regiões fronteiriças com o modelo analítico de planejamento urbano de Vainer (2000) a respeito das analogias constitutivas da cidade-produto, cidade-empresa e cidade-pátria, buscou-se viabilizar tal objetivo. A partir dessa análise, foi possível elencar categorias de desenvolvimento presentes no poder público de Jaguarão, observando a legitimação de uma doxa (Cf. Bourdieu, 2000) presente na cidade que se relaciona, subjetivamente, às doxas de desenvolvimento em curso em outras localidades do Brasil, ainda que a partir de certa interdependência local que configura a relação e as particularidades do espaço, dos atores e do processo em curso (ELIAS, 1999; 2001). Somado a isso, foi possível observar as marcas históricas de uma localidade dita como esquecida pelo Governo Federal em contraposição a uma esperança de crescimento e desenvolvimento a partir do que pode ser entendido como um receituário nacional.
Understood as forgotten regions by the Brazilian development process, the border area became, in 2009, theme of one of the launched programs by the Política Pública de Desenvolvimento Regional (a Brazilian public policy to regional development). The Programa de Desenvolvimento da Faixa de Fronteira (a governmental program dedicated to develop the border area of Brazil) talks about the organization and improvement of public policies as a way to create opportunities to integrate the border area to the national development scenario, guiding these regions to specific actions for the sake of development. Thinking about this process and in the reality of Metade do Sul of Rio Grande do Sul (the south part of the Rio Grande do Sul state), this work sought to comprehend in which way the guidelines pro-development by Federal Government configure recent debate about regional development inside the public power of the city of Jaguarão/RS. Using interviews with represents of the public administration of Jaguarão, secondary data as documents, laws, plans and projects and a field diary, in conjunction with the literature of development and border areas and a analytical model of urban planning by Vainer (2000) about constitutive analogies of product-city, enterprise-city and homeland-city, it was sought to make this objective viable. From this analyses, it was possible to find categories of development present in the public power of Jaguarão, thus observing the legitimation of a doxa (Cf. Bourdieu, 1977) in the city that relates itself, subjectively, to the ongoing doxas of development in other localities of Brazil, even if based on a certain local interdependency that defines the relationship and the particularities of space, actors and ongoing process (ELIAS, 1999; 2001). In addition, it was possible to observe the historical marks in a place that is said as forgotten by the Federal Government, in contrast to a hopefulness of growth and development from what can be understood as a national prescription.

La fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la guerre froide, la cohabitation pacifique, les mouvements d’indépendances, la fin du monde bipolaire, les crises multiformes et successives (culturelle, sociale économique et financière), voici autant d’événements qui ont changé les conceptions et la vision même du monde. L’initiative privée est à nouveau plébiscitée sur la scène mondiale. En effet, la rencontre entre le savoir-faire (financier et technique) du secteur privé et un secteur public ambitieux mais très limité, symbolisée dans le sigle « PPP », devient la formule gagnante.De nouveaux espaces font leurs apparitions, encouragées par le vent de l’intégration régionale et économique. Le mouvement de décentralisation propulsant celui de la coopération transfrontalière, nous assistons de plus en plus à une lente mais très prometteuse reconfiguration des dynamiques transfrontalières un peu partout dans le monde. Certaines régions offrent des perspectives très intéressantes, aussi bien sur le plan de la coopération transfrontalière que des PPP. C’est notamment le cas de la région francophone de l’Afrique des Grands Lacs. Cerner les PPP et la coopération transfrontalière, vérifier leur complémentarité et enfin suivre le mécanisme de réappropriation de ces deux concepts dans la région francophone de l’Afrique des Grands Lacs : voici les principaux objectifs que s’est assigné ce travail de recherche
The end of the Second World War, the cold war, the peaceful cohabitation, the movements of independences, the bipolar end of the world, the multi-form and successive crises (cultural, social economic and financial), here is so many events which changed the designs and the vision of the world. The private initiative is again approved by a large majority on the world scene. Indeed, the meeting enters the know-how (financial and technical) of the private sector and the ambitious but very limited public sector, symbolized in the initials "PPP", becomes the winning formula.New spaces make their appearance encouraged by the wind of the regional and economic integration. The movement of decentralization propelling that of the cross-border cooperation, we assist more and more a slow but very promising reconfiguration of the cross-border dynamics almost everywhere in the world. Certain regions offer very interesting perspectives, as well from the point of view of the cross-border cooperation as the PPP. It is in particular the case of the French-speaking region of Africa of Great Lakes. Encircle the PPP and the cross-border cooperation, to check their complementarities and finally to follow the mechanism of reappropriation of these two concepts in the French-speaking region of Africa of Great Lakes: here are the main objectives that assigned this research work

Mes recherches se concentrent sur le travail des artistes plasticiens qui pratiquent l'installation dans les îles francophones de la Caraïbe. Ces îles composées des Antilles (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin ainsi que leurs dépendances administratives) et de la République d’Haïti, sont des terres où la rencontre, le métissage et la Créolité consolident la relation permanente que les populations entretiennent avec leurs différentes genèses, aux ramifications multiples et aux origines transfrontalières.Dans ce contexte, l’installation artistique, qui est située au confluent d’une infinité d’explorations esthétiques grâce auxquelles règles et formes furent remises en question de manière définitive au cours du XXe siècle, se présente sur le mode d’une pluridisciplinarité qui, aujourd’hui, fait autorité dans de nombreuses disciplines. Fruit de rencontres, d’imprégnations, elle est aux seuils, aux confins d’une infinité de frontières géographiques, sociales, politiques, culturelles, où la marge qui sépare le spectateur de l’œuvre d’art se dissout, s’obscurcit, s’estompe et s’évanouit. Cette dissolution significative des frontières entre les arts se manifeste dans de très nombreux champs : l’installation est un phénomène révélateur de cette dissolution qui, dans la Caraïbe francophone, prend une teneur spécifique.Dans l’espace archipélique, la question de la frontière est omniprésente. Elle mêle des problématiques d’ordre historique, sociologique, anthropologique, philosophique, culturel, artistique et esthétique. En effet, une frontière est une zone composite où se construisent un ensemble de relations vivaces, salvatrices ou violentes entre plusieurs individus, plusieurs peuples, plusieurs États, entre plusieurs cultures et coutumes, mais aussi entre plusieurs paysages, plusieurs textures, plusieurs mouvements et exhalaisons. Ces données constituent des variables qui se font entendre dans le travail des artistes caribéens dont l’œuvre se mesure et se confronte à plusieurs espaces historiques, identitaires, culturels ou institutionnels. Par ailleurs, le sens de ces artistes pour l’hybridation, le mélange et toutes les formes d’imprégnations constitue un fil d’Ariane puissant et constant, qui permet d’affirmer leur advertance pour une culture de la globalité, inscrite dans des espaces parcellaires
My research focuses on the visual artists' work who practice installation art in the French-speaking Caribbean islands. These islands, composed of the French West Indies (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin as well as their administrative dependencies) and the Republic of Haiti, are lands where encounter, miscegenation and Creolity strengthen the permanent relationship that people have with their different genesis, with multiple ramifications and cross-border origins.In this context, installation art, which is located at an infinity of aesthetic explorations’ confluence, through which rules and forms were definitively questioned during the twentieth century, presents itself in the mode of a multidisciplinary approach that, today, is authoritative in many disciplines. Fruit of encounters, impregnations, it is at the thresholds, at the edge of an infinity of geographical, social, political, cultural borders, where the margin that separates the spectator from the work of art dissolves, becomes darkened, fades and faints. This significant boundaries' dissolution between the arts manifests itself in many fields: installation art is a phenomenon revealing this dissolution which, in the French-speaking Caribbean islands, takes on a specific content.In the archipelago, the border question is omnipresent. It mixes historical, sociological, anthropological, philosophical, cultural, artistic and aesthetic issues. Indeed, a boundary is a composite zone where a set of perennial, life-saving or violent relationships is built between several individuals, several peoples, several states, between different cultures and customs, but also between several landscapes, several textures, several movements and exhalations. These data are variables that are heard in the Caribbean artists' work, that measured and confronts several historical, identity, cultural or institutional spaces. Moreover, the sense of these artists for hybridization, mixing and all forms of impregnation constitutes a powerful and constant breadcrumb, which allows to assert their advertence for a culture of globality, inscribed in parcel spaces

L'etude stratigraphique et structurale a permis de distinguer 5 unites superposees depuis le socle jusqu'a la nappe des schistes lustres et 3 phases de deformations synschisteuses suivies d'une phase de bombement et de fracturation du massif

The following study traces modern Quebecois art from the beginning of the twentieth century with specific reference to the question of the redefinition of identity. The study mainly consists of an analysis of different strategies used by certain progressive artists like Paul-Emile Borduas, Francoise Sullivan and Jean-Paul Riopelle to impose a new reality which was simultaneously contemporary, rooted and distinct in the context of a Quebec that was emerging in modernization. By using popular or marginalized artistic forms and by seizing certain ancient models belonging to the distant past---in the non-western world or precolonial America---and by using different strategies of deconstruction and transgression of normative codes defined by the dominant ideology, these artists were able to avoid current hegemonic models in order to assert new spaces for expression and representation. Taking on modern Quebecois art from an approach belonging to diverse social sciences and humanities, this study aims to renew the analytical parameters of the traditional art history. The main challenge lies in zeroing in on the ways in which the development of modern identity (meaning the affirmation of the right to be different and to self-determination, and the development of subjectivism and expressivism) influenced avant-garde artistic productions, and which strategies artists used to replace the values imposed by traditional institutions and the dominant ideology, which in turn sparked a renewal of identity. Modern identity is based upon a principle that is modeled on two foundations: on the image that the subject will have of himself, and the impression that the Other (a bordering neighbour, cultural cousin, colonial authority or political oppressor) will have of him. In fact, this "stranger" will essentially assume the role of guaranteeing the recognition of the proposed identity. The phenomena of mythical constructions of symbolical imagination and of primitivism, in this study,

Le paludisme est un des maladies vectorielles les plus communes qui est situé principalement dans les régions tropicales. La zone étudiée est la région transfrontière Guyane française-Brésil. Le niveau et la dynamique intra-annuelle de la transmission y sont variables, avec un taux d’incidence qui est relativement élevé dans l’Amérique du Sud. Les facteurs environnementaux, en particulier l'occupation et l'usage du sol, influent significativement sur la présence, la densité et la distribution spatiale des moustiques du genre Anophèles, vecteurs de la maladie. Les données sur l'environnement, la population et les systèmes de santé sont rarement comparables de part et d’autre de la frontière Guyane-Brésil, excluant une vision bilatérale homogène. La télédétection permet de caractériser spatialement l’environnement de manière quasi continue et complète. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser par télédétection des milieux favorables au développement des vecteurs et les interactions hommes-vecteurs pour la zone transfrontalière Guyane-Brésil. Un indicateur spatialisé d’aléa de transmission du paludisme a été développé à l’échelle locale. Il permet de spatialiser la contribution de l'interaction entre milieux forestiers et non-forestiers sur la transmission du paludisme. Ce modèle a été mis en œuvre à l’échelle de la région amazonienne. Cet indice permet de quantifier et d’expliquer l’influence du paysage dans les interrelations homme - vecteurs adultes. L’identification des gîtes larvaires potentiels a été testée à une échelle régionale, à partir de la fusion d’images satellites optiques et radar, afin de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de zones humides pérennes et de grandes tailles (lacs, rivières, étangs, etc.) et les interfaces avec les milieux urbaines et forestiers. La distribution et la densité des vecteurs sont affectées par les propriétés physiques et chimiques des gîtes larvaires potentiels qui sont liées à la typologie des sols. Un modèle conceptuel de l’évaluation des sols adapté à la zone amazonienne présente que les caractéristiques géomorphologiques (altitude, courbure, etc.) sont indicateurs de l’évolution des sols. Une typologie des sols a été réalisée à l’échelle régionale à partir de données altimétriques et de ce modèle conceptuel. Les méthodologies, les cartes d’occupation et d’usage du sol, les cartes d’aléa du paludisme mises en place dans le cadre de cette thèse seront intégrés à l’Observatoire transfrontalier (Guyane-Brésil) qui est en cours de création. Ce travail de thèse contribue ainsi à l’exploitation des nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme de transmission du paludisme qui peuvent être utilisées pour définir les nouvelles stratégies de prévention aux échelles locale et régionale
Malaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales

Schengen Agreements reorganize border control activities in Europe on the base of the affirmation of the principle of free movement, creating a double legal framework for external and internal borders. The increase of migratory movements involved the reintroduction of controls on several Member States’ internal borders, including France. This possibility to reintroduce border controls, deriving from European law, has been the object of several modifications during last years, in order to improve and reinforce national powers and roles in the field of migration policies and border control activities. The analysis of these policies, the study of European and national legal framework and the observation of police practices implemented in Italo-French borders reveal Schengen area law’s securitarian approach. These policies involve several violations of migrants’, asylum seekers’ and vulnerable persons’ human rights. These policies reveal also the crisis of the rule of law, a juridical paradigm based on human right’s universality.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Higher Education.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR38993

My dissertation critically assesses the evolution of Beur productions (1980s - 21st century) with reference to the socio-cultural and economic conditions of their development. I am interested in identity (re)construction in the work of three Algerian origin artists in France: Mehdi Charef, Tony Gatlif and Farid Boudjellal. I examine texts and films like Le thé au Harem d’Archi Ahmed (1983), Petit Polio (1999), Je suis né d’une cigogne (1999) and Exils (2004). My interest lies in analyzing the impact that these “minor” artists and their chosen art genres have on mainstream cultural productions. Besides focusing on the second generation immigrants in France (the Beurs), the authors challenge also the canonical “Frenchness” or “Europeanness” beyond borders, thus promoting the concept of cultural hybridity. I argue that constant displacement, change of political, social and cultural contexts have significantly transformed the dynamics between the center and the periphery. Furthermore, I provide evidence that “French” identity has undergone a continuous transformation over time and has become a substantially diverse and lively construct. I stand for a new approach to the fixed French identities, one that includes a pluriethnic and multilingual francophone body, and for a redefinition of cultural boundaries reshaping the relationship between self and otherness. My thesis has two major sections (language and space) divided respectively into four chapters. The first two chapters look at different ways in which the Franco-Maghrebi literature and cinema forge new ways of expression within French language and culture. The first chapter is mainly focused on the importance of mastering French by the Beur artists, while in the second chapter I insist on more elaborate stylistic dimensions such as postcolonial irony in the given texts. The last two chapters critically analyze how the artistic productions of Charef, Gatlif and Boudjellal situate themselves in the French socio-cultural context by trespassing borders of a cultural, literary, linguistic and geographical order. This multiple border crossing leads to a movement of these texts to different locations within the main culture. At the esthetic level, this movement between different borders promotes the innovation and the creativity that the Beur artists bring to France.

Ручиця К. О. Народні свята у сучасній культурі країн Піренейского півострова : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 291 "Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії" / наук. керівник О. М. Казакова. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2019. 154 с.
UA : Іспанці, які насляють більшу частину Піренейського півостров – одна з найбільш життєрадісних і щасливих націй в усьому світі. Багатство і старовина традиційної іспанської культури, різноманіття її витоків визначили красу і оригінальність свят і фестивалів, які відзначають щорічно в селах і містах Іспанії. Близько 200 свят і фестивалів мають туристичне значення, а деякі з них популярні в усьому світі. Португальці також з радістю відзначають всілякі свята: причиною масових гулянь можуть бути паломницькі поїздки, шанування пам'яті численних святих, а також ярмаркові заходи. Мешканці північних регіонів країни відзначають місцеві свята, із задоволенням віддаючись танцям, різним музичним заходам, а також традиційним розвагам і шоу з феєрверками. Неодмінним атрибутом торжеств є яскраве видовище кориди з забороною вбивства тварини. Актуальність обраної теми полягає в тому, що саме країни Піренейського півострова є яскравим прикладом для аналізу з боку вивчення культури, а саме проведення фестивалів та інших розважальних заходів. Бо Іспанія та Португалія неможливо представити без фестивалів та різних фієст. Свята на півострові проходять майже не припиняючись, деякі з них можуть відзначатися один день, а деякі тиждень або навіть більше. Традиційні та нетрадиційні свята та фестивалі Іспанії та Португалії є невід'ємною частиною життя населення країни та впливу цих фестивалів та заходів на туризм країн. Доцільність вивчення даного питання полягає в дослідженні саме різноманітних напрямів фестивалів, що проводяться в країнах регіону, аналізі ознак та традицій, притаманних різним святам, дослідження відношення корінного населення до цих свят та впливу фестивалів на потік туристів до країн, національним особливостям та факторам розвитку туризму в Іспанії та Португалії. Актуальним є вивчення та залучення досвіду країн Піренейського півострова для розвитку туристичної галузі України. Об'єктом даної магістерської роботи виступає сучасна культура та її форми в країнах регіону. Предметом магістерської є дослідження традицій народних свят на Піренейському півострові. Метою даної роботи є: дослідити види свят та фестивалів, що проводяться на сьогоднішній день на Піренейському півострові, проаналізувати основні напрями, які обираються жителями Піренейського півострова для проведення свят, дослідити процедуру проведення фестивалів в Іспанії, Португалії, частково Франції, Андорі, а саме порядок організації свята, проведення та особливості таких видів фестивалів: як мистецькі, традиційні та нетрадиційні, визначити як впливають фестивалі на туристичну галузь країн регіону, визначити дохід країн від туризму. Дослідницькими завданнями даної магістерської роботи виступають: 1) визначити та схарактеризувати місце народних святкувань та фестивалів у сучасній культурі країн Піренейського півострова; 2) проаналізувати традиції проведення свят у країнах регіону; 3) виокремити національні особливості у святкових традиціях Іспанії, Португалії, Андори та прикордонних з Іспанією французьких територій; 4) дослідити вплив свят та фестивалів на розвиток туризму в країнах регіону. Географічні межі дослідження: територія Піренейського півострова в сучасних кордонах. Обраний регіон є яскравим прикладом проведення національних та розважальних свят, що цікаві для дослідження різними верствами населення та іншими країнами. Хронологічні межі: сучасний стан розвитку країн регіону, іноді виходимо за хронологічні межі, для того, щоб краще розкрити досліджувані проблеми на сучасний період у таких країнах, як Іспанія, Португалія, інколи Андорра та Франція. Наукова новизна дипломної роботи полягає в тому, що вперше було докладно проаналізовано основні наймасовіші фестивалі країн регіону; поділено свята та фестивалі на 3 групи: мистецькі, традиційні та нетрадиційні; були висвітлені особливості традицій проведення кожного окремого свята; було розглянуто питання впливу фестивалів та свят на туристичну галузь країн регіону; спростовано деякі правила найбільш традиційних для регіону свят; виявлено принципові проблеми і перешкоди у розвитку туристичного потенціалу нашої країни на прикладі Іспанії та Португалії; розроблено класифікацію масових туристичних заходів Теоретичне та практичне значення дипломної роботи в тому, що вміщені в дослідженні підходи і отримані результати можуть знайти застосування в навчальному процесі при підготовці до лекцій, спеціальних курсів про країнознавство, культурознавство, туризм, та ін. суміжні дисципліни. Положення і висновки дипломного проекту можуть бути використані в туристичній сфері задля ознайомлення клієнтів с традиціями, нацією та основними святами, які має відвідати кожен турист, якого цікавлять такі країни як Іспанія, Португалія, Андора та Франція. Висновки. Важливість вивчення даної теми полягає в тому, що саме різноманітність, якість та розмах іспанських народних свят країн регіону дуже впливають на культуру та туристичний потік до найбільших країн регіону: Іспанії та Португалії. Саме туризм в Іспанії – являється одним з найбільш розвинених секторів економіки. У певних містах Іспанії є свій «високий сезон», коли досить складно купити авіаквитки та забронювати готелі – це час проведення кориди, фестивалів, карнавалів або інших свят. В Португалія ситуація с туризмом трохи гірша, ніж в Іспанії, але з кожним роком туристичний потік до Португалії все більше росте, і це значною мірою зв'язано з португальською культурою та відношенню до проведення свят. Природна життєрадісність і товариськість португальців створює тут ідеальні умови для найрізноманітніших масових урочистостей - музичних і театральних фестивалів, карнавалів, вуличних вечірок. Хоч Іспанія та Португалія ділять Піренейський півострів, релігію, членство в Європейському союзі, сприятливий клімат і родючі землі, звичку добре і вдосталь відпочивати на святах та фестивалях, але все ж таки в проведенні свят та фестивалів є деякі розбіжності,які разглянуті автором у дипломній роботі. Тож, як іспанці, так і португальці дуже люблять свята та різноманітні фестивалі, і не представляють собі життя без цього. Якщо казати про передумови свята у сучасній культури кран регіону, то при знайомстві з описами традицій святкування населення півострова створилося враження, що протягом багатьох століть тут склалася своєрідна модель свята, що варіюється від регіону до регіону, але при цьому має досить характерні риси, що надають цій моделі, у всіх її проявах, специфічного забарвлення.
EN : Iberian culture has a rather complicated history. It is a mixture of European and Arab elements, the main ideas of Christianity, Scholasticism and Existentialism. For many centuries, the Mediterranean was a cradle of hostilities, the intersection of all trade and migration routes subjected to multiple colonization processes. In this center of historical events, the cultures of different ethnic groups trampled, influenced, assimilated each other or were eliminated. Therefore, finally they formed the mosaic within the borders of autonomies and states. The largest part of the Iberian Peninsula belongs to Spain, Portugal occupies the western part of the peninsula, France, Andorra and Gibraltar cover a tiny part of the peninsula, so the peculiarities, traditions and impact of national holidays on the modern culture of the Iberian Peninsula countries can be studied based on the two major and largest countries of the peninsula, which are Spain and Portugal. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that the countries of the Iberian Peninsula are a prime example for the analysis of the culture, specifically festivals and other recreational activities. Spain and Portugal cannot be imagined and presented without their national celebrations and a variety of festivities. The holidays on the Iberian Peninsula almost never stop, some of them are celebrated one day and some continue for weeks. The feasibility of studying this issue lies in the study of different areas of the holidays held in the countries of the region, analysis of features and traditions inherent in different holidays, study of the indigenous attitude of the population to these holidays and the influence of festivals on the flow of tourists, the national peculiarities and factors of tourism development in Spain and Portugal. We can say that the traditional and unconventional holidays of Spain and Portugal are an integral part of the population life of the countries as well as a large number of art festivals that have acquired the significance of national holidays. It was discovered that the most popular folk festivities certainly affect the tourist flow to the countries of the region. Therefore, the study and involvement of the Iberian Peninsula experience to develop the tourism industry of Ukraine are relevant. The research object of out master's thesis is the influence of national holidays of the countries of the region on the tourism sphere. The research subject is the celebrations and importance of festivals for the countries of the region. The aim of this research is: to investigate the types of holidays and festivals which are currently held on the Iberian Peninsula, to analyze the main holiday directions selected by the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, to investigate the procedure for conducting festivals in Spain, Portugal, Andorra and border French territories, namely the order of organizing a holiday, the event itself and peculiarities of the following kinds of festivals: traditional, unconventional and artistic, to determine the impact of festivals on the tourist industry in the region, to define the income for the countries from tourism. The research objectives are as follows:  to study the prerequisites of the festival culture development in the countries of the region;  to consider several kinds of festivals in modern Spain, Portugal, Andorra and border French territories;  to explore the means and purpose of holding holidays and festivals;  to describe the procedure for holding holidays and festivals;  to determine the impact of holidays on the tourist flow of the countries in the region;  to single out the national peculiarities and factors of tourism development in Spain and Portugal;  to identify the indicators of the economic efficiency of entertainment. The geographical scope of the research covers the modern territory of the Iberian Peninsula. The chosen region is a striking example of the national and entertaining holidays and festivities, which are interesting for research by different layers of population and other countries. The chronological frames of this study include the current state of the region’s development. Sometimes we exceed the chronological frames in order to reveal the problem under research for the modern period in the countries, namely Spain, Portugal, Andorra and the border areas between France and Spain. As for the novelty of the research paper, it lies in the fact that the main most massive holidays of the countries in the region were analyzed in details. They are divided into 3 groups: traditional, unconventional and artistic. The features of each individual holiday were highlighted. The events’ influence on the tourism sectors of the countries of the region was considered. Some traditional rules for the regional holidays were refuted. The fundamental problems and obstacles in the development of the tourist potential of our country were identified on the example of Spain and Portugal. As well, the classification of mass tourist events was developed. The theoretical and practical significance of the research consists in the fact that the approaches and results can be used in the educational process in preparation for lectures, special courses on the Regional Studies, Cultural Studies, Tourism and related disciplines. The conclusions of the research can be used in the tourist sphere to introduce to the customers the traditions, nation and main holidays, which should be visited by every tourist interested in the Iberian Peninsula countries. Conclusions. As part of the Mediterranean culture, Iberian or Iberian-Spanish culture is a mosaic of cultures (Basques, Catalans, Andalusia, Castile), but has a special element – a bright synthesis of Eastern and Western cultural traditions. Spaniards, who inhabit most of the Iberian Peninsula, are known as one of the most cheerful and happy nations all over the world. Wealth and antiquity of the traditional Spanish culture, the diversity of its origins have determined the beauty and originality of holidays and festivals that are celebrated annually in the villages and cities of Spain. Around 200 holidays and festivals are of tourist significance, and some of them are popular all over the world. As far as the holiday traditions in the modern culture are concerned, while studying the descriptions of the celebrations on the Iberian Peninsula, we saw that for many centuries a peculiar model of the holiday had been developing there, ranging from one region to another, but this model has some specific features. Spain is very special country, which is not similar to its European neighbors, the main asset of which is, of course, the Spaniards themselves. It is obvious that with such a bright national culture of the Spaniards, all sorts of festivities, fairs, festivals, traditions and carnivals are especially popular. The territory of this unique country is relatively small, but every region has its holidays, which are distinguished by unique peculiarities, and inspirationally celebrated. Spanish traditions are built with the aim to unite the numerous nations living in Spain. In this regard, each province and some separate cities have their original customs. However, most traditions of the Spaniards are steadily observed even in small villages. Thus, the holidays play an important role in the life of the Spanish people. The national features of this country and its character are clearly displayed in national holidays. In Spain, every locality has its customs and traditions. Any settlement of this country has its own deputy, whose name is very honored by the locals. Due to the cultural, climatic and geographical differences of Spain’s regions, almost every week there is some event in some part of the country. It is truly amazing how massive those celebrations are as well as how various they are: from the international New Year, which is celebrated for several days in a big way, to, for example, a local festival in Samosa, where every year a painted goat is dumped from the city bell tower. Besides the great holiday calendar of Spain, there are many regional events in every, even small, settlement proudly celebrated by locals. Spaniards treat numerous religious holidays in their country with special care. Many holidays in Spain are dedicated to seasonal joyous events, the main of them being the cropping of grapes. Cultural holidays in Spain allow you to get acquainted with the most interesting features of flamenco, Cervantes and bullfight. The main symbols of Spain can be attributed to the traditional Spanish holidays, the battles involving bulls, known as Bullfighting and San Fermin. The most unconventional festival, which became international, is La Tomatina, in other words, the battles of tomatoes. The Portuguese also enjoy celebrating all sorts of holidays: the cause of those mass festivals can be pilgrimage trips, honoring the memory of numerous saints as well as fairs. Residents of the northern regions of the country celebrate local holidays, accompanied by dances, different musical events as well as traditional entertainments and fireworks show. The indispensable celebration attribute is a bullfight where it is prohibited to kill animals. The country honors the traditions, rich historical and architectural heritage, which is the most important for Portuguese families. Of course, the inhabitants of the country are able to enjoy life, surrounding themselves with comfort and sharing it with tourists. In Portugal, they pay a special attention to their religion; even the majority of their holidays are of the religious origin: the pilgrimage to Fatima, the Holy Friday, the day of the body of the Lord, Festa de Santo Antonio, Festa de São João, etc. Those events include music, fireworks, dances and specific rituals. It's the best to get acquainted with the folk traditions during the Festas, which are regional festivals organized mainly in the north of the country. "Romiria" are very popular celebrations among the people as well. These are events to honor the local saints with fairs and mass festivities. In Portugal, like in the neighboring Spain, there is a long tradition of bullfighting, which is, however, far from the cruelty of Spanish bullfighting. Bulls are not killed in the arena, but effectively put on the ground by trained fighters. Although Spain and Portugal share the Iberian Peninsula, religion, membership in the European Union, favorable climate and fertility of the land, habit of enjoying holidays and festivals, passion and talent for football, beautiful beaches for surfing and other summer entertainments, but there are still some differences in the celebrations and festivals. The Portuguese, have a fairly restrained character. As for the tradition of the holidays, the main difference between the Spanish and the Portuguese bullfight is its final chord: in Portugal, it is forbidden to kill the bull in the arena. The Christmas holiday, for example, is also celebrated differently. In Portugal, the whole family gathers for dinner which ends up with a solemn exchange of gifts at midnight. In Spain, Christmas is more religious in nature, and the exchange of gifts is postponed to the day of Epiphany (feast of the Three Kings) on the 6th of January. The analysis of the development of the world travel industry shows that it mostly depends on the highly profitable and prestigious entertainment sphere. Undoubtedly, various holidays and international festivals greatly increase the flow of tourists from other countries, and significantly influence the tourism industry in the countries of the region. We can say that tourists’ presence is the core of every event. Tourism in Spain, as an enriching and highly profitable industry, has a significant impact on the economy of the country. Thanks to the tourism, the priorities in many spheres of economy and living standards have changed. The significance and role of tourism in the economy of Spain can be judged by the size of foreign exchange revenues from tourism and the number of foreign tourists visiting the country every year. In Portugal, almost all kinds of tourism are developed, but of course, compared with Spain, Portugal is falling behind. In general, tourists can get different types of travel services and visit the country for different purposes. However, the dominant types of tourism in Portugal are cultural and cognitive, resorts, religious, business and others. Among the favorite tourist attractions in Portugal are two cities – Lisbon and Port. This study allows us to say that in recent years, in order to increase the profit, they have been focusing on mass events, which involve a large number of people. Every year the tourist stream to Portugal is growing and it is largely linked to the Portuguese culture and celebrations. Natural cheerfulness and sociability of the Portuguese people create the ideal conditions for the various mass celebrations: folk and religious holidays, music and theater festivals, carnivals, street parties. The tourist infrastructure of Spain is well developed; it has a high quality and variety, so it will be more appropriate to consider Spain as an example for increasing the tourist flow to Ukraine. We assume that the Spanish experience may be interesting for Ukraine – in the first place, since the climate of Spain and the climate of Ukraine are favorable for tourism. The analysis of the entertainment tourism sphere of Ukraine shows its insufficient efficiency. It should be noted that the revenues from international tourism are not significant income sources for the state budget of Ukraine, while in the countries under research these revenues constitute a significant part of all the revenues of the states, their regions, cities and local residents. The result of the study shows the need for such holidays in our country and as a result attracting foreign tourists to Ukraine. Therefore, the selected problem is very important for further research. ES: FIESTAS POPULARES EN LA CULTURA MODERNA DE LOS PAÍSES DE LA PENINSULA IBÉRICA Palabras clave: Península Ibérica, España, Portugal, Andorra, territorios fronterizos franceses, carácter nacional, fiestas, festivales, cultura ibérica, tradiciones, costumbres, corridas de toros, San Fermín, Tomatina, fado, torada, potencial turístico, industria turística. La cultura ibérica tiene una historia bastante complicada. Es una mezcla de elementos europeos y árabes, las ideas básicas del cristianismo, la escolástica y el sentimiento del existencialismo. Durante muchos siglos, el Mediterráneo fue un teatro de operaciones, agradables rutas comerciales y rutas de migración, fue sometido a colonizaciones repetidas. En este caldero de eventos históricos, las culturas de varios grupos étnicos se pisotearon, se influenciaron, asimilaron o destruyeron y finalmente cristalizaron en un mosaico fijado por las fronteras de las autonomías y los estados. La importancia y lo actual de este tema radica en el hecho de que son los países de la Península Ibérica los principales ejemplos de análisis del estudio de la cultura, es decir, la celebración de festivales y otros eventos de entretenimiento. Por lo tanto, España y Portugal no se pueden imaginar sin fiestas populares y varias fiestas. Las vacaciones en la península pasan casi sin cesar, algunas se pueden celebrar un día y otras una semana o incluso más. La viabilidad de estudiar este tema radica en el estudio de las distintas direcciones de las vacaciones celebradas en los países de la región, el análisis de los signos y tradiciones inherentes a las diversas vacaciones, el estudio de la actitud de la población indígena hacia estas vacaciones y la influencia de los festivales en el flujo de turistas a los países, las características nacionales y los factores del desarrollo turístico en España y Portugal. Se puede decir que las fiestas tradicionales y no tradicionales de España y Portugal son una parte integral de la vida de la población de los países, y también en los países hay una gran cantidad de festivales de arte que han adquirido la importancia de los días festivos. Ha sido investigado que los festivales masivos ciertamente afectan el flujo turístico a los países de la región. Es relevante estudiar y aprovechar la experiencia de los países de la Península Ibérica para el desarrollo de la industria del turismo en Ucrania. El objeto de la investigación son las fiestas nacionales de los países de la región. El sujeto es el estudio de las tradiciones de la celebración de vacaciones y la influencia de los festivales de los países de la región en el flujo turístico. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar los tipos de vacaciones y festivales que se celebran hoy en la Península Ibérica, analizar las principales direcciones elegidas por los habitantes de la Península Ibérica para las vacaciones, explorar el procedimiento para celebrar festivales en España, Portugal, Andorra y los territorios fronterizos franceses, a saber, la organización de las vacaciones, celebración y características de este tipo de festivales: como tradicionales, no tradicionales y artísticos, para determinar cómo se ve afectado el festival a la industria del turismo de los países de la region que determina los ingresos de los países del turismo. Las tareas de investigación del trabajo de este maestro son: 1) considerar varios tipos de festivales de la España moderna, Portugal, Andorra y los territorios fronterizos franceses; 2) describir el procedimiento para celebrar fiestas y festivales; 3) determinar el impacto de las vacaciones en el flujo turístico de los países de la región; 4) destacar las características y factores nacionales del desarrollo turístico en España y Portugal. Los marcos geográficos del estudio son el territorio de la Península Ibérica dentro de las fronteras modernas. La región seleccionada es un vívido ejemplo de celebración de fiestas nacionales y de entretenimiento, interesante para la investigación de diversos segmentos de la población y otros países. Los alcances cronológicos: el estado actual de desarrollo de los países de la región, a veces, vamos más allá del marco cronológico para revelar mejor los problemas estudiados en el período moderno en países como España, Portugal, Andorra y los territorios fronterizos de Francia. La novedad científica de la tesis consiste en que por primera vez se analizan en detalle las principales vacaciones en masa de los países de la región; se dividen en 3 grupos: tradicionales, no tradicionales y artísticos; se destacan las características de las tradiciones de cada fiesta individual; se consideró la cuestión de la influencia de las vacaciones y festivales en la industria del turismo de los países de la región; refuta algunas de las reglas de las fiestas más tradicionales de la región; identifica problemas y obstáculos fundamentales en el desarrollo del potencial turístico de nuestro país en el ejemplo de España y Portugal; se ha desarrollado la clasificación de eventos de turismo de masas. El significado teórico y práctico de la tesis es que los enfoques y resultados obtenidos en el estudio pueden encontrar aplicación en el proceso educativo en la preparación de conferencias, cursos especiales sobre estudios de país, estudios culturales, turismo y otras disciplinas relacionadas. Las disposiciones y conclusiones del proyecto de diploma pueden utilizarse en el sector turístico para familiarizar a los clientes con las tradiciones, la nación y las principales vacaciones que deben visitar todos los turistas interesados en dichos países de la Península Ibérica. La mayor parte de la Península Ibérica está ocupada por España, Portugal ocupa la parte occidental de la península, Francia, Andorra y Gibraaltar ocupan pequeñas partes de la península, por lo tanto, la peculiaridad, tradiciones e influencia de los días festivos en la cultura moderna de los países de la Península Ibérica se examinó a través de los dos países principales y más grandes de la península, a saber, España y Portugal Los españoles, que habitan la mayor parte de la Península Ibérica, son una de las naciones más alegres y felices del mundo. La riqueza y antigüedad de la cultura tradicional española, la diversidad de sus orígenes determinaron la belleza y originalidad de las fiestas y festivales, que se celebran anualmente en pueblos y ciudades de España. Cerca de 200 días festivos y festivales son de importancia turística, y algunos de ellos son populares en todo el mundo. Si hablamos de los requisitos previos de las vacaciones en la cultura moderna, la grúa de la región, cuando conozca las descripciones de las tradiciones de celebrar a la población de la Península Ibérica, parece que durante muchos siglos se ha desarrollado aquí un modelo peculiar de la fiesta, que varía de una región a otra, pero al mismo tiempo tiene características bastante peculiares que le dan de este modelo, en todas sus manifestaciones, de un color específico. Debido a las diferencias culturales, climáticas y geográficas de las regiones de España, casi todas las semanas en algunas partes de este país se lleva a cabo algún tipo de evento. Uno no puede dejar de sorprenderse por el carácter masivo y la variedad de días festivos, desde el Año Nuevo a nivel nacional, que se celebra en un día especial, hasta, por ejemplo, el festival local en Zamora, donde cada año se arroja una cabra pintada desde el campanario de la ciudad. Además del calendario de las principales fiestas en España, en cada pequeña ciudad hay muchas celebraciones regionales, celebradas por los lugareños con especial orgullo. Los españoles son especialmente cuidadosos con las numerosas fiestas religiosas de su país. Las fiestas tradicionales españolas incluyen los principales símbolos de España, las peleas con toros, es decir, las corridas de toros y San Fermín. El festival más tradicional que ha adquirido el marco internacional es Tomatina, a saber, las batallas de tomate. Los portugueses también están felices de celebrar varias fiestas: los viajes de peregrinación, la veneración de la memoria de muchos santos, así como los eventos justos pueden ser el motivo de las celebraciones masivas. Los residentes de las regiones del norte del país celebran las fiestas locales con el placer de disfrutar de bailes, diversos eventos musicales, así como espectáculos tradicionales de entretenimiento y fuegos artificiales. Un atributo indispensable de las celebraciones es un sorprendente espectáculo de corridas de toros con la prohibición de matar animales. En Portugal, la religión es reverente, incluso la mayoría de las fiestas celebradas en el país son de naturaleza religiosa: peregrinación a Fátima, Viernes Santo, Día del Cuerpo del Señor, San Antonio, San Zhuau y otros. Las vacaciones van acompañadas de música, fuegos artificiales, bailes y ritos específicos. Aunque España y Portugal comparten la Península Ibérica, la religión, la membresía en la Unión Europea, un clima favorable y una tierra fértil, es un buen hábito relajarse en días festivos y festivales, pero hay diferencias en la celebración de días festivos y festivales. Los portugueses, a diferencia de los españoles, tienen un carácter bastante moderado. En cuanto a las tradiciones de las fiestas, la principal diferencia entre la corrida de toros española y la portuguesa es su acorde final: en Portugal, está prohibido matar un toro en la arena. La Navidad, por ejemplo, también se celebra de manera diferente. En Portugal, toda la familia se reúne para una cena abundante que termina con la presentación solemne de regalos a medianoche. En España, la Navidad es más religiosa, y el intercambio de regalos se retrasa hasta el Día de la Epifanía (Fiesta de los Reyes Magos) el 6 de enero. Un análisis del desarrollo del turismo mundial muestra que su efectividad depende en gran medida de la formación de entretenimiento altamente rentable y prestigioso. Sin lugar a dudas, varios días festivos y festivales internacionales aumentan en gran medida el flujo de turistas de otros países y afectan significativamente a la industria del turismo en los países de la región. El turismo en España, como industria rentable y altamente rentable, tiene un impacto significativo en la economía del país. Gracias al turismo, las prioridades han cambiado en muchas áreas de la economía nacional, el nivel de vida de la población. La importancia y el papel del turismo en la economía española se puede juzgar por el tamaño de los ingresos en divisas del turismo y el número de turistas extranjeros que visitan este país. Casi todos los tipos de turismo se desarrollan en Portugal, pero, por supuesto, en comparación con España, el flujo turístico en Portugal es menor. En general, los turistas pueden recibir varios tipos de servicios turísticos y viajar al país para diferentes propósitos. Sin embargo, los tipos dominantes de turismo en Portugal son culturales, educativos, de playa, religiosos, comerciales, etc. Por lo tanto, la infraestructura turística de España está bien desarrollada, tiene calidad y diversidad y está en un alto nivel, por lo tanto, será más apropiado considerar a España como un ejemplo para aumentar el flujo turístico a Ucrania. Según el autor, es la experiencia española lo que puede ser interesante para Ucrania, principalmente porque el clima de España y el clima de Ucrania son favorables para el turismo. Un análisis del desarrollo de la industria del turismo en Ucrania muestra su falta de eficacia. Cabe señalar que los ingresos del turismo internacional no son fuentes significativas de ingresos para el presupuesto estatal de Ucrania, mientras que en el país estudiado estos ingresos comprenden una parte significativa de todos los ingresos del estado, sus regiones, ciudades y residentes locales. El resultado de estudiar este problema plantea la cuestión de la necesidad de tales vacaciones en nuestro país y como resultado de atraer turistas extranjeros a Ucrania. Por lo tanto, los temas seleccionados son muy importantes para futuras investigaciones. Conclusiones. La importancia de estudiar este tema radica en el hecho de que es la diversidad, la calidad y el alcance de las fiestas nacionales de los países de la región lo que influye en gran medida en la cultura y el flujo turístico en los países más grandes de la región: España y Portugal. España es un país muy especial, no como sus vecinos europeos, cuyo principal activo son, por supuesto, los propios españoles. Naturalmente, con una cultura nacional tan vibrante de los españoles, todo tipo de festivales, ferias, festivales, tradiciones y carnavales son especialmente populares. El territorio de este país único es relativamente pequeño, pero cada persona que lo habita tiene sus propias vacaciones, que se distinguen por características únicas, y se celebran con entusiasmo por casi todos los habitantes del país. Las tradiciones de los españoles se construyen sobre la base de la unidad de muchas naciones que viven en España. En este sentido, cada provincia, y, a veces, ciudades individuales, tienen sus propias costumbres originales. Pero, la mayoría de las tradiciones de los españoles se cumplen incluso en pequeños pueblos. Entonces, las vacaciones juegan un papel importante en la vida de los españoles. Las características nacionales de este país y su carácter se reflejan en las fiestas nacionales, como en un espejo. En España, cada localidad tiene sus propias costumbres y tradiciones. Cualquier asentamiento en este país tiene su propio adjunto, cuyo nombre es muy respetado por los residentes locales. El turismo en España es uno de los sectores más desarrollados de la economía. Algunas ciudades en España tienen su propia "temporada alta", cuando es bastante difícil comprar boletos y reservar hoteles: este es el momento de las corridas de toros, festivales, carnavales y otras fiestas. En Portugal, la situación con el turismo es ligeramente peor que en España, pero con cada año el flujo turístico a Portugal está creciendo cada vez más, y esto se debe en gran medida a la cultura portuguesa y la actitud hacia las vacaciones. La alegría natural y la sociabilidad de los portugueses crean las condiciones ideales para las celebraciones más masivas: fiestas populares y religiosas, festivales de música y teatro, carnavales, fiestas callejeras. A los portugueses también les encantan las vacaciones. Es mejor familiarizarse con las tradiciones populares en las "festas", festivales regionales que se celebran principalmente en el norte del país. Muy popular entre la gente de la "Roma-Rii" - una fiesta en honor de los santos locales con ferias y celebraciones masivas. En Portugal, como en la vecina España, existe una larga tradición de corridas de toros, que, sin embargo, está lejos de la crueldad de las corridas de toros españolas. Los toros en la arena no son asesinados, sino luchadores entrenados: furcush efectivamente es arrojado al suelo. Se puede decir que, al haber unido culturas europeas y mediterráneas, los países de la Península Ibérica se han convertido en uno de los países con mayor riqueza cultural. La tauromaquia es la más popular de todas las tradiciones de los países de la región. Es esta tradición la que lleva huellas de la cultura de otros pueblos. Los españoles y los portugueses son muy aficionados a las fiestas y festivales, y no pueden imaginar la vida sin fiestas.